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Kaden T, Graf K, Rennert K, Li R, Mosig AS, Raasch M. Evaluation of drug-induced liver toxicity of trovafloxacin and levofloxacin in a human microphysiological liver model. Sci Rep 2023; 13:13338. [PMID: 37587168 PMCID: PMC10432496 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-40004-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2022] [Accepted: 08/03/2023] [Indexed: 08/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Drug-induced liver injury induced by already approved substances is a major threat to human patients, potentially resulting in drug withdrawal and substantial loss of financial resources in the pharmaceutical industry. Trovafloxacin, a broad-spectrum fluoroquinolone, was found to have unexpected side effects of severe hepatotoxicity, which was not detected by preclinical testing. To address the limitations of current drug testing strategies mainly involving 2D cell cultures and animal testing, a three-dimensional microphysiological model of the human liver containing expandable human liver sinusoidal endothelial cells, monocyte-derived macrophages and differentiated HepaRG cells was utilized to investigate the toxicity of trovafloxacin and compared it to the structurally-related non-toxic drug levofloxacin. In the model, trovafloxacin elicited vascular and hepatocellular toxicity associated with pro-inflammatory cytokine release already at clinically relevant concentrations, whereas levofloxacin did not provoke tissue injury. Similar to in vivo, cytokine secretion was dependent on a multicellular immune response, highlighting the potential of the complex microphysiological liver model for reliably detecting drug-related cytotoxicity in preclinical testing. Moreover, hepatic glutathione depletion and mitochondrial ROS formation were elucidated as intrinsic toxicity mechanisms contributing to trovafloxacin toxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tim Kaden
- Dynamic42 GmbH, Jena, Germany
- Institute of Biochemistry II, Center for Sepsis Control and Care, Jena University Hospital, Jena, Germany
| | | | | | - Ruoya Li
- Biopredic International, St Gregoire, France
| | - Alexander S Mosig
- Institute of Biochemistry II, Center for Sepsis Control and Care, Jena University Hospital, Jena, Germany
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2
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Mohammed MA, Gharib DM, Reyad HR, Mohamed AA, Elroby FA, Mahmoud HS. Antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties of alpha-lipoic acid protect against valproic acid-induced liver injury. Can J Physiol Pharmacol 2021; 99:499-505. [PMID: 33275538 DOI: 10.1139/cjpp-2019-0456] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Valproic acid (VPA) is one of the most used antiepileptic drugs despite of its many adverse effects such as anemia, leucopenia, thrombocytopenia, and liver toxicity. The hepatoprotective effect of alpha-lipoic acid (ALA) was confirmed. The aim of this study was to detect the protective effect of ALA against the adverse effects of VPA. To study this, 30 white albino Wistar male rats were divided into four groups. Group I was the control group; Group II included rats that received ALA (100 mg·kg-1·day-1) orally for 14 days; Group III and Group IV included rats that received VPA (500 mg·kg-1·day-1) for 15 days intraperitoneally, but Group IV rats received ALA (100 mg·kg-1·day-1) orally for 14 days prior to VPA. Blood samples were collected and livers were excised from rats for colorimetric analysis and quantitative real-time PCR. The rats that received VPA showed leucopenia, thrombocytopenia, a significant decrease of superoxide dismutase, glutathione, nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2, and sirtuin 1, besides a significant increase of malondialdehyde and tumor necrosis factor α. Prior treatment with ALA prevented all these results; ALA protected against VPA-induced liver damage and hematological disturbance via antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Hoda Ramadan Reyad
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Beni-Suef University, Egypt
| | - Alaa Aboud Mohamed
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Beni-Suef University, Egypt
| | - Fadwa A Elroby
- Department of Forensic Medicine and Toxicology, Faculty of Medicine, Beni-Suef University, Egypt
| | - Hoda Sayed Mahmoud
- Department of Forensic Medicine and Toxicology, Faculty of Medicine, Beni-Suef University, Egypt
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3
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Li CY, Niu M, Liu YL, Tang JF, Chen W, Qian G, Zhang MY, Shi YF, Lin JZ, Li XJ, Li RS, Xiao XH, Li GH, Wang JB. Screening for Susceptibility-Related Factors and Biomarkers of Xianling Gubao Capsule-Induced Liver Injury. Front Pharmacol 2020; 11:810. [PMID: 32547402 PMCID: PMC7274038 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2020.00810] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2020] [Accepted: 05/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Although increasing reports from the literature on herbal-related hepatotoxicity, the identification of susceptibility-related factors and biomarkers remains challenging due to idiosyncratic drug-induced liver injury (IDILI). As a well-known Chinese medicine prescription, Xianling Gubao Capsule (XLGB) has attracted great attention due to reports of potential liver toxicity. But the mechanism behind it is difficult to determine. In this paper, we found that XLGB-induced liver injury belongs to IDILI through the analysis of clinical liver injury cases. In toxicological experiment assessment, co-exposure to XLGB and non-toxic dose of lipopolysaccharide (LPS) could cause evident liver injury as manifested by significantly increased plasma alanine aminotransferase activity and obvious liver histological damage. However, it failed to induce observable liver injury in normal rats, suggesting that mild immune stress may be a susceptibility factor for XLGB-induced idiosyncratic liver injury. Furthermore, plasma cytokines were determined and 15 cytokines (such as IL-1β, IFN-γ, and MIP-2α etc) were acquired by receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curves analysis. The expression of these 15 cytokines in LPS group was significantly up-regulated in contrast to the normal group. Meanwhile, the metabolomics profile showed that mild immune stress caused metabolic reprogramming, including sphingolipid metabolism, phenylalanine metabolism, and glycerophospholipid metabolism. 8 potential biomarkers (such as sphinganine, glycerophosphoethanolamine, and phenylalanine etc.) were identified by correlation analysis. Therefore, these results suggested that intracellular metabolism and immune changes induced by mild immune stress may be important susceptibility mechanisms for XLGB IDILI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chun-Yu Li
- National Cancer Center, National Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Cancer Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Ming Niu
- China Military Institute of Chinese Medicine, Fifth Medical Center of Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Ya-Lei Liu
- China Military Institute of Chinese Medicine, Fifth Medical Center of Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Jin-Fa Tang
- The First Affiliated Hospital of Henan University of Chinese Medicine, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Wei Chen
- National Cancer Center, National Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Cancer Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Geng Qian
- National Cancer Center, National Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Cancer Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Ming-Yu Zhang
- National Cancer Center, National Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Cancer Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Ya-Fei Shi
- National Cancer Center, National Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Cancer Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Jun-Zhi Lin
- Central Laboratory, Hospital of Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
| | - Xing-Jie Li
- Research Center for Clinical and Translational Medicine, Fifth Medical Center of Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Rui-Sheng Li
- Research Center for Clinical and Translational Medicine, Fifth Medical Center of Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Xiao-He Xiao
- China Military Institute of Chinese Medicine, Fifth Medical Center of Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Guo-Hui Li
- National Cancer Center, National Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Cancer Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Jia-Bo Wang
- China Military Institute of Chinese Medicine, Fifth Medical Center of Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China
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Roth RA, Ganey PE. What have we learned from animal models of idiosyncratic, drug-induced liver injury? Expert Opin Drug Metab Toxicol 2020; 16:475-491. [PMID: 32324077 DOI: 10.1080/17425255.2020.1760246] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Idiosyncratic, drug-induced liver injury (IDILI) continues to plague patients and restrict the use of drugs that are pharmacologically effective. Mechanisms of IDILI are incompletely understood, and a better understanding would reduce speculation and could help to identify safer drug candidates preclinically. Animal models have the potential to enhance knowledge of mechanisms of IDILI. AREAS COVERED Numerous hypotheses have emerged to explain IDILI pathogenesis, many of which center on the roles of the innate and/or adaptive immune systems. Animal models based on these hypotheses are reviewed in the context of their contributions to understanding of IDILI and their limitations. EXPERT OPINION Animal models of IDILI based on an activated adaptive immune system have to date failed to reproduce major liver injury that is of most concern clinically. The only models that have so far resulted in pronounced liver injury are based on the multiple determinant hypothesis or the inflammatory stress hypothesis. The liver pathogenesis in IDILI animal models involves various leukocytes and immune mediators such as cytokines. Insights from animal models are changing the way we view IDILI pathogenesis and are leading to better approaches to preclinical prediction of IDILI potential of new drug candidates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert A Roth
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology and Institute for Integrative Toxicology, Michigan State University , East Lansing, MI, USA
| | - Patricia E Ganey
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology and Institute for Integrative Toxicology, Michigan State University , East Lansing, MI, USA
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Giustarini G, Huppelschoten S, Barra M, Oppelt A, Wagenaar L, Weaver RJ, Bol-Schoenmakers M, Smit JJ, van de Water B, Klingmüller U, Pieters RHH. The hepatotoxic fluoroquinolone trovafloxacin disturbs TNF- and LPS-induced p65 nuclear translocation in vivo and in vitro. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 2020; 391:114915. [PMID: 32035082 DOI: 10.1016/j.taap.2020.114915] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2019] [Revised: 01/10/2020] [Accepted: 02/05/2020] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
Idiosyncratic drug-induced liver injury (IDILI) is a severe disease that cannot be detected during drug development. It has been shown that hepatotoxicity of some compounds associated with IDILI becomes apparent when these are combined in vivo and in vitro with LPS or TNF. Among these compounds trovafloxacin (TVX) induced apoptosis in the liver and increased pro-inflammatory cytokines in mice exposed to LPS/TNF. The hepatocyte survival and the cytokine release after TNF/LPS stimulation relies on a pulsatile activation of NF-κB. We set out to evaluate the dynamic activation of NF-κB in response to TVX + TNF or LPS models, both in mouse and human cells. Remarkably, TVX prolonged the first translocation of NF-κB induced by TNF both in vivo and in vitro. The prolonged p65 translocation caused by TVX was associated with an increased phosphorylation of IKK and MAPKs and accumulation of inhibitors of NF-κB such as IκBα and A20 in HepG2. Coherently, TVX suppressed further TNF-induced NF-κB translocations in HepG2 leading to decreased transcription of ICAM-1 and inhibitors of apoptosis. TVX prolonged LPS-induced NF-κB translocation in RAW264.7 macrophages increasing the secretion of TNF. In summary, this study presents new, relevant insights into the mechanism of TVX-induced liver injury underlining the resemblance between mouse and human models. In this study we convincingly show that regularly used toxicity models provide a coherent view of relevant pathways for IDILI. We propose that assessment of the kinetics of activation of NF-κB and MAPKs is an appropriate tool for the identification of hepatotoxic compounds during drug development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giulio Giustarini
- Immunotoxicology, Institute for Risk Assessment Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Utrecht, the Netherlands.
| | - Suzanna Huppelschoten
- Division of Drug Discovery and Safety, Leiden Academic Centre for Drug Research, Leiden University, Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - Marco Barra
- Immunotoxicology, Institute for Risk Assessment Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Utrecht, the Netherlands; University of Pisa, Department of Pharmacy, Italy
| | - Angela Oppelt
- Division Systems Biology of Signal Transduction, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Laura Wagenaar
- Immunotoxicology, Institute for Risk Assessment Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Richard J Weaver
- Biopharmacy, Institut de Recherches Internationales Servier (I.R.I.S.), Suresnes 92284, France
| | - Marianne Bol-Schoenmakers
- Immunotoxicology, Institute for Risk Assessment Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Joost J Smit
- Immunotoxicology, Institute for Risk Assessment Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Bob van de Water
- Division of Drug Discovery and Safety, Leiden Academic Centre for Drug Research, Leiden University, Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - Ursula Klingmüller
- Division Systems Biology of Signal Transduction, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Raymond H H Pieters
- Immunotoxicology, Institute for Risk Assessment Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Utrecht, the Netherlands.
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Giustarini G, Vrisekoop N, Kruijssen L, Wagenaar L, van Staveren S, van Roest M, Bleumink R, Bol-Schoenmakers M, Weaver RJ, Koenderman L, Smit J, Pieters R. Trovafloxacin-Induced Liver Injury: Lack in Regulation of Inflammation by Inhibition of Nucleotide Release and Neutrophil Movement. Toxicol Sci 2020; 167:385-396. [PMID: 30247740 DOI: 10.1093/toxsci/kfy244] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The fluoroquinolone trovafloxacin (TVX) is associated with a high risk of drug-induced liver injury (DILI). Although part of the liver damage by TVX+TNF relies on neutrophils, we have recently demonstrated that liver recruitment of monocytes and neutrophils is delayed by TVX. Here we show that the delayed leukocyte recruitment is caused by a combination of effects which are linked to the capacity of TVX to block the hemichannel pannexin 1. TVX inhibited find-me signal release in apoptotic HepG2 hepatocytes, decelerated freshly isolated human neutrophils toward IL-8 and f-MLF, and decreased the liver expression of ICAM-1. In blood of TVX+TNF-treated mice, we observed an accumulation of activated neutrophils despite an increased MIP-2 release by the liver. Depletion of monocytes and neutrophils caused increased serum concentrations of TNF, IL-6, and MIP-2 in TVX-treated mice as well as in mice treated with the fluoroquinolone levofloxacin, known to have a lower DILI-inducing profile. This supports the idea that early leukocyte recruitment regulates inflammation. In conclusion, disrupted regulation by leukocytes appears to constitute a fundamental step in the onset of TVX-induced liver injury, acting in concert with the capability of TVX to induce hepatocyte cell death. Interference of leukocyte-mediated regulation of inflammation represents a novel mechanism to explain the onset of DILI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giulio Giustarini
- Immunotoxicology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Institute for Risk Assessment Sciences, Yalelaan 104, 3584CM, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Nienke Vrisekoop
- Department of Respiratory Medicine and Laboratory of Translational Immunology (LTI), University Medical Center Utrecht, Heidelberglaan 100, 3584CX, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Laura Kruijssen
- Immunotoxicology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Institute for Risk Assessment Sciences, Yalelaan 104, 3584CM, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Laura Wagenaar
- Immunotoxicology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Institute for Risk Assessment Sciences, Yalelaan 104, 3584CM, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Selma van Staveren
- Department of Respiratory Medicine and Laboratory of Translational Immunology (LTI), University Medical Center Utrecht, Heidelberglaan 100, 3584CX, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Manon van Roest
- Immunotoxicology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Institute for Risk Assessment Sciences, Yalelaan 104, 3584CM, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Rob Bleumink
- Immunotoxicology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Institute for Risk Assessment Sciences, Yalelaan 104, 3584CM, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Marianne Bol-Schoenmakers
- Immunotoxicology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Institute for Risk Assessment Sciences, Yalelaan 104, 3584CM, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Richard J Weaver
- Institut de Recherches Internationales Servier (I.R.I.S.), Suresnes 92284, France
| | - Leo Koenderman
- Department of Respiratory Medicine and Laboratory of Translational Immunology (LTI), University Medical Center Utrecht, Heidelberglaan 100, 3584CX, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Joost Smit
- Immunotoxicology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Institute for Risk Assessment Sciences, Yalelaan 104, 3584CM, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Raymond Pieters
- Immunotoxicology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Institute for Risk Assessment Sciences, Yalelaan 104, 3584CM, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
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7
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Wu W, Wang T, Sun B, Liu D, Lin Z, Miao Y, Wang C, Geng X, Li B. Xian-Ling-Gu-Bao induced inflammatory stress rat liver injury: Inflammatory and oxidative stress playing important roles. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2019; 239:111910. [PMID: 31026554 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2019.111910] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/25/2018] [Revised: 03/31/2019] [Accepted: 04/23/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE Xian-Ling-Gu-Bao (XLGB) Fufang is an herbal formula that has been used in clinical settings to treat osteoporosis, osteoarthritis, aseptic bone necrosis, and climacteric syndrome. Despite its uses, XLGB treatment has been linked to potential liver injury. To date, there is a lack of clear demonstration of such toxicity in animal models. AIM OF THE STUDY As animal models fail to reproduce the XLGB hepatotoxicity reported in humans, because human hepatocytes are clearly more sensitive to XLGB, this study was designed to investigate a more reliable animal model of such toxicity. MATERIALS AND METHODS We randomized rats into five groups, as follows: CON (control), XLGB, lipopolysaccharide (LPS), L-XLGB/LPS (XLGB, 0.125 g/kg; LPS, 0.1 mg/kg), and XLGB/LPS (XLGB, 1.25 g/kg; LPS, 0.1 mg/kg). These groups were treated with 0.5% sodium carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC-Na), XLGB suspension, normal saline, or LPS. The first administration of XLGB [0.125 g/kg or 1.25 g/kg, by mouth (PO)] or its solvent (0.5% CMC-Na) was delivered, and then food was removed. Twelve hours after the first administration of XLGB, rats received LPS [0.1 mg/kg, intravenously (IV)] or saline control. After 30 min, a second administration of XLGB (0.125 g/kg or 1.25 g/kg, PO) or solvent was administered. The rats were anesthetized at 12 h or 24 h following the second administration of XLGB. Liver function was evaluated by measuring liver weight, liver microscopy, serum biochemistry and plasma microRNA-122 (miR-122). The plasma levels of 27 cytokines were measured to evaluate inflammation. Moreover, the expression of cytochrome P450 2E1 (CYP2E1), nicotinic adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADPH) oxidase and inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) at protein levels were observed; immunofluorescence and immunohistochemistry were used to confirmed the hepatotoxicity of XLGB. RESULTS Hepatotoxicity in male rats with moderate inflammation induced by XLGB was indicated by liver histopathology, serum biochemical analysis, serum miR-122 levels, and immunofluorescent assessments. We observed significant increases in liver weight and liver indexes in male rats with moderate inflammation in response to XLGB. Histopathological assessment further showed that extensive hepatocellular necrosis and inflammatory infiltration were evident in rats co-treated with XLGB/LPS. The levels of serum transaminases [alanine aminotransferase (ALT), aspartate aminotransferase (AST), gamma-glutamyl transferase (GGT)], total bilirubin (TBIL) and triglyceride (TG), which are markers of liver function, were also significantly increased by XLGB/LPS treatment. Similarly, miR-122 was significantly elevated in XLGB/LPS treated rats relative to other groups. An immunofluorescent assessment showed extensive apoptosis in hepatocytes from these co-treated rats. What is more, XLGB can dose-dependently induce liver injury in male rats with moderate inflammation. Hepatic CYP2E1, neutrophil chemotactic factor (NCF-1), iNOS, and NOX-2 (an NADPH oxidase subunit) levels were increased in response to XLGB treatment, and staining for DMPO nitrone adducts further showed elevated oxidative stress level in XLGB/LPS-treated rats relative to the other experimental groups. CONCLUSION LPS and XLGB co-treatment in rats led to marked hepatotoxicity. This toxicity was associated with disrupted lipid metabolism, extensive liver necrosis and inflammatory infiltration, apoptosis, and expression of oxidative stress-related proteins. These results demonstrate a valuable model for the study of iDILI in the context of XLGB treatment, and further provide insights into the potential mechanisms by which XLGB may induce hepatotoxicity in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenxiao Wu
- Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100730, China; National Center for Safety Evaluation of Drugs, National Institute for Food and Drug Control, Key Laboratory of Beijing for Nonclinical Safety Evaluation of Drugs, A8 Hongda Middle Street, Beijing Economic-Technological Development Area, Beijing, 100176, China
| | - Ting Wang
- National Center for Safety Evaluation of Drugs, National Institute for Food and Drug Control, Key Laboratory of Beijing for Nonclinical Safety Evaluation of Drugs, A8 Hongda Middle Street, Beijing Economic-Technological Development Area, Beijing, 100176, China
| | - Bo Sun
- Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100730, China; National Center for Safety Evaluation of Drugs, National Institute for Food and Drug Control, Key Laboratory of Beijing for Nonclinical Safety Evaluation of Drugs, A8 Hongda Middle Street, Beijing Economic-Technological Development Area, Beijing, 100176, China
| | - Dong Liu
- National Center for Safety Evaluation of Drugs, National Institute for Food and Drug Control, Key Laboratory of Beijing for Nonclinical Safety Evaluation of Drugs, A8 Hongda Middle Street, Beijing Economic-Technological Development Area, Beijing, 100176, China
| | - Zhi Lin
- National Center for Safety Evaluation of Drugs, National Institute for Food and Drug Control, Key Laboratory of Beijing for Nonclinical Safety Evaluation of Drugs, A8 Hongda Middle Street, Beijing Economic-Technological Development Area, Beijing, 100176, China
| | - Yufa Miao
- National Center for Safety Evaluation of Drugs, National Institute for Food and Drug Control, Key Laboratory of Beijing for Nonclinical Safety Evaluation of Drugs, A8 Hongda Middle Street, Beijing Economic-Technological Development Area, Beijing, 100176, China
| | - Chao Wang
- National Center for Safety Evaluation of Drugs, National Institute for Food and Drug Control, Key Laboratory of Beijing for Nonclinical Safety Evaluation of Drugs, A8 Hongda Middle Street, Beijing Economic-Technological Development Area, Beijing, 100176, China
| | - Xingchao Geng
- National Center for Safety Evaluation of Drugs, National Institute for Food and Drug Control, Key Laboratory of Beijing for Nonclinical Safety Evaluation of Drugs, A8 Hongda Middle Street, Beijing Economic-Technological Development Area, Beijing, 100176, China.
| | - Bo Li
- Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100730, China; National Institute for Food and Drug Control, 31 Hua Tuo Road, Daxing District, Beijing, 102629, China.
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8
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Oppelt A, Kaschek D, Huppelschoten S, Sison-Young R, Zhang F, Buck-Wiese M, Herrmann F, Malkusch S, Krüger CL, Meub M, Merkt B, Zimmermann L, Schofield A, Jones RP, Malik H, Schilling M, Heilemann M, van de Water B, Goldring CE, Park BK, Timmer J, Klingmüller U. Model-based identification of TNFα-induced IKKβ-mediated and IκBα-mediated regulation of NFκB signal transduction as a tool to quantify the impact of drug-induced liver injury compounds. NPJ Syst Biol Appl 2018; 4:23. [PMID: 29900006 PMCID: PMC5995845 DOI: 10.1038/s41540-018-0058-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2017] [Revised: 04/16/2018] [Accepted: 05/04/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Drug-induced liver injury (DILI) has become a major problem for patients and for clinicians, academics and the pharmaceutical industry. To date, existing hepatotoxicity test systems are only poorly predictive and the underlying mechanisms are still unclear. One of the factors known to amplify hepatotoxicity is the tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNFα), especially due to its synergy with commonly used drugs such as diclofenac. However, the exact mechanism of how diclofenac in combination with TNFα induces liver injury remains elusive. Here, we combined time-resolved immunoblotting and live-cell imaging data of HepG2 cells and primary human hepatocytes (PHH) with dynamic pathway modeling using ordinary differential equations (ODEs) to describe the complex structure of TNFα-induced NFκB signal transduction and integrated the perturbations of the pathway caused by diclofenac. The resulting mathematical model was used to systematically identify parameters affected by diclofenac. These analyses showed that more than one regulatory module of TNFα-induced NFκB signal transduction is affected by diclofenac, suggesting that hepatotoxicity is the integrated consequence of multiple changes in hepatocytes and that multiple factors define toxicity thresholds. Applying our mathematical modeling approach to other DILI-causing compounds representing different putative DILI mechanism classes enabled us to quantify their impact on pathway activation, highlighting the potential of the dynamic pathway model as a quantitative tool for the analysis of DILI compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angela Oppelt
- 1Division Systems Biology of Signal Transduction, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Daniel Kaschek
- 2Institute of Physics, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Suzanna Huppelschoten
- 3Division of Toxicology, Leiden Academic Centre for Drug Research, Leiden University, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Rowena Sison-Young
- 4MRC Centre for Drug Safety Science, Department of Molecular and Clinical Pharmacology, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
| | - Fang Zhang
- 4MRC Centre for Drug Safety Science, Department of Molecular and Clinical Pharmacology, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
| | - Marie Buck-Wiese
- 1Division Systems Biology of Signal Transduction, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Franziska Herrmann
- 1Division Systems Biology of Signal Transduction, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Sebastian Malkusch
- 5Institute of Physical and Theoretical Chemistry, Single Molecule Biophysics, Johann Wolfgang Goethe-University, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Carmen L Krüger
- 5Institute of Physical and Theoretical Chemistry, Single Molecule Biophysics, Johann Wolfgang Goethe-University, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Mara Meub
- 5Institute of Physical and Theoretical Chemistry, Single Molecule Biophysics, Johann Wolfgang Goethe-University, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Benjamin Merkt
- 2Institute of Physics, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Lea Zimmermann
- 1Division Systems Biology of Signal Transduction, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Amy Schofield
- 4MRC Centre for Drug Safety Science, Department of Molecular and Clinical Pharmacology, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
| | - Robert P Jones
- 4MRC Centre for Drug Safety Science, Department of Molecular and Clinical Pharmacology, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK.,6North Western Hepatobiliary Unit, Aintree University Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, Liverpool, UK
| | - Hassan Malik
- 6North Western Hepatobiliary Unit, Aintree University Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, Liverpool, UK
| | - Marcel Schilling
- 1Division Systems Biology of Signal Transduction, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Mike Heilemann
- 5Institute of Physical and Theoretical Chemistry, Single Molecule Biophysics, Johann Wolfgang Goethe-University, Frankfurt, Germany.,7Bioquant, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Bob van de Water
- 3Division of Toxicology, Leiden Academic Centre for Drug Research, Leiden University, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Christopher E Goldring
- 4MRC Centre for Drug Safety Science, Department of Molecular and Clinical Pharmacology, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
| | - B Kevin Park
- 4MRC Centre for Drug Safety Science, Department of Molecular and Clinical Pharmacology, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
| | - Jens Timmer
- 2Institute of Physics, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany.,8BIOSS Centre for Biological Signalling Studies, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Ursula Klingmüller
- 1Division Systems Biology of Signal Transduction, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
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9
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Giustarini G, Kruijssen L, van Roest M, Bleumink R, Weaver RJ, Bol-Schoenmakers M, Smit J, Pieters R. Tissue influx of neutrophils and monocytes is delayed during development of trovafloxacin-induced tumor necrosis factor-dependent liver injury in mice. J Appl Toxicol 2018; 38:753-765. [DOI: 10.1002/jat.3585] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2017] [Revised: 11/29/2017] [Accepted: 12/04/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Giulio Giustarini
- Immunotoxicology, Institute for Risk Assessment Sciences; Utrecht University; Utrecht The Netherlands
| | - Laura Kruijssen
- Immunotoxicology, Institute for Risk Assessment Sciences; Utrecht University; Utrecht The Netherlands
| | - Manon van Roest
- Immunotoxicology, Institute for Risk Assessment Sciences; Utrecht University; Utrecht The Netherlands
| | - Rob Bleumink
- Immunotoxicology, Institute for Risk Assessment Sciences; Utrecht University; Utrecht The Netherlands
| | - Richard J. Weaver
- Institut de Recherches Internationales Servier (I.R.I.S.); 50, rue Carnot 92284 Suresnes Cedex France
| | - Marianne Bol-Schoenmakers
- Immunotoxicology, Institute for Risk Assessment Sciences; Utrecht University; Utrecht The Netherlands
| | - Joost Smit
- Immunotoxicology, Institute for Risk Assessment Sciences; Utrecht University; Utrecht The Netherlands
| | - Raymond Pieters
- Immunotoxicology, Institute for Risk Assessment Sciences; Utrecht University; Utrecht The Netherlands
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10
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Maiuri AR, Wassink B, Turkus JD, Breier AB, Lansdell T, Kaur G, Hession SL, Ganey PE, Roth RA. Synergistic Cytotoxicity from Drugs and Cytokines In Vitro as an Approach to Classify Drugs According to Their Potential to Cause Idiosyncratic Hepatotoxicity: A Proof-of-Concept Study. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 2017; 362:459-473. [PMID: 28687704 DOI: 10.1124/jpet.117.242354] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2017] [Accepted: 07/05/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Idiosyncratic drug-induced liver injury (IDILI) typically occurs in a small fraction of patients and has resulted in removal of otherwise efficacious drugs from the market. Current preclinical testing methods are ineffective in predicting which drug candidates have IDILI liability. Recent results suggest that immune mediators such as tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF) and interferon-γ (IFN) interact with drugs that cause IDILI to kill hepatocytes. This proof-of-concept study was designed to test the hypothesis that drugs can be classified according to their ability to cause IDILI in humans using classification modeling with covariates derived from concentration-response relationships that describe cytotoxic interaction with cytokines. Human hepatoma (HepG2) cells were treated with drugs associated with IDILI or with drugs lacking IDILI liability and cotreated with TNF and/or IFN. Detailed concentration-response relationships were determined for calculation of parameters such as the maximal cytotoxic effect, slope, and EC50 for use as covariates for classification modeling using logistic regression. These parameters were incorporated into multiple classification models to identify combinations of covariates that most accurately classified the drugs according to their association with human IDILI. Of 14 drugs associated with IDILI, almost all synergized with TNF to kill HepG2 cells and were successfully classified by statistical modeling. IFN enhanced the toxicity mediated by some IDILI-associated drugs in the presence of TNF. In contrast, of 10 drugs with little or no IDILI liability, none synergized with inflammatory cytokines to kill HepG2 cells and were classified accordingly. The resulting optimal model classified the drugs with extraordinary selectivity and specificity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashley R Maiuri
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Institute for Integrative Toxicology (A.R.M., J.D.T., A.B.B., T.L., G.K., P.E.G., R.A.R.), Department of Statistics and Probability (B.W.), and Center for Statistical Training & Consulting, (S.L.H.), Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan
| | - Bronlyn Wassink
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Institute for Integrative Toxicology (A.R.M., J.D.T., A.B.B., T.L., G.K., P.E.G., R.A.R.), Department of Statistics and Probability (B.W.), and Center for Statistical Training & Consulting, (S.L.H.), Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan
| | - Jonathan D Turkus
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Institute for Integrative Toxicology (A.R.M., J.D.T., A.B.B., T.L., G.K., P.E.G., R.A.R.), Department of Statistics and Probability (B.W.), and Center for Statistical Training & Consulting, (S.L.H.), Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan
| | - Anna B Breier
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Institute for Integrative Toxicology (A.R.M., J.D.T., A.B.B., T.L., G.K., P.E.G., R.A.R.), Department of Statistics and Probability (B.W.), and Center for Statistical Training & Consulting, (S.L.H.), Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan
| | - Theresa Lansdell
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Institute for Integrative Toxicology (A.R.M., J.D.T., A.B.B., T.L., G.K., P.E.G., R.A.R.), Department of Statistics and Probability (B.W.), and Center for Statistical Training & Consulting, (S.L.H.), Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan
| | - Gurpreet Kaur
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Institute for Integrative Toxicology (A.R.M., J.D.T., A.B.B., T.L., G.K., P.E.G., R.A.R.), Department of Statistics and Probability (B.W.), and Center for Statistical Training & Consulting, (S.L.H.), Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan
| | - Sarah L Hession
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Institute for Integrative Toxicology (A.R.M., J.D.T., A.B.B., T.L., G.K., P.E.G., R.A.R.), Department of Statistics and Probability (B.W.), and Center for Statistical Training & Consulting, (S.L.H.), Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan
| | - Patricia E Ganey
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Institute for Integrative Toxicology (A.R.M., J.D.T., A.B.B., T.L., G.K., P.E.G., R.A.R.), Department of Statistics and Probability (B.W.), and Center for Statistical Training & Consulting, (S.L.H.), Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan
| | - Robert A Roth
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Institute for Integrative Toxicology (A.R.M., J.D.T., A.B.B., T.L., G.K., P.E.G., R.A.R.), Department of Statistics and Probability (B.W.), and Center for Statistical Training & Consulting, (S.L.H.), Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan
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11
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Rose KA, Holman NS, Green AM, Andersen ME, LeCluyse EL. Co-culture of Hepatocytes and Kupffer Cells as an In Vitro Model of Inflammation and Drug-Induced Hepatotoxicity. J Pharm Sci 2016; 105:950-964. [PMID: 26869439 DOI: 10.1016/s0022-3549(15)00192-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2015] [Revised: 11/10/2015] [Accepted: 11/17/2015] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Immune-mediated drug-induced hepatotoxicity is often unrecognized as a potential mode of action due to the lack of appropriate in vitro models. We have established an in vitro rat donor-matched hepatocyte and Kupffer cell co-culture (HKCC) model to study immune-related responses to drug exposure. Optimal cell culture conditions were identified for the maintenance of co-cultures based on cell longevity, monolayer integrity, and cytokine response after lipopolysaccharide (LPS) exposure. Hepatocyte monocultures and HKCCs were then used to test a subset of compounds associated with hepatotoxic effects with or without LPS. Cytokine levels and metabolic activity (cytochrome P450 3A [Cyp3A]) were measured after a 48-h exposure to monitor endotoxin-induced changes in acute phase and functional end points. LPS-activated HKCCs, but not hepatocyte monocultures, treated with trovafloxacin or acetaminophen, compounds associated with immune-mediated hepatotoxicity, showed LPS-dependent decreases in interleukin-6 production with concomitant increases in Cyp3A activity. Differential endotoxin- and model-dependent alterations were observed in cytokine profiles and Cyp3A activity levels that corresponded to specific compounds. These results indicate the utility of the HKCC model system to discern compound-specific effects that may lead to enhanced or mitigate hepatocellular injury due to innate or adaptive immune responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kelly A Rose
- The Institute for Chemical Safety Sciences, The Hamner Institutes for Health Sciences, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27709
| | - Natalie S Holman
- The Institute for Chemical Safety Sciences, The Hamner Institutes for Health Sciences, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27709; The Curriculum in Toxicology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27514
| | - Angela M Green
- The Institute for Chemical Safety Sciences, The Hamner Institutes for Health Sciences, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27709
| | - Melvin E Andersen
- The Institute for Chemical Safety Sciences, The Hamner Institutes for Health Sciences, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27709
| | - Edward L LeCluyse
- The Institute for Chemical Safety Sciences, The Hamner Institutes for Health Sciences, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27709; The Curriculum in Toxicology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27514.
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12
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Roth RA, Maiuri AR, Ganey PE. Idiosyncratic Drug-Induced Liver Injury: Is Drug-Cytokine Interaction the Linchpin? J Pharmacol Exp Ther 2016; 360:461-470. [PMID: 28104833 DOI: 10.1124/jpet.116.237578] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2016] [Accepted: 11/11/2016] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Idiosyncratic drug-induced liver injury continues to be a human health problem in part because drugs that cause these reactions are not identified in current preclinical testing and because progress in prevention is hampered by incomplete knowledge of mechanisms that underlie these adverse responses. Several hypotheses involving adaptive immune responses, inflammatory stress, inability to adapt to stress, and multiple, concurrent factors have been proposed. Yet much remains unknown about how drugs interact with the liver to effect death of hepatocytes. Evidence supporting hypotheses implicating adaptive or innate immune responses in afflicted patients has begun to emerge and is bolstered by results obtained in experimental animal models and in vitro systems. A commonality in adaptive and innate immunity is the production of cytokines, including interferon-γ (IFNγ). IFNγ initiates cell signaling pathways that culminate in cell death or inhibition of proliferative repair. Tumor necrosis factor-α, another cytokine prominent in immune responses, can also promote cell death. Furthermore, tumor necrosis factor-α interacts with IFNγ, leading to enhanced cellular responses to each cytokine. In this short review, we propose that the interaction of drugs with these cytokines contributes to idiosyncratic drug-induced liver injury, and mechanisms by which this could occur are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert A Roth
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan
| | - Ashley R Maiuri
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan
| | - Patricia E Ganey
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan
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13
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Maiuri AR, Breier AB, Turkus JD, Ganey PE, Roth RA. Calcium Contributes to the Cytotoxic Interaction Between Diclofenac and Cytokines. Toxicol Sci 2015; 149:372-84. [PMID: 26609140 DOI: 10.1093/toxsci/kfv249] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Diclofenac (DCLF) is a widely used non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug that is associated with idiosyncratic, drug-induced liver injury (IDILI) in humans. The mechanisms of DCLF-induced liver injury are unknown; however, patients with certain inflammatory diseases have an increased risk of developing IDILI, which raises the possibility that immune mediators play a role in the pathogenesis. DCLF synergizes with the cytokines tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF) and interferon-gamma (IFN) to cause hepatocellular apoptosis in vitro by a mechanism that involves activation of the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress response pathway and of the mitogen-activated protein kinases, c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK), and extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK). DCLF also causes an increase in intracellular calcium (Ca(++)) in hepatocytes, but the role of this in the cytotoxic synergy between DCLF and cytokines is unknown. We tested the hypothesis that Ca(++) contributes to DCLF/cytokine-induced cytotoxic synergy. Treatment of HepG2 cells with DCLF led to an increase in intracellular Ca(++) at 6 and 12 h, and this response was augmented in the presence of TNF and IFN at 12 h. The intracellular Ca(++) chelator BAPTA/AM reduced cytotoxicity and caspase-3 activation caused by DCLF/cytokine cotreatment. BAPTA/AM also significantly reduced DCLF-induced activation of the ER stress sensor, protein kinase RNA-like ER kinase (PERK), as well as activation of JNK and ERK. Treatment of cells with an inositol trisphosphate receptor antagonist almost completely eliminated DCLF/cytokine-induced cytotoxicity and decreased DCLF-induced activation of PERK, JNK, and ERK. These findings indicate that Ca(++) contributes to DCLF/cytokine-induced cytotoxic synergy by promoting activation of the ER stress-response pathway and JNK and ERK.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashley R Maiuri
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Institute for Integrative Toxicology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan 48824
| | - Anna B Breier
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Institute for Integrative Toxicology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan 48824
| | - Jonathan D Turkus
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Institute for Integrative Toxicology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan 48824
| | - Patricia E Ganey
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Institute for Integrative Toxicology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan 48824
| | - Robert A Roth
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Institute for Integrative Toxicology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan 48824
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14
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Maiuri AR, Breier AB, Gora LFJ, Parkins RV, Ganey PE, Roth RA. Cytotoxic Synergy Between Cytokines and NSAIDs Associated With Idiosyncratic Hepatotoxicity Is Driven by Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinases. Toxicol Sci 2015; 146:265-80. [PMID: 25953702 DOI: 10.1093/toxsci/kfv091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) are among the most frequent causes of idiosyncratic, drug-induced liver injury (IDILI). Mechanisms of IDILI are unknown, but immune responses are suspected to underlie them. In animal models of IDILI, the cytokines tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNFα) and interferon-gamma (IFNγ) are essential to the pathogenesis. Some drugs associated with IDILI interact with cytokines to kill hepatocytes in vitro, and mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPKs) might play a role. We tested the hypothesis that caspases and MAPKs are involved in NSAID/cytokine-induced cytotoxicity. NSAIDs that are acetic acid (AA) derivatives and associated with IDILI synergized with TNFα in causing cytotoxicity in HepG2 cells, and IFNγ enhanced this interaction. NSAIDs that are propionic acid (PA) derivatives and cause IDILI that is of less clinical concern also synergized with TNFα, but IFNγ was without effect. Caspase inhibition prevented cytotoxicity from AA and PA derivative/cytokine treatment. Treatment with a representative AA or PA derivative induced activation of the MAPKs c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK), extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK), and p38. Inhibition of either JNK or ERK reduced cytotoxicity from cytokine interactions with AA derivatives. In contrast, an ERK inhibitor potentiated cytotoxicity from cytokine interactions with PA derivatives. An AA derivative but not a PA derivative enhanced IFNγ-mediated activation of STAT-1, and this enhancement was ERK-dependent. These findings raise the possibility that some IDILI reactions result from drug/cytokine synergy involving caspases and MAPKs and suggest that, even for drugs within the same pharmacologic class, synergy with cytokines occurs by different kinase signaling mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashley R Maiuri
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Center for Integrative Toxicology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan 48824
| | - Anna B Breier
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Center for Integrative Toxicology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan 48824
| | - Lukas F J Gora
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Center for Integrative Toxicology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan 48824
| | - Robert V Parkins
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Center for Integrative Toxicology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan 48824
| | - Patricia E Ganey
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Center for Integrative Toxicology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan 48824
| | - Robert A Roth
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Center for Integrative Toxicology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan 48824
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15
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Poulsen KL, Olivero-Verbel J, Beggs KM, Ganey PE, Roth RA. Trovafloxacin enhances lipopolysaccharide-stimulated production of tumor necrosis factor-α by macrophages: role of the DNA damage response. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 2014; 350:164-70. [PMID: 24817034 DOI: 10.1124/jpet.114.214189] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Trovafloxacin (TVX) is a drug that has caused idiosyncratic, drug-induced liver injury (IDILI) in humans. In a murine model of IDILI, otherwise nontoxic doses of TVX and the inflammagen lipopolysaccharide (LPS) interacted to produce pronounced hepatocellular injury. The liver injury depended on a TVX-induced, small but significant prolongation of tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF) appearance in the plasma. The enhancement of TNF expression by TVX was reproduced in vitro in RAW 264.7 murine macrophages (RAW cells) stimulated with LPS. The current study was designed to identify the molecular target of TVX responsible for this response in RAW cells. An in silico analysis suggested a favorable binding profile of TVX to eukaryotic topoisomerase II-α (TopIIα), and a cell-free assay revealed that TVX inhibited eukaryotic TopIIα activity. Topoisomerase inhibition is known to lead to DNA damage, and TVX increased the DNA damage marker phosphorylated histone 2A.X in RAW cells. Moreover, TVX induced activation of the DNA damage sensor kinases, ataxia telangiectasia mutated (ATM) and Rad3-related (ATR). The ATR inhibitor NU6027 [6-(cyclohexylmethoxy)-5-nitrosopyrimidine-2,4-diamine] prevented the TVX-mediated increases in LPS-induced TNF mRNA and protein release, whereas a selective ATM inhibitor [2-(4-morpholinyl)-6-(1-thianthrenyl)-4H-pyran-4-one (KU55933)] was without effect. TVX prolonged TNF mRNA stability, and this effect was largely attenuated by NU6027. These results suggest that TVX can inhibit eukaryotic topoisomerase, leading to activation of ATR and potentiation of TNF release by macrophages, at least in part through increased mRNA stability. This off-target effect might contribute to the ability of TVX to precipitate IDILI in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyle L Poulsen
- Department of Pharmacology & Toxicology, Center for Integrative Toxicology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan (K.L.P., K.M.B., P.E.G., and R.A.R.); and Environmental and Computational Chemistry Group, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Cartagena, Cartagena, Colombia (J.O.-V.)
| | - Jesus Olivero-Verbel
- Department of Pharmacology & Toxicology, Center for Integrative Toxicology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan (K.L.P., K.M.B., P.E.G., and R.A.R.); and Environmental and Computational Chemistry Group, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Cartagena, Cartagena, Colombia (J.O.-V.)
| | - Kevin M Beggs
- Department of Pharmacology & Toxicology, Center for Integrative Toxicology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan (K.L.P., K.M.B., P.E.G., and R.A.R.); and Environmental and Computational Chemistry Group, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Cartagena, Cartagena, Colombia (J.O.-V.)
| | - Patricia E Ganey
- Department of Pharmacology & Toxicology, Center for Integrative Toxicology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan (K.L.P., K.M.B., P.E.G., and R.A.R.); and Environmental and Computational Chemistry Group, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Cartagena, Cartagena, Colombia (J.O.-V.)
| | - Robert A Roth
- Department of Pharmacology & Toxicology, Center for Integrative Toxicology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan (K.L.P., K.M.B., P.E.G., and R.A.R.); and Environmental and Computational Chemistry Group, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Cartagena, Cartagena, Colombia (J.O.-V.)
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16
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Roth A, Singer T. The application of 3D cell models to support drug safety assessment: opportunities & challenges. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2014; 69-70:179-89. [PMID: 24378580 DOI: 10.1016/j.addr.2013.12.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2013] [Revised: 12/13/2013] [Accepted: 12/17/2013] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
The selection of drug candidates early in development has become increasingly important to minimize the use of animals and to avoid costly failures of drugs later in development. In vitro systems to predict and assess organ toxicity have so far been of limited value due to difficulties in demonstrating in vivo-relevant toxicity at a cell culture level. To overcome the limitations of single-cell type monolayer cultures and short-lived primary cell preparations, researchers have created novel 3-dimensional culture systems which appear to more closely resemble in vivo biology. These could become a key for the pharmaceutical industry in the evaluation of drug candidates. However, the value and acceptance of those new models in standard drug safety applications have yet to be demonstrated. This review aims to provide an overview of the different approaches undertaken in the field of pre-clinical safety assessment, organ toxicity, in particular, with an emphasis on examples and technical challenges.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adrian Roth
- F. Hoffmann-La Roche Ltd., Pharma Research, 4070 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Thomas Singer
- F. Hoffmann-La Roche Ltd., Pharma Research, 4070 Basel, Switzerland
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17
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Poulsen KL, Albee RP, Ganey PE, Roth RA. Trovafloxacin potentiation of lipopolysaccharide-induced tumor necrosis factor release from RAW 264.7 cells requires extracellular signal-regulated kinase and c-Jun N-Terminal Kinase. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 2014; 349:185-91. [PMID: 24525298 DOI: 10.1124/jpet.113.211276] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Trovafloxacin (TVX) is a fluoroquinolone antibiotic known to cause idiosyncratic, drug-induced liver injury (IDILI) in humans. The mechanism underlying this toxicity remains unknown. Previously, an animal model of IDILI in mice revealed that TVX synergizes with inflammatory stress from bacterial lipopolysaccharide (LPS) to produce a hepatotoxic interaction. The liver injury required prolongation of the appearance of tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF) in the plasma. The results presented here describe a model of TVX/LPS coexposure in RAW 264.7 cells acting as a surrogate for TNF-releasing cells in vivo. Pretreating cells with TVX for 2 hours before LPS addition led to increased TNF protein release into culture medium in a concentration- and time-dependent manner relative to cells treated with LPS or TVX alone. During the pretreatment period, TVX increased TNF mRNA, but this was less apparent when cells were exposed to TVX after LPS addition, suggesting that the pivotal signaling events that increase TNF expression occurred during the TVX pretreatment period. Indeed, TVX exposure increased activation of extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK), c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK), and p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase. Inhibition of either ERK or JNK decreased the TVX-mediated increase in TNF mRNA and LPS-induced TNF protein release, but p38 inhibition did not. These results demonstrated that the increased TNF appearance from TVX-LPS interaction in vivo can be reproduced in vitro and occurs in an ERK- and JNK-dependent manner.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyle L Poulsen
- Department of Pharmacology & Toxicology, Center for Integrative Toxicology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan
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18
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Wink S, Hiemstra S, Huppelschoten S, Danen E, Niemeijer M, Hendriks G, Vrieling H, Herpers B, van de Water B. Quantitative high content imaging of cellular adaptive stress response pathways in toxicity for chemical safety assessment. Chem Res Toxicol 2014; 27:338-55. [PMID: 24450961 DOI: 10.1021/tx4004038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Over the past decade, major leaps forward have been made on the mechanistic understanding and identification of adaptive stress response landscapes underlying toxic insult using transcriptomics approaches. However, for predictive purposes of adverse outcome several major limitations in these approaches exist. First, the limited number of samples that can be analyzed reduces the in depth analysis of concentration-time course relationships for toxic stress responses. Second these transcriptomics analysis have been based on the whole cell population, thereby inevitably preventing single cell analysis. Third, transcriptomics is based on the transcript level, totally ignoring (post)translational regulation. We believe these limitations are circumvented with the application of high content analysis of relevant toxicant-induced adaptive stress signaling pathways using bacterial artificial chromosome (BAC) green fluorescent protein (GFP) reporter cell-based assays. The goal is to establish a platform that incorporates all adaptive stress pathways that are relevant for toxicity, with a focus on drug-induced liver injury. In addition, cellular stress responses typically follow cell perturbations at the subcellular organelle level. Therefore, we complement our reporter line panel with reporters for specific organelle morphometry and function. Here, we review the approaches of high content imaging of cellular adaptive stress responses to chemicals and the application in the mechanistic understanding and prediction of chemical toxicity at a systems toxicology level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steven Wink
- Division of Toxicology, Leiden Academic Centre for Drug Research (LACDR), Leiden University , The Netherlands
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19
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Beggs KM, Fullerton AM, Miyakawa K, Ganey PE, Roth RA. Molecular mechanisms of hepatocellular apoptosis induced by trovafloxacin-tumor necrosis factor-alpha interaction. Toxicol Sci 2013; 137:91-101. [PMID: 24097668 DOI: 10.1093/toxsci/kft226] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Idiosyncratic drug-induced liver injury (IDILI) continues to be a significant human health problem. IDILI is characterized as occurring in a minority of individuals exposed to a drug, yet it accounts for as much as 17% of all cases of acute liver failure. Despite these concerns, the mechanisms underlying IDILI remain unknown. Trovafloxacin (TVX), which causes IDILI in humans, also causes hepatocellular death in vitro when combined with tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF) treatment. However, the molecular mechanisms involved in this toxicity are not fully characterized. The purpose of this study was to identify mechanisms by which TVX and TNF interact to cause hepatocellular death, with a focus on a human hepatocyte cell line. TVX and TNF interacted to cause cytotoxicity in HepG2 cells at drug concentrations similar to those in people undergoing TVX therapy. TVX/TNF treatment caused apoptosis and DNA damage in HepG2 cells that depended on caspase activation. Prolonged activation of JNK occurred in TVX/TNF-induced cytotoxicity, and treatment with the JNK selective inhibitor SP600125 attenuated cytotoxicity. TVX/TNF cotreatment also caused cytotoxicity in isolated primary murine hepatocytes that was dependent on caspase activation. These results increase understanding of molecular signaling pathways involved in hepatocellular death caused by a drug with idiosyncratic liability in the presence of TNF.
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Godoy P, Hewitt NJ, Albrecht U, Andersen ME, Ansari N, Bhattacharya S, Bode JG, Bolleyn J, Borner C, Böttger J, Braeuning A, Budinsky RA, Burkhardt B, Cameron NR, Camussi G, Cho CS, Choi YJ, Craig Rowlands J, Dahmen U, Damm G, Dirsch O, Donato MT, Dong J, Dooley S, Drasdo D, Eakins R, Ferreira KS, Fonsato V, Fraczek J, Gebhardt R, Gibson A, Glanemann M, Goldring CEP, Gómez-Lechón MJ, Groothuis GMM, Gustavsson L, Guyot C, Hallifax D, Hammad S, Hayward A, Häussinger D, Hellerbrand C, Hewitt P, Hoehme S, Holzhütter HG, Houston JB, Hrach J, Ito K, Jaeschke H, Keitel V, Kelm JM, Kevin Park B, Kordes C, Kullak-Ublick GA, LeCluyse EL, Lu P, Luebke-Wheeler J, Lutz A, Maltman DJ, Matz-Soja M, McMullen P, Merfort I, Messner S, Meyer C, Mwinyi J, Naisbitt DJ, Nussler AK, Olinga P, Pampaloni F, Pi J, Pluta L, Przyborski SA, Ramachandran A, Rogiers V, Rowe C, Schelcher C, Schmich K, Schwarz M, Singh B, Stelzer EHK, Stieger B, Stöber R, Sugiyama Y, Tetta C, Thasler WE, Vanhaecke T, Vinken M, Weiss TS, Widera A, Woods CG, Xu JJ, Yarborough KM, Hengstler JG. Recent advances in 2D and 3D in vitro systems using primary hepatocytes, alternative hepatocyte sources and non-parenchymal liver cells and their use in investigating mechanisms of hepatotoxicity, cell signaling and ADME. Arch Toxicol 2013; 87:1315-530. [PMID: 23974980 PMCID: PMC3753504 DOI: 10.1007/s00204-013-1078-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1062] [Impact Index Per Article: 96.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2013] [Accepted: 05/06/2013] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
This review encompasses the most important advances in liver functions and hepatotoxicity and analyzes which mechanisms can be studied in vitro. In a complex architecture of nested, zonated lobules, the liver consists of approximately 80 % hepatocytes and 20 % non-parenchymal cells, the latter being involved in a secondary phase that may dramatically aggravate the initial damage. Hepatotoxicity, as well as hepatic metabolism, is controlled by a set of nuclear receptors (including PXR, CAR, HNF-4α, FXR, LXR, SHP, VDR and PPAR) and signaling pathways. When isolating liver cells, some pathways are activated, e.g., the RAS/MEK/ERK pathway, whereas others are silenced (e.g. HNF-4α), resulting in up- and downregulation of hundreds of genes. An understanding of these changes is crucial for a correct interpretation of in vitro data. The possibilities and limitations of the most useful liver in vitro systems are summarized, including three-dimensional culture techniques, co-cultures with non-parenchymal cells, hepatospheres, precision cut liver slices and the isolated perfused liver. Also discussed is how closely hepatoma, stem cell and iPS cell-derived hepatocyte-like-cells resemble real hepatocytes. Finally, a summary is given of the state of the art of liver in vitro and mathematical modeling systems that are currently used in the pharmaceutical industry with an emphasis on drug metabolism, prediction of clearance, drug interaction, transporter studies and hepatotoxicity. One key message is that despite our enthusiasm for in vitro systems, we must never lose sight of the in vivo situation. Although hepatocytes have been isolated for decades, the hunt for relevant alternative systems has only just begun.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patricio Godoy
- Leibniz Research Centre for Working Environment and Human Factors (IFADO), 44139 Dortmund, Germany
| | | | - Ute Albrecht
- Clinic for Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Infectious Diseases, Heinrich-Heine-University, Moorenstrasse 5, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Melvin E. Andersen
- The Hamner Institutes for Health Sciences, Research Triangle Park, NC USA
| | - Nariman Ansari
- Buchmann Institute for Molecular Life Sciences (BMLS), Goethe University Frankfurt, Max-von-Laue-Str. 15, 60438 Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Sudin Bhattacharya
- The Hamner Institutes for Health Sciences, Research Triangle Park, NC USA
| | - Johannes Georg Bode
- Clinic for Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Infectious Diseases, Heinrich-Heine-University, Moorenstrasse 5, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Jennifer Bolleyn
- Department of Toxicology, Centre for Pharmaceutical Research, Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, 1090 Brussels, Belgium
| | - Christoph Borner
- Institute of Molecular Medicine and Cell Research, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Jan Böttger
- Institute of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, University of Leipzig, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Albert Braeuning
- Department of Toxicology, Institute of Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology, Wilhelmstr. 56, 72074 Tübingen, Germany
| | - Robert A. Budinsky
- Toxicology and Environmental Research and Consulting, The Dow Chemical Company, Midland, MI USA
| | - Britta Burkhardt
- BG Trauma Center, Siegfried Weller Institut, Eberhard Karls University Tübingen, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
| | - Neil R. Cameron
- Department of Chemistry, Durham University, Durham, DH1 3LE UK
| | - Giovanni Camussi
- Department of Medical Sciences, University of Torino, 10126 Turin, Italy
| | - Chong-Su Cho
- Department of Agricultural Biotechnology and Research Institute for Agriculture and Life Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul, 151-921 Korea
| | - Yun-Jaie Choi
- Department of Agricultural Biotechnology and Research Institute for Agriculture and Life Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul, 151-921 Korea
| | - J. Craig Rowlands
- Toxicology and Environmental Research and Consulting, The Dow Chemical Company, Midland, MI USA
| | - Uta Dahmen
- Experimental Transplantation Surgery, Department of General Visceral, and Vascular Surgery, Friedrich-Schiller-University Jena, 07745 Jena, Germany
| | - Georg Damm
- Department of General-, Visceral- and Transplantation Surgery, Charité University Medicine Berlin, 13353 Berlin, Germany
| | - Olaf Dirsch
- Institute of Pathology, Friedrich-Schiller-University Jena, 07745 Jena, Germany
| | - María Teresa Donato
- Unidad de Hepatología Experimental, IIS Hospital La Fe Avda Campanar 21, 46009 Valencia, Spain
- CIBERehd, Fondo de Investigaciones Sanitarias, Barcelona, Spain
- Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Valencia, Valencia, Spain
| | - Jian Dong
- The Hamner Institutes for Health Sciences, Research Triangle Park, NC USA
| | - Steven Dooley
- Department of Medicine II, Section Molecular Hepatology, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Dirk Drasdo
- Interdisciplinary Center for Bioinformatics (IZBI), University of Leipzig, 04107 Leipzig, Germany
- INRIA (French National Institute for Research in Computer Science and Control), Domaine de Voluceau-Rocquencourt, B.P. 105, 78153 Le Chesnay Cedex, France
- UPMC University of Paris 06, CNRS UMR 7598, Laboratoire Jacques-Louis Lions, 4, pl. Jussieu, 75252 Paris cedex 05, France
| | - Rowena Eakins
- Department of Molecular and Clinical Pharmacology, Centre for Drug Safety Science, Institute of Translational Medicine, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
| | - Karine Sá Ferreira
- Institute of Molecular Medicine and Cell Research, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
- GRK 1104 From Cells to Organs, Molecular Mechanisms of Organogenesis, Faculty of Biology, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Valentina Fonsato
- Department of Medical Sciences, University of Torino, 10126 Turin, Italy
| | - Joanna Fraczek
- Department of Toxicology, Centre for Pharmaceutical Research, Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, 1090 Brussels, Belgium
| | - Rolf Gebhardt
- Institute of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, University of Leipzig, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Andrew Gibson
- Department of Molecular and Clinical Pharmacology, Centre for Drug Safety Science, Institute of Translational Medicine, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
| | - Matthias Glanemann
- Department of General-, Visceral- and Transplantation Surgery, Charité University Medicine Berlin, 13353 Berlin, Germany
| | - Chris E. P. Goldring
- Department of Molecular and Clinical Pharmacology, Centre for Drug Safety Science, Institute of Translational Medicine, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
| | - María José Gómez-Lechón
- Unidad de Hepatología Experimental, IIS Hospital La Fe Avda Campanar 21, 46009 Valencia, Spain
- CIBERehd, Fondo de Investigaciones Sanitarias, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Geny M. M. Groothuis
- Department of Pharmacy, Pharmacokinetics Toxicology and Targeting, University of Groningen, A. Deusinglaan 1, 9713 AV Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Lena Gustavsson
- Department of Laboratory Medicine (Malmö), Center for Molecular Pathology, Lund University, Jan Waldenströms gata 59, 205 02 Malmö, Sweden
| | - Christelle Guyot
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology, University Hospital, 8091 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - David Hallifax
- Centre for Applied Pharmacokinetic Research (CAPKR), School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Manchester, Oxford Road, Manchester, M13 9PT UK
| | - Seddik Hammad
- Department of Forensic Medicine and Veterinary Toxicology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, South Valley University, Qena, Egypt
| | - Adam Hayward
- Biological and Biomedical Sciences, Durham University, Durham, DH13LE UK
| | - Dieter Häussinger
- Clinic for Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Infectious Diseases, Heinrich-Heine-University, Moorenstrasse 5, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Claus Hellerbrand
- Department of Medicine I, University Hospital Regensburg, 93053 Regensburg, Germany
| | | | - Stefan Hoehme
- Interdisciplinary Center for Bioinformatics (IZBI), University of Leipzig, 04107 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Hermann-Georg Holzhütter
- Institut für Biochemie Abteilung Mathematische Systembiochemie, Universitätsmedizin Berlin (Charité), Charitéplatz 1, 10117 Berlin, Germany
| | - J. Brian Houston
- Centre for Applied Pharmacokinetic Research (CAPKR), School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Manchester, Oxford Road, Manchester, M13 9PT UK
| | | | - Kiyomi Ito
- Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Musashino University, 1-1-20 Shinmachi, Nishitokyo-shi, Tokyo, 202-8585 Japan
| | - Hartmut Jaeschke
- Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology and Therapeutics, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS 66160 USA
| | - Verena Keitel
- Clinic for Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Infectious Diseases, Heinrich-Heine-University, Moorenstrasse 5, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany
| | | | - B. Kevin Park
- Department of Molecular and Clinical Pharmacology, Centre for Drug Safety Science, Institute of Translational Medicine, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
| | - Claus Kordes
- Clinic for Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Infectious Diseases, Heinrich-Heine-University, Moorenstrasse 5, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Gerd A. Kullak-Ublick
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology, University Hospital, 8091 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Edward L. LeCluyse
- The Hamner Institutes for Health Sciences, Research Triangle Park, NC USA
| | - Peng Lu
- The Hamner Institutes for Health Sciences, Research Triangle Park, NC USA
| | | | - Anna Lutz
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biology and Biotechnology, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Daniel J. Maltman
- Reinnervate Limited, NETPark Incubator, Thomas Wright Way, Sedgefield, TS21 3FD UK
| | - Madlen Matz-Soja
- Institute of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, University of Leipzig, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Patrick McMullen
- The Hamner Institutes for Health Sciences, Research Triangle Park, NC USA
| | - Irmgard Merfort
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biology and Biotechnology, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | | | - Christoph Meyer
- Department of Medicine II, Section Molecular Hepatology, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Jessica Mwinyi
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology, University Hospital, 8091 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Dean J. Naisbitt
- Department of Molecular and Clinical Pharmacology, Centre for Drug Safety Science, Institute of Translational Medicine, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
| | - Andreas K. Nussler
- BG Trauma Center, Siegfried Weller Institut, Eberhard Karls University Tübingen, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
| | - Peter Olinga
- Division of Pharmaceutical Technology and Biopharmacy, Department of Pharmacy, University of Groningen, 9713 AV Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Francesco Pampaloni
- Buchmann Institute for Molecular Life Sciences (BMLS), Goethe University Frankfurt, Max-von-Laue-Str. 15, 60438 Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Jingbo Pi
- The Hamner Institutes for Health Sciences, Research Triangle Park, NC USA
| | - Linda Pluta
- The Hamner Institutes for Health Sciences, Research Triangle Park, NC USA
| | - Stefan A. Przyborski
- Reinnervate Limited, NETPark Incubator, Thomas Wright Way, Sedgefield, TS21 3FD UK
- Biological and Biomedical Sciences, Durham University, Durham, DH13LE UK
| | - Anup Ramachandran
- Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology and Therapeutics, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS 66160 USA
| | - Vera Rogiers
- Department of Toxicology, Centre for Pharmaceutical Research, Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, 1090 Brussels, Belgium
| | - Cliff Rowe
- Department of Molecular and Clinical Pharmacology, Centre for Drug Safety Science, Institute of Translational Medicine, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
| | - Celine Schelcher
- Department of Surgery, Liver Regeneration, Core Facility, Human in Vitro Models of the Liver, Ludwig Maximilians University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Kathrin Schmich
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biology and Biotechnology, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Michael Schwarz
- Department of Toxicology, Institute of Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology, Wilhelmstr. 56, 72074 Tübingen, Germany
| | - Bijay Singh
- Department of Agricultural Biotechnology and Research Institute for Agriculture and Life Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul, 151-921 Korea
| | - Ernst H. K. Stelzer
- Buchmann Institute for Molecular Life Sciences (BMLS), Goethe University Frankfurt, Max-von-Laue-Str. 15, 60438 Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Bruno Stieger
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology, University Hospital, 8091 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Regina Stöber
- Leibniz Research Centre for Working Environment and Human Factors (IFADO), 44139 Dortmund, Germany
| | - Yuichi Sugiyama
- Sugiyama Laboratory, RIKEN Innovation Center, RIKEN, Yokohama Biopharmaceutical R&D Center, 1-7-22 Suehiro-cho, Tsurumi-ku, Yokohama, Kanagawa 230-0045 Japan
| | - Ciro Tetta
- Fresenius Medical Care, Bad Homburg, Germany
| | - Wolfgang E. Thasler
- Department of Surgery, Ludwig-Maximilians-University of Munich Hospital Grosshadern, Munich, Germany
| | - Tamara Vanhaecke
- Department of Toxicology, Centre for Pharmaceutical Research, Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, 1090 Brussels, Belgium
| | - Mathieu Vinken
- Department of Toxicology, Centre for Pharmaceutical Research, Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, 1090 Brussels, Belgium
| | - Thomas S. Weiss
- Department of Pediatrics and Juvenile Medicine, University of Regensburg Hospital, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Agata Widera
- Leibniz Research Centre for Working Environment and Human Factors (IFADO), 44139 Dortmund, Germany
| | - Courtney G. Woods
- The Hamner Institutes for Health Sciences, Research Triangle Park, NC USA
| | | | | | - Jan G. Hengstler
- Leibniz Research Centre for Working Environment and Human Factors (IFADO), 44139 Dortmund, Germany
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Corsini A, Ganey P, Ju C, Kaplowitz N, Pessayre D, Roth R, Watkins PB, Albassam M, Liu B, Stancic S, Suter L, Bortolini M. Current challenges and controversies in drug-induced liver injury. Drug Saf 2013. [PMID: 23137150 DOI: 10.2165/11632970-000000000-00000] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Current key challenges and controversies encountered in the identification of potentially hepatotoxic drugs and the assessment of drug-induced liver injury (DILI) are covered in this article. There is substantial debate over the classification of DILI itself, including the definition and validity of terms such as 'intrinsic' and 'idiosyncratic'. So-called idiosyncratic DILI is typically rare and requires one or more susceptibility factors in individuals. Consequently, it has been difficult to reproduce in animal models, which has limited the understanding of its underlying mechanisms despite numerous hypotheses. Advances in predictive models would also help to enable preclinical elimination of drug candidates and development of novel biomarkers. A small number of liver laboratory tests have been routinely used to help identify DILI, but their interpretation can be limited and confounded by multiple factors. Improved preclinical and clinical biomarkers are therefore needed to accurately detect early signals of liver injury, distinguish drug hepatotoxicity from other forms of liver injury, and differentiate mild from clinically important liver injury. A range of potentially useful biomarkers are emerging, although so far most have only been used preclinically, with only a few validated and used in the clinic for specific circumstances. Advances in the development of genomic biomarkers will improve the prediction and detection of hepatic injury in future. Establishing a definitive clinical diagnosis of DILI can be difficult, since it is based on circumstantial evidence by excluding other aetiologies and, when possible, identifying a drug-specific signature. DILI signals based on standard liver test abnormalities may be affected by underlying diseases such as hepatitis B and C, HIV and cancer, as well as the concomitant use of hepatotoxic drugs to treat some of these conditions. Therefore, a modified approach to DILI assessment is justified in these special populations and a suggested framework is presented that takes into account underlying disease when evaluating DILI signals in individuals. Detection of idiosyncratic DILI should, in some respects, be easier in the postmarketing setting compared with the clinical development programme, since there is a much larger and more varied patient population exposure over longer timeframes. However, postmarketing safety surveillance is currently limited by the quantity and quality of information available to make an accurate diagnosis, the lack of a control group and the rarity of cases. The pooling of multiple healthcare databases, which could potentially contain different types of patient data, is advised to address some of these deficiencies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alberto Corsini
- Dipartimento di Scienze Farmacologiche e Biomolecolari, Universit degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy
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Kostadinova R, Boess F, Applegate D, Suter L, Weiser T, Singer T, Naughton B, Roth A. A long-term three dimensional liver co-culture system for improved prediction of clinically relevant drug-induced hepatotoxicity. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 2013; 268:1-16. [PMID: 23352505 DOI: 10.1016/j.taap.2013.01.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 194] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2012] [Revised: 12/22/2012] [Accepted: 01/07/2013] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Drug-induced liver injury (DILI) is the major cause for liver failure and post-marketing drug withdrawals. Due to species-specific differences in hepatocellular function, animal experiments to assess potential liabilities of drug candidates can predict hepatotoxicity in humans only to a certain extent. In addition to animal experimentation, primary hepatocytes from rat or human are widely used for pre-clinical safety assessment. However, as many toxic responses in vivo are mediated by a complex interplay among different cell types and often require chronic drug exposures, the predictive performance of hepatocytes is very limited. Here, we established and characterized human and rat in vitro three-dimensional (3D) liver co-culture systems containing primary parenchymal and non-parenchymal hepatic cells. Our data demonstrate that cells cultured on a 3D scaffold have a preserved composition of hepatocytes, stellate, Kupffer and endothelial cells and maintain liver function for up to 3months, as measured by the production of albumin, fibrinogen, transferrin and urea. Additionally, 3D liver co-cultures maintain cytochrome P450 inducibility, form bile canaliculi-like structures and respond to inflammatory stimuli. Upon incubation with selected hepatotoxicants including drugs which have been shown to induce idiosyncratic toxicity, we demonstrated that this model better detected in vivo drug-induced toxicity, including species-specific drug effects, when compared to monolayer hepatocyte cultures. In conclusion, our results underline the importance of more complex and long lasting in vitro cell culture models that contain all liver cell types and allow repeated drug-treatments for detection of in vivo-relevant adverse drug effects.
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Zou W, Roth RA, Younis HS, Malle E, Ganey PE. Neutrophil-cytokine interactions in a rat model of sulindac-induced idiosyncratic liver injury. Toxicology 2011; 290:278-85. [PMID: 22019926 DOI: 10.1016/j.tox.2011.10.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2011] [Accepted: 10/09/2011] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Previous studies indicated that lipopolysaccharide (LPS) interacts with the nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug sulindac (SLD) to produce liver injury in rats. In the present study, the mechanism of SLD/LPS-induced liver injury was further investigated. Accumulation of polymorphonuclear neutrophils (PMNs) in the liver was greater in SLD/LPS-cotreated rats compared to those treated with SLD or LPS alone. In addition, PMN activation occurred specifically in livers of rats cotreated with SLD/LPS. The hypothesis that PMNs and proteases released from them play critical roles in the hepatotoxicity was tested. SLD/LPS-induced liver injury was attenuated by prior depletion of PMNs or by treatment with the PMN protease inhibitor, eglin C. Previous studies suggested that tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF) and the hemostatic system play critical roles in the pathogenesis of liver injury induced by SLD/LPS. TNF and plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 (PAI-1) can contribute to hepatotoxicity by affecting PMN activation and fibrin deposition. Therefore, the role of TNF and PAI-1 in PMN activation and fibrin deposition in the SLD/LPS-induced liver injury model was tested. Neutralization of TNF or inhibition of PAI-1 attenuated PMN activation. TNF had no effect on PAI-1 production or fibrin deposition. In contrast, PAI-1 contributed to fibrin deposition in livers of rats treated with SLD/LPS. In summary, PMNs, TNF and PAI-1 contribute to the liver injury induced by SLD/LPS cotreatment. TNF and PAI-1 independently contributed to PMN activation, which is critical to the pathogenesis of liver injury. Moreover, PAI-1 contributed to liver injury by promoting fibrin deposition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Zou
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA
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Lu J, Jones AD, Harkema JR, Roth RA, Ganey PE. Amiodarone exposure during modest inflammation induces idiosyncrasy-like liver injury in rats: role of tumor necrosis factor-alpha. Toxicol Sci 2011; 125:126-33. [PMID: 21984482 PMCID: PMC3243747 DOI: 10.1093/toxsci/kfr266] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Amiodarone [2-butyl-3-(3′,5′-diiodo-4’α-diethylaminoethoxybenzoyl)-benzofuran] (AMD), a class III antiarrhythmic drug, is known to cause idiosyncratic hepatotoxic reactions in human patients. One hypothesis for the etiology of idiosyncratic adverse drug reactions is that a concurrent inflammatory stress results in decreased threshold for drug toxicity. To explore this hypothesis in an animal model, male Sprague-Dawley rats were treated with nonhepatotoxic doses of AMD or its vehicle and with saline vehicle or lipopolysaccharide (LPS) to induce low-level inflammation. Elevated alanine aminotransferase (ALT), aspartate aminotransferase, alkaline phosphatase, and gamma-glutamyltransferase activities as well as increased total bile acid concentrations in serum and midzonal hepatocellular necrosis were observed only in AMD/LPS-cotreated rats. The time interval between AMD and LPS administration was critical: AMD injected 16 h before LPS led to liver injury, whereas AMD injected 2–12 h before LPS failed to cause this response. The increase in ALT activity in AMD/LPS cotreatment showed a clear dose-response relationship with AMD as well as LPS. The metabolism and hepatic accumulation of AMD were not affected by LPS coexposure. Serum concentration of tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF) was significantly increased by LPS and was slightly prolonged by AMD. In Hepac1c7 cells, addition of TNF potentiated the cytotoxicity of both AMD and its primary metabolite, mono-N-desethylamiodarone. In vivo inhibition of TNF signaling by etanercept attenuated the AMD/LPS-induced liver injury in rats. In summary, AMD treatment during modest inflammation induced severe hepatotoxicity in rats, and TNF contributed to the induction of liver injury in this animal model of idiosyncratic AMD-induced liver injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingtao Lu
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan 48824, USA
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Pessayre D, Fromenty B, Berson A, Robin MA, Lettéron P, Moreau R, Mansouri A. Central role of mitochondria in drug-induced liver injury. Drug Metab Rev 2011; 44:34-87. [PMID: 21892896 DOI: 10.3109/03602532.2011.604086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 182] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
A frequent mechanism for drug-induced liver injury (DILI) is the formation of reactive metabolites that trigger hepatitis through direct toxicity or immune reactions. Both events cause mitochondrial membrane disruption. Genetic or acquired factors predispose to metabolite-mediated hepatitis by increasing the formation of the reactive metabolite, decreasing its detoxification, or by the presence of critical human leukocyte antigen molecule(s). In other instances, the parent drug itself triggers mitochondrial membrane disruption or inhibits mitochondrial function through different mechanisms. Drugs can sequester coenzyme A or can inhibit mitochondrial β-oxidation enzymes, the transfer of electrons along the respiratory chain, or adenosine triphosphate (ATP) synthase. Drugs can also destroy mitochondrial DNA, inhibit its replication, decrease mitochondrial transcripts, or hamper mitochondrial protein synthesis. Quite often, a single drug has many different effects on mitochondrial function. A severe impairment of oxidative phosphorylation decreases hepatic ATP, leading to cell dysfunction or necrosis; it can also secondarily inhibit ß-oxidation, thus causing steatosis, and can also inhibit pyruvate catabolism, leading to lactic acidosis. A severe impairment of β-oxidation can cause a fatty liver; further, decreased gluconeogenesis and increased utilization of glucose to compensate for the inability to oxidize fatty acids, together with the mitochondrial toxicity of accumulated free fatty acids and lipid peroxidation products, may impair energy production, possibly leading to coma and death. Susceptibility to parent drug-mediated mitochondrial dysfunction can be increased by factors impairing the removal of the toxic parent compound or by the presence of other medical condition(s) impairing mitochondrial function. New drug molecules should be screened for possible mitochondrial effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dominique Pessayre
- INSERM, U, Centre de Recherche Bichat Beaujon CRB, Faculté de Médecine Xavier-Bichat, Paris, France.
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Roth RA, Ganey PE. Animal models of idiosyncratic drug-induced liver injury—Current status. Crit Rev Toxicol 2011; 41:723-39. [DOI: 10.3109/10408444.2011.575765] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
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Fredriksson L, Herpers B, Benedetti G, Matadin Q, Puigvert JC, de Bont H, Dragovic S, Vermeulen NPE, Commandeur JNM, Danen E, de Graauw M, van de Water B. Diclofenac inhibits tumor necrosis factor-α-induced nuclear factor-κB activation causing synergistic hepatocyte apoptosis. Hepatology 2011; 53:2027-41. [PMID: 21433042 DOI: 10.1002/hep.24314] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
UNLABELLED Drug-induced liver injury (DILI) is an important clinical problem. It involves crosstalk between drug toxicity and the immune system, but the exact mechanism at the cellular hepatocyte level is not well understood. Here we studied the mechanism of crosstalk in hepatocyte apoptosis caused by diclofenac and the proinflammatory cytokine tumor necrosis factor α (TNF-α). HepG2 cells were treated with diclofenac followed by TNF-α challenge and subsequent evaluation of necrosis and apoptosis. Diclofenac caused a mild apoptosis of HepG2 cells, which was strongly potentiated by TNF-α. A focused apoptosis machinery short interference RNA (siRNA) library screen identified that this TNF-α-mediated enhancement involved activation of caspase-3 through a caspase-8/Bid/APAF1 pathway. Diclofenac itself induced sustained activation of c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK) and inhibition of JNK decreased both diclofenac and diclofenac/TNF-α-induced apoptosis. Live cell imaging of GFPp65/RelA showed that diclofenac dampened the TNF-α-mediated nuclear factor kappaB (NF-κB) translocation oscillation in association with reduced NF-κB transcriptional activity. This was associated with inhibition by diclofenac of the TNF-α-induced phosphorylation of the inhibitor of NF-κB alpha (IκBα). Finally, inhibition of IκB kinase β (IKKβ) with BMS-345541 as well as stable lentiviral short hairpin RNA (shRNA)-based knockdown of p65/RelA sensitized hepatocytes towards diclofenac/TNF-α-induced cytotoxicity. CONCLUSION Together, our data suggest a model whereby diclofenac-mediated stress signaling suppresses TNF-α-induced survival signaling routes and sensitizes cells to apoptosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisa Fredriksson
- Division of Toxicology, Leiden/Amsterdam Centre for Drug Research, Leiden University, The Netherlands
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Liguori MJ, Ditewig AC, Maddox JF, Luyendyk JP, Lehman-McKeeman LD, Nelson DM, Bhaskaran VM, Waring JF, Ganey PE, Roth RA, Blomme EAG. Comparison of TNFα to lipopolysaccharide as an inflammagen to characterize the idiosyncratic hepatotoxicity potential of drugs: Trovafloxacin as an example. Int J Mol Sci 2010; 11:4697-714. [PMID: 21151465 PMCID: PMC3000109 DOI: 10.3390/ijms11114697] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2010] [Revised: 10/22/2010] [Accepted: 11/15/2010] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Idiosyncratic drug reactions (IDRs) are poorly understood, unpredictable, and not detected in preclinical studies. Although the cause of these reactions is likely multi-factorial, one hypothesis is that an underlying inflammatory state lowers the tolerance to a xenobiotic. Previously used in an inflammation IDR model, bacterial lipopolysaccharide (LPS) is heterogeneous in nature, making development of standardized testing protocols difficult. Here, the use of rat tumor necrosis factor-α (TNFα) to replace LPS as an inflammatory stimulus was investigated. Sprague-Dawley rats were treated with separate preparations of LPS or TNFα, and hepatic transcriptomic effects were compared. TNFα showed enhanced consistency at the transcriptomic level compared to LPS. TNFα and LPS regulated similar biochemical pathways, although LPS was associated with more robust inflammatory signaling than TNFα. Rats were then codosed with TNFα and trovafloxacin (TVX), an IDR-associated drug, and evaluated by liver histopathology, clinical chemistry, and gene expression analysis. TNFα/TVX induced unique gene expression changes that clustered separately from TNFα/levofloxacin, a drug not associated with IDRs. TNFα/TVX cotreatment led to autoinduction of TNFα resulting in potentiation of underlying gene expression stress signals. Comparison of TNFα/TVX and LPS/TVX gene expression profiles revealed similarities in the regulation of biochemical pathways. In conclusion, TNFα could be used in lieu of LPS as an inflammatory stimulus in this model of IDRs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael J. Liguori
- Department of Cellular, Molecular, & Exploratory Toxicology, Abbott Laboratories; Abbott Park, IL 60064, USA; E-Mails: (A.C.D.); (J.F.W.); (E.A.G.B.)
| | - Amy C. Ditewig
- Department of Cellular, Molecular, & Exploratory Toxicology, Abbott Laboratories; Abbott Park, IL 60064, USA; E-Mails: (A.C.D.); (J.F.W.); (E.A.G.B.)
| | - Jane F. Maddox
- Department of Pharmacology & Toxicology, Center for Integrative Toxicology, Michigan State University; East Lansing, MI 48824, USA; E-Mails: (J.F.M.); (J.P.L.); (P.E.G.); (R.A.R.)
| | - James P. Luyendyk
- Department of Pharmacology & Toxicology, Center for Integrative Toxicology, Michigan State University; East Lansing, MI 48824, USA; E-Mails: (J.F.M.); (J.P.L.); (P.E.G.); (R.A.R.)
| | - Lois D. Lehman-McKeeman
- Discovery Toxicology, Bristol-Myers Squibb; Princeton, NJ 08540, USA; E-Mail: (L.D.L.-M.); (V.M.B.)
| | - David M. Nelson
- The Beatson Institute for Cancer Research, Glasgow, UK; E-Mail:
| | - Vasanthi M. Bhaskaran
- Discovery Toxicology, Bristol-Myers Squibb; Princeton, NJ 08540, USA; E-Mail: (L.D.L.-M.); (V.M.B.)
| | - Jeffrey F. Waring
- Department of Cellular, Molecular, & Exploratory Toxicology, Abbott Laboratories; Abbott Park, IL 60064, USA; E-Mails: (A.C.D.); (J.F.W.); (E.A.G.B.)
| | - Patricia E. Ganey
- Department of Pharmacology & Toxicology, Center for Integrative Toxicology, Michigan State University; East Lansing, MI 48824, USA; E-Mails: (J.F.M.); (J.P.L.); (P.E.G.); (R.A.R.)
| | - Robert A. Roth
- Department of Pharmacology & Toxicology, Center for Integrative Toxicology, Michigan State University; East Lansing, MI 48824, USA; E-Mails: (J.F.M.); (J.P.L.); (P.E.G.); (R.A.R.)
| | - Eric A. G. Blomme
- Department of Cellular, Molecular, & Exploratory Toxicology, Abbott Laboratories; Abbott Park, IL 60064, USA; E-Mails: (A.C.D.); (J.F.W.); (E.A.G.B.)
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The potential of cytokines as safety biomarkers for drug-induced liver injury. Eur J Clin Pharmacol 2010; 66:961-76. [DOI: 10.1007/s00228-010-0862-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2010] [Accepted: 06/23/2010] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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31
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Human myeloperoxidase in innate and acquired immunity. Arch Biochem Biophys 2010; 500:92-106. [DOI: 10.1016/j.abb.2010.04.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 187] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2010] [Revised: 04/07/2010] [Accepted: 04/12/2010] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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Shaw PJ, Ganey PE, Roth RA. Idiosyncratic drug-induced liver injury and the role of inflammatory stress with an emphasis on an animal model of trovafloxacin hepatotoxicity. Toxicol Sci 2010; 118:7-18. [PMID: 20538741 DOI: 10.1093/toxsci/kfq168] [Citation(s) in RCA: 94] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Idiosyncratic adverse drug reactions (IADRs) occur in a minority of patients yet account for the majority of postmarketing use restrictions by the Food and Drug Administration. Despite the impact of these toxicities, the underlying mechanisms are still poorly understood. Animal models of IADRs would be beneficial in understanding mechanisms and in developing assays with predictive potential. Recent work exploring the interactions between inflammatory stress and drugs associated with human idiosyncratic drug-induced liver injury (IDILI) has led to the development of the first animal models that apply to a range of drugs. Here, we discuss hypotheses for the mechanisms of IDILI and focus on a murine model of trovafloxacin-induced hepatotoxicity as an example related to the inflammatory stress hypothesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrick J Shaw
- Department of Immunology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee 38104, USA
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Miura M, Hori W, Kasahara Y, Nakagawa I. Quantitative assessment of the metabolic activation of alicyclic amines via aldehyde. J Pharmacol Toxicol Methods 2010; 61:44-51. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vascn.2009.10.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2009] [Revised: 10/30/2009] [Accepted: 10/30/2009] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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Getachew Y, James L, Lee WM, Thiele DL, Miller BC. Susceptibility to acetaminophen (APAP) toxicity unexpectedly is decreased during acute viral hepatitis in mice. Biochem Pharmacol 2009; 79:1363-71. [PMID: 20036646 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2009.12.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2009] [Revised: 12/17/2009] [Accepted: 12/17/2009] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
Acetaminophen (APAP) hepatotoxicity results from cytochrome P450 metabolism of APAP to the toxic metabolite, n-acetyl-benzoquinone imine (NAPQI), which reacts with cysteinyl residues to form APAP adducts and initiates cell injury. As APAP is commonly used during viral illnesses there has been concern that APAP injury may be additive to that of viral hepatitis, leading physicians to advise against its use in such patients; this has not been investigated experimentally. We infected C57BL/6 male mice with replication-deficient adenovirus to produce moderately severe acute viral hepatitis and observed that APAP doses that were hepatotoxic or lethal in control mice produced neither death nor additional increase in serum ALT when administered to infected mice at the peak of virus-induced liver injury. Moreover, the concentration of hepatic APAP-protein adducts formed in these mice was only 10% that in control mice. Protection from APAP hepatotoxicity also was observed earlier in the course of infection, prior to the peak virus-induced ALT rise. Hepatic glutathione limits APAP-protein adduct formation but glutathione levels were similar in control and infected mice. Cyp1a2 (E.C. 1.14.14.1) and Cyp2e1 (E.C. 1.14.13.n7) mRNA expression decreased by 3 days post-infection and hepatic Cyp2e1 protein levels were reduced almost 90% at 7 days, when adduct formation was maximally inhibited. In vitro, hepatocytes from virally infected mice also were resistant to APAP-induced injury but sensitive to NAPQI. Rather than potentiating APAP-induced liver injury, acute viral hepatitis in this model resulted in selective down-regulation of APAP metabolizing P450s in liver and decreased the risk of APAP hepatotoxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yonas Getachew
- Division of Liver and Digestive Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, 5323 Harry Hines Blvd., Dallas, TX 75390-9151, USA
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Shaw PJ, Beggs KM, Sparkenbaugh EM, Dugan CM, Ganey PE, Roth RA. Trovafloxacin enhances TNF-induced inflammatory stress and cell death signaling and reduces TNF clearance in a murine model of idiosyncratic hepatotoxicity. Toxicol Sci 2009; 111:288-301. [PMID: 19638433 DOI: 10.1093/toxsci/kfp163] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Therapy employing the fluoroquinolone antibiotic, trovafloxacin (TVX) was curtailed due to idiosyncratic hepatotoxicity. Previous studies in mice showed that a nonhepatotoxic inflammatory stress induced by tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF) synergized with a nonhepatotoxic dose of TVX to cause liver injury. The purpose of this study was to explore mechanisms by which TVX interacts with TNF to cause liver injury. TVX pretreatment prolonged the peak of plasma TNF after its administration. This prolongation of TNF by TVX was critical to the development of hepatotoxicity. The prolongation of TNF concentration in plasma was primarily due to reduced clearance when compared with secondary biosynthesis. TNF is cleared from plasma by binding to soluble TNF receptors (TNFRs) which are eliminated by the kidney; however, the plasma concentrations of soluble TNFRs were not reduced, and biomarkers of renal dysfunction were not elevated in TVX/TNF-treated mice. Two injections of TNF mimicked the prolongation of the TNF peak by TVX and caused liver injury, but injury was less severe than after TVX/TNF coexposure. TVX enhanced the induction of proinflammatory cytokines by TNF. Additionally, TVX sensitized Hepa1c1c7 cells to TNF-induced killing in a concentration-dependent manner and increased both potency and efficacy of TNF to activate effector caspases that were critically involved in cell death from TVX/TNF coexposure. In summary, TVX reduced the clearance of TNF independent of either receptor shedding or kidney dysfunction. Additionally, TVX interacted with TNF to enhance inflammation and sensitize hepatocytes to TNF-induced cell death.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrick J Shaw
- Department of Pharmacology & Toxicology, Center for Integrative Toxicology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan 48824, USA
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Synergistic drug-cytokine induction of hepatocellular death as an in vitro approach for the study of inflammation-associated idiosyncratic drug hepatotoxicity. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 2009; 237:317-30. [PMID: 19362101 DOI: 10.1016/j.taap.2009.04.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 96] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2008] [Revised: 03/29/2009] [Accepted: 04/02/2009] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Idiosyncratic drug hepatotoxicity represents a major problem in drug development due to inadequacy of current preclinical screening assays, but recently established rodent models utilizing bacterial LPS co-administration to induce an inflammatory background have successfully reproduced idiosyncratic hepatotoxicity signatures for certain drugs. However, the low-throughput nature of these models renders them problematic for employment as preclinical screening assays. Here, we present an analogous, but high-throughput, in vitro approach in which drugs are administered to a variety of cell types (primary human and rat hepatocytes and the human HepG2 cell line) across a landscape of inflammatory contexts containing LPS and cytokines TNF, IFN gamma, IL-1 alpha, and IL-6. Using this assay, we observed drug-cytokine hepatotoxicity synergies for multiple idiosyncratic hepatotoxicants (ranitidine, trovafloxacin, nefazodone, nimesulide, clarithromycin, and telithromycin) but not for their corresponding non-toxic control compounds (famotidine, levofloxacin, buspirone, and aspirin). A larger compendium of drug-cytokine mix hepatotoxicity data demonstrated that hepatotoxicity synergies were largely potentiated by TNF, IL-1 alpha, and LPS within the context of multi-cytokine mixes. Then, we screened 90 drugs for cytokine synergy in human hepatocytes and found that a significantly larger fraction of the idiosyncratic hepatotoxicants (19%) synergized with a single cytokine mix than did the non-hepatotoxic drugs (3%). Finally, we used an information theoretic approach to ascertain especially informative subsets of cytokine treatments for most highly effective construction of regression models for drug- and cytokine mix-induced hepatotoxicities across these cell systems. Our results suggest that this drug-cytokine co-treatment approach could provide a useful preclinical tool for investigating inflammation-associated idiosyncratic drug hepatotoxicity.
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Shaw PJ, Ganey PE, Roth RA. Trovafloxacin enhances the inflammatory response to a Gram-negative or a Gram-positive bacterial stimulus, resulting in neutrophil-dependent liver injury in mice. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 2009; 330:72-8. [PMID: 19351866 DOI: 10.1124/jpet.109.151068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Trovafloxacin (TVX), a fluoroquinolone antibiotic, has been strongly linked with several cases of idiosyncratic hepatotoxicity in humans. Previous studies showed that a modest inflammatory stress induced by a Gram-negative bacterial stimulus [i.e., lipopolysaccharide (LPS)] rendered nontoxic doses of TVX hepatotoxic in mice. This study compared the interaction of TVX with Gram-negative and Gram-positive stimuli. Mice were given TVX 3 h before LPS (Gram-negative stimulus) or a peptidoglycan-lipoteichoic acid (PGN-LTA) mixture isolated from Staphylococcus aureus (Gram-positive stimulus). Administration of TVX, LPS, or PGN-LTA alone was nonhepatotoxic. However, TVX administration before PGN-LTA or LPS resulted in significant liver injury that occurred with similar time courses. TVX/PGN-LTA-induced hepatocellular necrosis was primarily localized to centrilobular regions, whereas that caused by TVX/LPS was predominantly midzonal. Administration of either LPS or PGN-LTA alone led to increased plasma concentrations of several cytokines and chemokines at a time near the onset of liver injury. TVX administration before LPS enhanced the concentrations of all of these cytokines, whereas TVX treatment before PGN-LTA increased all of the cytokines except tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-alpha and interferon-gamma. Liver injury was reduced in TVX/LPS- and TVX/PGN-LTA-treated mice given an antibody to CD18 and also in mice deficient in neutrophil [polymorphonuclear neutrophil (PMN)] elastase. Hepatic PMN accumulation and TNF-alpha production after TVX/PGN-LTA-, but not after TVX/LPS-coexposure, was CD18-dependent. In summary, TVX significantly enhanced the murine inflammatory response to either a Gram-negative or a Gram-positive stimulus and caused hepatotoxicity that developed similarly and was dependent on PMN activation in mice but that differed in lesion location and cytokine profile.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrick J Shaw
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, National Food Safety and Toxicology Center, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA
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