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Molecular Imaging of a Zirconium-89 Labeled Antibody Targeting Plasmodium falciparum-Infected Human Erythrocytes. Mol Imaging Biol 2021; 22:115-123. [PMID: 31004274 DOI: 10.1007/s11307-019-01360-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Nuclear imaging is an important preclinical research tool to study infectious diseases in vivo and could be extended to investigate complex aspects of malaria infections. As such, we report for the first time successful radiolabeling of a novel antibody specific to Plasmodium-infected erythrocytes (IIIB6), its in vitro assessment and molecular imaging in nude mice. PROCEDURES In vitro confocal microscopy was used to determine the stage-specificity of Plasmodium-infected erythrocytes recognised by IIIB6. To enable micro-positron emission tomography (PET)/X-ray computed tomography (CT) imaging, IIIB6 was conjugated to Bz-DFO-NCS and subsequently radiolabeled with zirconium-89. Healthy nude mice were injected with [89Zr]IIIB6, and pharmacokinetics and organ uptake were monitored over 24 h. This was followed by post-mortem animal dissection to determine the biodistribution of [89Zr]IIIB6. RESULTS IIIB6 recognised all the relevant stages of Plasmodium falciparum-infected erythrocytes (trophozoites, schizonts and gametocytes) that are responsible for severe malaria pathology. [89Zr]IIIB6-radiolabeling yields were efficient at 84-89 %. Blood pool imaging analysis indicated a pharmacological half-life of 9.6 ± 2.5 h for [89Zr]IIIB6. The highest standard uptake values were determined at 2-6 h in the liver followed by the spleen, kidneys, heart, stomach and lung, respectively. Minimal activity was present in muscle and bone tissues. CONCLUSION In vitro characterization of IIIB6 and pharmacokinetic characterization of [89Zr]IIIB6 revealed that this antibody has potential for future use in Plasmodium-infected mouse models to study malaria in a preclinical in vivo setting with PET/CT imaging.
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Lee SSY, Bindokas VP, Kron SJ. Multiplex Three-Dimensional Mapping of Macromolecular Drug Distribution in the Tumor Microenvironment. Mol Cancer Ther 2019; 18:213-226. [PMID: 30322947 PMCID: PMC6318001 DOI: 10.1158/1535-7163.mct-18-0554] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2018] [Revised: 08/30/2018] [Accepted: 10/10/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Macromolecular cancer drugs such as therapeutic antibodies and nanoparticles are well known to display slow extravasation and incomplete penetration into tumors, potentially protecting cancer cells from therapeutic effects. Conventional assays to track macromolecular drug delivery are poorly matched to the heterogeneous tumor microenvironment, but recent progress on optical tissue clearing and three-dimensional (3D) tumor imaging offers a path to quantitative assays with cellular resolution. Here, we apply transparent tissue tomography (T3) as a tool to track perfusion and delivery in the tumor and to evaluate target binding and vascular permeability. Using T3, we mapped anti-programmed cell death protein-ligand 1 (PD-L1) antibody distribution in whole mouse tumors. By measuring 3D penetration distances of the antibody drug out from the blood vessel boundaries into the tumor parenchyma, we determined spatial pharmacokinetics of anti-PD-L1 antibody drugs in mouse tumors. With multiplex imaging of tumor components, we determined the distinct distribution of anti-PD-L1 antibody drug in the tumor microenvironment with different PD-L1 expression patterns. T3 imaging revealed CD31+ capillaries are more permeable to anti-PD-L1 antibody transport compared with the blood vessels composed of endothelium supported by vascular fibroblasts and smooth muscle cells. T3 analysis also confirmed that isotype IgG antibody penetrates more deeply into tumor parenchyma than anti-Her2 or anti-EGFR antibody, which were restrained by binding to their respective antigens on tumor cells. Thus, T3 offers simple and rapid access to 3D, quantitative maps of macromolecular drug distribution in the tumor microenvironment, offering a new tool for development of macromolecular cancer therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steve Seung-Young Lee
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Cell Biology, The University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois
- Ludwig Center for Metastasis Research, The University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Vytautas P Bindokas
- Integrated Light Microscopy Facility, The University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Stephen J Kron
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Cell Biology, The University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois.
- Ludwig Center for Metastasis Research, The University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois
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Park BN, Lee SJ, Roh JH, Lee KH, An YS, Yoon JK. Radiolabeled Anti-Adenosine Triphosphate Synthase Monoclonal Antibody as a Theragnostic Agent Targeting Angiogenesis. Mol Imaging 2018; 16:1536012117737399. [PMID: 29239276 PMCID: PMC5734570 DOI: 10.1177/1536012117737399] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The potential of a radioiodine-labeled, anti-adenosine triphosphate synthase monoclonal antibody (ATPS mAb) as a theragnostic agent for simultaneous cancer imaging and treatment was evaluated. METHODS Adenosine triphosphate synthase monoclonal antibody was labeled with radioiodine, then radiotracer uptake was measured in 6 different cancer cell lines. In vivo biodistribution was evaluated 24 and 48 hours after intravenous injection of 125I-ATPS mAb into MKN-45 tumor-bearing mice (n = 3). For radioimmunotherapy, 18.5 MBq 131I-ATPS mAb (n = 7), isotype immunoglobulin G (IgG) (n = 6), and vehicle (n = 6) were injected into MKN-45 tumor-bearing mice for 4 weeks, and tumor volume and percentage of tumor growth inhibition (TGI) were compared each week. RESULTS MKN-45 cells showed the highest in vitro cellular binding after 4 hours (0.00324 ± 0.00013%/μg), which was significantly inhibited by unlabeled ATPS mAb at concentrations of greater than 0.4 μM. The in vitro retention rate of 125I-ATPS mAb in MKN-45 cells was 64.1% ± 1.0% at 60 minutes. The highest tumor uptake of 125I-ATPS mAb in MKN-45 tumor-bearing mice was achieved 24 hours after injection (6.26% ± 0.47% injected dose [ID]/g), whereas tumor to muscle and tumor to blood ratios peaked at 48 hours. The 24-hour tumor uptake decreased to 3.43% ± 0.85% ID/g by blocking with unlabeled ATPS mAb. After 4 weeks of treatment, mice receiving 131I-ATPS mAb had significantly smaller tumors (679.4 ± 232.3 mm3) compared with control (1687.6 ± 420.4 mm3, P = .0431) and IgG-treated mice (2870.2 ± 484.1 mm3, P = .0010). The percentage of TGI of 131I-ATPS mAb was greater than 50% during the entire study period (range: 53.7%-75.9%). CONCLUSION The specific binding and antitumor effects of radioiodinated ATPS mAb were confirmed in in vitro and in vivo models of stomach cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bok-Nam Park
- 1 Department of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging, Ajou University School of Medicine, Suwon, South Korea
| | - Su Jin Lee
- 1 Department of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging, Ajou University School of Medicine, Suwon, South Korea
| | - Jung Hyun Roh
- 1 Department of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging, Ajou University School of Medicine, Suwon, South Korea
| | - Kyung-Han Lee
- 2 Department of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Young-Sil An
- 1 Department of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging, Ajou University School of Medicine, Suwon, South Korea
| | - Joon-Kee Yoon
- 1 Department of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging, Ajou University School of Medicine, Suwon, South Korea
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Lowe PT, Dall'Angelo S, Devine A, Zanda M, O'Hagan D. Enzymatic Fluorination of Biotin and Tetrazine Conjugates for Pretargeting Approaches to Positron Emission Tomography Imaging. Chembiochem 2018; 19:1969-1978. [PMID: 29966048 DOI: 10.1002/cbic.201800234] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
The use of radiolabelled antibodies and antibody-derived recombinant constructs has shown promise for both imaging and therapeutic use. In this context, the biotin-avidin/streptavidin pairing, along with the inverse-electron-demand Diels-Alder (iEDDA) reaction, have found application in pretargeting approaches for positron emission tomography (PET). This study reports the fluorinase-mediated transhalogenation [5'-chloro-5'-deoxyadenosine (ClDA) substrates to 5'-fluoro-5'-deoxyadenosine (FDA) products] of two antibody pretargeting tools, a FDA-PEG-tetrazine and a [18 F]FDA-PEG-biotin, and each is assessed either for its compatibility towards iEDDA ligation to trans-cyclooctene or for its affinity to avidin. A protocol to avoid radiolytically promoted oxidation of biotin during the synthesis of [18 F]FDA-PEG-biotin was developed. The study adds to the repertoire of conjugates for use in fluorinase-catalysed radiosynthesis for PET and shows that the fluorinase will accept a wide range of ClDA substrates tethered at C-2 of the adenine ring with a PEGylated cargo. The method is exceptional because the nucleophilic reaction with [18 F]fluoride takes place in water at neutral pH and at ambient temperature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Phillip T Lowe
- School of Chemistry and Centre for Biomolecular Sciences, University of St. Andrews, North Haugh, St. Andrews, Fife, KY16 9ST, UK
| | - Sergio Dall'Angelo
- John Mallard Scottish PET Centre, School of Medicine, Medical Sciences and Nutrition, University of Aberdeen, Foresterhill, Aberdeen, AB25 2ZD, UK
| | - Andrew Devine
- School of Chemistry and Centre for Biomolecular Sciences, University of St. Andrews, North Haugh, St. Andrews, Fife, KY16 9ST, UK
| | - Matteo Zanda
- John Mallard Scottish PET Centre, School of Medicine, Medical Sciences and Nutrition, University of Aberdeen, Foresterhill, Aberdeen, AB25 2ZD, UK
| | - David O'Hagan
- School of Chemistry and Centre for Biomolecular Sciences, University of St. Andrews, North Haugh, St. Andrews, Fife, KY16 9ST, UK
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Patel S, Schmidt K, Hesterman J, Hoppin J. Advancing Drug Discovery and Development Using Molecular Imaging (ADDMI): an Interest Group of the World Molecular Imaging Society and an Inaugural Session on Positron Emission Tomography (PET). Mol Imaging Biol 2018; 19:348-356. [PMID: 28417265 DOI: 10.1007/s11307-017-1085-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Multi-modality molecular imaging techniques have expanded the role of imaging biomarkers in the pharmaceutical industry and are beginning to streamline the drug discovery and development process. The World Molecular Imaging Society (WMIS) serves as a forum for discussing innovative and exploratory multi-modal, interdisciplinary molecular imaging research with a mission of bridging the gap between pathology and in vivo imaging. To formalize the role of the WMIS in pharmaceutical research efforts, members of the society have formed an interest group entitled Advancing Drug Discovery and Development using Molecular Imaging (ADDMI). The ADDMI interest group launched their efforts at the 2016 World Molecular Imaging Congress by hosting a session of invited lectures on translational positron emission tomography (PET) imaging in the central nervous system. This article provides a synopsis of those lectures and frames the role of translational imaging biomarker strategies in the drug discovery and development process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shil Patel
- Eisai AiM Institute, 4 Corporate Drive, Andover, MA, USA.
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Damiano DB, McGuirl MR. A topological analysis of targeted In-111 uptake in SPECT images of murine tumors. J Math Biol 2017; 76:1559-1587. [PMID: 28983656 PMCID: PMC5840271 DOI: 10.1007/s00285-017-1184-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2016] [Revised: 09/11/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Single-photon emission computed tomography images of murine tumors are interpreted as the values of functions on a three-dimensional domain. Motivated by Morse theory, the local maxima of the tumor image functions are analyzed. This analysis captures tumor heterogeneity that cannot be identified with standard measures. Utilizing decreasing sequences of uptake values to filter the images, a modified form of the standard persistence diagrams for 0-dimensional persistent homology as well as novel childhood diagrams are constructed. Applying statistical methods to time series of persistence and childhood diagrams detects heterogeneous uptake of radioactive antibody within tumors over time and distinguishes uptake in two groups of mice injected with different labeled antibodies.
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Affiliation(s)
- David B Damiano
- Department of Mathematics and Computer Science, College of the Holy Cross, Worcester, MA, USA.
| | - Melissa R McGuirl
- Division of Applied Mathematics, Brown University, Providence, RI, USA
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Gupta P, Wentland JA, Leal M, Ma D, Roach R, Esparza A, King L, Spilker ME, Bagi C, Winkelmann CT, Giddabasappa A. Assessment of near-infrared fluorophores to study the biodistribution and tumor targeting of an IL13 receptor α2 antibody by fluorescence molecular tomography. Oncotarget 2017; 8:57231-57245. [PMID: 28915667 PMCID: PMC5593638 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.19569] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2017] [Accepted: 07/03/2017] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Non-invasive imaging using radiolabels is a common technique used to study the biodistribution of biologics. Due to the limited shelf-life of radiolabels and the requirements of specialized labs, non-invasive optical imaging is an attractive alternative for preclinical studies. Previously, we demonstrated the utility of fluorescence molecular tomography (FMT) an optical imaging modality in evaluating the biodistribution of antibody-drug conjugates. As FMT is a relatively new technology, few fluorophores have been validated for in vivo imaging. The goal of this study was to characterize and determine the utility of near-infrared (NIR) fluorophores for biodistribution studies using interleukin-13 receptor subunit alpha-2 antibody (IL13Rα2-Ab). Eight fluorophores (ex/em: 630/800 nm) with an N-hydroxysuccinimide (NHS) linker were evaluated for Ab conjugation. The resulting antibody-fluorophore (Ab-F) conjugates were evaluated in vitro for degree of conjugation, stability and target-binding, followed by in vivo/ex vivo FMT imaging to determine biodistribution in a xenograft model. The Ab-F conjugates (except Ab-DyLight800) showed good in vitro stability and antigen binding. All Ab-F conjugates (except for Ab-BOD630) resulted in a quantifiable signal in vivo and had similar biodistribution profiles, with peak tumor accumulation between 6 and 24 h post-injection. In vivo/ex vivo FMT imaging showed 17–34% ID/g Ab uptake by the tumor at 96 h. Overall, this is the first study to characterize the biodistribution of an Ab using eight NIR fluorophores. Our results show that 3-dimensional optical imaging is a valuable technology to understand biodistribution and targeting, but a careful selection of the fluorophore for each Ab is warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Parul Gupta
- Global Science and Technology, Comparative Medicine, Pfizer, Inc., La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Jo-Ann Wentland
- Pharmacokinetics and Drug Metabolism, Pfizer, Inc., New York NY, USA
| | - Mauricio Leal
- Pharmacokinetics and Drug Metabolism, Pfizer, Inc., New York NY, USA
| | - Dangshe Ma
- Oncology Research Unit, Pfizer, Inc., Pearl River, NY, USA.,Current affiliation: Regeneron Pharmaceuticals, Tarrytown, NY, USA
| | - Rachel Roach
- Center for Therapeutic Innovation, Pfizer, Inc., La Jolla, CA, USA
| | | | - Lindsay King
- Pharmacokinetics and Drug Metabolism, Pfizer, Inc., New York NY, USA
| | - Mary E Spilker
- Pharmacokinetics and Drug Metabolism, Pfizer, Inc., New York NY, USA
| | - Cedo Bagi
- Global Science and Technology, Comparative Medicine, Pfizer, Inc., La Jolla, CA, USA
| | | | - Anand Giddabasappa
- Global Science and Technology, Comparative Medicine, Pfizer, Inc., La Jolla, CA, USA
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Cilliers C, Nessler I, Christodolu N, Thurber GM. Tracking Antibody Distribution with Near-Infrared Fluorescent Dyes: Impact of Dye Structure and Degree of Labeling on Plasma Clearance. Mol Pharm 2017; 14:1623-1633. [PMID: 28294622 PMCID: PMC5415873 DOI: 10.1021/acs.molpharmaceut.6b01091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
![]()
Monoclonal
antibodies labeled with near-infrared (NIR) fluorophores
have potential use in disease detection, intraoperative imaging, and
pharmacokinetic characterization of therapeutic antibodies in both
the preclinical and clinical setting. Recent work has shown conjugation
of NIR fluorophores to antibodies can potentially alter antibody disposition
at a sufficiently high degree of labeling (DoL); however, other reports
show minimal impact after labeling with NIR fluorophores. In this
work, we label two clinically approved antibodies, Herceptin (trastuzumab)
and Avastin (bevacizumab), with NIR dyes IRDye 800CW (800CW) or Alexa
Fluor 680 (AF680), at 1.2 and 0.3 dyes/antibody and examine the impact
of fluorophore conjugation on antibody plasma clearance and tissue
distribution. At 0.3 DoL, AF680 conjugates exhibited similar clearance
to unlabeled antibody over 17 days while 800CW conjugates diverged
after 4 days, suggesting AF680 is a more suitable choice for long-term
pharmacokinetic studies. At the 1.2 DoL, 800CW conjugates cleared
faster than unlabeled antibodies after several hours, in agreement
with other published reports. The tissue biodistribution for bevacizumab–800CW
and −AF680 conjugates agreed well with literature reported
biodistributions using radiolabels. However, the greater tissue autofluorescence
at 680 nm resulted in limited detection above background at low (∼2
mg/kg) doses and 0.3 DoL for AF680, indicating that 800CW is more
appropriate for short-term biodistribution measurements and intraoperative
imaging. Overall, our work shows a DoL of 0.3 or less for non-site-specifically
labeled antibodies (with a Poisson distribution) is ideal for limiting
the impact of NIR fluorophores on antibody pharmacokinetics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cornelius Cilliers
- Department of Chemical Engineering and ‡Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Michigan , Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States
| | - Ian Nessler
- Department of Chemical Engineering and ‡Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Michigan , Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States
| | - Nikolas Christodolu
- Department of Chemical Engineering and ‡Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Michigan , Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States
| | - Greg M Thurber
- Department of Chemical Engineering and ‡Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Michigan , Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States
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Giddabasappa A, Gupta VR, Norberg R, Gupta P, Spilker ME, Wentland J, Rago B, Eswaraka J, Leal M, Sapra P. Biodistribution and Targeting of Anti-5T4 Antibody-Drug Conjugate Using Fluorescence Molecular Tomography. Mol Cancer Ther 2016; 15:2530-2540. [PMID: 27466353 DOI: 10.1158/1535-7163.mct-15-1012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2015] [Accepted: 07/06/2016] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Understanding a drug's whole-body biodistribution and tumor targeting can provide important information regarding efficacy, safety, and dosing parameters. Current methods to evaluate biodistribution include in vivo imaging technologies like positron electron tomography and single-photon emission computed tomography or ex vivo quantitation of drug concentrations in tissues using autoradiography and standard biochemical assays. These methods use radioactive compounds or are cumbersome and do not give whole-body information. Here, for the first time, we show the utility of fluorescence molecular tomography (FMT) imaging to determine the biodistribution and targeting of an antibody-drug conjugate (ADC). An anti-5T4-antibody (5T4-Ab) and 5T4-ADC were conjugated with a near-infrared (NIR) fluorophore VivoTag 680XL (VT680). Both conjugated compounds were stable as determined by SEC-HPLC and plasma stability studies. Flow cytometry and fluorescence microscopy studies showed that VT680-conjugated 5T4-ADC specifically bound 5T4-expressing cells in vitro and also exhibited a similar cytotoxicity profile as the unconjugated 5T4-ADC. In vivo biodistribution and tumor targeting in an H1975 subcutaneous xenograft model demonstrated no significant differences between accumulation of VT680-conjugated 5T4-Ab or 5T4-ADC in either normal tissues or tumor. In addition, quantitation of heart signal from FMT imaging showed good correlation with the plasma pharmacokinetic profile suggesting that it (heart FMT imaging) may be a surrogate for plasma drug clearance. These results demonstrate that conjugation of VT680 to 5T4-Ab or 5T4-ADC does not change the behavior of native biologic, and FMT imaging can be a useful tool to understand biodistribution and tumor-targeting kinetics of antibodies, ADCs, and other biologics. Mol Cancer Ther; 15(10); 2530-40. ©2016 AACR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anand Giddabasappa
- Global Science & Technology - Comparative Medicine, Pfizer Inc., San Diego, California.
| | - Vijay R Gupta
- Global Science & Technology - Comparative Medicine, Pfizer Inc., San Diego, California
| | - Rand Norberg
- Global Science & Technology - Comparative Medicine, Pfizer Inc., San Diego, California
| | - Parul Gupta
- Global Science & Technology - Comparative Medicine, Pfizer Inc., San Diego, California
| | - Mary E Spilker
- Pharmacokinetics Dynamics and Metabolism, Pfizer Inc., San Diego, California
| | - Joann Wentland
- Pharmacokinetics Dynamics and Metabolism, Pfizer Inc., Groton, Connecticut
| | - Brian Rago
- Pharmacokinetics Dynamics and Metabolism, Pfizer Inc., Groton, Connecticut
| | - Jeetendra Eswaraka
- Global Science & Technology - Comparative Medicine, Pfizer Inc., San Diego, California
| | - Mauricio Leal
- Pharmacokinetics Dynamics and Metabolism, Pfizer Inc., Pearl River, New York
| | - Puja Sapra
- Oncology Research Unit, Pfizer Inc., Pearl River, New York
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Lehmann S, Perera R, Grimm HP, Sam J, Colombetti S, Fauti T, Fahrni L, Schaller T, Freimoser-Grundschober A, Zielonka J, Stoma S, Rudin M, Klein C, Umana P, Gerdes C, Bacac M. In Vivo Fluorescence Imaging of the Activity of CEA TCB, a Novel T-Cell Bispecific Antibody, Reveals Highly Specific Tumor Targeting and Fast Induction of T-Cell-Mediated Tumor Killing. Clin Cancer Res 2016; 22:4417-27. [PMID: 27117182 DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-15-2622] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2015] [Accepted: 04/04/2016] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE CEA TCB (RG7802, RO6958688) is a novel T-cell bispecific antibody, engaging CD3ε upon binding to carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA) on tumor cells. Containing an engineered Fc region, conferring an extended blood half-life while preventing side effects due to activation of innate effector cells, CEA TCB potently induces tumor lysis in mouse tumors. Here we aimed to characterize the pharmacokinetic profile, the biodistribution, and the mode of action of CEA TCB by combining in vitro and in vivo fluorescence imaging readouts. EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN CEA-expressing tumor cells (LS174T) and human peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) were cocultured in vitro or cografted into immunocompromised mice. Fluorescence reflectance imaging and intravital 2-photon (2P) microscopy were employed to analyze in vivo tumor targeting while in vitro confocal and intravital time-lapse imaging were used to assess the mode of action of CEA TCB. RESULTS Fluorescence reflectance imaging revealed increased ratios of extravascular to vascular fluorescence signals in tumors after treatment with CEA TCB compared with control antibody, suggesting specific targeting, which was confirmed by intravital microscopy. Confocal and intravital 2P microscopy showed CEA TCB to accelerate T-cell-dependent tumor cell lysis by inducing a local increase of effector to tumor cell ratios and stable crosslinking of multiple T cells to individual tumor cells. CONCLUSIONS Using optical imaging, we demonstrate specific tumor targeting and characterize the mode of CEA TCB-mediated target cell lysis in a mouse tumor model, which supports further clinical evaluation of CEA TCB. Clin Cancer Res; 22(17); 4417-27. ©2016 AACRSee related commentary by Teijeira et al., p. 4277.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steffi Lehmann
- Roche Pharmaceutical Research and Early Development, Roche Innovation Center Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland. Animal Imaging Center, Institute for Biomedical Engineering, ETH and University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Ramanil Perera
- Roche Pharmaceutical Research and Early Development, Roche Innovation Center Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland. Animal Imaging Center, Institute for Biomedical Engineering, ETH and University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Hans-Peter Grimm
- Roche Pharmaceutical Research and Early Development, Pharmaceutical Sciences, Roche Innovation Center, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Johannes Sam
- Roche Pharmaceutical Research and Early Development, Roche Innovation Center Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Sara Colombetti
- Roche Pharmaceutical Research and Early Development, Roche Innovation Center Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Tanja Fauti
- Roche Pharmaceutical Research and Early Development, Roche Innovation Center Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Linda Fahrni
- Roche Pharmaceutical Research and Early Development, Roche Innovation Center Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Teilo Schaller
- Roche Pharmaceutical Research and Early Development, Roche Innovation Center Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Anne Freimoser-Grundschober
- Roche Pharmaceutical Research and Early Development, Large Molecule Research, Roche Innovation Center Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Jörg Zielonka
- Roche Pharmaceutical Research and Early Development, Large Molecule Research, Roche Innovation Center Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Szymon Stoma
- Image and Data Analysis Unit (IDA), ScopeM, ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Markus Rudin
- Animal Imaging Center, Institute for Biomedical Engineering, ETH and University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Christian Klein
- Roche Pharmaceutical Research and Early Development, Roche Innovation Center Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Pablo Umana
- Roche Pharmaceutical Research and Early Development, Roche Innovation Center Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Christian Gerdes
- Roche Pharmaceutical Research and Early Development, Roche Innovation Center Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Marina Bacac
- Roche Pharmaceutical Research and Early Development, Roche Innovation Center Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland.
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11
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Li F, Li N. Endoscopic molecular imaging of gastrointestinal tumors. Shijie Huaren Xiaohua Zazhi 2015; 23:5333-5341. [DOI: 10.11569/wcjd.v23.i33.5333] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
In China, the incidence and mortality of gastrointestinal cancers are high, and early diagnosis is the key to improving the survival rate. In recent years, endoscopic molecular imaging in tumor diagnosis with its unique advantages has attracted more and more attention. With the rapid development of molecular biology, the mechanism of tumor occurrence and development has been gradually elucidated. The advent of fluorescent labeled molecular probes and targeted binding to molecular targets of gastrointestinal tumors makes it possible achieve real-time endoscopic molecular diagnosis of digestive tract tumors, which has a significant impact on tumor targeted therapy. In this paper, we review the progress in endoscopic molecular imaging of digestive tract tumors.
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12
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Warram JM, de Boer E, Sorace AG, Chung TK, Kim H, Pleijhuis RG, van Dam GM, Rosenthal EL. Antibody-based imaging strategies for cancer. Cancer Metastasis Rev 2015; 33:809-22. [PMID: 24913898 DOI: 10.1007/s10555-014-9505-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Although mainly developed for preclinical research and therapeutic use, antibodies have high antigen specificity, which can be used as a courier to selectively deliver a diagnostic probe or therapeutic agent to cancer. It is generally accepted that the optimal antigen for imaging will depend on both the expression in the tumor relative to normal tissue and the homogeneity of expression throughout the tumor mass and between patients. For the purpose of diagnostic imaging, novel antibodies can be developed to target antigens for disease detection, or current FDA-approved antibodies can be repurposed with the covalent addition of an imaging probe. Reuse of therapeutic antibodies for diagnostic purposes reduces translational costs since the safety profile of the antibody is well defined and the agent is already available under conditions suitable for human use. In this review, we will explore a wide range of antibodies and imaging modalities that are being translated to the clinic for cancer identification and surgical treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jason M Warram
- Department of Surgery, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
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13
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Staquicini FI, Qian MD, Salameh A, Dobroff AS, Edwards JK, Cimino DF, Moeller BJ, Kelly P, Nunez MI, Tang X, Liu DD, Lee JJ, Hong WK, Ferrara F, Bradbury ARM, Lobb RR, Edelman MJ, Sidman RL, Wistuba II, Arap W, Pasqualini R. Receptor tyrosine kinase EphA5 is a functional molecular target in human lung cancer. J Biol Chem 2015; 290:7345-59. [PMID: 25623065 PMCID: PMC4367244 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m114.630525] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Lung cancer is often refractory to radiotherapy, but molecular mechanisms of tumor resistance remain poorly defined. Here we show that the receptor tyrosine kinase EphA5 is specifically overexpressed in lung cancer and is involved in regulating cellular responses to genotoxic insult. In the absence of EphA5, lung cancer cells displayed a defective G1/S cell cycle checkpoint, were unable to resolve DNA damage, and became radiosensitive. Upon irradiation, EphA5 was transported into the nucleus where it interacted with activated ATM (ataxia-telangiectasia mutated) at sites of DNA repair. Finally, we demonstrate that a new monoclonal antibody against human EphA5 sensitized lung cancer cells and human lung cancer xenografts to radiotherapy and significantly prolonged survival, thus suggesting the likelihood of translational applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fernanda I Staquicini
- From the University of New Mexico Cancer Center and the Divisions of Molecular Medicine and
| | - Ming D Qian
- the Departments of Genitourinary Medical Oncology
| | | | - Andrey S Dobroff
- From the University of New Mexico Cancer Center and the Divisions of Molecular Medicine and
| | | | - Daniel F Cimino
- From the University of New Mexico Cancer Center and the Divisions of Molecular Medicine and
| | | | - Patrick Kelly
- the Departments of Genitourinary Medical Oncology, Radiation Oncology
| | | | | | | | | | - Waun Ki Hong
- Thoracic/Head & Neck Medical Oncology, David H. Koch Center, University of Texas M. D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas 77030
| | - Fortunato Ferrara
- From the University of New Mexico Cancer Center and the Divisions of Molecular Medicine and
| | - Andrew R M Bradbury
- the Bioscience Division, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, New Mexico 87545
| | - Roy R Lobb
- Alvos Therapeutics, Arrowhead Research Corporation, Pasadena, California 91101
| | - Martin J Edelman
- Alvos Therapeutics, Arrowhead Research Corporation, Pasadena, California 91101
| | - Richard L Sidman
- the Department of Neurology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02215
| | | | - Wadih Arap
- From the University of New Mexico Cancer Center and Hematology/Medical Oncology, Department of Internal Medicine University of New Mexico School of Medicine, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87131-0001,
| | - Renata Pasqualini
- From the University of New Mexico Cancer Center and the Divisions of Molecular Medicine and
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14
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Wållberg H, Ståhl S. Design and evaluation of radiolabeled tracers for tumor imaging. Biotechnol Appl Biochem 2014; 60:365-83. [PMID: 24033592 DOI: 10.1002/bab.1111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2012] [Accepted: 02/20/2013] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
The growing understanding of tumor biology and the identification of tumor-specific genetic and molecular alterations, such as the overexpression of membrane receptors and other proteins, allows for personalization of patient management using targeted therapies. However, this puts stringent demands on the diagnostic tools used to identify patients who are likely to respond to a particular treatment. Radionuclide molecular imaging is a promising noninvasive method to visualize and characterize the expression of such targets. A number of different proteins, from full-length antibodies and their derivatives to small scaffold proteins and peptide receptor-ligands, have been applied to molecular imaging, each demonstrating strengths and weaknesses. Here, we discuss the concept of molecular targeting and, in particular, molecular imaging of cancer-associated targets. Additionally, we describe important biotechnological considerations and desired features when designing and developing tracers for radionuclide molecular imaging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Helena Wållberg
- Division of Molecular Biotechnology, School of Biotechnology, AlbaNova University Center, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Stockholm, Sweden
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15
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Zhao Y, Yao Q, Tan H, Wu B, Hu P, Wu P, Gu Y, Zhang C, Cheng D, Shi H. Design and preliminary assessment of 99mTc-labeled ultrasmall superparamagnetic iron oxide-conjugated bevacizumab for single photon emission computed tomography/magnetic resonance imaging of hepatocellular carcinoma. J Radioanal Nucl Chem 2013. [DOI: 10.1007/s10967-013-2846-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
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16
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ADME of monoclonal antibody biotherapeutics: knowledge gaps and emerging tools. Bioanalysis 2013; 5:2003-14. [DOI: 10.4155/bio.13.144] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Absorption, distribution, metabolism and excretion (ADME) data are pivotal for small-molecule drug development, with well-developed in vitro and in vivo correlation tools and guidances from regulatory agencies. In the past two decades, monoclonal antibody (mAb) biotherapeutics have been successfully approved, including derived novel conjugates of active molecules (toxins or bioactive peptides) for specific target delivery or half-life extension. However, ADME information of mAb therapeutics lags behind that of small molecules due to the complex nature of the molecules and lack of appropriate tools to study drug exposure, biotransformation, and target engagement in the vascular and tissue spaces. In this perspective, the current knowledge gaps on ADME of mAb-related therapeutics are reviewed with potential solutions from emerging analytical technologies.
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17
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Simplified programming and control of automated radiosynthesizers through unit operations. EJNMMI Res 2013; 3:53. [PMID: 23855995 PMCID: PMC3717018 DOI: 10.1186/2191-219x-3-53] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2013] [Accepted: 07/02/2013] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Many automated radiosynthesizers for producing positron emission tomography (PET) probes provide a means for the operator to create custom synthesis programs. The programming interfaces are typically designed with the engineer rather than the radiochemist in mind, requiring lengthy programs to be created from sequences of low-level, non-intuitive hardware operations. In some cases, the user is even responsible for adding steps to update the graphical representation of the system. In light of these unnecessarily complex approaches, we have created software to perform radiochemistry on the ELIXYS radiosynthesizer with the goal of being intuitive and easy to use. Methods Radiochemists were consulted, and a wide range of radiosyntheses were analyzed to determine a comprehensive set of basic chemistry unit operations. Based around these operations, we created a software control system with a client–server architecture. In an attempt to maximize flexibility, the client software was designed to run on a variety of portable multi-touch devices. The software was used to create programs for the synthesis of several 18F-labeled probes on the ELIXYS radiosynthesizer, with [18F]FDG detailed here. To gauge the user-friendliness of the software, program lengths were compared to those from other systems. A small sample group with no prior radiosynthesizer experience was tasked with creating and running a simple protocol. Results The software was successfully used to synthesize several 18F-labeled PET probes, including [18F]FDG, with synthesis times and yields comparable to literature reports. The resulting programs were significantly shorter and easier to debug than programs from other systems. The sample group of naive users created and ran a simple protocol within a couple of hours, revealing a very short learning curve. The client–server architecture provided reliability, enabling continuity of the synthesis run even if the computer running the client software failed. The architecture enabled a single user to control the hardware while others observed the run in progress or created programs for other probes. Conclusions We developed a novel unit operation-based software interface to control automated radiosynthesizers that reduced the program length and complexity and also exhibited a short learning curve. The client–server architecture provided robustness and flexibility.
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18
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Pharmacokinetic studies of protein drugs: past, present and future. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2013; 65:1065-73. [PMID: 23541379 DOI: 10.1016/j.addr.2013.03.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2012] [Revised: 03/18/2013] [Accepted: 03/18/2013] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Among the growing number of therapeutic proteins on the market, there is an emergence of biotherapeutics designed from our comprehension of the physiological mechanisms responsible for their peripheral and tissue pharmacokinetics. Most of them have been optimized to increase their half-life through glycosylation engineering, polyethylene glycol conjugation or Fc fusion. However, our understanding of biological drug behaviors is still its infancy compared to the huge amount of data regarding small molecular weight drugs accumulated over half a century. Unfortunately, therapeutic proteins share few resemblances with these drugs. For instance drug-targeted-mediated disposition, binding to glycoreceptors, lysosomal recycling, large hydrodynamic volume and electrostatic charge are typical critical characteristics that cannot be derived from our anterior knowledge of classical drugs. However, the numerous discoveries made in the two last decades have driven and will continue to drive new options in biochemical engineering and support the design of complex delivery systems. Most of these new developments will be supported by novel analytical methods for assessing in vitro or in vivo metabolism parameters.
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19
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Ding H, Wu F. Image guided biodistribution and pharmacokinetic studies of theranostics. Am J Cancer Res 2012; 2:1040-53. [PMID: 23227121 PMCID: PMC3516836 DOI: 10.7150/thno.4652] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2012] [Accepted: 06/17/2012] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Image guided technique is playing an increasingly important role in the investigation of the biodistribution and pharmacokinetics of drugs or drug delivery systems in various diseases, especially cancers. Besides anatomical imaging modalities such as computed tomography (CT), magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), molecular imaging strategy including optical imaging, positron emission tomography (PET) and single-photon emission computed tomography (SPECT) will facilitate the localization and quantization of radioisotope or optical probe labeled nanoparticle delivery systems in the category of theranostics. The quantitative measurement of the bio-distribution and pharmacokinetics of theranostics in the fields of new drug/probe development, diagnosis and treatment process monitoring as well as tracking the brain-blood-barrier (BBB) breaking through by high sensitive imaging method, and the applications of the representative imaging modalities are summarized in this review.
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20
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Zhang D, He SX, Lu SY. Advances in molecular imaging for diagnosis of digestive tract cancers. Shijie Huaren Xiaohua Zazhi 2012; 20:2771-2776. [DOI: 10.11569/wcjd.v20.i29.2771] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Digestive tract cancers are common cancer types and have high incidence and mortality. Currently available diagnostic methods have some limitations that make an early and accurate diagnosis and prompt treatment difficult. Molecular imaging, which has been formally defined as visualization, characterization and measurement at the molecular level instead of the anatomic level, significantly increases the sensitivity and specificity of cancer detection. Several modalities have been utilized for molecular imaging in digestive tract cancers, such as endoscopy, scintigraphy (PET/SPECT), magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), and ultrasound (US). Antibodies, peptides, and aptamers are classes of molecular probes that have been extensively used as affinity ligands. After being conjugated with various labels such as radioisotopes, fluorophore, supermagnetic or paramagnetic metals and microbubbles, the probes can specifically target tumor cells and stroma and are used with imaging modalities to detect cancers. Molecular imaging is a methodology for not only the early detection of cancer, but also the judgment of tumor staging and the guidance of therapy. With the development of new instrument and probes, as well as multi-modal platforms, molecular imaging has been gradually perfected and taken from bench to bedside, bringing opportunities for early, accurate and comprehensive diagnosis of digestive tract cancers.
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21
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Kamath AV, Williams SP, Bullens S, Cowan KJ, Stenberg Y, Cherry SR, Rendig S, Kukis DL, Griesemer C, Damico-Beyer LA, Bunting S. Pharmacokinetics and biodistribution of a human monoclonal antibody to oxidized LDL in cynomolgus monkey using PET imaging. PLoS One 2012; 7:e45116. [PMID: 23028793 PMCID: PMC3444451 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0045116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2012] [Accepted: 08/14/2012] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose Oxidized low-density lipoprotein (LDL) plays an essential role in the pathogenesis of atherosclerosis. The purpose of this study was to characterize the pharmacokinetics (PK) of a human recombinant IgG1 antibody to oxidized LDL (anti-oxLDL) in cynomolgus monkey. The tissue biodistribution of anti-oxLDL was also investigated using positron emission tomography (PET) imaging. Methods Anti-oxLDL was conjugated with the N-hydroxysuccinimide ester of DOTA (1,4,7,10-tetraazacyclododecane 1,4,7,10-tetraacetic acid) and radiolabeled by chelation of radioactive copper-64 (64Cu) for detection by PET. Anti-oxLDL was administered as a single intravenous (IV) dose of 10 mg/kg (as a mixture of radiolabeled and non-labeled material) to two male and two female cynomolgus monkeys. Serum samples were collected over 29 days. Two ELISA methods were used to measure serum concentrations of anti-oxLDL; Assay A was a ligand binding assay that measured free anti-oxLDL (unbound and partially bound forms) and Assay B measured total anti-oxLDL. The biodistribution was observed over a 48-hour period following dose administration using PET imaging. Results Anti-oxLDL serum concentration-time profiles showed a biphasic elimination pattern that could be best described by a two-compartment elimination model. The serum concentrations obtained using the two ELISA methods were comparable. Clearance values ranged from 8 to 17 ml/day/kg, while beta half-life ranged from 8 to12 days. The initial volume of distribution and volume of distribution at steady state were approximately 55 mL/kg and 150 mL/kg, respectively. PET imaging showed distribution predominantly to the blood pool, visible as the heart and great vessels in the trunk and limbs, plus diffuse signals in the liver, kidney, spleen, and bone marrow. Conclusions The clearance of anti-oxLDL is slightly higher than typical IgG1 antibodies in cynomolgus monkeys. The biodistribution pattern appears to be consistent with an antibody that has no large, rapid antigen sink outside the blood space.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amrita V Kamath
- Genentech Research and Early Development, Genentech, Inc., South San Francisco, California, USA.
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22
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Piparia R, Ouellette D, Stine WB, Grinnell C, Tarcsa E, Radziejewski C, Correia I. A high throughput capillary electrophoresis method to obtain pharmacokinetics and quality attributes of a therapeutic molecule in circulation. MAbs 2012; 4:521-31. [PMID: 22647389 DOI: 10.4161/mabs.20099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Therapeutic proteins circulating in blood are in a highly crowded, redox environment at high temperatures of ~37°C. These molecules circulate in the presence of enzymes and other serum proteins making it difficult to predict from in vitro studies the stability, aggregation or pharmacokinetics of a therapeutic protein in vivo. Here, we describe use of a high throughput capillary electrophoresis based microfluidic device (LabChip GXII) to obtain pharmacokinetics (PK) of a fluorescently labeled human mAb directly from serum. The non-labeled and labeled mAbs were evaluated in single dose rat PK studies using a traditional ELISA method or LabChip GXII, respectively. The fluorescent dye did not significantly alter clearance of this particular mAb, and PK parameters were comparable for labeled and unlabeled molecules. Further, from the CE profile we concluded that the mAb was resistant to fragmentation or aggregation during circulation. In a follow-up experiment, dimers were generated from the mAb using photo-induced cross-linking of unmodified proteins (PICUP) and labeled with the same fluorophore. The extent of dimerization was incomplete and some monomer and higher molecular weight species were found in the preparation. In rat PK studies, the serum concentration-time profile of the three entities present in the dimer preparation could be followed simultaneously with the GXII technology. While further studies are warranted, we believe this method could be adapted to obtain PK of different forms of antibodies (oxidized, deamidated or various glycosylated species) and other proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Reema Piparia
- Protein Analytics, Abbott Bioresearch Center, Worcester, MA, USA
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Orcutt KD, Rhoden JJ, Ruiz-Yi B, Frangioni JV, Wittrup KD. Effect of small-molecule-binding affinity on tumor uptake in vivo: a systematic study using a pretargeted bispecific antibody. Mol Cancer Ther 2012; 11:1365-72. [PMID: 22491799 DOI: 10.1158/1535-7163.mct-11-0764] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Small-molecule ligands specific for tumor-associated surface receptors have wide applications in cancer diagnosis and therapy. Achieving high-affinity binding to the desired target is important for improving detection limits and for increasing therapeutic efficacy. However, the affinity required for maximal binding and retention remains unknown. Here, we present a systematic study of the effect of small-molecule affinity on tumor uptake in vivo with affinities spanning a range of three orders of magnitude. A pretargeted bispecific antibody with different binding affinities to different DOTA (1,4,7,10-tetraazacyclododecane-1,4,7,10-tetraacetic acid)-based small molecules is used as a receptor proxy. In this particular system targeting carcinoembryonic antigen, a small-molecule-binding affinity of 400 pmol/L was sufficient to achieve maximal tumor targeting, and an improvement in affinity to 10 pmol/L showed no significant improvement in tumor uptake at 24 hours postinjection. We derive a simple mathematical model of tumor targeting using measurable parameters that correlates well with experimental observations. We use relations derived from the model to develop design criteria for the future development of small-molecule agents for targeted cancer therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kelly Davis Orcutt
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
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