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Werth EG, Roos D, Philip ET. Immunocapture LC-MS methods for pharmacokinetics of large molecule drugs. Bioanalysis 2024; 16:165-177. [PMID: 38348660 DOI: 10.4155/bio-2023-0261] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/26/2024] Open
Abstract
Implementation of immunocapture LC-MS methods to characterize the pharmacokinetic profile of large molecule drugs has become a widely used technique over the past decade. As the pharmaceutical industry strives for speediness into clinical development without jeopardizing quality, robust assays with generic application across the pipeline are becoming instrumental in bioanalysis, especially in early-stage development. This review highlights the capabilities and challenges involved in hybrid immunocapture LC-MS techniques and its continued applications in nonclinical and clinical pharmacokinetic assay design. This includes a comparison of LC-MS-based approaches to conventional ligand-binding assays and the driving demands in large molecule drug portfolios including growing sensitivity requirements and the unique challenges of new modalities requiring innovation in the bioanalytical laboratory.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emily G Werth
- Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Boehringer Ingelheim Pharmaceuticals, Inc., Ridgefield, CT 06877, USA
| | - David Roos
- Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Boehringer Ingelheim Pharmaceuticals, Inc., Ridgefield, CT 06877, USA
| | - Elsy T Philip
- Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Boehringer Ingelheim Pharmaceuticals, Inc., Ridgefield, CT 06877, USA
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2
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Naoi S, Yamane M, Nemoto T, Kato M, Saito R, Tachibana T. Physiologically based pharmacokinetic (PBPK) model that describes enhanced FcRn-dependent distribution of monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) by pI-engineering in mice. Drug Metab Pharmacokinet 2023; 53:100506. [PMID: 38029470 DOI: 10.1016/j.dmpk.2023.100506] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2022] [Revised: 01/22/2023] [Accepted: 03/15/2023] [Indexed: 12/01/2023]
Abstract
We previously reported that monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) with a high isoelectric point (pI) value tended to exhibit fast plasma clearance (CL) and large steady-state volume of distribution (Vdss) in mice. However, the positive correlation between pI, CL, and Vdss cannot be described by the reported physiologically based pharmacokinetic (PBPK) models, in which FcRn-mediated transcytosis of mAbs is set to be minimal compared to convection-mediated transport. To address this issue, physiological parameters (lymph flow rate, reflection coefficient, endothelial uptake clearance, and FcRn concentration) were optimized based on the pharmacokinetic profiles of mAbs with various pI values in wild type and FcRn-deficient (beta-2-microglobulin knockout [KO]) mice. Simulations using the PBPK model developed in this study showed a positive correlation between pI, CL and Vdss observed in wild-type mice. Therefore, this model successfully characterized our hypothetical mechanism that an electrostatic positive interaction between mAbs and the endothelial membrane enhances FcRn-mediated transcytosis of mAbs, resulting in large Vdss. We sought to determine the right contribution of the two pathways of antibody distribution to the interstitial space and established a new model that could effectively capture the effect of pI on FcRn-mediated distribution of mAbs in the body.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sotaro Naoi
- Chugai Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., 1-135, Komakado, Gotemba, Shizuoka, 412-8513, Japan.
| | - Mizuki Yamane
- Chugai Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., 200, Kajiwara, Kamakura, Kanagawa, 247-8530, Japan
| | - Takayuki Nemoto
- Chugai Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., 200, Kajiwara, Kamakura, Kanagawa, 247-8530, Japan
| | - Motohiro Kato
- Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Musashino University, 1-1-20, Shinmachi, Nishitokyo, Tokyo, 202-8585, Japan
| | - Ryoichi Saito
- Chugai Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., 200, Kajiwara, Kamakura, Kanagawa, 247-8530, Japan
| | - Tatsuhiko Tachibana
- Chugai Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., 1-135, Komakado, Gotemba, Shizuoka, 412-8513, Japan
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3
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Butner JD, Dogra P, Chung C, Pasqualini R, Arap W, Lowengrub J, Cristini V, Wang Z. Mathematical modeling of cancer immunotherapy for personalized clinical translation. NATURE COMPUTATIONAL SCIENCE 2022; 2:785-796. [PMID: 38126024 PMCID: PMC10732566 DOI: 10.1038/s43588-022-00377-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2022] [Accepted: 11/14/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2023]
Abstract
Encouraging advances are being made in cancer immunotherapy modeling, especially in the key areas of developing personalized treatment strategies based on individual patient parameters, predicting treatment outcomes and optimizing immunotherapy synergy when used in combination with other treatment approaches. Here we present a focused review of the most recent mathematical modeling work on cancer immunotherapy with a focus on clinical translatability. It can be seen that this field is transitioning from pure basic science to applications that can make impactful differences in patients' lives. We discuss how researchers are integrating experimental and clinical data to fully inform models so that they can be applied for clinical predictions, and present the challenges that remain to be overcome if widespread clinical adaptation is to be realized. Lastly, we discuss the most promising future applications and areas that are expected to be the focus of extensive upcoming modeling studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph D. Butner
- Mathematics in Medicine Program, Houston Methodist Research Institute, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Prashant Dogra
- Mathematics in Medicine Program, Houston Methodist Research Institute, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Caroline Chung
- Department of Radiation Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Renata Pasqualini
- Rutgers Cancer Institute of New Jersey, Newark, NJ, USA
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Division of Cancer Biology, Rutgers New Jersey Medical School, Newark, NJ, USA
| | - Wadih Arap
- Rutgers Cancer Institute of New Jersey, Newark, NJ, USA
- Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology/Oncology, Rutgers New Jersey Medical School, Newark, NJ, USA
| | - John Lowengrub
- Department of Mathematics, University of California at Irvine, Irvine, CA, USA
| | - Vittorio Cristini
- Mathematics in Medicine Program, Houston Methodist Research Institute, Houston, TX, USA
- Neal Cancer Center, Houston Methodist Research Institute, Houston, TX, USA
- Department of Imaging Physics, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
- Physiology, Biophysics, and Systems Biology Program, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - Zhihui Wang
- Mathematics in Medicine Program, Houston Methodist Research Institute, Houston, TX, USA
- Neal Cancer Center, Houston Methodist Research Institute, Houston, TX, USA
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, USA
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4
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Wu N, Widness JA, Yan X, Veng-Pedersen P, An G. A Full Target-Mediated Drug Disposition (TMDD) Model to Explain the Changes in Recombinant Human Erythropoietin (rhEpo) Pharmacokinetics in Patients with Different Bone Marrow Integrity Following Hematopoietic Transplantation. J Pharm Sci 2022; 111:2620-2629. [PMID: 35691608 PMCID: PMC9391296 DOI: 10.1016/j.xphs.2022.06.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2022] [Revised: 06/03/2022] [Accepted: 06/03/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Our aim was to build a mechanistic full target-mediated drug disposition (TMDD) model for rhEpo to better understand rhEpo disposition, Epo receptor (EpoR) synthesis, and degradation in hematopoietic transplant patients with four distinct bone marrow conditions. All PK data were analyzed simultaneously using the nonlinear mixed effect modeling approach with NONMEM. The final model was a two-compartmental full TMDD model, which adequately characterizes rhEpo PK in patients and provides insight into the dynamics of free EpoR, rhEpo-EpoR, and total EpoR. The model predicted association rate constant (kon), dissociation rate constant (koff), and internalization rate constant (kint) were 0.0276 pM-1h-1, 0.647 h-1, and 0.255h-1, respectively, which were supported by experimental data. Also, the EpoR degradation rate constant (kdeg) was estimated to be 0.461 h-1. EpoR production rate was estimated to be 37.5 pM/h for adults at pre-ablation baseline and 5.91 pM/h, and 4.19 pM/h in the early post-transplant post-engraftment, and late post-transplant full engraftment. Our model provides extensive information on the dynamics of free EpoR, total EpoR and rhEpo-EpoR, and proven to be more robust and can provide more physiologically relevant binding parameters than previous models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nan Wu
- Division of Pharmaceutics and Translational Therapeutics, College of Pharmacy, University of Iowa, Iowa city, Iowa, USA
| | - John A Widness
- Department of Pediatrics, Roy J. and Lucille A. Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, USA
| | - Xiaoyu Yan
- School of Pharmacy, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Peter Veng-Pedersen
- Division of Pharmaceutics and Translational Therapeutics, College of Pharmacy, University of Iowa, Iowa city, Iowa, USA
| | - Guohua An
- Division of Pharmaceutics and Translational Therapeutics, College of Pharmacy, University of Iowa, Iowa city, Iowa, USA.
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5
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Haraya K, Tsutsui H, Komori Y, Tachibana T. Recent Advances in Translational Pharmacokinetics and Pharmacodynamics Prediction of Therapeutic Antibodies Using Modeling and Simulation. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2022; 15:ph15050508. [PMID: 35631335 PMCID: PMC9145563 DOI: 10.3390/ph15050508] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2022] [Revised: 04/18/2022] [Accepted: 04/20/2022] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Therapeutic monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) have been a promising therapeutic approach for several diseases and a wide variety of mAbs are being evaluated in clinical trials. To accelerate clinical development and improve the probability of success, pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics (PKPD) in humans must be predicted before clinical trials can begin. Traditionally, empirical-approach-based PKPD prediction has been applied for a long time. Recently, modeling and simulation (M&S) methods have also become valuable for quantitatively predicting PKPD in humans. Although several models (e.g., the compartment model, Michaelis–Menten model, target-mediated drug disposition model, and physiologically based pharmacokinetic model) have been established and used to predict the PKPD of mAbs in humans, more complex mechanistic models, such as the quantitative systemics pharmacology model, have been recently developed. This review summarizes the recent advances and future direction of M&S-based approaches to the quantitative prediction of human PKPD for mAbs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kenta Haraya
- Discovery Biologics Department, Research Division, Chugai Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., 1-135 Komakado, Gotemba 412-8513, Japan;
- Correspondence:
| | - Haruka Tsutsui
- Discovery Biologics Department, Research Division, Chugai Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., 1-135 Komakado, Gotemba 412-8513, Japan;
| | - Yasunori Komori
- Pharmaceutical Science Department, Translational Research Division, Chugai Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., 1-135 Komakado, Gotemba 412-8513, Japan; (Y.K.); (T.T.)
| | - Tatsuhiko Tachibana
- Pharmaceutical Science Department, Translational Research Division, Chugai Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., 1-135 Komakado, Gotemba 412-8513, Japan; (Y.K.); (T.T.)
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6
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Assay pH and critical reagent optimization in measuring concentrations of a monoclonal antibody and its target. Bioanalysis 2022; 14:491-502. [PMID: 35297286 DOI: 10.4155/bio-2021-0276] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Aim: To mitigate assay interference in the drug and target assays to support the development of monoclonal antibody REGN-Z. Results: Mild acidic assay conditions and capture and detection antibodies with different affinities and t1/2 under different assay pHs were used to mitigate interference in the total drug and total target assays. A free target assay was also developed using a lower-affinity capture antibody with a much slower association and dissociation rate. The impact of sample incubation, dilution and storage on the accurate detection of the free target was also evaluated. Conclusion: The total drug, total and free target assays can accurately quantitate drug and target concentrations when tested with a subset of clinical study samples.
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Peletier LA, Gabrielsson J. Impact of enzyme turnover on the dynamics of the Michaelis–Menten model. Math Biosci 2022; 346:108795. [DOI: 10.1016/j.mbs.2022.108795] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2021] [Revised: 02/14/2022] [Accepted: 02/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Peletier LA. An Extended Model Including Target Turnover, Ligand-Target Complex Kinetics, and Binding Properties to Describe Drug-Receptor Interactions. METHODS IN MOLECULAR BIOLOGY (CLIFTON, N.J.) 2022; 2385:19-46. [PMID: 34888714 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-1767-0_2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Since the beginning of this century, target-mediated drug disposition has become a central concept in modeling drug action in drug development. It combines a range of processes, such as turnover, protein binding, internalization, and non-specific elimination, and often serves as a nucleus of more complex pharmacokinetic models. It is simple enough to comprehend but complex enough to be able to describe a wide range of phenomena and data sets. However, the complexity comes at a price: many parameters. In this chapter, we present an overview of the temporal development of the compounds involved after different types of drug doses and offer convenient handles for dissecting data sets in a sophisticated manner in order to estimate the values of these parameters, such as rate constants and pertinent concentrations.
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9
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Gao S, Jin Y, Zhang H. Pan-Cancer Analyses Reveal Oncogenic and Immunological Role of Dickkopf-1 (DKK1). Front Genet 2021; 12:757897. [PMID: 34899842 PMCID: PMC8654726 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2021.757897] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2021] [Accepted: 11/05/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
WNT signaling pathway inhibitor Dickkopf-1 (DKK1) is related to cancer progression; however, its diagnostic and prognostic potential have not been investigated in a pan-cancer perspective. In this study, multiple bioinformatic analyses were conducted to evaluate therapeutic value of DKK1 in human cancers. The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) and the Genotype-Tissue Expression (GTEx) project served as data resources. The Wilcoxon rank test was performed to evaluate the expression difference of DKK1 between cancer tissues and normal tissues. A Kaplan-Meier curve and Cox regression were used for prognosis evaluation. Single-sample gene set enrichment analysis (ssGSEA) was used to evaluate the association of DKK1 expression with the immune cell infiltration. The potential function of DKK1 was explored by STRING and clusterProfiler. We found that the expression level of DKK1 is significantly different in different cancer types. Importantly, we demonstrated that DKK1 is an independent risk factor in ESCA, LUAD, MESO, and STAD. Further analysis revealed that DKK1 had a large effect on the immune cell infiltration and markers of certain immune cells, such as Th1 and Th2 cells. PPI network analysis and further pathway enrichment analysis indicated that DKK1 was mainly involved in the WNT signaling pathway. Our findings suggested that DKK1 might serve as a marker of prognosis for certain cancers by affecting the WNT signaling pathway and tumor immune microenvironment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuang Gao
- College of Life Science, North China University of Science and Technology, Tangshan, China
| | - Ye Jin
- College of Life Science, North China University of Science and Technology, Tangshan, China
| | - Hongmei Zhang
- School of Public Health, North China University of Science and Technology, Tangshan, China.,School of Clinical Medicine, North China University of Science and Technology, Tangshan, China.,Hebei Province Key Laboratory of Occupational Health and Safety for Coal Industry, School of Public Health, North China University of Science and Technology, Tangshan, China
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10
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Bonnet C, Brahmbhatt A, Deng SX, Zheng JJ. Wnt signaling activation: targets and therapeutic opportunities for stem cell therapy and regenerative medicine. RSC Chem Biol 2021; 2:1144-1157. [PMID: 34458828 PMCID: PMC8341040 DOI: 10.1039/d1cb00063b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2021] [Accepted: 06/01/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Wnt proteins are secreted morphogens that play critical roles in embryonic development, stem cell proliferation, self-renewal, tissue regeneration and remodeling in adults. While aberrant Wnt signaling contributes to diseases such as cancer, activation of Wnt/β-catenin signaling is a target of interest in stem cell therapy and regenerative medicine. Recent high throughput screenings from chemical and biological libraries, combined with improved gene expression reporter assays of Wnt/β-catenin activation together with rational drug design, led to the development of a myriad of Wnt activators, with different mechanisms of actions. Among them, Wnt mimics, antibodies targeting Wnt inhibitors, glycogen-synthase-3β inhibitors, and indirubins and other natural product derivatives are emerging modalities to treat bone, neurodegenerative, eye, and metabolic disorders, as well as prevent ageing. Nevertheless, the creation of Wnt-based therapies has been hampered by challenges in developing potent and selective Wnt activators without off-target effects, such as oncogenesis. On the other hand, to avoid these risks, their use to promote ex vivo expansion during tissue engineering is a promising application.
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Affiliation(s)
- Clémence Bonnet
- Stein Eye Institute, University of California Los Angeles CA USA +1-3107947906 +1-3102062173
- INSERM, UMRS1138, Team 17, From Physiopathology of Ocular Diseases to Clinical Development, Paris University, Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, and Cornea Departement, Cochin Hospital, AP-HP F-75014 Paris France
| | - Anvi Brahmbhatt
- Stein Eye Institute, University of California Los Angeles CA USA +1-3107947906 +1-3102062173
| | - Sophie X Deng
- Stein Eye Institute, University of California Los Angeles CA USA +1-3107947906 +1-3102062173
- Molecular Biology Institute, University of California Los Angeles CA USA
| | - Jie J Zheng
- Stein Eye Institute, University of California Los Angeles CA USA +1-3107947906 +1-3102062173
- Molecular Biology Institute, University of California Los Angeles CA USA
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11
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Twelve years of GWAS discoveries for osteoporosis and related traits: advances, challenges and applications. Bone Res 2021; 9:23. [PMID: 33927194 PMCID: PMC8085014 DOI: 10.1038/s41413-021-00143-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2020] [Accepted: 12/21/2020] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Osteoporosis is a common skeletal disease, affecting ~200 million people around the world. As a complex disease, osteoporosis is influenced by many factors, including diet (e.g. calcium and protein intake), physical activity, endocrine status, coexisting diseases and genetic factors. In this review, we first summarize the discovery from genome-wide association studies (GWASs) in the bone field in the last 12 years. To date, GWASs and meta-analyses have discovered hundreds of loci that are associated with bone mineral density (BMD), osteoporosis, and osteoporotic fractures. However, the GWAS approach has sometimes been criticized because of the small effect size of the discovered variants and the mystery of missing heritability, these two questions could be partially explained by the newly raised conceptual models, such as omnigenic model and natural selection. Finally, we introduce the clinical use of GWAS findings in the bone field, such as the identification of causal clinical risk factors, the development of drug targets and disease prediction. Despite the fruitful GWAS discoveries in the bone field, most of these GWAS participants were of European descent, and more genetic studies should be carried out in other ethnic populations to benefit disease prediction in the corresponding population.
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12
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Peletier LA, Jansson-Löfmark R, Gabrielsson J. Comparisons of basic target-mediated drug disposition (TMDD) and ligand facilitated target removal (LFTR). Eur J Pharm Sci 2021; 162:105835. [PMID: 33848634 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejps.2021.105835] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2021] [Revised: 03/14/2021] [Accepted: 04/02/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
In the well-known model for basic Target-Mediated Drug Disposition (TMDD), drug binds to the target and the resulting drug-target complex is removed by a first order process, leading to loss of both drug and target. In the present note we study what happens when, instead, drug is returned to the free drug pool so that it can a new target molecule. What results is a mechanism in which the drug, here referred to as the ligand, facilitates the removal of the target,and then returns to the free ligand pool. Accordingly the process will be referred to as Ligand-Facilitated Target Removal (LFTR). It is shown through simulations and mathematical analysis how the two models differ and how their signature profiles typically appear. We also derive a useful parameter of both models, the in vivo potency EC50 (L50) which contains both ligand-target binding properties (kon,koff), target turnover (kdeg) and ligand-target complex kinetics (ke(RL)). Thus, this parameter contains a conglomerate of properties and is therefore potentially more informative about relevant (clinical) exposure than the binding affinity (Kd) alone. The derived potency parameter EC50 may therefore be used as a more robust ranking parameter among small and large drug molecules in drug discovery. Subsequently the LFTR model is applied to experimentally obtained literature data and the relevant parameters are estimated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lambertus A Peletier
- Mathematical Institute, Leiden University, PB 9512, Leiden 2300 RA, the Netherlands.
| | - Rasmus Jansson-Löfmark
- DMPK, Research and Early Development Cardiovascular, Renal and Metabolism, BioPharmaceuticals R&D, AstraZeneca, Gothenburg, Sweden.
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13
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Lassman ME, Chappell DL, McAvoy T, Cheng A, de Alwis DP, Pruitt SK, Laterza OF, Li C, Stoch A, Mayawala K. Experimental Medicine Study to Measure Immune Checkpoint Receptors PD-1 and GITR Turnover Rates In Vivo in Humans. Clin Pharmacol Ther 2020; 109:1575-1582. [PMID: 33280089 DOI: 10.1002/cpt.2129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2020] [Accepted: 11/12/2020] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
Development of monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) targeting immune-checkpoint receptors (IMRs) for the treatment of cancer is one of the most active areas of investment in the biopharmaceutical industry. A key decision in the clinical development of anti-IMR mAbs is dose selection. Dose selection can be challenging because the traditional oncology paradigm of administering the maximum tolerated dose is not applicable to anti-IMR mAbs. Instead, dose selection should be informed by the pharmacology of immune signaling. Engaging an IMR is a key initial step to triggering pharmacologic effects, and turnover (i.e., the rate of protein synthesis) of the IMR is a key property to determining the dose level needed to engage the IMR. Here, we applied the stable isotope labeling mass spectrometry technique using 13 C6 -leucine to measure the in vivo turnover rates of IMRs in humans. The 13 C6 -leucine was administered to 10 study participants over 15 hours to measure 13 C6 -leucine enrichment kinetics in 2 IMR targets that have been clinically pursued in oncology: GITR and PD-1. We report the first measurements of GITR and PD-1 median half-lives associated with turnover to be 55.6 and ≥ 49.5 hours, respectively. The approach outlined here can be applied to other IMRs and, more generally, to protein targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael E Lassman
- Translational Molecular Biomarkers, Merck & Co., Inc., Kenilworth, New Jersey, USA
| | - Derek L Chappell
- Translational Molecular Biomarkers, Merck & Co., Inc., Kenilworth, New Jersey, USA
| | - Thomas McAvoy
- Translational Molecular Biomarkers, Merck & Co., Inc., Kenilworth, New Jersey, USA
| | - Amy Cheng
- Translational Medicine Clinical Operations, Merck & Co., Inc., Kenilworth, New Jersey, USA
| | - Dinesh P de Alwis
- Quantitative Pharmacology and Pharmacometrics, PPDM, Merck & Co., Inc., Kenilworth, New Jersey, USA
| | - Scott K Pruitt
- Oncology Clinical Research, Merck & Co., Inc., Kenilworth, New Jersey, USA
| | - Omar F Laterza
- Translational Molecular Biomarkers, Merck & Co., Inc., Kenilworth, New Jersey, USA
| | - Claire Li
- Quantitative Pharmacology and Pharmacometrics, PPDM, Merck & Co., Inc., Kenilworth, New Jersey, USA
| | | | - Kapil Mayawala
- Quantitative Pharmacology and Pharmacometrics, PPDM, Merck & Co., Inc., Kenilworth, New Jersey, USA
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14
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Rakipovski G, Rolin B, Barascuk N, Lund HE, Bjørn Bonde MF, Djordjevic D, Wulff-Larsen PG, Petersen M, Kirk RK, Hultman K, Manfe V, Blume N, Zahn S, Lengquist M, Maegdefessel L, Hovingh GK, Conde-Knape K, Hedin U, Matic L, Nyberg M. A neutralizing antibody against DKK1 does not reduce plaque formation in classical murine models of atherosclerosis: Is the therapeutic potential lost in translation? Atherosclerosis 2020; 314:1-9. [PMID: 33129080 DOI: 10.1016/j.atherosclerosis.2020.10.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2020] [Revised: 09/10/2020] [Accepted: 10/02/2020] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS Clinical interventions targeting nonlipid risk factors are needed given the high residual risk of atherothrombotic events despite effective control of dyslipidemia. Dickkopf-1 (DKK1) plays a lipid-independent role in vascular pathophysiology but its involvement in atherosclerosis development and its therapeutic attractiveness remain to be established. METHODS Patient data, in vitro studies and pharmacological intervention in murine models of atherosclerosis were utilized. RESULTS In patients' material (n = 127 late stage plaque specimens and n = 10 control vessels), DKK1 mRNA was found to be higher in atherosclerotic plaques versus control arteries. DKK1 protein was detected in the luminal intimal area and in the necrotic core of plaques. DKK1 was released from isolated primary human platelets (~12 - 21-fold) and endothelial cells (~1.4-2.5-fold) upon stimulation with different pathophysiological stimuli. In ApoE-/- and Ldlr-/- mice, plasma DKK1 concentrations were similar to those observed in humans, whereas DKK1 expression in different atheroprone arterial segments was very low/absent. Chronic treatment with a neutralizing DKK1 antibody effectively reduced plasma concentrations, however, plaque lesion area was not reduced in ApoE-/- and Ldlr-/- mice fed a western diet for 14 and 16 weeks. Anti-DKK1 treatment increased bone volume and bone mineral content. CONCLUSIONS Functional inhibition of DKK1 with an antibody does not alter atherosclerosis progression in classical murine models. This may reflect the absence of DKK1 expression in plaques and more advanced animal disease models could be needed to evaluate the role and therapeutic attractiveness of DKK1 in late stage complications such as plaque destabilization, calcification, rupture and thrombosis.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Bidda Rolin
- Global Drug Discovery, Novo Nordisk A/S, Maaloev, Denmark
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Maj Petersen
- Global Drug Discovery, Novo Nordisk A/S, Maaloev, Denmark
| | | | - Karin Hultman
- Global Drug Discovery, Novo Nordisk A/S, Maaloev, Denmark
| | - Valentina Manfe
- Global Research Technologies, Novo Nordisk A/S, Maaloev, Denmark
| | - Niels Blume
- Global Drug Discovery, Novo Nordisk A/S, Maaloev, Denmark
| | - Stefan Zahn
- Global Research Technologies, Novo Nordisk A/S, Maaloev, Denmark
| | - Mariette Lengquist
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Surgery, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Lars Maegdefessel
- Department of Medicine, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden; Technical University of Munich, Klinikum Rechts der Isar, Department for Vascular and Endovascular Surgery, Munich, Germany
| | - G Kees Hovingh
- Chief Medical Office, Novo Nordisk A/S, Soeborg, Denmark; Department of Vascular Medicine, Academisch Medisch Centrum, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | | | - Ulf Hedin
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Surgery, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Ljubica Matic
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Surgery, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Michael Nyberg
- Global Drug Discovery, Novo Nordisk A/S, Maaloev, Denmark.
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15
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Leach MW, Clarke DO, Dudal S, Han C, Li C, Yang Z, Brennan FR, Bailey WJ, Chen Y, Deslandes A, Loberg LI, Mayawala K, Rogge MC, Todd M, Chemuturi NV. Strategies and Recommendations for Using a Data-Driven and Risk-Based Approach in the Selection of First-in-Human Starting Dose: An International Consortium for Innovation and Quality in Pharmaceutical Development (IQ) Assessment. Clin Pharmacol Ther 2020; 109:1395-1415. [PMID: 32757299 DOI: 10.1002/cpt.2009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2020] [Accepted: 07/02/2020] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
Various approaches to first-in-human (FIH) starting dose selection for new molecular entities (NMEs) are designed to minimize risk to trial subjects. One approach uses the minimum anticipated biological effect level (MABEL), which is a conservative method intended to maximize subject safety and designed primarily for NMEs having high perceived safety risks. However, there is concern that the MABEL approach is being inappropriately used for lower risk molecules with negative impacts on drug development and time to patient access. In addition, ambiguity exists in how MABEL is defined and the methods used to determine it. The International Consortium for Innovation and Quality in Pharmaceutical Development convened a working group to understand current use of MABEL and its impact on FIH starting dose selection, and to make recommendations for FIH dose selection going forward. An industry-wide survey suggested the achieved or estimated maximum tolerated dose, efficacious dose, or recommended phase II dose was > 100-fold higher than the MABEL-based starting dose for approximately one third of NMEs, including trials in patients. A decision tree and key risk factor table were developed to provide a consistent, data driven-based, and risk-based approach for selecting FIH starting doses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael W Leach
- Drug Safety Research and Development, Pfizer, Inc., Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
| | - David O Clarke
- Nonclinical Safety Assessment, Eli Lilly and Company, Lilly Corporate Center, Indianapolis, Indiana, USA
| | - Sherri Dudal
- DMPK Project Leads and Translational M&S, Pharmaceutical Sciences, F. Hoffmann-La Roche Ltd., Basel, Switzerland
| | - Chao Han
- Biologics Development Sciences, Janssen Research and Development, LLC, Spring House, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Chunze Li
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Genentech, Inc., South San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Zheng Yang
- Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Bristol-Myers Squibb Co., Princeton, New Jersey, USA
| | | | - Wendy J Bailey
- Safety Assessment and Laboratory Animal Resources, Merck & Co., Inc., West Point, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Yingxue Chen
- Clinical Pharmacology and Quantitative Pharmacology, Clinical Pharmacology and Safety Sciences, BioPharmaceuticals R&D, AstraZeneca, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Antoine Deslandes
- Translational Medicine & Early Development, Sanofi R&D, Centre de Recherche Vitry-sur-Seine 13, Vitry-sur-Seine Cedex, France
| | - Lise I Loberg
- Preclinical Safety, AbbVie, North Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Kapil Mayawala
- Quantitative Pharmacology and Pharmacometrics, PPDM, Merck & Co., Inc., Kenilworth, New Jersey, USA
| | - Mark C Rogge
- Quantitative and Translational Science, Takeda Pharmaceuticals, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Marque Todd
- Drug Safety Research and Development, Pfizer, Inc., San Diego, California, USA
| | - Nagendra V Chemuturi
- Pharmacokinetic Sciences, Novartis Institute of BioMedical Research, Inc., Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
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16
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Zheng S, Shen F, Jones B, Fink D, Geist B, Nnane I, Zhou Z, Hall J, Malaviya R, Ort T, Wang W. Characterization of concurrent target suppression by JNJ-61178104, a bispecific antibody against human tumor necrosis factor and interleukin-17A. MAbs 2020; 12:1770018. [PMID: 32544369 PMCID: PMC7531573 DOI: 10.1080/19420862.2020.1770018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Tumor necrosis factor (TNF) and interleukin (IL)-17A are pleiotropic cytokines implicated in the pathogenesis of several autoimmune diseases including rheumatoid arthritis (RA) and psoriatic arthritis (PsA). JNJ-61178104 is a novel human anti-TNF and anti-IL-17A monovalent, bispecific antibody that binds to both human TNF and human IL-17A with high affinities and blocks the binding of TNF and IL-17A to their receptors in vitro. JNJ-61178104 also potently neutralizes TNF and IL-17A-mediated downstream effects in multiple cell-based assays. In vivo, treatment with JNJ-61178104 resulted in dose-dependent inhibition of cellular influx in a human IL-17A/TNF-induced murine lung neutrophilia model and the inhibitory effects of JNJ-61178104 were more potent than the treatment with bivalent parental anti-TNF or anti-IL-17A antibodies. JNJ-61178104 was shown to engage its targets, TNF and IL-17A, in systemic circulation measured as drug/target complex formation in normal cynomolgus monkeys (cyno). Surprisingly, quantitative target engagement assessment suggested lower apparent in vivo target-binding affinities for JNJ-61178104 compared to its bivalent parental antibodies, despite their similar in vitro target-binding affinities. The target engagement profiles of JNJ-61178104 in humans were in general agreement with the predicted profiles based on cyno data, suggesting similar differences in the apparent in vivo target-binding affinities. These findings show that in vivo target engagement of monovalent bispecific antibody does not necessarily recapitulate that of the molar-equivalent dose of its bivalent parental antibody. Our results also offer valuable insights into the understanding of the pharmacokinetics/pharmacodynamics and target engagement of other bispecific biologics against dimeric and/or trimeric soluble targets in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Songmao Zheng
- Biologics Development Sciences, Janssen Biotherapeutics, Janssen R&D , Spring House, PA, USA
| | - Fang Shen
- Immunology Discovery, Clinical Pharmacology and Pharmacometrics, Janssen R&D , Spring House, PA, USA
| | - Brian Jones
- Immunology Discovery, Clinical Pharmacology and Pharmacometrics, Janssen R&D , Spring House, PA, USA
| | - Damien Fink
- Biologics Development Sciences, Janssen Biotherapeutics, Janssen R&D , Spring House, PA, USA
| | - Brian Geist
- Biologics Development Sciences, Janssen Biotherapeutics, Janssen R&D , Spring House, PA, USA
| | - Ivo Nnane
- Clinical Pharmacology and Pharmacometrics, Janssen R&D , Spring House, PA, USA
| | - Zhao Zhou
- Immunology Discovery, Clinical Pharmacology and Pharmacometrics, Janssen R&D , Spring House, PA, USA
| | - Jeff Hall
- Immunology Discovery, Clinical Pharmacology and Pharmacometrics, Janssen R&D , Spring House, PA, USA
| | - Ravi Malaviya
- Immunology Discovery, Clinical Pharmacology and Pharmacometrics, Janssen R&D , Spring House, PA, USA
| | - Tatiana Ort
- Immunology Discovery, Clinical Pharmacology and Pharmacometrics, Janssen R&D , Spring House, PA, USA
| | - Weirong Wang
- Clinical Pharmacology and Pharmacometrics, Janssen R&D , Spring House, PA, USA
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17
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Systems Modeling of Bortezomib and Dexamethasone Combinatorial Effects on Bone Homeostasis in Multiple Myeloma Patients. J Pharm Sci 2018; 108:732-740. [PMID: 30472266 DOI: 10.1016/j.xphs.2018.11.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2018] [Revised: 11/03/2018] [Accepted: 11/07/2018] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Osteolytic bone disease is one of the most debilitating manifestations of multiple myeloma (MM). Bortezomib is a proteasome inhibitor that shows both anticancer and bone anabolic properties and is being evaluated for its positive effects in MM patients with skeletal complications. Dexamethasone is a potent corticosteroid that is often given in combination with bortezomib for its antineoplastic effects; however, bone loss and osteoporosis are major adverse effects of long-term steroid-based therapies. In this study, a small systems pharmacological model was developed to integrate the bone anabolic effects of bortezomib with the osteolytic activity of dexamethasone in MM patients with bone disease. The final model parameters were all estimated with good precision. The interaction model is based on codifying multiple regulatory mechanisms of drug action and provides a platform for probing optimized bortezomib and dexamethasone combination dosing regimens to minimize skeletal side effects during myeloma therapy.
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18
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Sugimoto H, Ghosh D, Chen S, Smith MD, Abu-Yousif AO, Qian MG. Immunocapture-LC/MS-Based Target Engagement Measurement in Tumor Plasma Membrane. Anal Chem 2018; 90:13564-13571. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.8b03726] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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19
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Gabrielsson J, Peletier LA, Hjorth S. Lost in translation: What's in an EC? Innovative PK/PD reasoning in the drug development context. Eur J Pharmacol 2018; 835:154-161. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2018.07.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2018] [Accepted: 07/19/2018] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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20
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Betts A, Keunecke A, van Steeg TJ, van der Graaf PH, Avery LB, Jones H, Berkhout J. Linear pharmacokinetic parameters for monoclonal antibodies are similar within a species and across different pharmacological targets: A comparison between human, cynomolgus monkey and hFcRn Tg32 transgenic mouse using a population-modeling approach. MAbs 2018; 10:751-764. [PMID: 29634430 PMCID: PMC6150614 DOI: 10.1080/19420862.2018.1462429] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The linear pharmacokinetics (PK) of therapeutic monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) can be considered a class property with values that are similar to endogenous IgG. Knowledge of these parameters across species could be used to avoid unnecessary in vivo PK studies and to enable early PK predictions and pharmacokinetic/pharmacodynamic (PK/PD) simulations. In this work, population-pharmacokinetic (popPK) modeling was used to determine a single set of ‘typical’ popPK parameters describing the linear PK of mAbs in human, cynomolgus monkey and transgenic mice expressing the human neonatal Fc receptor (hFcRn Tg32), using a rich dataset of 27 mAbs. Non-linear PK was excluded from the datasets and a 2-compartment model was applied to describe mAb disposition. Typical human popPK estimates compared well with data from comparator mAbs with linear PK in the clinic. Outliers with higher than typical clearance were found to have non-specific interactions in an affinity-capture self-interaction nanoparticle spectroscopy assay, offering a potential tool to screen out these mAbs at an early stage. Translational strategies were investigated for prediction of human linear PK of mAbs, including use of typical human popPK parameters and allometric exponents from cynomolgus monkey and Tg32 mouse. Each method gave good prediction of human PK with parameters predicted within 2-fold. These strategies offer alternative options to the use of cynomolgus monkeys for human PK predictions of linear mAbs, based on in silico methods (typical human popPK parameters) or using a rodent species (Tg32 mouse), and call into question the value of completing extensive in vivo preclinical PK to inform linear mAb PK.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alison Betts
- a Department of Biomedicine Design , Pfizer Inc. , Cambridge , MA , USA
| | | | | | - Piet H van der Graaf
- c Division of Systems Biomedicine and Pharmacology, Leiden Academic Centre for Drug Research , RA Leiden , The Netherlands
| | - Lindsay B Avery
- d Department of Biomedicine Design , Pfizer Inc. , Andover , MA , USA
| | - Hannah Jones
- a Department of Biomedicine Design , Pfizer Inc. , Cambridge , MA , USA
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21
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Awasthi H, Mani D, Singh D, Gupta A. The underlying pathophysiology and therapeutic approaches for osteoporosis. Med Res Rev 2018; 38:2024-2057. [DOI: 10.1002/med.21504] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2017] [Revised: 02/28/2018] [Accepted: 04/04/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Harshika Awasthi
- Herbal Medicinal Products Department; CSIR-Central Institute of Medicinal and Aromatic Plants; Lucknow India
| | - Dayanandan Mani
- Herbal Medicinal Products Department; CSIR-Central Institute of Medicinal and Aromatic Plants; Lucknow India
| | - Divya Singh
- Division of Endocrinology; CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute; Lucknow India
| | - Atul Gupta
- Medicinal Chemistry Department; CSIR-Central Institute of Medicinal and Aromatic Plants; Lucknow India
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22
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Abstract
Potency is a central parameter in pharmacological and biochemical sciences, as well as in drug discovery and development endeavors. It is however typically defined in terms only of ligand to target binding affinity also in in vivo experimentation, thus in a manner analogous to in in vitro studies. As in vivo potency is in fact a conglomerate of events involving ligand, target, and target-ligand complex processes, overlooking some of the fundamental differences between in vivo and in vitro may result in serious mispredictions of in vivo efficacious dose and exposure. The analysis presented in this paper compares potency measures derived from three model situations. Model A represents the closed in vitro system, defining target binding of a ligand when total target and ligand concentrations remain static and constant. Model B describes an open in vivo system with ligand input and clearance (Cl(L)), adding in parallel to the turnover (ksyn, kdeg) of the target. Model C further adds to the open in vivo system in Model B also the elimination of the target-ligand complex (ke(RL)) via a first-order process. We formulate corresponding equations of the equilibrium (steady-state) relationships between target and ligand, and complex and ligand for each of the three model systems and graphically illustrate the resulting simulations. These equilibrium relationships demonstrate the relative impact of target and target-ligand complex turnover, and are easier to interpret than the more commonly used ligand-, target- and complex concentration-time courses. A new potency expression, labeled L50, is then derived. L50 is the ligand concentration at half-maximal target and complex concentrations and is an amalgamation of target turnover, target-ligand binding and complex elimination parameters estimated from concentration-time data. L50 is then compared to the dissociation constant Kd (target-ligand binding affinity), the conventional Black & Leff potency estimate EC50, and the derived Michaelis-Menten parameter Km (target-ligand binding and complex removal) across a set of literature data. It is evident from a comparison between parameters derived from in vitro vs. in vivo experiments that L50 can be either numerically greater or smaller than the Kd (or Km) parameter, primarily depending on the ratio of kdeg-to-ke(RL). Contrasting the limit values of target R and target-ligand complex RL for ligand concentrations approaching infinity demonstrates that the outcome of the three models differs to a great extent. Based on the analysis we propose that a better understanding of in vivo pharmacological potency requires simultaneous assessment of the impact of its underlying determinants in the open system setting. We propose that L50 will be a useful parameter guiding predictions of the effective concentration range, for translational purposes, and assessment of in vivo target occupancy/suppression by ligand, since it also encompasses target turnover - in turn also subject to influence by pathophysiology and drug treatment. Different compounds may have similar binding affinity for a target in vitro (same Kd), but vastly different potencies in vivo. L50 points to what parameters need to be taken into account, and particularly that closed-system (in vitro) parameters should not be first choice when ranking compounds in vivo (open system).
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23
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Wong H, Bohnert T, Damian-Iordache V, Gibson C, Hsu CP, Krishnatry AS, Liederer BM, Lin J, Lu Q, Mettetal JT, Mudra DR, Nijsen MJ, Schroeder P, Schuck E, Suryawanshi S, Trapa P, Tsai A, Wang H, Wu F. Translational pharmacokinetic-pharmacodynamic analysis in the pharmaceutical industry: an IQ Consortium PK-PD Discussion Group perspective. Drug Discov Today 2017; 22:1447-1459. [DOI: 10.1016/j.drudis.2017.04.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2017] [Revised: 04/03/2017] [Accepted: 04/25/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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24
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Kovács B, Nagy EE, Chendrean NN, Székely-Szentmiklósi B, Gyéresi Á. The Wnt Signalling Pathways: A Short Review and Specific Roles in Bone Biochemistry. ACTA MEDICA MARISIENSIS 2017. [DOI: 10.1515/amma-2017-0026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
AbstractAs musculoskeletal diseases become an emerging healthcare problem worldwide, profound and comprehensive research has been focused on the biochemistry of bone metabolism in the past decades. Wnt signalling, one of the novel described pathways influencing bone metabolism from the early stages of tissue development, has been recently in the centre of attention. Several Wnt ligands are implied in bone forming pathways via canonical (β-catenin dependent) and non-canonical (β-catenin independent) signalling. Osteoporosis, a catabolic bone disease, has its pathologic background related, inter alia, to alterations in the Wnt signalling, thus key modulators of these pathways became one of the most promising targets in the treatment of osteoporosis. Antibodies inhibiting the activity of endogenous Wnt pathway inhibitors (sclerostin, dickkopf) are recently under clinical trials. The current article offers a brief review of the Wnt signalling pathways, its implication in bone metabolism and fate, and the therapeutic possibilities of osteoporosis through Wnt signalling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Béla Kovács
- University of Medicine and Pharmacy Tîrgu Mureș , Romania
| | - Előd Ernő Nagy
- Department of Biochemistry and Environmental Chemistry , University of Medicine and Pharmacy Tîrgu Mureș , Romania
| | - Norbert Nándor Chendrean
- Department of Biochemistry and Environmental Chemistry , University of Medicine and Pharmacy Tîrgu Mureș , Romania
| | | | - Árpád Gyéresi
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry , University of Medicine and Pharmacy Tîrgu Mureș , Romania
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25
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Katoh M, Katoh M. Molecular genetics and targeted therapy of WNT-related human diseases (Review). Int J Mol Med 2017; 40:587-606. [PMID: 28731148 PMCID: PMC5547940 DOI: 10.3892/ijmm.2017.3071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 96] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2017] [Accepted: 07/12/2017] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Canonical WNT signaling through Frizzled and LRP5/6 receptors is transduced to the WNT/β-catenin and WNT/stabilization of proteins (STOP) signaling cascades to regulate cell fate and proliferation, whereas non-canonical WNT signaling through Frizzled or ROR receptors is transduced to the WNT/planar cell polarity (PCP), WNT/G protein-coupled receptor (GPCR) and WNT/receptor tyrosine kinase (RTK) signaling cascades to regulate cytoskeletal dynamics and directional cell movement. WNT/β-catenin signaling cascade crosstalks with RTK/SRK and GPCR-cAMP-PKA signaling cascades to regulate β-catenin phosphorylation and β-catenin-dependent transcription. Germline mutations in WNT signaling molecules cause hereditary colorectal cancer, bone diseases, exudative vitreoretinopathy, intellectual disability syndrome and PCP-related diseases. APC or CTNNB1 mutations in colorectal, endometrial and prostate cancers activate the WNT/β-catenin signaling cascade. RNF43, ZNRF3, RSPO2 or RSPO3 alterations in breast, colorectal, gastric, pancreatic and other cancers activate the WNT/β-catenin, WNT/STOP and other WNT signaling cascades. ROR1 upregulation in B-cell leukemia and solid tumors and ROR2 upregulation in melanoma induce invasion, metastasis and therapeutic resistance through Rho-ROCK, Rac-JNK, PI3K-AKT and YAP signaling activation. WNT signaling in cancer, stromal and immune cells dynamically orchestrate immune evasion and antitumor immunity in a cell context-dependent manner. Porcupine (PORCN), RSPO3, WNT2B, FZD5, FZD10, ROR1, tankyrase and β-catenin are targets of anti-WNT signaling therapy, and ETC-159, LGK974, OMP-18R5 (vantictumab), OMP-54F28 (ipafricept), OMP-131R10 (rosmantuzumab), PRI-724 and UC-961 (cirmtuzumab) are in clinical trials for cancer patients. Different classes of anti-WNT signaling therapeutics are necessary for the treatment of APC/CTNNB1-, RNF43/ZNRF3/RSPO2/RSPO3- and ROR1-types of human cancers. By contrast, Dickkopf-related protein 1 (DKK1), SOST and glycogen synthase kinase 3β (GSK3β) are targets of pro-WNT signaling therapy, and anti-DKK1 (BHQ880 and DKN-01) and anti-SOST (blosozumab, BPS804 and romosozumab) monoclonal antibodies are being tested in clinical trials for cancer patients and osteoporotic post-menopausal women. WNT-targeting therapeutics have also been applied as reagents for in vitro stem-cell processing in the field of regenerative medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Masaru Katoh
- Department of Omics Network, National Cancer Center, Tokyo 104-0045, Japan
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26
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Müller WEG, Wang X, Schröder HC. New Target Sites for Treatment of Osteoporosis. PROGRESS IN MOLECULAR AND SUBCELLULAR BIOLOGY 2017; 55:187-219. [PMID: 28238039 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-51284-6_6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
In the last few years, much progress has been achieved in the discovery of new drug target sites for treatment of osteoporotic disorders, one of the main challenging diseases with a large burden for the public health systems. Among these new agents promoting bone formation, shifting the impaired equilibrium between bone anabolism and bone catabolism in the direction of bone synthesis are inorganic polymers, in particular inorganic polyphosphates that show strong stimulatory effects on the expression of bone anabolic marker proteins and hydroxyapatite formation. The bone-forming activity of these polymers can even be enhanced by combination with certain small molecules like quercetin, or if given as functionally active particles with certain divalent cations like strontium ions even showing by itself biological activity. This chapter summarizes recent developments in the search and development of novel anti-osteoporotic agents, with a particular focus on therapeutic approaches based on the potential application of inorganic polymers and combinations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Werner E G Müller
- ERC Advanced Investigator Group, Institute for Physiological Chemistry, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University, Duesbergweg 6, 55128, Mainz, Germany. .,NanotecMARIN GmbH, Duesbergweg 6, 55128, Mainz, Germany.
| | - Xiaohong Wang
- ERC Advanced Investigator Group, Institute for Physiological Chemistry, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University, Duesbergweg 6, 55128, Mainz, Germany.,NanotecMARIN GmbH, Duesbergweg 6, 55128, Mainz, Germany
| | - Heinz C Schröder
- ERC Advanced Investigator Group, Institute for Physiological Chemistry, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University, Duesbergweg 6, 55128, Mainz, Germany.,NanotecMARIN GmbH, Duesbergweg 6, 55128, Mainz, Germany
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27
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Liu D, Zhang Y, Jiang J, Choi J, Li X, Zhu D, Xiao D, Ding Y, Fan H, Chen L, Hu P. Translational Modeling and Simulation in Supporting Early-Phase Clinical Development of New Drug: A Learn–Research–Confirm Process. Clin Pharmacokinet 2016; 56:925-939. [PMID: 28000102 DOI: 10.1007/s40262-016-0484-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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28
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Park W, Han S, Lee J, Hong T, Won J, Lim Y, Lee K, Byun HY, Yim D. Use of a Target‐Mediated Drug Disposition Model to Predict the Human Pharmacokinetics and Target Occupancy of
GC
1118, an Anti‐epidermal Growth Factor Receptor Antibody. Basic Clin Pharmacol Toxicol 2016; 120:243-249. [DOI: 10.1111/bcpt.12675] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2016] [Accepted: 09/05/2016] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Wan‐Su Park
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology and Therapeutics Seoul St. Mary's Hospital Seoul Korea
- PIPET (Pharmacometrics Institute for Practical Education and Training) College of Medicine The Catholic University of Korea Seoul Korea
| | - Seunghoon Han
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology and Therapeutics Seoul St. Mary's Hospital Seoul Korea
- PIPET (Pharmacometrics Institute for Practical Education and Training) College of Medicine The Catholic University of Korea Seoul Korea
| | - Jongtae Lee
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology and Therapeutics Seoul St. Mary's Hospital Seoul Korea
- PIPET (Pharmacometrics Institute for Practical Education and Training) College of Medicine The Catholic University of Korea Seoul Korea
| | - Taegon Hong
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology Severance Hospital, Yonsei University College of Medicine Seoul Korea
| | - Jonghwa Won
- MOGAM Biotechnology Institute Yongin Gyeonggi‐do Korea
| | - Yangmi Lim
- MOGAM Biotechnology Institute Yongin Gyeonggi‐do Korea
| | - Kyuhyun Lee
- MOGAM Biotechnology Institute Yongin Gyeonggi‐do Korea
| | | | - Dong‐Seok Yim
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology and Therapeutics Seoul St. Mary's Hospital Seoul Korea
- PIPET (Pharmacometrics Institute for Practical Education and Training) College of Medicine The Catholic University of Korea Seoul Korea
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29
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Translational pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of monoclonal antibodies. DRUG DISCOVERY TODAY. TECHNOLOGIES 2016; 21-22:75-83. [PMID: 27978991 DOI: 10.1016/j.ddtec.2016.09.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 97] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2016] [Revised: 08/29/2016] [Accepted: 09/01/2016] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) are an important therapeutic class with complex pharmacology and interdependent pharmacokinetic (PK) and pharmacodynamics (PD) properties. Understanding the PK and PD of mAbs and their biological and mechanistic underpinnings are crucial in enabling their design and selection, designing appropriate efficacy and toxicity studies, translating PK/PD parameters to humans, and optimizing dose and regimen to maximize success in the clinic. Significant progress has been made in this field however many critical questions still remain. This article gives a brief overview of the PK and PD of mAbs, factors that influence them, and areas of ongoing inquiry. Current tools and translational approaches to predict the PK/PD of mAbs in humans are also discussed.
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Abstract
Osteoporosis, which is characterized by resorption of bone exceeding formation, remains a significant human health concern, and the impact of this condition will only increase with the "graying" of the worldwide population. This review focuses on current and emerging approaches for delivering therapeutic agents to restore bone remodeling homeostasis. Well-known antiresorptive and anabolic agents, such as estrogen, estrogen analogs, bisphosphonates, calcitonin, and parathyroid hormone, along with newer modulators and antibodies, are primarily administered orally, intravenously, or subcutaneously. Although these treatments can be effective, continuing problems include patient noncompliance and adverse systemic or remote-site effects. Controlled drug delivery via polymeric, targeted, and active release systems extends drug half-life by shielding against premature degradation and improves bioavailability while also providing prolonged, sustained, or intermittent release at therapeutic doses to more effectively treat osteoporosis and associated fracture risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- T A Asafo-Adjei
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Kentucky, 522A Robotics and Manufacturing Building, Lexington, KY, 40506-0108, USA
| | - A J Chen
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Kentucky, 522A Robotics and Manufacturing Building, Lexington, KY, 40506-0108, USA
| | - A Najarzadeh
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Kentucky, 522A Robotics and Manufacturing Building, Lexington, KY, 40506-0108, USA
| | - D A Puleo
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Kentucky, 522A Robotics and Manufacturing Building, Lexington, KY, 40506-0108, USA.
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Baumann A, Fischmann S, Blaich G, Friedrich M. Leverage nonclinical development of bispecifics by translational science. DRUG DISCOVERY TODAY. TECHNOLOGIES 2016; 21-22:95-102. [PMID: 27978993 DOI: 10.1016/j.ddtec.2016.08.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2016] [Revised: 08/09/2016] [Accepted: 08/11/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Bispecific antibody constructs (Bispecifics, bsAbs) may have greater functionality compared to established monoclonal antibodies because they bind to 2 different targets or, potentially, to 2 epitopes on the same target (dual targeting). This may result in enhanced binding avidity with preferential binding to cells that express both targets or binding to targets on different cells. However, development of these next-generation biologics, including new formats, creates unique challenges due to their increased complexity. Here we review aspects of bsAbs preclinical development programs that may increase the success rates of bsAbs in clinical development.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Guenter Blaich
- AbbVie Germany GmbH & Co. KG, Knollstrasse, 67061 Ludwigshafen, Germany
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Chen X, Haddish-Berhane N, Moore P, Clark T, Yang Y, Li H, Xuan D, Barton HA, Betts AM, Barletta F. Mechanistic Projection of First-in-Human Dose for Bispecific Immunomodulatory P-Cadherin LP-DART: An Integrated PK/PD Modeling Approach. Clin Pharmacol Ther 2016; 100:232-41. [DOI: 10.1002/cpt.393] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2016] [Revised: 05/05/2016] [Accepted: 05/06/2016] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- X Chen
- Pharmacokinetics, Dynamics and Metabolism; Pfizer; Cambridge Massachusetts USA
| | - N Haddish-Berhane
- Pharmacokinetics, Dynamics and Metabolism; Pfizer; Groton Connecticut USA
- Current Address: Clinical Pharmacology and Pharmacometrics; Quantitative Sciences Janssen Pharmaceuticals, Spring House, Pennsylvania USA
| | - P Moore
- MacroGenics; Rockville; Maryland USA
| | - T Clark
- Pharmacokinetics, Dynamics and Metabolism; Pfizer; Groton Connecticut USA
| | - Y Yang
- MacroGenics; Rockville; Maryland USA
| | - H Li
- MacroGenics; Rockville; Maryland USA
| | - D Xuan
- Clinical Pharmacology; Pfizer; San Diego California USA
| | - HA Barton
- Pharmacokinetics, Dynamics and Metabolism; Pfizer; Groton Connecticut USA
| | - AM Betts
- Pharmacokinetics, Dynamics and Metabolism; Pfizer; Groton Connecticut USA
| | - F Barletta
- Pharmacokinetics, Dynamics and Metabolism; Pfizer; Pearl River New York USA
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Igawa T, Haraya K, Hattori K. Sweeping antibody as a novel therapeutic antibody modality capable of eliminating soluble antigens from circulation. Immunol Rev 2016; 270:132-51. [DOI: 10.1111/imr.12392] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Tomoyuki Igawa
- Research Division; Chugai Pharmaceutical Co. Ltd.; Shizuoka Japan
| | - Kenta Haraya
- Chugai Pharmabody Research Pte. Ltd.; Synapse Singapore
| | - Kunihiro Hattori
- Research Division; Chugai Pharmaceutical Co. Ltd.; Shizuoka Japan
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Haraya K, Tachibana T, Iwayanagi Y, Maeda A, Ozeki K, Nezu J, Ishigai M, Igawa T. PK/PD analysis of a novel pH-dependent antigen-binding antibody using a dynamic antibody-antigen binding model. Drug Metab Pharmacokinet 2016; 31:123-32. [PMID: 26944099 DOI: 10.1016/j.dmpk.2015.12.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2015] [Revised: 12/01/2015] [Accepted: 12/21/2015] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
Previously, we have reported novel engineered antibody with pH-dependent antigen-binding (recycling antibody), and with both pH-dependent antigen-binding and increased FcRn-binding at neutral pH (sweeping antibody). The purpose of this study is to perform PK/PD predictions to better understand the potential applications of the antibodies as therapeutics. To demonstrate the applicability of recycling and sweeping antibodies over conventional antibodies, PK/PD analyses were performed. PK/PD parameters for antibody and antigen dynamics were estimated from the results of a pharmacokinetic study in human FcRn transgenic mice. A simulation study was performed using the estimated PK/PD parameters with various target antigen profiles. In comparison to conventional antibody, recycling antibody enhanced antibody-antigen complex clearance by 3 folds, while sweeping antibody accelerated antigen clearance by 10 folds in a pharmacokinetic study. Simulation results showed that recycling and sweeping antibodies can improve dosage frequency and reduce the required dose for target antigens with various clearances, plasma concentrations or binding kinetics. Moreover, importance of the association rate constant to enhance the beneficial effect of antibodies was shown. These results support the conclusion that recycling and sweeping antibodies can be applied to various target antigens with different profiles, and expand the number of antigens that antibodies can target.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kenta Haraya
- Chugai Pharmabody Research Pte. Ltd., 3 Biopolis Drive, #04-11 to 17 Synapse, 138623, Singapore.
| | - Tatsuhiko Tachibana
- Chugai Pharmabody Research Pte. Ltd., 3 Biopolis Drive, #04-11 to 17 Synapse, 138623, Singapore
| | - Yuki Iwayanagi
- Research Division, Chugai Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., Gotemba, Shizuoka, Japan
| | - Atsuhiko Maeda
- Research Division, Chugai Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., Gotemba, Shizuoka, Japan
| | - Kazuhisa Ozeki
- Research Division, Chugai Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., Gotemba, Shizuoka, Japan
| | - Junichi Nezu
- Chugai Pharmabody Research Pte. Ltd., 3 Biopolis Drive, #04-11 to 17 Synapse, 138623, Singapore
| | - Masaki Ishigai
- Research Division, Chugai Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., Gotemba, Shizuoka, Japan
| | - Tomoyuki Igawa
- Research Division, Chugai Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., Gotemba, Shizuoka, Japan
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Deciphering the In Vivo Performance of a Monoclonal Antibody to Neutralize Its Soluble Target at the Site of Action in a Mouse Collagen-Induced Arthritis Model. Pharm Res 2015; 33:1040-9. [PMID: 26718954 DOI: 10.1007/s11095-015-1850-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2015] [Accepted: 12/22/2015] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Study the disposition and target-neutralization capability of an anti-interleukin-6 (IL-6) monoclonal antibody (mAb) at the joint in a mouse collagen-induced arthritis (CIA) model. METHODS A mechanistic pharmacokinetic/pharmacodynamic study was conducted in a mouse CIA model using CNTO 345, a rat anti-mouse IL-6 mAb, as model compound. The drug, total/free IL-6 concentrations in both serum and joint lavage fluid were quantitatively assessed and compared to those in the normal control mice. RESULTS CNTO 345 exhibited higher clearance and significantly higher joint lavage/serum ratio in the CIA mice than in the normal control mice. The mAb concentrations in the joint lavage are approximately proportional to the serum concentrations at all the time points being examined. Dosing of CNTO 345 led to sustained free IL-6 suppression in both serum and joint lavage in a dose-dependent manner. A dose-dependent increase in total IL-6 was observed in serum, but not in the joint lavage fluid. Though no change in disease activity was observed following a single dose of anti-IL-6 mAb at peak of the disease, a dose-dependent decrease in serum amyloid A, a downstream biomarker of IL-6, was observed. CONCLUSIONS This study provided quantitative assessments of the distribution and target-neutralization capability of an anti-IL-6 mAb at the site of action in an animal disease model.
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Tibbitts J, Canter D, Graff R, Smith A, Khawli LA. Key factors influencing ADME properties of therapeutic proteins: A need for ADME characterization in drug discovery and development. MAbs 2015; 8:229-45. [PMID: 26636901 PMCID: PMC4966629 DOI: 10.1080/19420862.2015.1115937] [Citation(s) in RCA: 102] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Protein therapeutics represent a diverse array of biologics including antibodies, fusion proteins, and therapeutic replacement enzymes. Since their inception, they have revolutionized the treatment of a wide range of diseases including respiratory, vascular, autoimmune, inflammatory, infectious, and neurodegenerative diseases, as well as cancer. While in vivo pharmacokinetic, pharmacodynamic, and efficacy studies are routinely carried out for protein therapeutics, studies that identify key factors governing their absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion (ADME) properties have not been fully investigated. Thorough characterization and in-depth study of their ADME properties are critical in order to support drug discovery and development processes for the production of safer and more effective biotherapeutics. In this review, we discuss the main factors affecting the ADME characteristics of these large macromolecular therapies. We also give an overview of the current tools, technologies, and approaches available to investigate key factors that influence the ADME of recombinant biotherapeutic drugs, and demonstrate how ADME studies will facilitate their future development.
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Zheng S, McIntosh T, Wang W. Utility of free and total target measurements as target engagement and efficacy biomarkers in biotherapeutic development--opportunities and challenges. J Clin Pharmacol 2015; 55 Suppl 3:S75-84. [PMID: 25707966 DOI: 10.1002/jcph.357] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2014] [Accepted: 06/27/2014] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
For biotherapeutics directed against soluble targets, most often monoclonal antibodies (mAbs), their therapeutic efficacy theoretically is driven by the magnitude and duration of free target suppression. However, for soluble targets of rapid turnover and low abundance, it can be technically challenging to directly measure the lowering of free target following treatment with biologics. The opportunities, challenges, and practical approaches to assess free and bound soluble targets and the utility of free and bound target measurements as biomarkers for target engagement and efficacy are covered in this review. In particular, case examples are presented to illustrate the interplay between drug and free/bound target, and how an integrated bioanalytical and pharmacokinetic/target engagement/pharmacodynamic (PK/TE/PD) modeling approach can be used to assess the target engagement for biologics directed against soluble targets with rapid turnover. Important caveats of the modeling approach in the absence of free target measurements are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Songmao Zheng
- Biologics Clinical Pharmacology, Janssen R&D, 1400 McKean Road, Spring House, PA, 19438, USA
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38
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Shah DK. Pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic considerations for the next generation protein therapeutics. J Pharmacokinet Pharmacodyn 2015; 42:553-71. [PMID: 26373957 DOI: 10.1007/s10928-015-9447-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2015] [Accepted: 09/10/2015] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Increasingly sophisticated protein engineering efforts have been undertaken lately to generate protein therapeutics with desired properties. This has resulted in the discovery of the next generation of protein therapeutics, which include: engineered antibodies, immunoconjugates, bi/multi-specific proteins, antibody mimetic novel scaffolds, and engineered ligands/receptors. These novel protein therapeutics possess unique physicochemical properties and act via a unique mechanism-of-action, which collectively makes their pharmacokinetics (PK) and pharmacodynamics (PD) different than other established biological molecules. Consequently, in order to support the discovery and development of these next generation molecules, it becomes important to understand the determinants controlling their PK/PD. This review discusses the determinants that a PK/PD scientist should consider during the design and development of next generation protein therapeutics. In addition, the role of systems PK/PD models in enabling rational development of the next generation protein therapeutics is emphasized.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dhaval K Shah
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University at Buffalo, The State University of New York at Buffalo, 455 Kapoor Hall, Buffalo, NY, 14214-8033, USA.
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Dua P, Hawkins E, van der Graaf PH. A Tutorial on Target-Mediated Drug Disposition (TMDD) Models. CPT Pharmacometrics Syst Pharmacol 2015; 4:324-37. [PMID: 26225261 PMCID: PMC4505827 DOI: 10.1002/psp4.41] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2013] [Accepted: 04/07/2015] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Target-mediated drug disposition (TMDD) is the phenomenon in which a drug binds with high affinity to its pharmacological target site (such as a receptor) to such an extent that this affects its pharmacokinetic characteristics.1 The aim of this Tutorial is to provide an introductory guide to the mathematical aspects of TMDD models for pharmaceutical researchers. Examples of Berkeley Madonna2 code for some models discussed in this Tutorial are provided in the Supplementary Materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Dua
- Pharmatherapeutics Research Clinical Pharmacology, Pfizer NeusentisCambridge, UK
| | - E Hawkins
- Pharmatherapeutics Research Clinical Pharmacology, Pfizer NeusentisCambridge, UK
- Department of Mathematics, University of SurreyGuildford, UK
| | - PH van der Graaf
- Leiden Academic Centre for Drug Research (LACDR), Systems PharmacologyLeiden, The Netherlands
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Wang J, Iyer S, Fielder PJ, Davis JD, Deng R. Projecting human pharmacokinetics of monoclonal antibodies from nonclinical data: comparative evaluation of prediction approaches in early drug development. Biopharm Drug Dispos 2015; 37:51-65. [DOI: 10.1002/bdd.1952] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2014] [Revised: 02/09/2015] [Accepted: 04/01/2015] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jing Wang
- Global DMPK; Takeda California; San Diego, CA USA
- Tesaro, Inc.; Waltham, MA USA
| | - Suhasini Iyer
- Genentech Research and Early Development; Genentech Inc.; South San Francisco CA USA
- AbbVie Biotherapeutics; Redwood City CA USA
| | - Paul J. Fielder
- Genentech Research and Early Development; Genentech Inc.; South San Francisco CA USA
| | - John D. Davis
- Genentech Research and Early Development; Genentech Inc.; South San Francisco CA USA
- Regeneron Pharmaceuticals, Inc.; Tarrytown NY USA
| | - Rong Deng
- Genentech Research and Early Development; Genentech Inc.; South San Francisco CA USA
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Abstract
INTRODUCTION Assessments of the pharmacokinetic/pharmacodynamic (PK/PD) characteristics are an integral part in the development of novel therapeutic agents. Compared with traditional small molecule drugs, therapeutic proteins possess many distinct PK/PD features that necessitate the application of modified or separate approaches for assessing their PK/PD relationships. AREAS COVERED In this review, the authors discuss tools that are utilized to describe and predict the PK/PD features of therapeutic proteins and that are valuable additions in the armamentarium of drug development approaches to facilitate and accelerate their successful preclinical and clinical development. EXPERT OPINION A variety of state-of-the-art PK/PD tools is currently being applied and has been adjusted to support the development of proteins as therapeutics, including allometric scaling approaches, target-mediated disposition models, first-in-man dose calculations, physiologically based PK models and empirical and semi-mechanistic PK/PD modeling. With the advent of the next generation of biologics including bioengineered antibody constructs being developed, these tools will need to be further refined and adapted to ensure their applicability and successful facilitation of the drug development process for these novel scaffolds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei Diao
- Biogen Idec, Clinical Pharmacology and Pharmacometrics , Cambridge, MA , USA
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42
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Kyllönen L, D’Este M, Alini M, Eglin D. Local drug delivery for enhancing fracture healing in osteoporotic bone. Acta Biomater 2015; 11:412-34. [PMID: 25218339 DOI: 10.1016/j.actbio.2014.09.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 109] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2014] [Revised: 08/30/2014] [Accepted: 09/04/2014] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Fragility fractures can cause significant morbidity and mortality in patients with osteoporosis and inflict a considerable medical and socioeconomic burden. Moreover, treatment of an osteoporotic fracture is challenging due to the decreased strength of the surrounding bone and suboptimal healing capacity, predisposing both to fixation failure and non-union. Whereas a systemic osteoporosis treatment acts slowly, local release of osteogenic agents in osteoporotic fracture would act rapidly to increase bone strength and quality, as well as to reduce the bone healing period and prevent development of a problematic non-union. The identification of agents with potential to stimulate bone formation and improve implant fixation strength in osteoporotic bone has raised hope for the fast augmentation of osteoporotic fractures. Stimulation of bone formation by local delivery of growth factors is an approach already in clinical use for the treatment of non-unions, and could be utilized for osteoporotic fractures as well. Small molecules have also gained ground as stable and inexpensive compounds to enhance bone formation and tackle osteoporosis. The aim of this paper is to present the state of the art on local drug delivery in osteoporotic fractures. Advantages, disadvantages and underlying molecular mechanisms of different active species for local bone healing in osteoporotic bone are discussed. This review also identifies promising new candidate molecules and innovative approaches for the local drug delivery in osteoporotic bone.
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Singh AP, Krzyzanski W, Martin SW, Weber G, Betts A, Ahmad A, Abraham A, Zutshi A, Lin J, Singh P. Quantitative prediction of human pharmacokinetics for mAbs exhibiting target-mediated disposition. AAPS JOURNAL 2014; 17:389-99. [PMID: 25445845 DOI: 10.1208/s12248-014-9690-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2014] [Accepted: 10/19/2014] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Prediction of human pharmacokinetics (PK) can be challenging for monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) exhibiting target-mediated drug disposition (TMDD). In this study, we performed a quantitative analysis of a diverse set of six mAbs exhibiting TMDD to explore translational rules that can be utilized to predict human PK. A TMDD model with rapid-binding approximation was utilized to fit PK and PD (i.e., free and/or total target levels) data, and average absolute fold error (AAFE) was calculated for each model parameter. Based on the comparative analysis, translational rules were developed and applied to a test antibody not included in the original analysis. AAFE of less than two-fold was observed between monkey and human for baseline target levels (R 0), body-weight (BW) normalized central elimination rate (K el/BW(-0.25)) and central volume (V c/BW(1.0)). AAFE of less than three-fold was estimated for the binding affinity constant (K D). The other four parameters, i.e., complex turnover rate (K int), target turnover rate (K deg), central to peripheral distribution rate constant (K pt) and peripheral to central rate constant (K tp) were poorly correlated between monkey and human. The projected human PK of test antibody based on the translation rules was in good agreement with the observed nonlinear PK. In conclusion, we recommend a TMDD model-based prediction approach that integrates in vitro human biomeasures and in vivo preclinical data using translation rules developed in this study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aman P Singh
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University at Buffalo, Kapoor Hall, Buffalo, New York, USA
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Zhang Y, Pan SY, Zhou SF, Wang XY, Sun N, Zhu PL, Chu ZS, Yu ZL, Ko KM. Time and dose relationships between schisandrin B- and schisandrae fructus oil-induced hepatotoxicity and the associated elevations in hepatic and serum triglyceride levels in mice. DRUG DESIGN DEVELOPMENT AND THERAPY 2014; 8:1429-39. [PMID: 25278745 PMCID: PMC4179757 DOI: 10.2147/dddt.s67518] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Background Schisandrin B (Sch B), a dibenzocyclooctadiene compound, is isolated from schisandrae fructus (SF). This study was conducted to compare the time- and dose-response between Sch B- and SF oil (SFO)-induced changes in hepatic and serum parameters in mice. Methods Institute of Cancer Research (ICR) mice were given a single oral dose of Sch B (0.125–2 g/kg) or SFO (0.3–5 g/kg). Serum alanine aminotransferase (ALT) activity, hepatic malondialdehyde, and triglyceride (TG) levels were measured at increasing time intervals within 6–120 hours postdosing. Results Serum ALT activity was elevated by 60%, with maximum effect (Emax) =45.77 U/L and affinity (KD) =1.25 g/kg at 48–96 hours following Sch B, but not SFO, treatment. Sch B and SFO treatments increased hepatic malondialdehyde level by 70% (Emax =2.30 nmol/mg protein and KD =0.41 g/kg) and 22% (Emax =1.42 nmol/mg protein and KD =2.56 g/kg) at 72 hours postdosing, respectively. Hepatic index was increased by 16%–60% (Emax =11.01, KD =0.68 g/kg) and 8%–32% (Emax =9.88, KD =4.47 g/kg) at 12–120 hours and 24–120 hours after the administration of Sch B and SFO, respectively. Hepatic TG level was increased by 40%–158% and 35%–85%, respectively, at 12–96 hours and 6–48 hours after Sch B and SFO treatment, respectively. The values of Emax and KD for Sch B/SFO-induced increase in hepatic TG were estimated to be 22.94/15.02 μmol/g and 0.78/3.03 g/kg, respectively. Both Sch B and SFO increased serum TG (up to 427% and 123%, respectively), with the values of Emax =5.50/4.60 mmol/L and KD =0.43/2.84 g/kg, respectively. Conclusion The findings indicated that Sch B/SFO-induced increases in serum/hepatic parameters occurred in a time-dependent manner, with the time of onset being serum TG level < hepatic TG level < hepatic index < serum ALT activity. However, the time of recovery of these parameters to normal values varied as follow: serum TG level < hepatic TG level and liver injury < hepatic index. The Emax and affinity of Sch B on tissue/enzyme/receptor were larger than those of SFO.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi Zhang
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Chinese Materia Medica, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Si-Yuan Pan
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Chinese Materia Medica, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Shu-Feng Zhou
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL, USA
| | - Xiao-Yan Wang
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Chinese Materia Medica, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Nan Sun
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Chinese Materia Medica, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Pei-Li Zhu
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Chinese Materia Medica, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhu-Sheng Chu
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Chinese Materia Medica, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhi-Ling Yu
- School of Chinese Medicine, Hong Kong Baptist University, Hong Kong, People's Republic of China
| | - Kam-Ming Ko
- Division of Life Science, Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Hong Kong, People's Republic of China
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Haraya K, Tachibana T, Nanami M, Ishigai M. Application of human FcRn transgenic mice as a pharmacokinetic screening tool of monoclonal antibody. Xenobiotica 2014; 44:1127-34. [PMID: 25030041 DOI: 10.3109/00498254.2014.941963] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
1. For drug discovery, useful screening tools are essential to select superior candidates. Here, we evaluated the applicability of transgenic mice expressing human neonatal Fc receptor (FcRn) (hFcRn Tgm) as a pharmacokinetic screening tool of therapeutic monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) and Fc-fusion proteins that overcomes the species difference in FcRn binding. 2. Marketed 11 mAbs and 2 Fc-fusion proteins were intravenously administered to hFcRn Tgm and WT mice. The half-lives in hFcRn Tgm and WT mice were compared with those in human obtained from literature. The linear half-lives in human and monkey were also calculated by nonlinear pharmacokinetic analysis. For comparison, correlations of half-lives between monkey and human were also evaluated. 3. The half-lives of mAbs and Fc-fusion proteins after intravenous administration ranged from 1.1 to 13.2 days in hFcRn Tgm and from 1.2 to 30.3 days in WT mice. The half-lives in human correlated more closely with those in hFcRn Tgm than in WT mice and monkey. 4. Our results suggest that hFcRn Tgm are a valuable and useful tool for pharmacokinetic screening of mAbs and Fc-fusion proteins in the preclinical stage. Furthermore, we believe that hFcRn Tgm are broadly applicable to preclinical pharmacokinetic screening of mAbs-based therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kenta Haraya
- Chugai Pharmabody Research Pte. Ltd. , Singapore and
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Maïmoun L, Guillaume S, Lefebvre P, Philibert P, Bertet H, Picot MC, Gaspari L, Paris F, Courtet P, Thomas E, Mariano-Goulart D, Bringer J, Renard E, Sultan C. Role of sclerostin and dickkopf-1 in the dramatic alteration in bone mass acquisition in adolescents and young women with recent anorexia nervosa. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2014; 99:E582-90. [PMID: 24471564 DOI: 10.1210/jc.2013-2565] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/13/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The nutritional deprivation of adolescent girls with anorexia nervosa (AN) reduces bone mass acquisition. A better understanding of this process would improve the medical treatment of bone alteration and its long-term consequences. OBJECTIVE The first aim was to model the bone mass acquisition in young women with AN. The second aim was to identify the clinical and biological factors associated with bone demineralization and investigate the potential role of sclerostin and dickkopf-1 protein (DKK-1). POPULATION AND METHODS Ninety-eight AN patients (mean age 18.2 ± 2.6 years) and 63 age-matched controls were enrolled in this study. Areal bone mineral density (aBMD) was determined by dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry. Calciotropic hormones, bone turnover markers, sclerostin, DKK-1, and growth factors were concomitantly evaluated. RESULTS The aBMD was significantly reduced at all bone sites in AN patients vs controls (range, -3.3% at the radius to -12.1% for total proximal femur). Bone formation markers IGF-1 and DKK-1 were significantly decreased in AN patients, whereas PTH, sclerostin, and the bone resorption markers were increased. In patients, the AN duration, amenorrhea, weight, body mass index, fat mass, and fat-free soft tissue were negatively correlated with aBMD, whereas the age of AN onset was positively correlated. Multiple regression analysis revealed that the duration of amenorrhea was the independent factor most negatively associated with aBMD at all bone sites except the radius. CONCLUSION This case-control study demonstrated a dramatic reduction in aBMD, reinforced for the first time by our models, and indicates the need for early, systematic, and adapted bone mass monitoring. Moreover, appropriate treatment should be started early in patients with AN. Increased secretion of sclerostin suggests that it may be a target for pharmacological action.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laurent Maïmoun
- Service de Médecine Nucléaire (L.M., D.M.-G.), Hôpital Lapeyronie, Centre Hospitalier Regional Universitaire (CHRU) Montpellier et Université Montpellier 1 (UMI); Service d'Hormonologie (L.M., P.P., F.P., C.S.) et Service de Rhumatologie (E.T.), Departement d'Endocrinologie, Diabète, Nutrition (P.L., J.B., E.R.), and Unité de Recherche Clinique et Epidémiologie (H.B., M.-C.P.), Hôpital Lapeyronie, CHRU Montpellier; Département d'Urgence et Post-Urgence Psychiatrique (S.G., P.C.), Hôpital Lapeyronie, CHRU Montpellier and UM1, Inserm Unité (U) 1061; Physiologie et Médecine Expérimentale du Cœur et des Muscles (L.M.), Inserm U1046, UM1 and UM2; Centre d'Investigation Clinique (CIC) Inserm 1411 (M.-C.P., E.R.), Hôpital Gui de Chauliac, CHRU Montpellier; Unité d'Endocrinologie et Gynécologie Pédiatrique (F.P., C.S.), Département de Pédiatrie, Hôpital Arnaud de Villeneuve, CHRU Montpellier et UM1; and Institut de Génomique Fonctionnelle (E.R.), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique Unité Mixte de Recherche 5203/Inserm U661/UM1 and UM2, 34295 Montpellier, France; and Département de Pédiatrie (L.G.), Hôpital Caremeau, CHRU Nîmes, 30000 Nîmes, France
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Goldberg A, Geppert T, Schiopu E, Frech T, Hsu V, Simms RW, Peng SL, Yao Y, Elgeioushi N, Chang L, Wang B, Yoo S. Dose-escalation of human anti-interferon-α receptor monoclonal antibody MEDI-546 in subjects with systemic sclerosis: a phase 1, multicenter, open label study. Arthritis Res Ther 2014; 16:R57. [PMID: 24559157 PMCID: PMC3978926 DOI: 10.1186/ar4492] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2013] [Accepted: 01/29/2014] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction Type I interferons (IFNs) are implicated in the pathogenesis of systemic sclerosis (SSc). MEDI-546 is an investigational human monoclonal antibody directed against the type I IFN receptor. This Phase 1 study evaluated the safety/tolerability, pharmacokinetics (PK), immunogenicity, and pharmacodynamics (PD) of single and multiple intravenous doses of MEDI-546 in adults with SSc. Methods Subjects (≥18 years) with SSc were enrolled in an open-label, dose-escalation study to receive single (0.1, 0.3, 1.0, 3.0, 10.0, or 20.0 mg/kg), or 4 weekly intravenous doses (0.3, 1.0, or 5.0 mg/kg/week) of MEDI-546. Subjects were followed for 12 weeks. Safety assessments included adverse events (AEs), laboratory results, and viral monitoring. Blood samples were collected from all subjects for determination of PK, presence of anti-drug antibodies (ADAs), and expression of type I IFN-inducible genes. Results Of 34 subjects (mean age 47.4 years), 32 completed treatment and 33 completed the study. Overall, 148 treatment-emergent AEs (TEAEs) were reported (68.9% mild, 27.7% moderate). TEAEs included one grade 1 infusion reaction (5.0 mg/kg/week multiple dose). Of 4 treatment-emergent serious AEs (skin ulcer, osteomyelitis, vertigo, and chronic myelogenous leukemia (CML)), only CML (1.0 mg/kg/week multiple dose) was considered possibly treatment-related. MEDI-546 exhibited non-linear PK at lower doses. ADAs were detected in 5 subjects; no apparent impact on PK was observed. Peak inhibition of the type I IFN signature in whole blood was achieved within 1 day and in skin after 7 days. Conclusion The safety/tolerability, PK, and PD profiles observed in this study support further clinical development of MEDI-546. Trial Registration ClinicalTrials.gov NCT00930683
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Predicting the effects of 8C2, a monoclonal anti-topotecan antibody, on plasma and tissue disposition of topotecan. J Pharmacokinet Pharmacodyn 2013; 41:55-69. [PMID: 24368689 DOI: 10.1007/s10928-013-9346-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2013] [Accepted: 12/14/2013] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
We are investigating an inverse targeting strategy to reduce the dose limiting systemic toxicities resultant from intraperitoneal administration of topotecan, a model chemotherapeutic drug. This approach utilizes systemic co-administration of anti-topotecan antibodies to alter the plasma and tissue disposition kinetics of topotecan. To better predict the effects of 8C2, a high affinity anti-topotecan monoclonal antibody, on the pharmacokinetics of topotecan, two mathematical models have been developed and evaluated. Model 1 is a hybrid physiologically based pharmacokinetic (PBPK) model that was created by merging a PBPK model for topotecan with a simple two compartment model of 8C2 pharmacokinetics. Model 2 is a comprehensive PBPK model developed by merging a PBPK model for IgG with a PBPK model for topotecan. To help validate the simulation results from both the models, a tissue distribution experiment was conducted, in which topotecan and 8C2 were co-administered in mice. Experimental and simulated data were compared by calculating the median percent prediction error (%PE) for all tissues. For both models, the median %PE values for all the tissues were less than 100 %, indicating that the predicted values were, on average, less than twofold the observed plasma and tissue topotecan concentrations values. In general model 2 was found to be more predictive of the data set than model 1, as the overall median %PE value for model 2 (%PE = 63) was less than model 1 (%PE = 73).
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Wang W, Wang X, Doddareddy R, Fink D, McIntosh T, Davis HM, Zhou H. Mechanistic pharmacokinetic/target engagement/pharmacodynamic (PK/TE/PD) modeling in deciphering interplay between a monoclonal antibody and its soluble target in cynomolgus monkeys. AAPS JOURNAL 2013; 16:129-39. [PMID: 24287601 DOI: 10.1208/s12248-013-9545-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2013] [Accepted: 11/04/2013] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
For therapeutic monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) against soluble ligands, the free ligand level can, theoretically, be used as a surrogate for efficacy. However, it can be extremely challenging technically to measure free ligand level in the presence of an excessive amount of antibody-ligand complex. The interplay among such mAbs, ligands, and the downstream pharmacodynamic (PD) effects has not been well defined. Using siltuximab and interleukin-6 (IL-6) as model compounds, a pharmacokinetic (PK)/target engagement (TE) model was established via simultaneous fitting of total siltuximab, total IL-6, and free IL-6 concentration profiles following a low dose of siltuximab in cynomolgus monkeys. The model adequately captured the observed data and provided estimation of model parameters with good precision. The PK/TE model was used to predict free IL-6 profiles at higher siltuximab doses, where the accurate determination of free IL-6 concentration became technically too difficult. The measured free IL-6 levels from the low-dose groups and PK/TE model-predicted free IL-6 levels from the high-dose groups were used to drive an indirect response TE/PD model to describe the concentration-effect relationship between free IL-6 and C-reactive protein (CRP). The TE/PD model adequately captured both CRP elevation and CRP suppression in response to free IL-6 concentration change from baseline with a linear stimulation function, providing direct evidence that the PK/TE model-predicted free IL-6 levels from the high-dose groups were accurate. Overall, the results provided an integrated PK/TE/PD modeling and bioanalytical framework for prediction of efficacious dose levels and duration of action for mAbs against soluble ligands with rapid turnover.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weirong Wang
- Biologics Clinical Pharmacology, Janssen R&D, Spring House, Pennsylvania, USA
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Quantitative Analysis of Target Coverage and Germinal Center Response by a CXCL13 Neutralizing Antibody in a T-Dependent Mouse Immunization Model. Pharm Res 2013; 31:635-48. [DOI: 10.1007/s11095-013-1185-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2013] [Accepted: 08/09/2013] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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