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Li H, Lu C, Liu Z, Xiang F, Liu B, Wang H, Chang J, Pan L, Chen Y, Chen J. Advancements in bioscavenger mediated detoxification of organophosphorus poisoning. Toxicol Res (Camb) 2024; 13:tfae089. [PMID: 38863796 PMCID: PMC11163184 DOI: 10.1093/toxres/tfae089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/29/2024] [Accepted: 06/04/2024] [Indexed: 06/13/2024] Open
Abstract
Background Organophosphorus compounds, widely used in agriculture and industry, pose a serious threat to human health due to their acute neurotoxicity. Although traditional interventions for organophosphate poisoning are effective, they often come with significant side effects. Objective This paper aims to evaluate the potential of enzymes within biological organisms as organophosphorus bioclearing agents. It analyses the technical challenges in current enzyme research, such as substrate specificity, stereoselectivity, and immunogenicity, while exploring recent advancements in the field. Methods A comprehensive review of literature related to detoxifying enzymes or proteins was conducted. Existing studies on organophosphorus bioclearing agents were summarised, elucidating the biological detoxification mechanisms, with a particular focus on advancements in protein engineering and novel delivery methods. Results Current bioclearing agents can be categorised into stoichiometric and catalytic bioclearing agents, both of which have shown some success in preventing organophosphate poisoning. Technological advancements have significantly improved various properties of bioclearing agents, yet challenges remain, particularly in substrate specificity, stereoselectivity, and immunogenicity. Future research will focus on expanding the substrate spectrum, enhancing catalytic efficiency, prolonging in vivo half-life, and developing convenient administration methods. Conclusion With the progression of clinical trials, bioclearing agents are expected to become widely used as a new generation of therapeutic organophosphate detoxifiers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hexi Li
- Institute of NBC Defence, PLA, ARMY, 1 North Street, Yangfang Town, Changping District, Beijing 102205, China
- Unit No. 31666 of PLA, 1 New City Courtyard, Jinyang Town, Liangzhou District, Wuwei, Gansu 733000, China
| | - Cong Lu
- Institute of NBC Defence, PLA, ARMY, 1 North Street, Yangfang Town, Changping District, Beijing 102205, China
- Unit No. 94347 of PLA, 24 Wenfu Road, Shenhe District, Shenyang, Liaoning 110000, China
| | - Zhenmin Liu
- Institute of NBC Defence, PLA, ARMY, 1 North Street, Yangfang Town, Changping District, Beijing 102205, China
| | - Fengshun Xiang
- Institute of NBC Defence, PLA, ARMY, 1 North Street, Yangfang Town, Changping District, Beijing 102205, China
| | - Bo Liu
- Institute of NBC Defence, PLA, ARMY, 1 North Street, Yangfang Town, Changping District, Beijing 102205, China
| | - Hongjuan Wang
- Institute of NBC Defence, PLA, ARMY, 1 North Street, Yangfang Town, Changping District, Beijing 102205, China
| | - Jie Chang
- Institute of NBC Defence, PLA, ARMY, 1 North Street, Yangfang Town, Changping District, Beijing 102205, China
| | - Li Pan
- State Key Laboratory of NBC Protection for Civilians, 30 South Central Street, Yangfang Town, Changping District, Beijing 102205, P. R. China
| | - Youwei Chen
- Institute of NBC Defence, PLA, ARMY, 1 North Street, Yangfang Town, Changping District, Beijing 102205, China
| | - Jingfei Chen
- Institute of NBC Defence, PLA, ARMY, 1 North Street, Yangfang Town, Changping District, Beijing 102205, China
- Unit No. 32169 of PLA, 100 Shuangyong East Road, Nyingchi, Tibet 860000, China
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Tan KS, Zhang Y, Liu L, Li S, Zou X, Zeng W, Cheng G, Wang D, Tan W. Molecular cloning and characterization of an atypical butyrylcholinesterase-like protein in zebrafish. Comp Biochem Physiol B Biochem Mol Biol 2021; 255:110590. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpb.2021.110590] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2020] [Revised: 02/14/2021] [Accepted: 02/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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3
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Xing S, Li Q, Xiong B, Chen Y, Feng F, Liu W, Sun H. Structure and therapeutic uses of butyrylcholinesterase: Application in detoxification, Alzheimer's disease, and fat metabolism. Med Res Rev 2020; 41:858-901. [PMID: 33103262 DOI: 10.1002/med.21745] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2020] [Revised: 09/21/2020] [Accepted: 10/12/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Structural information of butyrylcholinesterase (BChE) and its variants associated with several diseases are discussed here. Pure human BChE has been proved safe and effective in treating organophosphorus (OPs) poisoning and has completed Phase 1 and 2 pharmacokinetic (PK) and safety studies. The introduction of specific mutations into native BChE to endow it a self-reactivating property has gained much progress in producing effective OPs hydrolases. The hydrolysis ability of native BChE on cocaine has been confirmed but was blocked to clinical application due to poor PK properties. Several BChE mutants with elevated cocaine hydrolysis activity were published, some of which have shown safety and efficiency in treating cocaine addiction of human. The increased level of BChE in progressed Alzheimer's disease patients made it a promising target to elevate acetylcholine level and attenuate cognitive status. A variety of selective BChE inhibitors with high inhibitory activity published in recent years are reviewed here. BChE could influence the weight and insulin secretion and resistance of BChE knockout (KO) mice through hydrolyzing ghrelin. The BChE-ghrelin pathway could also regulate aggressive behaviors of BChE-KO mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuaishuai Xing
- School of Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Qi Li
- School of Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Baichen Xiong
- School of Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Yao Chen
- School of Pharmacy, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China
| | - Feng Feng
- Department of Natural Medicinal Chemistry, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, China.,Institute of Food and Pharmaceuticals Research, Jiangsu Food and Pharmaceuticals Science College, Nanjing, China
| | - Wenyuan Liu
- School of Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Haopeng Sun
- School of Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, China
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Toker L, Silman I, Zeev-Ben-Mordehai T, Sussman JL, Schopfer LM, Lockridge O. Polyproline-rich peptides associated with Torpedo californica acetylcholinesterase tetramers. Chem Biol Interact 2020; 319:109007. [PMID: 32087110 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbi.2020.109007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/25/2019] [Revised: 01/31/2020] [Accepted: 02/17/2020] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
Acetylcholinesterase (AChE) terminates cholinergic neurotransmission by hydrolyzing acetylcholine. The collagen-tailed AChE tetramer is a product of 2 genes, ACHE and ColQ. The AChE tetramer consists of 4 identical AChE subunits and one polyproline-rich peptide, whose function is to hold the 4 AChE subunits together. Our goal was to determine the amino acid sequence of the polyproline-rich peptide(s) in Torpedo californica AChE (TcAChE) tetramers to aid in the analysis of images that will be acquired by cryo-EM. Collagen-tailed AChE was solubilized from Torpedo californica electric organ, converted to 300 kDa tetramers by digestion with trypsin, and purified by affinity chromatography. Polyproline-rich peptides were released by denaturing the TcAChE tetramers in a boiling water bath, and reducing disulfide bonds with dithiothreitol. Carbamidomethylated peptides were separated from TcAChE protein on a spin filter before they were analyzed by liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry on a high resolution Orbitrap Fusion Lumos mass spectrometer. Of the 64 identified collagen-tail (ColQ) peptides, 60 were from the polyproline-rich region near the N-terminus of ColQ. The most abundant proline-rich peptides were SVNKCCLLTPPPPPMFPPPFFTETNILQE, at 40% of total mass-spectral signal intensity, and SVNKCCLLTPPPPPMFPPPFFTETNILQEVDLNNLPLEIKPTEPSCK, at 27% of total intensity. The high abundance of these 2 peptides makes them candidates for the principal form of the polyproline-rich peptide in the trypsin-treated TcAChE tetramers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lilly Toker
- Department of Neurobiology, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, 7610001, Israel.
| | - Israel Silman
- Department of Neurobiology, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, 7610001, Israel.
| | - Tzviya Zeev-Ben-Mordehai
- Cryo-Electron Microscopy, Bijvoet Center for Biomolecular Research, Utrecht University, 3584, CH, Utrecht, the Netherlands.
| | - Joel L Sussman
- Department of Structural Biology, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, 7610001, Israel.
| | - Lawrence M Schopfer
- Eppley Institute, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, 68198, USA.
| | - Oksana Lockridge
- Eppley Institute, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, 68198, USA.
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Betapudi V, Goswami R, Silayeva L, Doctor DM, Chilukuri N. Gene therapy delivering a paraoxonase 1 variant offers long-term prophylactic protection against nerve agents in mice. Sci Transl Med 2020; 12:12/527/eaay0356. [PMID: 31969483 DOI: 10.1126/scitranslmed.aay0356] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2019] [Revised: 08/19/2019] [Accepted: 11/13/2019] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
Chemical warfare nerve agents are organophosphorus chemical compounds that induce cholinergic crisis, leaving little or no time for medical intervention to prevent death. The current chemical treatment regimen may prevent death but does not prevent postexposure complications such as brain damage and permanent behavioral abnormalities. In the present study, we have demonstrated an adeno-associated virus 8 (AAV8)-mediated paraoxonase 1 variant IF-11 (PON1-IF11) gene therapy that offers asymptomatic prophylactic protection to mice against multiple lethal doses of G-type chemical warfare nerve agents, namely, tabun, sarin, cyclosarin, and soman, for up to 5 months in mice. A single injection of liver-specific adeno-associated viral particles loaded with PON1-IF11 gene resulted in expression and secretion of recombinant PON1-IF11 in milligram quantities, which has the catalytic power to break down G-type chemical warfare nerve agents into biologically inactive products in vitro and in vivo in rodents. Mice containing milligram concentrations of recombinant PON1-IF11 in their blood displayed no clinical signs of toxicity, as judged by their hematological parameters and serum chemistry profiles. Our study unfolds avenues to develop a one-time application of gene therapy to express a near-natural and circulating therapeutic PON1-IF11 protein that can potentially protect humans against G-type chemical warfare nerve agents for several weeks to months.
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Affiliation(s)
- Venkaiah Betapudi
- Medical Toxicology Research Division, Biochemistry & Physiology Department, Agent Mitigation, United States Army Medical Research Institute of Chemical Defense, 8350 Ricketts Point Road, Aberdeen Proving Ground, MD 21010-5400, USA
| | - Reena Goswami
- Medical Toxicology Research Division, Biochemistry & Physiology Department, Agent Mitigation, United States Army Medical Research Institute of Chemical Defense, 8350 Ricketts Point Road, Aberdeen Proving Ground, MD 21010-5400, USA
| | - Liliya Silayeva
- Medical Toxicology Research Division, Biochemistry & Physiology Department, Agent Mitigation, United States Army Medical Research Institute of Chemical Defense, 8350 Ricketts Point Road, Aberdeen Proving Ground, MD 21010-5400, USA
| | - Deborah M Doctor
- Medical Toxicology Research Division, Biochemistry & Physiology Department, Agent Mitigation, United States Army Medical Research Institute of Chemical Defense, 8350 Ricketts Point Road, Aberdeen Proving Ground, MD 21010-5400, USA
| | - Nageswararao Chilukuri
- Medical Toxicology Research Division, Biochemistry & Physiology Department, Agent Mitigation, United States Army Medical Research Institute of Chemical Defense, 8350 Ricketts Point Road, Aberdeen Proving Ground, MD 21010-5400, USA.
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Khan MS, Joyia FA, Mustafa G. Seeds as Economical Production Platform for Recombinant Proteins. Protein Pept Lett 2020; 27:89-104. [DOI: 10.2174/0929866526666191014151237] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2018] [Revised: 05/13/2019] [Accepted: 08/02/2019] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
:
The cost-effective production of high-quality and biologically active recombinant
molecules especially proteins is extremely desirable. Seed-based recombinant protein production
platforms are considered as superior choice owing to lack of human/animal pathogenic organisms,
lack of cold chain requirements for transportation and long-term storage, easy scalability and
development of edible biopharmaceuticals in plants with objective to be used in purified or partially
processed form is desirable. This review article summarizes the exceptional features of seed-based
biopharming and highlights the needs of exploiting it for commercial purposes. Plant seeds offer a
perfect production platform for high-value molecules of industrial as well as therapeutic nature
owing to lower water contents, high protein storage capacity, weak protease activity and long-term
storage ability at ambient temperature. Exploiting extraordinarily high protein accumulation
potential, vaccine antigens, antibodies and other therapeutic proteins can be stored without effecting
their stability and functionality up to years in seeds. Moreover, ability of direct oral consumption
and post-harvest stabilizing effect of seeds offer unique feature of oral delivery of pharmaceutical
proteins and vaccine antigens for immunization and disease treatment through mucosal as well as
oral route.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muhammad Sarwar Khan
- Centre of Agricultural Biochemistry and Biotechnology (CABB), University of Agriculture, Faisalabad, Pakistan
| | - Faiz Ahmad Joyia
- Centre of Agricultural Biochemistry and Biotechnology (CABB), University of Agriculture, Faisalabad, Pakistan
| | - Ghulam Mustafa
- Centre of Agricultural Biochemistry and Biotechnology (CABB), University of Agriculture, Faisalabad, Pakistan
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Gupta V, Cadieux CL, McMenamin D, Medina-Jaszek CA, Arif M, Ahonkhai O, Wielechowski E, Taheri M, Che Y, Goode T, Limberis MP, Li M, Cerasoli DM, Tretiakova AP, Wilson JM. Adeno-associated virus-mediated expression of human butyrylcholinesterase to treat organophosphate poisoning. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0225188. [PMID: 31765413 PMCID: PMC6876934 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0225188] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2019] [Accepted: 10/30/2019] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Rare diseases defined by genetic mutations are classic targets for gene therapy. More recently, researchers expanded the use of gene therapy in non-clinical studies to infectious diseases through the delivery of vectorized antibodies to well-defined antigens. Here, we further extend the utility of gene therapy beyond the “accepted” indications to include organophosphate poisoning. There are no approved preventives for the multi-organ damage resulting from acute or chronic exposure to organophosphates. We show that a single intramuscular injection of adeno-associated virus vector produces peak expression (~0.5 mg/ml) of active human butyrylcholinesterase (hBChE) in mice serum within 3–4 weeks post-treatment. This expression is sustained for up to 140 days post-injection with no silencing. Sustained expression of hBChE provided dose-dependent protection against VX in male and female mice despite detectable antibodies to hBChE in some mice, thereby demonstrating that expression of hBChE in vivo in mouse muscle is an effective prophylactic against organophosphate poisoning.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vibhor Gupta
- Gene Therapy Program, Department of Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - C. Linn Cadieux
- United States Army Medical Research Institute of Chemical Defense, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Deirdre McMenamin
- Gene Therapy Program, Department of Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - C. Angelica Medina-Jaszek
- Gene Therapy Program, Department of Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Muhammad Arif
- Gene Therapy Program, Department of Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Omua Ahonkhai
- Gene Therapy Program, Department of Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Erik Wielechowski
- Gene Therapy Program, Department of Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Maryam Taheri
- Gene Therapy Program, Department of Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Yan Che
- Gene Therapy Program, Department of Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Tamara Goode
- Gene Therapy Program, Department of Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Maria P. Limberis
- Gene Therapy Program, Department of Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Mingyao Li
- Gene Therapy Program, Department of Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
- Department of Biostatistics and Epidemiology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Douglas M. Cerasoli
- United States Army Medical Research Institute of Chemical Defense, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Anna P. Tretiakova
- Gene Therapy Program, Department of Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - James M. Wilson
- Gene Therapy Program, Department of Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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8
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Braid LR, Wood CA, Ford BN. Human umbilical cord perivascular cells: A novel source of the organophosphate antidote butyrylcholinesterase. Chem Biol Interact 2019; 305:66-78. [PMID: 30926319 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbi.2019.03.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2018] [Revised: 03/20/2019] [Accepted: 03/25/2019] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Human butyrylcholinesterase (BChE) is a well-characterized bioscavenger with significant potential as a prophylactic or post-exposure treatment for organophosphate poisoning. Despite substantial efforts, BChE has proven technically challenging to produce in recombinant systems. Recombinant BChE tends to be insufficiently or incorrectly glycosylated, and consequently exhibits a truncated half-life, compromised activity, or is immunogenic. Thus, expired human plasma remains the only reliable source of the benchmark BChE tetramer, but production is costly and time intensive and presents possible blood-borne disease hazards. Here we report a human BChE production platform that produces functionally active, tetrameric BChE enzyme, without the addition of external factors such as polyproline peptides or chemical or gene modification required by other systems. Human umbilical cord perivascular cells (HUCPVCs) are a rich population of mesenchymal stromal cells (MSCs) derived from Wharton's jelly. We show that HUCPVCs naturally and stably secrete BChE during culture in xeno- and serum-free media, and can be gene-modified to increase BChE output. However, BChE secretion from HUCPVCs is limited by innate feedback mechanisms that can be interrupted by addition of miR 186 oligonucleotide mimics or by competitive inhibition of muscarinic cholinergic signalling receptors by addition of atropine. By contrast, adult bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stromal cells neither secrete measurable levels of BChE naturally, nor after gene modification. Further work is required to fully characterize and disable the intrinsic ceiling of HUCPVC-mediated BChE secretion to achieve commercially relevant enzyme output. However, HUCPVCs present a unique opportunity to produce both native and strategically engineered recombinant BChE enzyme in a human platform with the innate capacity to secrete the benchmark human plasma form.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lorena R Braid
- Aurora BioSolutions Inc., PO Box 21053, Crescent Heights PO, Medicine Hat, AB, T1A 6N0, Canada.
| | - Catherine A Wood
- Aurora BioSolutions Inc., PO Box 21053, Crescent Heights PO, Medicine Hat, AB, T1A 6N0, Canada
| | - Barry N Ford
- DRDC Suffield Research Centre, Casualty Management Section, Box 4000 Station Main, Medicine Hat, AB, T1A 8K6, Canada
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9
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Pope CN, Brimijoin S. Cholinesterases and the fine line between poison and remedy. Biochem Pharmacol 2018; 153:205-216. [PMID: 29409903 PMCID: PMC5959757 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2018.01.044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2017] [Accepted: 01/26/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Acetylcholinesterase (AChE, EC 3.1.1.7) and butyrylcholinesterase (BChE, EC 3.1.1.8) are related enzymes found across the animal kingdom. The critical role of acetylcholinesterase in neurotransmission has been known for almost a century, but a physiological role for butyrylcholinesterase is just now emerging. The cholinesterases have been deliberately targeted for both therapy and toxicity, with cholinesterase inhibitors being used in the clinic for a variety of disorders and conversely for their toxic potential as pesticides and chemical weapons. Non-catalytic functions of the cholinesterases (ChEs) participate in both neurodevelopment and disease. Manipulating either the catalytic activities or the structure of these enzymes can potentially shift the balance between beneficial and adverse effect in a wide number of physiological processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carey N Pope
- Department of Physiological Sciences, Interdisciplinary Toxicology Program, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, OK 74078, USA.
| | - Stephen Brimijoin
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55902, USA
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Kozlova DI, Kochkina EG, Dubrovskaya NM, Zhuravin IA, Nalivaeva NN. Effect of Prenatal Hypoxia on Cholinesterase Activity in Blood Serum of Rats. NEUROCHEM J+ 2018. [DOI: 10.1134/s1819712418020071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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11
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Characterization of butyrylcholinesterase from porcine milk. Arch Biochem Biophys 2018; 652:38-49. [PMID: 29908755 DOI: 10.1016/j.abb.2018.06.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2018] [Revised: 06/08/2018] [Accepted: 06/11/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Human butyrylcholinesterase (HuBChE) is under development for use as a pretreatment antidote against nerve agent toxicity. Animals are used to evaluate the efficacy of HuBChE for protection against organophosphorus nerve agents. Pharmacokinetic studies of HuBChE in minipigs showed a mean residence time of 267 h, similar to the half-life of HuBChE in humans, suggesting a high degree of similarity between BChE from 2 sources. Our aim was to compare the biochemical properties of PoBChE purified from porcine milk to HuBChE purified from human plasma. PoBChE hydrolyzed acetylthiocholine slightly faster than butyrylthiocholine, but was sensitive to BChE-specific inhibitors. PoBChE was 50-fold less sensitive to inhibition by DFP than HuBChE and 5-fold slower to reactivate in the presence of 2-PAM. The amino acid sequence of PoBChE determined by liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry was 91% identical to HuBChE. Monoclonal antibodies 11D8, mAb2, and 3E8 (HAH 002) recognized both PoBChE and HuBChE. Assembly of 4 identical subunits into tetramers occurred by noncovalent interaction with polyproline-rich peptides in PoBChE as well as in HuBChE, though the set of polyproline-rich peptides in milk-derived PoBChE was different from the set in plasma-derived HuBChE tetramers. It was concluded that the esterase isolated from porcine milk is PoBChE.
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Masson P, Nachon F. Cholinesterase reactivators and bioscavengers for pre- and post-exposure treatments of organophosphorus poisoning. J Neurochem 2017; 142 Suppl 2:26-40. [PMID: 28542985 DOI: 10.1111/jnc.14026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2016] [Revised: 03/02/2017] [Accepted: 03/10/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Organophosphorus agents (OPs) irreversibly inhibit acetylcholinesterase (AChE) causing a major cholinergic syndrome. The medical counter-measures of OP poisoning have not evolved for the last 30 years with carbamates for pretreatment, pyridinium oximes-based AChE reactivators, antimuscarinic drugs and neuroprotective benzodiazepines for post-exposure treatment. These drugs ensure protection of peripheral nervous system and mitigate acute effects of OP lethal doses. However, they have significant limitations. Pyridostigmine and oximes do not protect/reactivate central AChE. Oximes poorly reactivate AChE inhibited by phosphoramidates. In addition, current neuroprotectants do not protect the central nervous system shortly after the onset of seizures when brain damage becomes irreversible. New therapeutic approaches for pre- and post-exposure treatments involve detoxification of OP molecules before they reach their molecular targets by administrating catalytic bioscavengers, among them phosphotriesterases are the most promising. Novel generation of broad spectrum reactivators are designed for crossing the blood-brain barrier and reactivate central AChE. This is an article for the special issue XVth International Symposium on Cholinergic Mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrick Masson
- Neuropharmacology Laboratory, Kazan Federal University, Kazan, Russia
| | - Florian Nachon
- Institut de Recherche Biomédicale des Armées, Brétigny-sur-Orge, Cédex, France
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Lutz S, Williams E, Muthu P. Engineering Therapeutic Enzymes. DIRECTED ENZYME EVOLUTION: ADVANCES AND APPLICATIONS 2017:17-67. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-50413-1_2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
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14
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Role of α7-Nicotinic Acetylcholine Receptors of B Cells in the Immunotoxic Effect of Organophosphorus Compounds. Bull Exp Biol Med 2016; 161:779-781. [DOI: 10.1007/s10517-016-3508-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2015] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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15
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Masson P. Novel approaches in prophylaxis/pretreatment and treatment of organophosphorus poisoning. PHOSPHORUS SULFUR 2016. [DOI: 10.1080/10426507.2016.1211652] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Patrick Masson
- Neuropharmacology Laboratory, Kazan Federal University, Kazan, Russian Federation
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16
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Mata DG, Sabnekar P, Watson CA, Rezk PE, Chilukuri N. Assessing the stoichiometric efficacy of mammalian expressed paraoxonase-1 variant I-F11 to afford protection against G-type nerve agents. Chem Biol Interact 2016; 259:233-241. [PMID: 27083144 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbi.2016.04.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2016] [Revised: 04/05/2016] [Accepted: 04/08/2016] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
We evaluated the ability of evolved paraoxonase-1 (PON1) to afford broad spectrum protection against G-type nerve agents when produced in mammalian cells via an adenovirus expression system. The PON1 variants G3C9, VII-D11, I-F11, VII-D2 and II-G1 were screened in vitro for their ability to hydrolyze G-agents, as well as for their preference towards hydrolysis of the more toxic P(-) isomer. I-F11, with catalytic efficiencies of (1.1 ± 0.1) × 106 M-1 min-1, (2.5 ± 0.1) × 106 M-1 min-1, (2.3 ± 0.5) × 107 M-1 min-1and (9.2 ± 0.1) × 106 M-1 min-1 against tabun (GA), sarin (GB), soman (GD) and cyclosarin (GF), respectively, was found to be a leading candidate for further evaluation. To demonstrate the broad spectrum efficacy of I-F11 against G-agents, a sequential 5 × LD50 dose of GD, GF, GB and GA was administered to ten mice expressing I-F11 on days 3, 4, 5 and 6 following virus injection, respectively. At the conclusion of the experiment, 80% of the animals survived exposure to all four G-agents. Using the concept of stoichiometric efficacy, we determined that I-F11 affords protection from lethality against an administered dose of 10, 15, 90 and 80 molar equivalents of GA, GB, GD and GF, respectively, relative to the molar equivalents of I-F11 in circulation. It also appears that I-F11 can associate with high density lipoprotein in circulation, suggesting that I-F11 retained this function of native PON1. This combination of attractive attributes demonstrates that I-F11 is an attractive candidate for development as a broad-therapeutic against G-type nerve agent exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- David G Mata
- Physiology & Immunology Branch, Research Division, US Army Medical Research Institute of Chemical Defense, 2900 Ricketts Point Road, Aberdeen Proving Ground, MD 21010, USA
| | - Praveena Sabnekar
- Physiology & Immunology Branch, Research Division, US Army Medical Research Institute of Chemical Defense, 2900 Ricketts Point Road, Aberdeen Proving Ground, MD 21010, USA
| | - Cetara A Watson
- Physiology & Immunology Branch, Research Division, US Army Medical Research Institute of Chemical Defense, 2900 Ricketts Point Road, Aberdeen Proving Ground, MD 21010, USA
| | - Peter E Rezk
- Physiology & Immunology Branch, Research Division, US Army Medical Research Institute of Chemical Defense, 2900 Ricketts Point Road, Aberdeen Proving Ground, MD 21010, USA
| | - Nageswararao Chilukuri
- Physiology & Immunology Branch, Research Division, US Army Medical Research Institute of Chemical Defense, 2900 Ricketts Point Road, Aberdeen Proving Ground, MD 21010, USA.
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17
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Terekhov S, Smirnov I, Bobik T, Shamborant O, Zenkova M, Chernolovskaya E, Gladkikh D, Murashev A, Dyachenko I, Palikov V, Palikova Y, Knorre V, Belogurov A, Ponomarenko N, Blackburn GM, Masson P, Gabibov A. A novel expression cassette delivers efficient production of exclusively tetrameric human butyrylcholinesterase with improved pharmacokinetics for protection against organophosphate poisoning. Biochimie 2015; 118:51-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biochi.2015.07.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2015] [Accepted: 07/30/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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18
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Lockridge O. Review of human butyrylcholinesterase structure, function, genetic variants, history of use in the clinic, and potential therapeutic uses. Pharmacol Ther 2014; 148:34-46. [PMID: 25448037 DOI: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2014.11.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 273] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2014] [Accepted: 11/17/2014] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Phase I clinical trials have shown that pure human butyrylcholinesterase (BChE) is safe when administered to humans. A potential therapeutic use of BChE is for prevention of nerve agent toxicity. A recombinant mutant of BChE that rapidly inactivates cocaine is being developed as a treatment to help recovering cocaine addicts avoid relapse into drug taking. These clinical applications rely on knowledge of the structure, stability, and properties of BChE, information that is reviewed here. Gene therapy with a vector that sustains expression for a year from a single injection is a promising method for delivering therapeutic quantities of BChE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oksana Lockridge
- Eppley Institute, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198-5950, USA.
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Murthy V, Gao Y, Geng L, LeBrasseur NK, White TA, Parks RJ, Brimijoin S. Physiologic and metabolic safety of butyrylcholinesterase gene therapy in mice. Vaccine 2014; 32:4155-62. [PMID: 24892251 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2014.05.067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2014] [Revised: 05/13/2014] [Accepted: 05/20/2014] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
In continuing efforts to develop gene transfer of human butyrylcholinesterase (BChE) as therapy for cocaine addiction, we conducted wide-ranging studies of physiological and metabolic safety. For that purpose, mice were given injections of adeno-associated virus (AAV) vector or helper-dependent adenoviral (hdAD) vector encoding human or mouse BChE mutated for optimal cocaine hydrolysis. Age-matched controls received saline or AAV-luciferase control vector. At times when transduced BChE was abundant, physiologic and metabolic parameters in conscious animals were evaluated by non-invasive Echo-MRI and an automated "Comprehensive Laboratory Animal Monitoring System" (CLAMS). Despite high vector doses (up to 10(13) particles per mouse) and high levels of transgene protein in the plasma (∼1500-fold above baseline), the CLAMS apparatus revealed no adverse physiologic or metabolic effects. Likewise, body composition determined by Echo-MRI, and glucose tolerance remained normal. A CLAMS study of vector-treated mice given 40 mg/kg cocaine showed none of the physiologic and metabolic fluctuations exhibited in controls. We conclude that neither the tested vectors nor great excesses of circulating BChE affect general physiology directly, while they protect mice from disturbance by cocaine. Hence, viral gene transfer of BChE appears benign and worth exploring as a therapy for cocaine abuse and possibly other disorders as well.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vishakantha Murthy
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, USA; Robert and Arlene Kogod Center on Aging, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, USA.
| | - Yang Gao
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, USA; Robert and Arlene Kogod Center on Aging, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, USA
| | - Liyi Geng
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, USA; Robert and Arlene Kogod Center on Aging, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, USA
| | - Nathan K LeBrasseur
- Robert and Arlene Kogod Center on Aging, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, USA; Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, USA; Department of Physiology and Biomedical Engineering, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, USA
| | - Thomas A White
- Robert and Arlene Kogod Center on Aging, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, USA
| | - Robin J Parks
- Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - Stephen Brimijoin
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, USA; Robert and Arlene Kogod Center on Aging, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, USA
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20
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Fang L, Hou S, Xue L, Zheng F, Zhan CG. Amino-acid mutations to extend the biological half-life of a therapeutically valuable mutant of human butyrylcholinesterase. Chem Biol Interact 2014; 214:18-25. [PMID: 24582612 PMCID: PMC3996703 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbi.2014.02.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2014] [Revised: 02/09/2014] [Accepted: 02/16/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Cocaine is a widely abused and addictive drug without an FDA-approved medication. Our recently designed and discovered cocaine hydrolase, particularly E12-7 engineered from human butyrylcholinesterase (BChE), has the promise of becoming a valuable cocaine abuse treatment. An ideal anti-cocaine therapeutic enzyme should have not only a high catalytic efficiency against cocaine, but also a sufficiently long biological half-life. However, recombinant human BChE and the known BChE mutants have a much shorter biological half-life compared to the native human BChE. The present study aimed to extend the biological half-life of the cocaine hydrolase without changing its high catalytic activity against cocaine. Our strategy was to design possible amino-acid mutations that can introduce cross-subunit disulfide bond(s) and, thus, change the distribution of the oligomeric forms and extend the biological half-life. Three new BChE mutants (E364-532, E377-516, and E535) were predicted to have a more stable dimer structure with the desirable cross-subunit disulfide bond(s) and, therefore, a different distribution of the oligomeric forms and a prolonged biological half-life. The rational design was followed by experimental tests in vitro and in vivo, confirming that the rationally designed new BChE mutants, i.e. E364-532, E377-516, and E535, indeed had a remarkably different distribution of the oligomeric forms and prolonged biological half-life in rats from ∼7 to ∼13h without significantly changing the catalytic activity against (-)-cocaine. This is the first demonstration that rationally designed amino-acid mutations can significantly prolong the biological half-life of a high-activity enzyme without significantly changing the catalytic activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei Fang
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Kentucky, 789 South Limestone Street, Lexington, KY 40536, United States
| | - Shurong Hou
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Kentucky, 789 South Limestone Street, Lexington, KY 40536, United States
| | - Liu Xue
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Kentucky, 789 South Limestone Street, Lexington, KY 40536, United States
| | - Fang Zheng
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Kentucky, 789 South Limestone Street, Lexington, KY 40536, United States
| | - Chang-Guo Zhan
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Kentucky, 789 South Limestone Street, Lexington, KY 40536, United States.
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21
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Dysfunction of Th1 and th2 lymphocytes and change in blood cytokine concentration at various stages of chronic intoxication with organophosphorus compounds. Bull Exp Biol Med 2014; 156:789-92. [PMID: 24824698 DOI: 10.1007/s10517-014-2451-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2012] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Experiments on noninbred albino rats showed that a chronic exposure to organophosphorus compounds (carbophos and metaphos, 30 days, total dose 0.3 LD50) is primarily followed by a decrease in the immune reactions and IFN-γ associated with Th1 lymphocyte function (in comparison with the immune response due to activation of Th2 cells by IL-4). The concentrations of IL-2, IL-6, and IL-10 in the blood decreased after 30-day intoxication. The immune reactions associated with functional activity of Th1 and Th2 lymphocytes were shown to decrease similarly after chronic treatment with organophosphorus compounds for 60 days (total dose 0.6 LD50). This exposure was accompanied by a decrease in the concentrations of IFN-γ, IL-4, IL-2, and IL-6, but had no effect on the level of IL-10 in the blood.
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22
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Mata DG, Rezk PE, Sabnekar P, Cerasoli DM, Chilukuri N. Investigation of evolved paraoxonase-1 variants for prevention of organophosphorous pesticide compound intoxication. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 2014; 349:549-58. [PMID: 24706983 DOI: 10.1124/jpet.114.213645] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
We investigated the ability of the engineered paraoxonase-1 variants G3C9, VII-D11, I-F11, and VII-D2 to afford protection against paraoxon intoxication. Paraoxon is the toxic metabolite of parathion, a common pesticide still in use in many developing countries. An in vitro investigation showed that VII-D11 is the most efficient variant at hydrolyzing paraoxon with a kcat/Km of 2.1 × 10(6) M(-1) min(-1) and 1.6 × 10(6) M(-1) min(-1) for the enzyme expressed via adenovirus infection of 293A cells and mice, respectively. Compared with the G3C9 parent scaffold, VII-D11 is 15- to 20-fold more efficacious at hydrolyzing paraoxon. Coinciding with these results, mice expressing VII-D11 in their blood survived and showed no symptoms against a cumulative 6.3 × LD50 dose of paraoxon, whereas mice expressing G3C9 experienced tremors and only 50% survival. We then determined whether VII-D11 can offer protection against paraoxon when present at substoichiometric concentrations. Mice containing varying concentrations of VII-D11 in their blood (0.2-4.1 mg/ml) were challenged with doses of paraoxon at fixed stoichiometric ratios that constitute up to a 10-fold molar excess of paraoxon to enzyme (1.4-27 × LD50 doses) and were assessed for tremors and mortality. Mice were afforded complete asymptomatic protection below a paraoxon-to-enzyme ratio of 8:1, whereas higher ratios produced tremors and/or mortality. VII-D11 in mouse blood coeluted with high-density lipoprotein, suggesting an association between the two entities. Collectively, these results demonstrate that VII-D11 is a promising candidate for development as a prophylactic catalytic bioscavenger against organophosphorous pesticide toxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- David G Mata
- Physiology and Immunology Branch, Research Division, United States Army Medical Research Institute of Chemical Defense, Aberdeen Proving Ground, Maryland
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23
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Rezk PE, Zdenka P, Sabnekar P, Kajih T, Mata DG, Wrobel C, Cerasoli DM, Chilukuri N. Anin vitroandin vivoevaluation of the efficacy of recombinant human liver prolidase as a catalytic bioscavenger of chemical warfare nerve agents. Drug Chem Toxicol 2014; 38:37-43. [DOI: 10.3109/01480545.2014.900071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
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24
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Geng L, Gao Y, Chen X, Hou S, Zhan CG, Radic Z, Parks RJ, Russell SJ, Pham L, Brimijoin S. Gene transfer of mutant mouse cholinesterase provides high lifetime expression and reduced cocaine responses with no evident toxicity. PLoS One 2013; 8:e67446. [PMID: 23840704 PMCID: PMC3696080 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0067446] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2013] [Accepted: 05/18/2013] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Gene transfer of a human cocaine hydrolase (hCocH) derived from butyrylcholinesterase (BChE) by 5 mutations (A199S/F227A/S287G/A328W/Y332G) has shown promise in animal studies for treatment of cocaine addiction. To predict the physiological fate and immunogenicity of this enzyme in humans, a comparable enzyme was created and tested in a conspecific host. Thus, similar mutations (A199S/S227A/S287G/A328W/Y332G) were introduced into mouse BChE to obtain a mouse CocH (mCocH). The cDNA was incorporated into viral vectors based on: a) serotype-5 helper-dependent adenovirus (hdAD) with ApoE promoter, and b) serotype-8 adeno-associated virus with CMV promoter (AAV-CMV) or multiple promoter and enhancer elements (AAV-VIP). Experiments on substrate kinetics of purified mCocH expressed in HEK293T cells showed 30-fold higher activity (U/mg) with 3H-cocaine and 25% lower activity with butyrylthiocholine, compared with wild type BChE. In mice given modest doses of AAV-CMV-mCocH vector (0.7 or 3×1011 particles) plasma hydrolase activity rose 10-fold above control for over one year with no observed immune response. Under the same conditions, transduction of the human counterpart continued less than 2 months and antibodies to hCocH were readily detected. The advanced AAV-VIP-mCocH vector generated a dose-dependent rise in plasma cocaine hydrolase activity from 20-fold (1010 particles) to 20,000 fold (1013 particles), while the hdAD vector (1.7×1012 particles) yielded a 300,000-fold increase. Neither vector caused adverse reactions such as motor weakness, elevated liver enzymes, or disturbance in spontaneous activity. Furthermore, treatment with high dose hdAD-ApoE-mCocH vector (1.7×1012 particles) prevented locomotor abnormalities, other behavioral signs, and release of hepatic alanine amino transferase after a cocaine dose fatal to most control mice (120 mg/kg). This outcome suggests that viral gene transfer can yield clinically effective cocaine hydrolase expression for lengthy periods without immune reactions or cholinergic dysfunction, while blocking toxicity from drug overdose.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liyi Geng
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, United States of America
| | - Yang Gao
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, United States of America
| | - Xiabin Chen
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky, United States of America
| | - Shurong Hou
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky, United States of America
| | - Chang-Guo Zhan
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky, United States of America
| | - Zoran Radic
- Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of California San Diego, LaJolla, California, United States of America
| | - Robin J. Parks
- Regenerative Medicine Program, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - Stephen J. Russell
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, United States of America
| | - Linh Pham
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, United States of America
| | - Stephen Brimijoin
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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25
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Nachon F, Brazzolotto X, Trovaslet M, Masson P. Progress in the development of enzyme-based nerve agent bioscavengers. Chem Biol Interact 2013; 206:536-44. [PMID: 23811386 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbi.2013.06.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 123] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2013] [Revised: 06/15/2013] [Accepted: 06/18/2013] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Acetylcholinesterase is the physiological target for acute toxicity of nerve agents. Attempts to protect acetylcholinesterase from phosphylation by nerve agents, is currently achieved by reversible inhibitors that transiently mask the enzyme active site. This approach either protects only peripheral acetylcholinesterase or may cause side effects. Thus, an alternative strategy consists in scavenging nerve agents in the bloodstream before they can reach acetylcholinesterase. Pre- or post-exposure administration of bioscavengers, enzymes that neutralize and detoxify organophosphorus molecules, is one of the major developments of new medical counter-measures. These enzymes act either as stoichiometric or catalytic bioscavengers. Human butyrylcholinesterase is the leading stoichiometric bioscavenger. Current efforts are devoted to its mass production with care to pharmacokinetic properties of the final product for extended lifetime. Development of specific reactivators of phosphylated butyrylcholinesterase, or variants with spontaneous reactivation activity is also envisioned for rapid in situ regeneration of the scavenger. Human paraoxonase 1 is the leading catalytic bioscavenger under development. Research efforts focus on improving its catalytic efficiency toward the most toxic isomers of nerve agents, by means of directed evolution-based strategies. Human prolidase appears to be another promising human enzyme. Other non-human efficient enzymes like bacterial phosphotriesterases or squid diisopropylfluorophosphatase are also considered though their intrinsic immunogenic properties remain challenging for use in humans. Encapsulation, PEGylation and other modifications are possible solutions to address this problem as well as that of their limited lifetime. Finally, gene therapy for in situ generation and delivery of bioscavengers is for the far future, but its proof of concept has been established.
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Affiliation(s)
- Florian Nachon
- Institut de Recherche Biomédicale des Armées, BP87, 38702 La Tronche Cédex, France.
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26
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Reid GA, Chilukuri N, Darvesh S. Butyrylcholinesterase and the cholinergic system. Neuroscience 2013; 234:53-68. [PMID: 23305761 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2012.12.054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2012] [Revised: 12/18/2012] [Accepted: 12/21/2012] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The cholinergic system plays important roles in neurotransmission in both the peripheral and central nervous systems. The cholinergic neurotransmitter acetylcholine is synthesized by choline acetyltransferase (ChAT) and its action terminated by acetylcholinesterase (AChE) and butyrylcholinesterase (BuChE). The predominance of AChE has focused much attention on understanding the relationship of this enzyme to ChAT-positive cholinergic neurons. However, there is ample evidence that BuChE also plays an important role in cholinergic regulation. To elucidate the relationship of BuChE to neural elements that are producing acetylcholine, the distribution of this enzyme was compared to that of ChAT in the mouse CNS. Brain tissues from 129S1/SvImJ mice were stained for BuChE and ChAT using histochemical, immunohistochemical and immunofluorescent techniques. Both BuChE and ChAT were found in neural elements throughout the CNS. BuChE staining with histochemistry and immunohistochemistry produced the same distribution of labeling throughout the brain and spinal cord. Immunofluorescent double labeling demonstrated that many nuclei in the medulla oblongata, as well as regions of the spinal cord, had neurons that contained both BuChE and ChAT. BuChE-positive neurons without ChAT were found in close proximity with ChAT-positive neuropil in areas such as the thalamus and amygdala. BuChE-positive neuropil was also found closely associated with ChAT-positive neurons, particularly in tegmental nuclei of the pons. These observations provide further neuroanatomical evidence of a role for BuChE in the regulation of acetylcholine levels in the CNS.
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Affiliation(s)
- G A Reid
- Department of Medical Neuroscience Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada
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27
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Aleti V, Reddy GB, Parikh K, Arun P, Chilukuri N. Persistent and high-level expression of human liver prolidase in vivo in mice using adenovirus. Chem Biol Interact 2012; 203:191-5. [PMID: 22982776 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbi.2012.08.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2012] [Revised: 08/20/2012] [Accepted: 08/24/2012] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Human liver prolidase, a metal-dependent dipeptidase, is being tested as a potential catalytic bioscavenger against organophosphorus (OP) chemical warfare nerve agents. The purpose of this study was to determine whether persistent and high-levels of biologically active and intact recombinant human (rHu) prolidase could be introduced in vivo in mice using adenovirus (Ad). Here, we report that a single intravenous injection of Ad containing the prolidase gene with a 6× histidine-tag (Ad-prolidase) introduced high-levels of rHu prolidase in the circulation of mice which peaked on days 5-7 at 159 ± 129 U/mL. This level of prolidase is ~120 times greater than that of the enzyme level in mice injected with Ad-null virus. To determine if all of Ad-prolidase-produced rHu prolidase was exported into the circulation, enzyme activity was measured in a variety of tissues. Liver contained the highest levels of rHu prolidase on day 7 (5647 ± 454 U/g) compared to blood or any other tissue. Recombinant Hu prolidase hydrolyzed DFP, a simulant of OP nerve agents, in vitro. In vivo, prolidase overexpression extended the survival of 4 out of 6 mice by 4-8h against exposure to two 1× LD(50) doses of DFP. In contrast, overexpression of mouse butyrylcholinesterase (BChE), a proven stoichiometric bioscavenger of OP compounds, protected 5 out of 6 mice from DFP lethality and surviving mice showed no symptoms of DFP toxicity. In conclusion, the results suggest that gene delivery using Ad is capable of introducing persistent and high levels of human liver prolidase in vivo. The gene-delivered prolidase hydrolyzed DFP in vitro but provided only modest protection in vivo in mice, delaying the death of the animals by only 4-8h.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vineela Aleti
- Division of Biochemistry, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, MD 20910, USA
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28
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Biberoglu K, Schopfer LM, Tacal O, Lockridge O. The proline-rich tetramerization peptides in equine serum butyrylcholinesterase. FEBS J 2012; 279:3844-58. [PMID: 22889087 DOI: 10.1111/j.1742-4658.2012.08744.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2012] [Revised: 07/27/2012] [Accepted: 08/09/2012] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Soluble, tetrameric, plasma butyrylcholinesterase from horse has previously been shown to include a non-covalently attached polyproline peptide in its structure. The polyproline peptide matched the polyproline-rich region of human lamellipodin. Our goal was to examine the tetramer-organizing peptides of horse butyrylcholinesterase in more detail. Horse butyrylcholinesterase was denatured by boiling, thus releasing a set of polyproline peptides ranging in mass from 1173 to 2098 Da. The peptide sequences were determined by fragmentation in MALDI-TOF-TOF and linear ion trap quadrupole Orbitrap mass spectrometers. Twenty-seven polyproline peptides grouped into 13 families were identified. Peptides contained a minimum of 11 consecutive proline residues and as many as 21. Many of the peptides had a non-proline amino acid at the N-terminus. A search of the protein databanks matched peptides to nine proteins, although not all peptides matched a known protein. It is concluded that polyproline peptides of various lengths and sequences are included in the tetramer structure of horse butyrylcholinesterase. The function of these polyproline peptides is to serve as tetramer-organizing peptides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kevser Biberoglu
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Pharmacy, Hacettepe University, Ankara, Turkey
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29
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Accelerating cocaine metabolism as an approach to the treatment of cocaine abuse and toxicity. Future Med Chem 2012; 4:163-75. [PMID: 22300096 DOI: 10.4155/fmc.11.181] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
One pharmacokinetic approach to the treatment of cocaine abuse and toxicity involves the development of compounds that can be safely administered to humans and that accelerate the metabolism of cocaine to inactive components. Catalytic antibodies have been developed and shown to accelerate cocaine metabolism, but their catalytic efficiency for cocaine is relatively low. Mutations of human butyrylcholinesterase and a bacterial cocaine esterase found in the soil of coca plants have also been developed. These compounds accelerate cocaine metabolism and antagonize the behavioral and toxic effects of cocaine in animal models. Of these two approaches, the human butyrylcholinesterase mutants show the most immediate promise as they would not be expected to evoke an immune response in humans.
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30
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Wales ME, Reeves TE. Organophosphorus hydrolase as an in vivo catalytic nerve agent bioscavenger. Drug Test Anal 2012; 4:271-81. [DOI: 10.1002/dta.381] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2011] [Revised: 10/03/2011] [Accepted: 10/03/2011] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Melinda E. Wales
- Department of Biochemistry & Biophysics; Texas A&M University; College Station; TX; USA
| | - Tony E. Reeves
- Southwest Research Institute; Microencapsulation and Nanomaterials, Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Division; San Antonio; TX; USA
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Masson P. Evolution of and perspectives on therapeutic approaches to nerve agent poisoning. Toxicol Lett 2011; 206:5-13. [PMID: 21524695 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxlet.2011.04.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2011] [Accepted: 04/08/2011] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
After more than 70 years of considerable efforts, research on medical defense against nerve agents has come to a standstill. Major progress in medical countermeasures was achieved between the 50s and 70s with the development of anticholinergic drugs and carbamate-based pretreatment, the introduction of pyridinium oximes as antidotes, and benzodiazepines in emergency treatments. These drugs ensure good protection of the peripheral nervous system and mitigate the acute effects of exposure to lethal doses of nerve agents. However, pyridostigmine and cholinesterase reactivators currently used in the armed forces do not protect/reactivate central acetylcholinesterases. Moreover, other drugs used are not sufficiently effective in protecting the central nervous system against seizures, irreversible brain damages and long-term sequelae of nerve agent poisoning.New developments of medical counter-measures focus on: (a) detoxification of organophosphorus molecules before they react with acetylcholinesterase and other physiological targets by administration of stoichiometric or catalytic scavengers; (b) protection and reactivation of central acetylcholinesterases, and (c) improvement of neuroprotection following delayed therapy.Future developments will aim at treatment of acute and long-term effects of low level exposure to nerve agents, research on alternative routes for optimizing drug delivery, and therapies. Though gene therapy for in situ generation of bioscavengers, and cell therapy based on neural progenitor engraftment for neuronal regeneration have been successfully explored, more studies are needed before practical medical applications can be made of these new approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrick Masson
- IRBA-CRSSA, Toxicology Dept., 38702 La Tronche Cedex, France.
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