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Dodonova SA, Zhidkova EM, Kryukov AA, Valiev TT, Kirsanov KI, Kulikov EP, Budunova IV, Yakubovskaya MG, Lesovaya EA. Synephrine and Its Derivative Compound A: Common and Specific Biological Effects. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:17537. [PMID: 38139366 PMCID: PMC10744207 DOI: 10.3390/ijms242417537] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2023] [Revised: 12/12/2023] [Accepted: 12/13/2023] [Indexed: 12/24/2023] Open
Abstract
This review is focused on synephrine, the principal phytochemical found in bitter orange and other medicinal plants and widely used as a dietary supplement for weight loss/body fat reduction. We examine different aspects of synephrine biology, delving into its established and potential molecular targets, as well as its mechanisms of action. We present an overview of the origin, chemical composition, receptors, and pharmacological properties of synephrine, including its anti-inflammatory and anti-cancer activity in various in vitro and animal models. Additionally, we conduct a comparative analysis of the molecular targets and effects of synephrine with those of its metabolite, selective glucocorticoid receptor agonist (SEGRA) Compound A (CpdA), which shares a similar chemical structure with synephrine. SEGRAs, including CpdA, have been extensively studied as glucocorticoid receptor activators that have a better benefit/risk profile than glucocorticoids due to their reduced adverse effects. We discuss the potential of synephrine usage as a template for the synthesis of new generation of non-steroidal SEGRAs. The review also provides insights into the safe pharmacological profile of synephrine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Svetlana A. Dodonova
- Research Institute of Experimental Medicine, Department of Pathophysiology, Kursk State Medical University, 305041 Kursk, Russia; (S.A.D.); (A.A.K.)
| | - Ekaterina M. Zhidkova
- Department of Chemical Carcinogenesis, N.N. Blokhin National Medical Research Center of Oncology, 115478 Moscow, Russia; (E.M.Z.); (T.T.V.); (K.I.K.); (M.G.Y.)
| | - Alexey A. Kryukov
- Research Institute of Experimental Medicine, Department of Pathophysiology, Kursk State Medical University, 305041 Kursk, Russia; (S.A.D.); (A.A.K.)
| | - Timur T. Valiev
- Department of Chemical Carcinogenesis, N.N. Blokhin National Medical Research Center of Oncology, 115478 Moscow, Russia; (E.M.Z.); (T.T.V.); (K.I.K.); (M.G.Y.)
| | - Kirill I. Kirsanov
- Department of Chemical Carcinogenesis, N.N. Blokhin National Medical Research Center of Oncology, 115478 Moscow, Russia; (E.M.Z.); (T.T.V.); (K.I.K.); (M.G.Y.)
- Faculty of Oncology, Ryazan State Medical University Named after Academician I.P. Pavlov, 390026 Ryazan, Russia
| | - Evgeny P. Kulikov
- Laboratory of Single Cell Biology, Russian University of People’s Friendship (RUDN) University, 117198 Moscow, Russia;
| | - Irina V. Budunova
- Department of Dermatology, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL 60611, USA;
| | - Marianna G. Yakubovskaya
- Department of Chemical Carcinogenesis, N.N. Blokhin National Medical Research Center of Oncology, 115478 Moscow, Russia; (E.M.Z.); (T.T.V.); (K.I.K.); (M.G.Y.)
- Faculty of Oncology, Ryazan State Medical University Named after Academician I.P. Pavlov, 390026 Ryazan, Russia
| | - Ekaterina A. Lesovaya
- Department of Chemical Carcinogenesis, N.N. Blokhin National Medical Research Center of Oncology, 115478 Moscow, Russia; (E.M.Z.); (T.T.V.); (K.I.K.); (M.G.Y.)
- Faculty of Oncology, Ryazan State Medical University Named after Academician I.P. Pavlov, 390026 Ryazan, Russia
- Laboratory of Single Cell Biology, Russian University of People’s Friendship (RUDN) University, 117198 Moscow, Russia;
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Zhou B, Yang G, Wang C, Liu L, Shi L, Pan Z, Ji X, Wu L, Zheng H, Xu C, Fan L. Highly Chemoselective Synthesis of Azaarene-Equipped CF 3-Tertiary Alcohols under Metal-Free Conditions and Their Fungicidal Activities. ACS OMEGA 2022; 7:38084-38093. [PMID: 36312435 PMCID: PMC9609063 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.2c05855] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2022] [Accepted: 09/29/2022] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
A highly chemoselective reaction between α,β-unsaturated trifluoromethyl ketones with azaarenes under metal-free conditions was carried out, affording a range of valuable azaarene-equipped CF3-tertiary alcohols in moderate to excellent yields (up to 95% yield) with good tolerance of functional groups, and their structures were confirmed by NMR, HRMS, and X-ray diffraction for validation. This method features simple reaction conditions (only solvent), high atom- and step-economy, and broad substrate scope. Moreover, most of the target products exhibited promising fungicidal activities, and compound 3al exhibited 91.65% fungicidal activity against R. solani, with an EC50 value of 0.18 mg/mL.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bingyi Zhou
- College
of Sciences, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450002, China
- College
of Tobacco Sciences, Henan Agricultural
University, Zhengzhou 450002, China
| | - Guoyu Yang
- College
of Sciences, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450002, China
| | - Caixia Wang
- College
of Sciences, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450002, China
| | - Lijie Liu
- College
of Sciences, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450002, China
| | - Lijun Shi
- College
of Sciences, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450002, China
| | - Zhenliang Pan
- College
of Sciences, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450002, China
| | - Xiaoming Ji
- College
of Tobacco Sciences, Henan Agricultural
University, Zhengzhou 450002, China
| | - Lulu Wu
- College
of Sciences, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450002, China
| | - Huayu Zheng
- College
of Sciences, Chang’an University, Xi’an 710064, China
| | - Cuilian Xu
- College
of Sciences, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450002, China
| | - Liangxin Fan
- College
of Sciences, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450002, China
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3
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Lesovaya EA, Chudakova D, Baida G, Zhidkova EM, Kirsanov KI, Yakubovskaya MG, Budunova IV. The long winding road to the safer glucocorticoid receptor (GR) targeting therapies. Oncotarget 2022; 13:408-424. [PMID: 35198100 PMCID: PMC8858080 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.28191] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2021] [Accepted: 01/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Glucocorticoids (Gcs) are widely used to treat inflammatory diseases and hematological malignancies, and despite the introduction of novel anti-inflammatory and anti-cancer biologics, the use of inexpensive and effective Gcs is expected to grow. Unfortunately, chronic treatment with Gcs results in multiple atrophic and metabolic side effects. Thus, the search for safer glucocorticoid receptor (GR)-targeted therapies that preserve therapeutic potential of Gcs but result in fewer adverse effects remains highly relevant. Development of selective GR agonists/modulators (SEGRAM) with reduced side effects, based on the concept of dissociation of GR transactivation and transrepression functions, resulted in limited success, and currently focus has shifted towards partial GR agonists. Additional approach is the identification and inhibition of genes associated with Gcs specific side effects. Others and we recently identified GR target genes REDD1 and FKBP51 as key mediators of Gcs-induced atrophy, and selected and validated candidate molecules for REDD1 blockage including PI3K/Akt/mTOR inhibitors. In this review, we summarized classic and contemporary approaches to safer GR-mediated therapies including unique concept of Gcs combination with REDD1 inhibitors. We discussed protective effects of REDD1 inhibitors against Gcs–induced atrophy in skin and bone and underlined the translational potential of this combination for further development of safer and effective Gcs-based therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ekaterina A. Lesovaya
- Deparment of Chemical Carcinogenesis, Institute of Carcinogenesis, N.N. Blokhin NMRCO, Moscow, Russia
- Department of Oncology, I.P. Pavlov Ryazan State Medical University, Ryazan, Russia
| | - Daria Chudakova
- Department of Dermatology, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Gleb Baida
- Department of Dermatology, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Ekaterina M. Zhidkova
- Deparment of Chemical Carcinogenesis, Institute of Carcinogenesis, N.N. Blokhin NMRCO, Moscow, Russia
| | - Kirill I. Kirsanov
- Deparment of Chemical Carcinogenesis, Institute of Carcinogenesis, N.N. Blokhin NMRCO, Moscow, Russia
- Deparment of General Medical Practice, RUDN University, Moscow, Russia
| | - Marianna G. Yakubovskaya
- Deparment of Chemical Carcinogenesis, Institute of Carcinogenesis, N.N. Blokhin NMRCO, Moscow, Russia
| | - Irina V. Budunova
- Department of Dermatology, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, USA
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Hu X, Pang J, Zhang J, Shen C, Chai X, Wang E, Chen H, Wang X, Duan M, Fu W, Xu L, Kang Y, Li D, Xia H, Hou T. Discovery of Novel GR Ligands toward Druggable GR Antagonist Conformations Identified by MD Simulations and Markov State Model Analysis. ADVANCED SCIENCE (WEINHEIM, BADEN-WURTTEMBERG, GERMANY) 2022; 9:e2102435. [PMID: 34825505 PMCID: PMC8787434 DOI: 10.1002/advs.202102435] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2021] [Revised: 10/30/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Binding of different ligands to glucocorticoid receptor (GR) may induce different conformational changes and even trigger completely opposite biological functions. To understand the allosteric communication within the GR ligand binding domain, the folding pathway of helix 12 (H12) induced by the binding of the agonist dexamethasone (DEX), antagonist RU486, and modulator AZD9567 are explored by molecular dynamics simulations and Markov state model analysis. The ligands can regulate the volume of the activation function-2 through the residues Phe737 and Gln738. Without ligand or with agonist binding, H12 swings from inward to outward to visit different folding positions. However, the binding of RU486 or AZD9567 perturbs the structural state, and the passive antagonist state appears more stable. Structure-based virtual screening and in vitro bioassays are used to discover novel GR ligands that bias the conformation equilibria toward the passive antagonist state. HP-19 exhibits the best anti-inflammatory activity (IC50 = 0.041 ± 0.011 µm) in nuclear factor-kappa B signaling pathway, which is comparable to that of DEX. HP-19 also does not induce adverse effect-related transactivation functions of GR. The novel ligands discovered here may serve as promising starting points for the development of GR modulators.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xueping Hu
- Innovation Institute for Artificial Intelligence in Medicine of Zhejiang UniversityCollege of Pharmaceutical SciencesZhejiang UniversityHangzhouZhejiang310058China
- State Key Lab of CAD&CGZhejiang UniversityHangzhouZhejiang310058China
| | - Jinping Pang
- Innovation Institute for Artificial Intelligence in Medicine of Zhejiang UniversityCollege of Pharmaceutical SciencesZhejiang UniversityHangzhouZhejiang310058China
| | - Jintu Zhang
- Innovation Institute for Artificial Intelligence in Medicine of Zhejiang UniversityCollege of Pharmaceutical SciencesZhejiang UniversityHangzhouZhejiang310058China
| | - Chao Shen
- Innovation Institute for Artificial Intelligence in Medicine of Zhejiang UniversityCollege of Pharmaceutical SciencesZhejiang UniversityHangzhouZhejiang310058China
| | - Xin Chai
- Innovation Institute for Artificial Intelligence in Medicine of Zhejiang UniversityCollege of Pharmaceutical SciencesZhejiang UniversityHangzhouZhejiang310058China
| | - Ercheng Wang
- Innovation Institute for Artificial Intelligence in Medicine of Zhejiang UniversityCollege of Pharmaceutical SciencesZhejiang UniversityHangzhouZhejiang310058China
| | - Haiyi Chen
- Innovation Institute for Artificial Intelligence in Medicine of Zhejiang UniversityCollege of Pharmaceutical SciencesZhejiang UniversityHangzhouZhejiang310058China
| | - Xuwen Wang
- Innovation Institute for Artificial Intelligence in Medicine of Zhejiang UniversityCollege of Pharmaceutical SciencesZhejiang UniversityHangzhouZhejiang310058China
| | - Mojie Duan
- Key Laboratory of magnetic Resonance in Biological SystemsState Key Laboratory of Magnetic Resonance and Atomic and Molecular PhysicsNational Center for Magnetic Resonance in WuhanWuhan Institute of Physics and MathematicsChinese Academy of SciencesWuhanHubei430071China
| | - Weitao Fu
- Innovation Institute for Artificial Intelligence in Medicine of Zhejiang UniversityCollege of Pharmaceutical SciencesZhejiang UniversityHangzhouZhejiang310058China
| | - Lei Xu
- Institute of Bioinformatics and Medical EngineeringSchool of Electrical and Information EngineeringJiangsu University of TechnologyChangzhou213001China
| | - Yu Kang
- Innovation Institute for Artificial Intelligence in Medicine of Zhejiang UniversityCollege of Pharmaceutical SciencesZhejiang UniversityHangzhouZhejiang310058China
| | - Dan Li
- Innovation Institute for Artificial Intelligence in Medicine of Zhejiang UniversityCollege of Pharmaceutical SciencesZhejiang UniversityHangzhouZhejiang310058China
| | - Hongguang Xia
- Department of Biochemistry and Research Center of Clinical Pharmacy of The First Affiliated HospitalZhejiang University School of MedicineHangzhouZhejiang310058China
| | - Tingjun Hou
- Innovation Institute for Artificial Intelligence in Medicine of Zhejiang UniversityCollege of Pharmaceutical SciencesZhejiang UniversityHangzhouZhejiang310058China
- State Key Lab of CAD&CGZhejiang UniversityHangzhouZhejiang310058China
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5
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Spies LML, Verhoog NJD, Louw A. Acquired Glucocorticoid Resistance Due to Homologous Glucocorticoid Receptor Downregulation: A Modern Look at an Age-Old Problem. Cells 2021; 10:2529. [PMID: 34685511 PMCID: PMC8533966 DOI: 10.3390/cells10102529] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2021] [Revised: 09/15/2021] [Accepted: 09/21/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
For over 70 years, the unique anti-inflammatory properties of glucocorticoids (GCs), which mediate their effects via the ligand-activated transcription factor, the glucocorticoid receptor alpha (GRα), have allowed for the use of these steroid hormones in the treatment of various autoimmune and inflammatory-linked diseases. However, aside from the onset of severe side-effects, chronic GC therapy often leads to the ligand-mediated downregulation of the GRα which, in turn, leads to a decrease in GC sensitivity, and effectively, the development of acquired GC resistance. Although the ligand-mediated downregulation of GRα is well documented, the precise factors which influence this process are not well understood and, thus, the development of an acquired GC resistance presents an ever-increasing challenge to the pharmaceutical industry. Recently, however, studies have correlated the dimerization status of the GRα with its ligand-mediated downregulation. Therefore, the current review will be discussing the major role-players in the homologous downregulation of the GRα pool, with a specific focus on previously reported GC-mediated reductions in GRα mRNA and protein levels, the molecular mechanisms through which the GRα functional pool is maintained and the possible impact of receptor conformation on GC-mediated GRα downregulation.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Ann Louw
- Department of Biochemistry, Stellenbosch University, Van de Byl Street, Stellenbosch 7200, South Africa; (L.-M.L.S.); (N.J.D.V.)
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6
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Bouazzaoui A, Abdellatif AAH, Al-Allaf FA, Bogari NM, Taher MM, Athar M, Schubert T, Habeebullah TM, Qari SH. Compound A Increases Cell Infiltration in Target Organs of Acute Graft-versus-Host Disease (aGVHD) in a Mouse Model. Molecules 2021; 26:molecules26144237. [PMID: 34299512 PMCID: PMC8303851 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26144237] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2021] [Revised: 07/06/2021] [Accepted: 07/07/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Systemic steroids are used to treat acute graft-versus-host disease (aGVHD) caused by allogenic bone marrow transplantation (allo-BMT); however, their prolonged use results in complications. Hence, new agents for treating aGVHD are required. Recently, a new compound A (CpdA), with anti-inflammatory activity and reduced side effects compared to steroids, has been identified. Here, we aimed to determine whether CpdA can improve the outcome of aGVHD when administered after transplantation in a mouse model (C57BL/6 in B6D2F1). After conditioning with 9Gy total body irradiation, mice were infused with bone marrow (BM) cells and splenocytes from either syngeneic (B6D2F1) or allogeneic (C57BL/6) donors. The animals were subsequently treated (3 days/week) with 7.5 mg/kg CpdA from day +15 to day +28; the controls received 0.9% NaCl. Thereafter, the incidence and severity of aGVHD in aGVHD target organs were analyzed. Survival and clinical scores did not differ significantly; however, CpdA-treated animals showed high cell infiltration in the target organs. In bulk mixed lymphocyte reactions, CpdA treatment reduced the cell proliferation and expression of inflammatory cytokines and chemokines compared to controls, whereas levels of TNF, IL-23, chemokines, and chemokine receptors increased. CpdA significantly reduced proliferation in vitro but increased T cell infiltration in target organs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abdellatif Bouazzaoui
- Department of Medical Genetics, Faculty of Medicine, Umm Al-Qura University, Makkah 21955, Saudi Arabia; (F.A.A.-A.); (N.M.B.); (M.M.T.); (M.A.)
- Science and Technology Unit, Umm Al-Qura University, Makkah 21955, Saudi Arabia
- Medical Clinic 3–Hematology/Oncology, University Hospital Regensburg, Franz-Josef-Strauß-Allee 11, 93053 Regensburg, Germany
- Correspondence: or ; Tel.: +966-571297636
| | - Ahmed A. H. Abdellatif
- Department of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmacy, Qassim University, Qassim 51452, Saudi Arabia;
- Department of Pharmaceutics and Industrial Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Al-Azhar University, Assiut 71524, Egypt
| | - Faisal A. Al-Allaf
- Department of Medical Genetics, Faculty of Medicine, Umm Al-Qura University, Makkah 21955, Saudi Arabia; (F.A.A.-A.); (N.M.B.); (M.M.T.); (M.A.)
| | - Neda M. Bogari
- Department of Medical Genetics, Faculty of Medicine, Umm Al-Qura University, Makkah 21955, Saudi Arabia; (F.A.A.-A.); (N.M.B.); (M.M.T.); (M.A.)
| | - Mohiuddin M. Taher
- Department of Medical Genetics, Faculty of Medicine, Umm Al-Qura University, Makkah 21955, Saudi Arabia; (F.A.A.-A.); (N.M.B.); (M.M.T.); (M.A.)
- Science and Technology Unit, Umm Al-Qura University, Makkah 21955, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mohammad Athar
- Department of Medical Genetics, Faculty of Medicine, Umm Al-Qura University, Makkah 21955, Saudi Arabia; (F.A.A.-A.); (N.M.B.); (M.M.T.); (M.A.)
- Science and Technology Unit, Umm Al-Qura University, Makkah 21955, Saudi Arabia
| | - Thomas Schubert
- Institut für Angewandte Pathologie Speyer, Alter Postweg 1, 67346 Speyer, Germany;
| | - Turki M. Habeebullah
- Environment and Health Research Department, The Custodian of the Two Holy Mosques Institute for Hajj and Umrah Research, Umm Al-Qura University, Makkah 21955, Saudi Arabia;
| | - Sameer H. Qari
- Biology Department, Aljumum University College, Umm Al-Qura University, Makkah 21955, Saudi Arabia;
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7
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Bruscoli S, Febo M, Riccardi C, Migliorati G. Glucocorticoid Therapy in Inflammatory Bowel Disease: Mechanisms and Clinical Practice. Front Immunol 2021; 12:691480. [PMID: 34149734 PMCID: PMC8209469 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.691480] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2021] [Accepted: 05/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) comprises ulcerative colitis (UC) and Crohn's disease (CD). IBD etiopathology is multifactorial and involves alteration of immune cells and chronic activation of the inflammatory cascade against yet unknown environmental factors that trigger the disease. IBD therapy aims at improving the quality of life and reducing the risk of disease-related complications to avoid the need for surgery. There is no specific cure for IBDs, and the focus of therapy is supportive measures and use of anti-inflammatory and immunosuppressive drugs. Glucocorticoids (GCs) are powerful anti-inflammatory and immunomodulatory agents used to treat many acute and chronic inflammatory diseases. GCs remain basic treatment for moderate-to-severe IBD, but their use is limited by several important adverse drug effects. Topical administration of a second-generation of GCs, such as budesonide and beclomethasone dipropionate (BDP), represents a valid alternative to use of older, systemic GCs. Administration of second-generation GCs shows promisingly high topical activity and less systemic toxicity, but maintenance therapy with these new GCs in IBD patients is associated with multiple adverse effects. In this review, we make a comparative analysis of the efficacy of first-generation and second-generation GCs in IBD treatment. Unraveling GC biology at the molecular level to uncouple their clinical benefits from detrimental effects is important. One approach is to consider new GC mediators, such as glucocorticoid-induced leucine zipper, which may have similar anti-inflammatory properties, but avoids the side effects of GCs. This in-depth analysis can help to improve the development and the clinical outcomes of GC therapies in IBD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefano Bruscoli
- Section of Pharmacology, Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Perugia, Perugia, Italy
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8
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Louw A. GR Dimerization and the Impact of GR Dimerization on GR Protein Stability and Half-Life. Front Immunol 2019; 10:1693. [PMID: 31379877 PMCID: PMC6653659 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2019.01693] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2019] [Accepted: 07/08/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Pharmacologically, glucocorticoids, which mediate their effects via the glucocorticoid receptor (GR), are a most effective therapy for inflammatory diseases despite the fact that chronic use causes side-effects and acquired GC resistance. The design of drugs with fewer side-effects and less potential for the development of resistance is therefore considered crucial for improved therapy. Dimerization of the GR is an integral step in glucocorticoid signaling and has been identified as a possible molecular site to target for drug development of anti-inflammatory drugs with an improved therapeutic index. Most of the current understanding regarding the role of GR dimerization in GC signaling derives for dimerization deficient mutants, although the role of ligands biased toward monomerization has also been described. Even though designing for loss of dimerization has mostly been applied for reduction of side-effect profile, designing for loss of dimerization may also be a fruitful strategy for the development of GC drugs with less potential to develop GC resistance. GC-induced resistance affects up to 30% of users and is due to a reduction in the GR functional pool. Several molecular mechanisms of GC-mediated reductions in GR pool have been described, one of which is the autologous down-regulation of GR density by the ubiquitin-proteasome-system (UPS). Loss of GR dimerization prevents autologous down-regulation of the receptor through modulation of interactions with components of the UPS and post-translational modifications (PTMs), such as phosphorylation, which prime the GR for degradation. Rational design of conformationally biased ligands that select for a monomeric GR conformation, which increases GC sensitivity through improving GR protein stability and increasing half-life, may be a productive avenue to explore. However, potential drawbacks to this approach should be considered as well as the advantages and disadvantages in chronic vs. acute treatment regimes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ann Louw
- Department of Biochemistry, Stellenbosch University, Stellenbosch, South Africa
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9
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Bisht S, Peddinti RK. FeCl 3-Mediated Domino Reaction of Benzoxazinones with Aroylmethylidene Malonates: Synthesis to Functionalized Pyrrolobenzoxazines. J Org Chem 2017; 82:13617-13625. [PMID: 29161050 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.7b02207] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
An efficient domino approach for the synthesis of pyrrolobenzoxazine derivatives is described. The FeCl3-promoted domino reaction between aroylmethylidene malonates and benzoxazinones has been successfully established to afford the title compounds in good to excellent yield under mild reaction conditions. The domino protocol provides a concise and straightforward access to highly substituted pyrrolobenzoxazines with high efficiency and excellent functional group tolerance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shweta Bisht
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology , Roorkee Roorkee, 247667 Uttarakhand, India
| | - Rama Krishna Peddinti
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology , Roorkee Roorkee, 247667 Uttarakhand, India
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10
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Lynch JJ, Van Vleet TR, Mittelstadt SW, Blomme EAG. Potential functional and pathological side effects related to off-target pharmacological activity. J Pharmacol Toxicol Methods 2017; 87:108-126. [PMID: 28216264 DOI: 10.1016/j.vascn.2017.02.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2016] [Revised: 01/24/2017] [Accepted: 02/15/2017] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Most pharmaceutical companies test their discovery-stage proprietary molecules in a battery of in vitro pharmacology assays to try to determine off-target interactions. During all phases of drug discovery and development, various questions arise regarding potential side effects associated with such off-target pharmacological activity. Here we present a scientific literature curation effort undertaken to determine and summarize the most likely functional and pathological outcomes associated with interactions at 70 receptors, enzymes, ion channels and transporters with established links to adverse effects. To that end, the scientific literature was reviewed using an on-line database, and the most commonly reported effects were summarized in tabular format. The resultant table should serve as a practical guide for research scientists and clinical investigators for the prediction and interpretation of adverse side effects associated with molecules interacting with components of this screening battery.
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Affiliation(s)
- James J Lynch
- AbbVie Inc., 1 North Waukegan Road, North Chicago, IL 60064, USA.
| | | | | | - Eric A G Blomme
- AbbVie Inc., 1 North Waukegan Road, North Chicago, IL 60064, USA
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11
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Scheschowitsch K, Leite JA, Assreuy J. New Insights in Glucocorticoid Receptor Signaling-More Than Just a Ligand-Binding Receptor. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2017; 8:16. [PMID: 28220107 PMCID: PMC5292432 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2017.00016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 99] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2016] [Accepted: 01/18/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The clinical use of classical glucocorticoids (GC) is narrowed by the many side effects it causes and the resistance to GC observed in some diseases. Since the great majority of GC effects depend on the activation of a glucocorticoid receptor (GR), many research groups had focused to better understand the signaling pathways involving those receptors. Transgenic animal models and genetic modifications of the receptor brought a huge insight into GR mechanisms of action. This in turn opened a new window for the search of selective GR modulators that ideally may have agonistic and antagonistic combined effects and activate one specific signaling pathway, inducing mostly transrepression or transactivation mechanisms. Another important research field concerns to posttranslational modifications that affect the GR and consequently also affect its signaling and function. In this mini review, we discuss many of those aspects of GR signaling, as well as findings like the ligand-independent activation of GR, which add another layer of complexity in GR signaling pathways. Although several recent data have been added to the GR field, much work has yet to be done, especially to find out the biological relevance of those alternative GR signaling pathways. Improving the knowledge about alternative GR signaling pathways and understanding how these pathways intercommunicate and in which situations they are relevant might help to develop new strategies to take benefit of it and to improve GC or other compounds efficacy causing minimal side effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karin Scheschowitsch
- Department of Pharmacology, Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Florianópolis, Brazil
| | - Jacqueline Alves Leite
- Department of Pharmacology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Jamil Assreuy
- Department of Pharmacology, Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Florianópolis, Brazil
- *Correspondence: Jamil Assreuy,
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Hemmerling M, Edman K, Lepistö M, Eriksson A, Ivanova S, Dahmén J, Rehwinkel H, Berger M, Hendrickx R, Dearman M, Jensen TJ, Wissler L, Hansson T. Discovery of indazole ethers as novel, potent, non-steroidal glucocorticoid receptor modulators. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2016; 26:5741-5748. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2016.10.052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2016] [Revised: 10/17/2016] [Accepted: 10/18/2016] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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13
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Lesovaya E, Yemelyanov A, Swart AC, Swart P, Haegeman G, Budunova I. Discovery of Compound A--a selective activator of the glucocorticoid receptor with anti-inflammatory and anti-cancer activity. Oncotarget 2016; 6:30730-44. [PMID: 26436695 PMCID: PMC4741564 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.5078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2015] [Accepted: 09/19/2015] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Glucocorticoids are among the most effective anti-inflammatory drugs, and are widely used for cancer therapy. Unfortunately, chronic treatment with glucocorticoids results in multiple side effects. Thus, there was an intensive search for selective glucocorticoid receptor (GR) activators (SEGRA), which retain therapeutic potential of glucocorticoids, but with fewer adverse effects. GR regulates gene expression by transactivation (TA), by binding as homodimer to gene promoters, or transrepression (TR), via diverse mechanisms including negative interaction between monomeric GR and other transcription factors. It is well accepted that metabolic and atrophogenic effects of glucocorticoids are mediated by GR TA. Here we summarized the results of extensive international collaboration that led to discovery and characterization of Compound A (CpdA), a unique SEGRA with a proven “dissociating” GR ligand profile, preventing GR dimerization and shifting GR activity towards TR both in vitro and in vivo. We outlined here the unusual story of compound's discovery, and presented a comprehensive overview of CpdA ligand properties, its anti-inflammatory effects in numerous animal models of inflammation and autoimmune diseases, as well as its anti-cancer effects. Finally, we presented mechanistic analysis of CpdA and glucocorticoid effects in skin, muscle, bone, and regulation of glucose and fat metabolism to explain decreased CpdA side effects compared to glucocorticoids. Overall, the results obtained by our and other laboratories underline translational potential of CpdA and its derivatives for treatment of inflammation, autoimmune diseases and cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ekaterina Lesovaya
- Department of Chemical Carcinogenesis, N.N. Blokhin Russian Cancer Research Center, Moscow, Russia
| | - Alexander Yemelyanov
- Pulmonary Division, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Amanda C Swart
- Department of Biochemistry, Stellenbosch University, Stellenbosch, South Africa
| | - Pieter Swart
- Department of Biochemistry, Stellenbosch University, Stellenbosch, South Africa
| | | | - Irina Budunova
- Department of Dermatology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, USA
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O'Dwyer AM, Lajczak NK, Keyes JA, Ward JB, Greene CM, Keely SJ. Ursodeoxycholic acid inhibits TNFα-induced IL-8 release from monocytes. Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol 2016; 311:G334-41. [PMID: 27340129 DOI: 10.1152/ajpgi.00406.2015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2015] [Accepted: 06/20/2016] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Monocytes are critical to the pathogenesis of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) as they infiltrate the mucosa and release cytokines that drive the inflammatory response. Ursodeoxycholic acid (UDCA), a naturally occurring bile acid with anti-inflammatory actions, has been proposed as a potential new therapy for IBD. However, its effects on monocyte function are not yet known. Primary monocytes from healthy volunteers or cultured U937 monocytes were treated with either the proinflammatory cytokine, TNFα (5 ng/ml) or the bacterial endotoxin, lipopolysaccharide (LPS; 1 μg/ml) for 24 h, in the absence or presence of UDCA (25-100 μM). IL-8 release into the supernatant was measured by ELISA. mRNA levels were quantified by qPCR and changes in cell signaling proteins were determined by Western blotting. Toxicity was assessed by measuring lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) release. UDCA treatment significantly attenuated TNFα-, but not LPS-driven, release of IL-8 from both primary and cultured monocytes. UDCA inhibition of TNFα-driven responses was associated with reduced IL-8 mRNA expression. Both TNFα and LPS stimulated NFκB activation in monocytes, while IL-8 release in response to both cytokines was attenuated by an NFκB inhibitor, BMS-345541. Interestingly, UDCA inhibited TNFα-, but not LPS-stimulated, NFκB activation. Finally, TNFα, but not LPS, induced phosphorylation of TNF receptor associated factor (TRAF2), while UDCA cotreatment attenuated this response. We conclude that UDCA specifically inhibits TNFα-induced IL-8 release from monocytes by inhibiting TRAF2 activation. Since such actions would serve to dampen mucosal immune responses in vivo, our data support the therapeutic potential of UDCA for IBD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aoife M O'Dwyer
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, Education & Research Centre, Beaumont Hospital, Dublin, Ireland; and
| | - Natalia K Lajczak
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, Education & Research Centre, Beaumont Hospital, Dublin, Ireland; and
| | - Jennifer A Keyes
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, Education & Research Centre, Beaumont Hospital, Dublin, Ireland; and
| | - Joseph B Ward
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, Education & Research Centre, Beaumont Hospital, Dublin, Ireland; and
| | - Catherine M Greene
- Department of Medicine, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, Education & Research Centre, Beaumont Hospital, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Stephen J Keely
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, Education & Research Centre, Beaumont Hospital, Dublin, Ireland; and
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Damsker JM, Conklin LS, Sadri S, Dillingham BC, Panchapakesan K, Heier CR, McCall JM, Sandler AD. VBP15, a novel dissociative steroid compound, reduces NFκB-induced expression of inflammatory cytokines in vitro and symptoms of murine trinitrobenzene sulfonic acid-induced colitis. Inflamm Res 2016; 65:737-43. [PMID: 27261270 DOI: 10.1007/s00011-016-0956-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2016] [Revised: 05/19/2016] [Accepted: 05/24/2016] [Indexed: 10/21/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE AND DESIGN The goal of this study was to assess the capacity of VBP15, a dissociative steroidal compound, to reduce pro-inflammatory cytokine expression in vitro, to reduce symptoms of colitis in the trinitrobenzene sulfonic acid-induced murine model, and to assess the effect of VBP15 on growth stunting in juvenile mice. MATERIALS In vitro studies were performed in primary human intestinal epithelial cells. Colitis was induced in mice by administering trinitrobenzene sulfonic acid. Growth stunting studies were performed in wild type outbred mice. TREATMENT Cells were treated with VBP15 or prednisolone (10 μM) for 24 h. Mice were subjected to 3 days of VBP15 (30 mg/kg) or prednisolone (30 mg/kg) in the colitis study. In the growth stunting study, mice were subjected to VBP15 (10, 30, 45 mg/kg) or prednisolone (10 mg/kg) for 5 weeks. METHODS Cytokines were measured by PCR and via Luminex. Colitis symptoms were evaluated by assessing weight loss, intestinal blood, and stool consistency. Growth stunting was assessed using an electronic caliper. RESULTS VBP15 significantly reduced the in vitro production of CCL5 (p < 0.001) IL-6 (p < 0.001), IL-8 (p < 0.05) and reduced colitis symptoms (p < 0.05). VBP15 caused less growth stunting than prednisolone (p < 0.001) in juvenile mice. CONCLUSION VBP15 may reduce symptoms of IBD, while decreasing or avoiding detrimental side effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jesse M Damsker
- ReveraGen BioPharma Inc., 155 Gibbs St. Suite 433, Rockville, MD, 20850, USA.
| | - Laurie S Conklin
- The Joseph E. Robert Center for Surgical Care, Children's National Health System, Washington, DC, 20010, USA.,The Sheikh Zayed Institute for Pediatric Surgical Innovation, Children's National Health System, Washington, DC, 20010, USA
| | - Soheil Sadri
- The Joseph E. Robert Center for Surgical Care, Children's National Health System, Washington, DC, 20010, USA.,The Sheikh Zayed Institute for Pediatric Surgical Innovation, Children's National Health System, Washington, DC, 20010, USA
| | - Blythe C Dillingham
- Research Center for Genetic Medicine, Children's National Health System, Washington, DC, 20010, USA
| | - Karuna Panchapakesan
- Research Center for Genetic Medicine, Children's National Health System, Washington, DC, 20010, USA
| | - Christopher R Heier
- Research Center for Genetic Medicine, Children's National Health System, Washington, DC, 20010, USA
| | - John M McCall
- ReveraGen BioPharma Inc., 155 Gibbs St. Suite 433, Rockville, MD, 20850, USA.,PharMac LLC, Boca Grande, FL, 33921, USA
| | - Anthony D Sandler
- The Joseph E. Robert Center for Surgical Care, Children's National Health System, Washington, DC, 20010, USA.,The Sheikh Zayed Institute for Pediatric Surgical Innovation, Children's National Health System, Washington, DC, 20010, USA
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16
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Landegger LD, Honeder C, Zhu C, Schöpper H, Engleder E, Gabor F, Gstoettner W, Arnoldner C. Noise trauma and systemic application of the selective glucocorticoid receptor modulator compound A. J Negat Results Biomed 2016; 15:10. [PMID: 27164957 PMCID: PMC4863352 DOI: 10.1186/s12952-016-0053-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2016] [Accepted: 04/13/2016] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Selective glucocorticoid receptor modulators (SEGRMs) comprise a novel class of drugs promising both reduced side effects and similar pharmacological potency relative to glucocorticoids, which presently serve as the only clinical treatment for many otologic disorders. In the first otologic SEGRM experiment in an animal model of noise trauma, we compare the effects of Compound A (a SEGRM) and dexamethasone (potent glucocorticoid). METHODS Forty adult guinea pigs received experimental treatment once daily for ten days. The animals were divided into four cohorts based on the treatment received: Compound A (1 mg/kg or 3 mg/kg), dexamethasone (1 mg/kg) as gold standard, or water as negative control. After five applications, animals were exposed to broadband noise (8-16 kHz) at 115 dB for three hours. Hearing thresholds were determined by recording auditory brainstem responses to clicks and noise bursts (1-32 kHz) and were assessed a week prior to and immediately after exposure, as well as on days 1, 3, 7, 14, 21, and 28. Cochleae were prepared as whole-mounts or embedded and sectioned for histological analysis. RESULTS Relative to the control treatments, Compound A failed to preserve auditory thresholds post-noise exposure with statistical significance. Histological analyses confirm the physiological result. CONCLUSION The present findings suggest that Compound A does not have substantial otoprotective capacities in a noise trauma model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lukas D Landegger
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Medical University of Vienna, Waehringer Guertel 18-20, 1090, Vienna, Austria
| | - Clemens Honeder
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Medical University of Vienna, Waehringer Guertel 18-20, 1090, Vienna, Austria.
| | - Chengjing Zhu
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Medical University of Vienna, Waehringer Guertel 18-20, 1090, Vienna, Austria
| | - Hanna Schöpper
- Department of Pathobiology, Institute of Anatomy, Histology and Embryology, University of Veterinary Medicine, Veterinaerplatz 1, 1210, Vienna, Austria
| | - Elisabeth Engleder
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology and Biopharmaceutics, University of Vienna, Althanstrasse 14, 1090, Vienna, Austria
| | - Franz Gabor
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology and Biopharmaceutics, University of Vienna, Althanstrasse 14, 1090, Vienna, Austria
| | - Wolfgang Gstoettner
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Medical University of Vienna, Waehringer Guertel 18-20, 1090, Vienna, Austria
| | - Christoph Arnoldner
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Medical University of Vienna, Waehringer Guertel 18-20, 1090, Vienna, Austria
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Oray M, Abu Samra K, Ebrahimiadib N, Meese H, Foster CS. Long-term side effects of glucocorticoids. Expert Opin Drug Saf 2016; 15:457-65. [PMID: 26789102 DOI: 10.1517/14740338.2016.1140743] [Citation(s) in RCA: 419] [Impact Index Per Article: 52.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Glucocorticoids represent the standard therapy for reducing inflammation and immune activation in various diseases. However, as with any potent medication, they are not without side effects. Glucocorticoid-associated side effects may involve most major organ systems. Musculoskeletal, gastrointestinal, cardiovascular, endocrine, neuropsychiatric, dermatologic, ocular, and immunologic side effects are all possible. AREAS COVERED This article analyzes English-language literature and provides an update on the most recent literature regarding side effects of systemic glucocorticoid treatment. EXPERT OPINION The risk/benefit ratio of glucocorticoid therapy can be improved by proper use. Careful monitoring and using appropriate preventive strategies can potentially minimize side effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Merih Oray
- a Massachusetts Eye Research and Surgery Institution (MERSI) , Waltham , MA , USA.,b Ocular Immunology and Uveitis Foundation , Waltham , MA , USA.,c Istanbul Faculty of Medicine, Department of Ophthalmology , Istanbul University , Istanbul , Turkey
| | - Khawla Abu Samra
- a Massachusetts Eye Research and Surgery Institution (MERSI) , Waltham , MA , USA.,b Ocular Immunology and Uveitis Foundation , Waltham , MA , USA
| | - Nazanin Ebrahimiadib
- a Massachusetts Eye Research and Surgery Institution (MERSI) , Waltham , MA , USA.,b Ocular Immunology and Uveitis Foundation , Waltham , MA , USA
| | - Halea Meese
- a Massachusetts Eye Research and Surgery Institution (MERSI) , Waltham , MA , USA.,b Ocular Immunology and Uveitis Foundation , Waltham , MA , USA
| | - C Stephen Foster
- a Massachusetts Eye Research and Surgery Institution (MERSI) , Waltham , MA , USA.,b Ocular Immunology and Uveitis Foundation , Waltham , MA , USA.,d Department of Ophthalmology , Harvard Medical School , Boston , MA , USA
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19
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Parrino B, Ciancimino C, Carbone A, Spanò V, Montalbano A, Barraja P, Cirrincione G, Diana P. Synthesis of isoindolo[1,4]benzoxazinone and isoindolo[1,5]benzoxazepine: two new ring systems of pharmaceutical interest. Tetrahedron 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tet.2015.04.083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
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20
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Lim W, Shim MK, Kim S, Lee Y. Red ginseng represses hypoxia-induced cyclooxygenase-2 through sirtuin1 activation. PHYTOMEDICINE : INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PHYTOTHERAPY AND PHYTOPHARMACOLOGY 2015; 22:597-604. [PMID: 26055124 DOI: 10.1016/j.phymed.2015.03.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2014] [Revised: 02/17/2015] [Accepted: 03/05/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Korean red ginseng (KRG) is a traditional herbal medicine made by steaming and drying the fresh ginseng, leading to chemical transformation of some components by heat. It ameliorates various inflammatory diseases and strengthens the endocrine, immune, and central nervous systems. The cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2)/prostaglandin E2 pathway in hypoxic cancer cells has important implications for stimulation of inflammation and tumorigenesis. PURPOSE In this study we examined the effects and the mechanism underlying Korean red ginseng water extract (KRG-WE) inhibition of hypoxia-induced COX-2 in human distal lung epithelial A549 cells. STUDY DESIGN The effect of the KRG on suppression of hypoxia-induced COX-2 in A549 cells were determined by Western blot and/or qRT-PCR. The anti-invasive effect of KRG-WE was evaluated on A549 cells using matrigel invasion assay. The activation of glucocorticoid receptor (GR) and sirtuin1 (Sirt1) was examined by using specific inhibitors. RESULTS We first observed that hypoxia induced COX-2 protein and mRNA levels and promoter activity were suppressed by KRG-WE. Second, we observed that hypoxia-induced cell migration is dramatically reduced by KRG-WE. Third, we found that the effect of KRG-WE was not antagonized by the GR antagonist RU486 implying that the effect is mediated other than GR pathway. Finally, we demonstrated that inhibition of Sirt1 abolished the effect of KRG-WE on hypoxia-induced COX-2 suppression and cell-invasion indicating that the suppression is mediated by Sirt1. CONCLUSION Taken together, KRG-WE inhibits the hypoxic induction of COX-2 expression and cell invasion through Sirt1 activation. Our results imply that KRG-WE could be effective for suppression of inflammation under hypoxia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wonchung Lim
- Department of Bioscience and Biotechnology, College of Life Science, Sejong University, Kwangjingu, Kunjadong, Seoul 143-747, Korea; Department of Sports Medicine, College of Health Science, Cheongju University, Cheongju 363-764, Korea
| | - Myeong Kuk Shim
- Department of Bioscience and Biotechnology, College of Life Science, Sejong University, Kwangjingu, Kunjadong, Seoul 143-747, Korea
| | - Sikwan Kim
- Department of Biomedical Chemistry, Konkuk University, Chungju 380-701, Korea
| | - YoungJoo Lee
- Department of Bioscience and Biotechnology, College of Life Science, Sejong University, Kwangjingu, Kunjadong, Seoul 143-747, Korea.
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21
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Sundahl N, Bridelance J, Libert C, De Bosscher K, Beck IM. Selective glucocorticoid receptor modulation: New directions with non-steroidal scaffolds. Pharmacol Ther 2015; 152:28-41. [PMID: 25958032 DOI: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2015.05.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 141] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2015] [Accepted: 04/23/2015] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Glucocorticoids remain the frontline treatment for inflammatory disorders, yet represent a double-edged sword with beneficial therapeutic actions alongside adverse effects, mainly in metabolic regulation. Considerable efforts were made to improve this balance by attempting to amplify therapeutic beneficial anti-inflammatory actions and to minimize adverse metabolic actions. Most attention has focused on the development of novel compounds favoring the transrepressing actions of the glucocorticoid receptor, assumed to be important for anti-inflammatory actions, over the transactivating actions, assumed to underpin the undesirable actions. These compounds are classified as selective glucocorticoid receptor agonists (SEGRAs) or selective glucocorticoid receptor modulators (SEGRMs). The latter class is able to modulate the activity of a GR agonist and/or may not classically bind the glucocorticoid receptor ligand-binding pocket. SEGRAs and SEGRMs are collectively denominated SEGRAMs (selective glucocorticoid receptor agonists and modulators). Although this transrepression vs transactivation concept proved to be too simplistic, the developed SEGRAMs were helpful in elucidating various molecular actions of the glucocorticoid receptor, but have also raised many novel questions. We discuss lessons learned from recent mechanistic studies of selective glucocorticoid receptor modulators. This is approached by analyzing recent experimental insights in comparison with knowledge obtained using mutant GR research, thus clarifying the current view on the SEGRAM field. These insights also contribute to our understanding of the processes controlling glucocorticoid-mediated side effects as well as glucocorticoid resistance. Our perspective on non-steroidal SEGRAs and SEGRMs considers remaining opportunities to address research gaps in order to harness the potential for more safe and effective glucocorticoid receptor therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nora Sundahl
- Laboratory of Experimental Cancer Research (LECR), Department of Radiation Oncology & Experimental Cancer Research, Ghent University, Gent, Belgium
| | - Jolien Bridelance
- Laboratory of Experimental Cancer Research (LECR), Department of Radiation Oncology & Experimental Cancer Research, Ghent University, Gent, Belgium
| | - Claude Libert
- Department for Molecular Biomedical Research, VIB, Gent, Belgium; Department of Biomedical Molecular Biology, Ghent University, Gent, Belgium
| | - Karolien De Bosscher
- Receptor Research Laboratories, Nuclear Receptor Lab (NRL), VIB Department of Medical Protein Research, Ghent University, Gent, Belgium.
| | - Ilse M Beck
- Laboratory of Experimental Cancer Research (LECR), Department of Radiation Oncology & Experimental Cancer Research, Ghent University, Gent, Belgium
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Hodge G, Jersmann H, Tran HB, Holmes M, Reynolds PN, Hodge S. Lymphocyte senescence in COPD is associated with loss of glucocorticoid receptor expression by pro-inflammatory/cytotoxic lymphocytes. Respir Res 2015; 16:2. [PMID: 25573300 PMCID: PMC4301939 DOI: 10.1186/s12931-014-0161-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2014] [Accepted: 12/18/2014] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Glucocorticoid (GC) resistance is a major barrier in COPD treatment. We have shown increased expression of the drug efflux pump, Pgp1 in cytotoxic/pro-inflammatory lymphocytes in COPD. Loss of lymphocyte co-stimulatory molecule CD28 (lymphocyte senescence) was associated with a further increase in their pro-inflammatory/cytotoxic potential and resistance to GC. We hypothesized that lymphocyte senescence and increased Pgp1 are also associated with down-regulation of the GC receptor (GCR). Methods Blood was collected from 10 COPD and 10 healthy aged-matched controls. Flow cytometry was applied to assess intracellular pro-inflammatory cytokines, CD28, Pgp1, GCR, steroid binding and relative cytoplasm/nuclear GCR by CD28+ and CD28null T, NKT-like cells. GCR localization was confirmed by fluorescent microscopy. Results COPD was associated with increased numbers of CD28nullCD8+ T and NKT-like cells. Loss of CD28 was associated with an increased percentage of T and NKT-like cells producing IFNγ or TNFα and associated with a loss of GCR and Dex-Fluor staining but unchanged Pgp1. There was a significant loss of GCR in CD8 + CD28null compared with CD8 + CD28+ T and NKT-like cells from both COPD and controls (eg, mean ± SEM 8 ± 3% GCR + CD8 + CD28null T-cells vs 49 ± 5% GCR + CD8 + CD28+ T-cells in COPD). There was a significant negative correlation between GCR expression and IFNγ and TNFα production by T and NKT-like cells(eg, COPD: T-cell IFNγ R = −.615; ) and with FEV1 in COPD (R = −.777). Conclusions COPD is associated with loss of GCR in senescent CD28null and NKT-like cells suggesting alternative treatment options to GC are required to inhibit these pro-inflammatory/cytotoxic cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Greg Hodge
- Lung Research, Hanson Institute and Department of Thoracic Medicine, Royal Adelaide Hospital, Adelaide, South Australia. .,Department of Medicine, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia.
| | - Hubertus Jersmann
- Lung Research, Hanson Institute and Department of Thoracic Medicine, Royal Adelaide Hospital, Adelaide, South Australia. .,Department of Medicine, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia.
| | - Hai B Tran
- Lung Research, Hanson Institute and Department of Thoracic Medicine, Royal Adelaide Hospital, Adelaide, South Australia.
| | - Mark Holmes
- Lung Research, Hanson Institute and Department of Thoracic Medicine, Royal Adelaide Hospital, Adelaide, South Australia. .,Department of Medicine, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia.
| | - Paul N Reynolds
- Lung Research, Hanson Institute and Department of Thoracic Medicine, Royal Adelaide Hospital, Adelaide, South Australia. .,Department of Medicine, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia.
| | - Sandra Hodge
- Lung Research, Hanson Institute and Department of Thoracic Medicine, Royal Adelaide Hospital, Adelaide, South Australia. .,Department of Medicine, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia.
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La JH, Gebhart GF. Condition-specific role of colonic inflammatory molecules in persistent functional colorectal hypersensitivity in the mouse. Neurogastroenterol Motil 2014; 26:1730-42. [PMID: 25307695 PMCID: PMC4245395 DOI: 10.1111/nmo.12455] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2014] [Accepted: 09/16/2014] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND A low-level inflammation has been hypothesized to mediate visceral hypersensitivity in functional bowel disorders that persist after or even in the absence of gut inflammation. We aimed to test the efficacy of a steroidal anti-inflammatory treatment, and identify local inflammatory molecules mediating post- and non-inflammatory colorectal hypersensitivity using two mouse models. METHODS Visceromotor responses to colorectal distension were quantified as a measure of colorectal sensitivity. On day 1, mice received intracolonic saline (control), trinitrobenzenesulfonic acid (postinflammatory on day 15), or acidified hypertonic saline (non-inflammatory). Colorectal sensitivity before (day 10) and after (day 15) 4-day dexamethasone (Dex) treatment was compared, and colonic gene expression of inflammatory molecules was quantified. KEY RESULTS Dexamethasone effectively inhibited gene expression of inflammatory molecules such as interleukin (IL)-1β and mast cell protease-1 in the colon, but did not attenuate colorectal hypersensitivity in either model. Gene expression of inflammatory molecules in the colon did not differ between control and the non-inflammatory model, but the postinflammatory model showed increased IL-10 and tight junction protein 2, and decreased IL-6, transforming growth factor (TGF)-β, a precursor of β-endorphin, occludin, and mucin 2. While no common molecule explained colorectal hypersensitivity in these models, hypersensitivity was positively correlated with TGF-β2 mRNA in control, and with IL-1β, inhibin βA, and prostaglandin E2 synthase in the Dex-treated postinflammatory model. In the non-inflammatory model, cyclooxygenase-2 mRNA was negatively correlated with colorectal sensitivity. CONCLUSIONS & INFERENCES These results suggest that persistent functional colorectal hypersensitivity is mediated by condition-specific mediators whose gene expression in the colon is not inevitably sensitive to steroidal anti-inflammatory treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- J.-H. La
- Center for Pain Research; Department of Anesthesiology; University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine; Pittsburgh PA USA
| | - G. F. Gebhart
- Center for Pain Research; Department of Anesthesiology; University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine; Pittsburgh PA USA
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24
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Saksida T, Vujicic M, Nikolic I, Stojanovic I, Haegeman G, Stosic-Grujicic S. Compound A, a selective glucocorticoid receptor agonist, inhibits immunoinflammatory diabetes, induced by multiple low doses of streptozotocin in mice. Br J Pharmacol 2014; 171:5898-909. [PMID: 25158597 DOI: 10.1111/bph.12892] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2014] [Revised: 07/24/2014] [Accepted: 08/22/2014] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE Type 1 diabetes is a multifactorial inflammatory disease that develops as a result of deregulated immune responses, causing progressive autoimmune destruction of insulin-producing beta cells of pancreas. 2-((4-acetoxyphenyl)-2-chloro-N-methyl) ethylammonium chloride, compound A (CpdA), is a selective glucocorticoid receptor (GR) agonist that displays strong anti-inflammatory and immunomodulatory activities. We investigated the therapeutic effectiveness of CpdA in a pharmacological model of type 1 diabetes in mice. EXPERIMENTAL APPROACH The utility of CpdA in diabetes prevention was evaluated in vivo through its prophylactic administration to male C57BL/6 mice that received multiple low doses of streptozotocin for immunoinflammatory diabetes induction. The effect of CpdA on disease development was studied by measuring blood glucose and insulin level, histopathological examination, determination of the nature of infiltrating cells, pro- and anti-inflammatory cytokine production, and signalling pathways. KEY RESULTS Prophylactic in vivo therapy with CpdA conferred protection against development of immunoinflammatory diabetes in mice by dampening the M1/Th1/Th17 immune response and switching it towards an anti-inflammatory M2/Th2/Treg profile, thus preserving beta cell function. CONCLUSIONS AND IMPLICATIONS Anti-diabetic properties of CpdA are mediated through modulation of immune cell-mediated pathways, but without triggering adverse events. These findings provide basic information for the therapeutic use of selective GR agonists in the amelioration of islet-directed autoimmunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Saksida
- Department of Immunology, Institute for Biological Research 'Sinisa Stankovic', University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
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van der Goes MC, Jacobs JW, Bijlsma JW. The value of glucocorticoid co-therapy in different rheumatic diseases--positive and adverse effects. Arthritis Res Ther 2014; 16 Suppl 2:S2. [PMID: 25608693 PMCID: PMC4249491 DOI: 10.1186/ar4686] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Glucocorticoids play a pivotal role in the management of many inflammatory rheumatic diseases. The therapeutic effects range from pain relief in arthritides, to disease-modifying effects in early rheumatoid arthritis, and to strong immunosuppressive actions in vasculitides and systemic lupus erythematosus. There are multiple indications that adverse effects are more frequent with the longer use of glucocorticoids and use of higher dosages, but high-quality data on the occurrence of adverse effects are scarce especially for dosages above 10 mg prednisone daily. The underlying rheumatic disease, disease activity, risk factors and individual responsiveness of the patient should guide treatment decisions. Monitoring for adverse effects should also be tailored to the patient. Continuously balancing the benefits and risks of glucocorticoid therapy is recommended. There is an ongoing quest for new drugs with glucocorticoid actions without the potential to cause harmful effects, such as selective glucocorticoid receptor agonists, but the application of a new compound in clinical practice will probably not occur within the next few years. In the meantime, basic research on glucocorticoid effects and detailed reports on therapeutic efficacy and occurrence of adverse effects will be valuable in weighing benefits and risks in clinical practice.
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Honeder C, Engleder E, Schöpper H, Krause M, Landegger LD, Plasenzotti R, Gabor F, Gstoettner W, Arnoldner C. Evaluation of the selective glucocorticoid receptor agonist compound A for ototoxic effects. Laryngoscope 2014; 125:E149-55. [PMID: 25382757 DOI: 10.1002/lary.25011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2014] [Revised: 09/23/2014] [Accepted: 10/08/2014] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES/HYPOTHESIS To evaluate the selective glucocorticoid receptor agonist (SEGRA) compound A, a potential novel therapeutic for inner ear disorders, for ototoxic effects. STUDY DESIGN Laboratory animal study. METHODS Experimental guinea pigs were grouped as follows: Systemic application of compound A (1.5 mg/kg and 4.5 mg/kg; n = 6/group) and intratympanic application of compound A (1 mM and 10 mM; n = 6/group). Contralateral ears in topically treated animals served as controls. Hearing thresholds were determined by auditory brainstem response before and directly after the application of compound A, as well as on days 3, 7, 14, 21, and 28. At the end of the experiments, temporal bones were harvested for histological evaluation. RESULTS Systemic administration of compound A (1.5 mg/kg and 4.5 mg/kg) did not cause hearing threshold shifts, whereas the intratympanic injection (1 mM and 10 mM) resulted in a hearing loss. Histological analysis of the middle and inner ears after topical compound A application showed alterations in the tympanic membranes, the auditory ossicles, and the round window membranes, whereas spiral ganglion cells and hair cells were not affected. CONCLUSION SEGRAs such as compound A could provide novel therapeutic options for the treatment of inner ear disorders and reduce metabolic side effects. Whereas the intratympanic application of compound A resulted in a hearing loss, the systemic application of compound A merits evaluation for otoprotective effects in trauma models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Clemens Honeder
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
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Malaise O, Relic B, Quesada-Calvo F, Charlier E, Zeddou M, Neuville S, Gillet P, Louis E, de Seny D, Malaise MG. Selective glucocorticoid receptor modulator compound A, in contrast to prednisolone, does not induce leptin or the leptin receptor in human osteoarthritis synovial fibroblasts. Rheumatology (Oxford) 2014; 54:1087-92. [PMID: 25389358 DOI: 10.1093/rheumatology/keu428] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2013] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Glucocorticoids are powerful anti-inflammatory compounds that also induce the expression of leptin and leptin receptor (Ob-R) in synovial fibroblasts through TGF-βsignalling and Smad1/5 phosphorylation. Compound A (CpdA), a selective glucocorticoid receptor agonist, reduces inflammation in murine arthritis models and does not induce diabetes or osteoporosis, thus offering an improved risk:benefit ratio in comparison with glucocorticoids. Due to the detrimental role of leptin in OA pathogenesis, we sought to determine whether CpdA also induced leptin and Ob-R protein expression as observed with prednisolone. METHODS Human synovial fibroblasts and chondrocytes were isolated from the synovium and cartilage of OA patients after joint surgery. The cells were treated with prednisolone, TGF-β1, TNF-α and/or CpdA. Levels of leptin, IL-6, IL-8, MMP-1 and MMP-3 were measured by ELISA and expression levels of Ob-R phospho-Smad1/5, phospho-Smad2, α-tubulin and glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate dehydrogenase were analysed by western blotting. RESULTS CpdA, unlike prednisolone, did not induce leptin secretion or Ob-R protein expression in OA synovial fibroblasts. Moreover, CpdA decreased endogenous Ob-R expression and down-regulated prednisolone-induced leptin secretion and Ob-R expression. Mechanistically, CpdA, unlike prednisolone, did not induce Smad1/5 phosphorylation. CpdA, similarly to prednisolone, down-regulated endogenous and TNF-α-induced IL-6, IL-8, MMP-1 and MMP-3 protein secretion. The dissociative effect of CpdA was confirmed using chondrocytes with no induction of leptin secretion, but with a significant decrease in IL-6, IL-8, MMP-1 and MMP-3 protein secretion. CONCLUSION CpdA, unlike prednisolone, did not induce leptin or Ob-R in human OA synovial fibroblasts, thereby demonstrating an improved risk:benefit ratio.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olivier Malaise
- Laboratory of Rheumatology and Laboratory of Gastroenterology, GIGA Research, CHU, University of Liège and Department of Orthopedic Surgery, CHU of Liège, CHU, Sart- Tilman B35, Liège, Belgium
| | - Biserka Relic
- Laboratory of Rheumatology and Laboratory of Gastroenterology, GIGA Research, CHU, University of Liège and Department of Orthopedic Surgery, CHU of Liège, CHU, Sart- Tilman B35, Liège, Belgium
| | - Florence Quesada-Calvo
- Laboratory of Rheumatology and Laboratory of Gastroenterology, GIGA Research, CHU, University of Liège and Department of Orthopedic Surgery, CHU of Liège, CHU, Sart- Tilman B35, Liège, Belgium
| | - Edith Charlier
- Laboratory of Rheumatology and Laboratory of Gastroenterology, GIGA Research, CHU, University of Liège and Department of Orthopedic Surgery, CHU of Liège, CHU, Sart- Tilman B35, Liège, Belgium
| | - Mustapha Zeddou
- Laboratory of Rheumatology and Laboratory of Gastroenterology, GIGA Research, CHU, University of Liège and Department of Orthopedic Surgery, CHU of Liège, CHU, Sart- Tilman B35, Liège, Belgium
| | - Sophie Neuville
- Laboratory of Rheumatology and Laboratory of Gastroenterology, GIGA Research, CHU, University of Liège and Department of Orthopedic Surgery, CHU of Liège, CHU, Sart- Tilman B35, Liège, Belgium
| | - Philippe Gillet
- Laboratory of Rheumatology and Laboratory of Gastroenterology, GIGA Research, CHU, University of Liège and Department of Orthopedic Surgery, CHU of Liège, CHU, Sart- Tilman B35, Liège, Belgium
| | - Edouard Louis
- Laboratory of Rheumatology and Laboratory of Gastroenterology, GIGA Research, CHU, University of Liège and Department of Orthopedic Surgery, CHU of Liège, CHU, Sart- Tilman B35, Liège, Belgium
| | - Dominique de Seny
- Laboratory of Rheumatology and Laboratory of Gastroenterology, GIGA Research, CHU, University of Liège and Department of Orthopedic Surgery, CHU of Liège, CHU, Sart- Tilman B35, Liège, Belgium
| | - Michel G Malaise
- Laboratory of Rheumatology and Laboratory of Gastroenterology, GIGA Research, CHU, University of Liège and Department of Orthopedic Surgery, CHU of Liège, CHU, Sart- Tilman B35, Liège, Belgium
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Lim W, Park C, Shim MK, Lee YH, Lee YM, Lee Y. Glucocorticoids suppress hypoxia-induced COX-2 and hypoxia inducible factor-1α expression through the induction of glucocorticoid-induced leucine zipper. Br J Pharmacol 2014; 171:735-45. [PMID: 24172143 DOI: 10.1111/bph.12491] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2013] [Revised: 10/18/2013] [Accepted: 10/22/2013] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE The COX-2/PGE2 pathway in hypoxic cancer cells has important implications for stimulation of inflammation and tumourigenesis. However, the mechanism by which glucocorticoid receptors (GRs) inhibit COX-2 during hypoxia has not been elucidated. Hence, we explored the mechanisms underlying glucocorticoid-mediated inhibition of hypoxia-induced COX-2 in human distal lung epithelial A549 cells. EXPERIMENTAL APPROACH The expressions of COX-2 and glucocorticoid-induced leucine zipper (GILZ) in A549 cells were determined by Western blot and/or quantitative real time-PCR respectively. The anti-invasive effect of GILZ on A549 cells was evaluated using the matrigel invasion assay. KEY RESULTS The hypoxia-induced increase in COX-2 protein and mRNA levels and promoter activity were suppressed by dexamethasone, and this effect of dexamethasone was antagonized by the GR antagonist RU486. Overexpression of GILZ in A549 cells also inhibited hypoxia-induced COX-2 expression levels and knockdown of GILZ reduced the glucocorticoid-mediated inhibition of hypoxia-induced COX-2 expression, indicating that the inhibitory effects of dexamethasone on hypoxia-induced COX-2 are mediated by GILZ. GILZ suppressed the expression of hypoxia inducible factor (HIF)-1α at the protein level and affected its signalling pathway. Hypoxia-induced cell invasion was also dramatically reduced by GILZ expression. CONCLUSION AND IMPLICATIONS Dexamethasone-induced upregulation of GILZ not only inhibits the hypoxic-evoked induction of COX-2 expression and cell invasion but further blocks the HIF-1 pathway by destabilizing HIF-1α expression. Taken together, these findings suggest that the suppression of hypoxia-induced COX-2 by glucocorticoids is mediated by GILZ. Hence, GILZ is a potential key therapeutic target for suppression of inflammation under hypoxia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wonchung Lim
- Department of Bioscience and Biotechnology, College of Life Science, Institute of Biotechnology, Sejong University, Seoul, Korea
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Sanei MH, Hadizadeh F, Adibi P, Alavi SA. Inflammatory cells' role in acetic acid-induced colitis. Adv Biomed Res 2014; 3:193. [PMID: 25337523 PMCID: PMC4202508 DOI: 10.4103/2277-9175.140666] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2012] [Accepted: 07/25/2012] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Background: Free radicals are the known mechanisms responsible for inducing colitis with two origins: Inflammatory cells and tissues. Only the inflammatory cells can be controlled by corticosteroids. Our aim was to assess the importance of neutrophils as one of the inflammatory cells in inducing colitis and to evaluate the efficacy of corticosteroids in the treatment of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). Materials and Methods: Thirty-six mice were divided into six groups of six mice each. Colitis was induced in three groups by exposing them to acetic acid through enema (group 1), ex vivo (group 3), and enema after immune suppression (group 5). Each group had one control group that was exposed to water injection instead of acetic acid. Tissue samples were evaluated and compared based on macroscopic damages and biochemical and pathological results. Results: Considering neutrophilic infiltration, there were significant differences between groups 1, 3, 5, and the control of group 1. Groups 3, 5, and their controls, and group 1 and the control of group 3 had significant differences in terms of goblet depletion. Based on tissue originated H2O2, we found significant differences between group 1 and its control and group 3, and also between groups 5 and the control of group 3. All the three groups were significantly different from their controls based on Ferric Reducing Ability of Plasma (FRAP) and such differences were also seen between group 1 with two other groups. Conclusion: Neutrophils may not be the only cause of oxidation process in colitis, and also makes the effectiveness of corticosteroids in the treatment of this disease doubtful.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad H Sanei
- Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Fatemeh Hadizadeh
- Integrated Functional Gastroenterology Research Center, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran ; East Sage Co, Isfahan Science and Technology Town, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Peyman Adibi
- Integrated Functional Gastroenterology Research Center, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Sayyed Ali Alavi
- East Sage Co, Isfahan Science and Technology Town, Isfahan, Iran
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An Y, Zheng D, Wu J. Synthesis of 1-(2,3-dihydrobenzofuran-3-yl)-methanesulfonohydrazides through insertion of sulfur dioxide. Chem Commun (Camb) 2014; 50:11746-8. [DOI: 10.1039/c4cc05401f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Shaikh AK, Varvounis G. Novel synthesis of 3-substituted 2,3-dihydrobenzofurans via ortho-quinone methide intermediates generated in situ. Org Lett 2014; 16:1478-81. [PMID: 24571271 DOI: 10.1021/ol500290e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
A new method is presented for the regioselective one-pot synthesis of 3-substituted 2,3-dihydrobenzofurans from 2-bromo-1-{2-[(triisopropylsilyl)oxy]phenyl}ethyl nitrate by fluoride-induced desilylation leading to o-quinone methide generation, Michael addition of different C, N, O, and S nucleophiles, and intramolecular 5-exo-tet elimination of a bromide anion. The method has potential synthetic applications in drug discovery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abdul kadar Shaikh
- Section of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, Department of Chemistry, University of Ioannina , 451 10 Ioannina, Greece
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Rauner M, Thiele S, Sinningen K, Winzer M, Salbach-Hirsch J, Gloe I, Peschke K, Haegeman G, Tuckermann JP, Hofbauer LC. Effects of the selective glucocorticoid receptor modulator compound A on bone metabolism and inflammation in male mice with collagen-induced arthritis. Endocrinology 2013; 154:3719-28. [PMID: 23885015 DOI: 10.1210/en.2012-2221] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Glucocorticoids (GCs) are potent drugs to treat rheumatoid arthritis but exert adverse skeletal effects. Compound A (CpdA) is a selective GC receptor modulator with an improved risk/benefit profile in mouse models of inflammation and bone loss. Here we tested whether CpdA also exerts bone-sparing effects under proinflammatory circumstances using the collagen-induced arthritis model, a murine model of rheumatoid arthritis. CpdA decreased disease activity, paw swelling, and the paw temperature by 43%, 12%, and 7%, respectively, but was less potent than dexamethasone (DEX), which reduced these parameters by 72%, 22%, and 10%, respectively. Moreover, T cells isolated from CpdA- and DEX-treated animals were less active based on proliferation rates after challenge with type II collagen and produced smaller amounts of interferon-γ and TNF as compared with T cells from PBS-treated mice. Histological assessment of the joints confirmed the weaker potency of CpdA as compared with DEX in preventing infiltration of inflammatory cells, induction of osteoclastogenesis, and destruction of articular cartilage. Due to the lack of GC-susceptible arthritis models, we were not able to fully address the bone-sparing potential of CpdA in inflammatory conditions. Nevertheless, the bone formation marker procollagen type 1 N-terminal peptide, a surrogate marker for GC-mediated suppression of bone formation, was significantly decreased by DEX in arthritic mice but not by CpdA. Our data indicate that CpdA moderately suppresses inflammation, whereas the concurrent effects on bone remain unknown. In light of its narrow therapeutic range, CpdA may be more useful as a molecular tool for dissecting GC actions rather than a therapeutic agent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martina Rauner
- PhD, Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Bone Diseases, Department of Medicine III, Fetscherstraβe 74, D-01307 Dresden, Germany.
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De Bosscher K, Beck IM, Dejager L, Bougarne N, Gaigneaux A, Chateauvieux S, Ratman D, Bracke M, Tavernier J, Vanden Berghe W, Libert C, Diederich M, Haegeman G. Selective modulation of the glucocorticoid receptor can distinguish between transrepression of NF-κB and AP-1. Cell Mol Life Sci 2013; 71:143-63. [PMID: 23784308 PMCID: PMC3889831 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-013-1367-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2012] [Revised: 03/31/2013] [Accepted: 05/07/2013] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Glucocorticoids (GCs) block inflammation via interference of the liganded glucocorticoid receptor (GR) with the activity of pro-inflammatory transcription factors NF-κB and AP-1, a mechanism known as transrepression. This mechanism is believed to involve the activity of GR monomers. Here, we explored how the GR monomer-favoring Compound A (CpdA) affects AP-1 activation and activity. Our results demonstrate that non-steroidal CpdA, unlike classic steroidal GCs, blocks NF-κB- but not AP-1-driven gene expression. CpdA rather sustains AP-1-driven gene expression, a result which could mechanistically be explained by the failure of CpdA to block upstream JNK kinase activation and concomitantly also phosphorylation of c-Jun. In concordance and in contrast to DEX, CpdA maintained the expression of the activated AP-1 target gene c-jun, as well as the production of the c-Jun protein. As for the underlying mechanism, GR is a necessary intermediate in the CpdA-mediated gene expression of AP-1-regulated genes, but seems to be superfluous to CpdA-mediated JNK phosphorylation prolongation. The latter phenomenon concurs with the inability of CpdA to stimulate DUSP1 gene expression. ChIP analysis demonstrates that DEX-activated GR, but not CpdA-activated GR, is recruited to AP-1-driven promoters. Furthermore, in mice we observed that CpdA instigates a strong enhancement of TNF-induced AP-1-driven gene expression. Finally, we demonstrate that this phenomenon coincides with an increased sensitivity towards TNF lethality, and implicate again a role for JNK2. In conclusion, our data support the hypothesis that a ligand-induced differential conformation of GR yields a different transcription factor cross-talk profile.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karolien De Bosscher
- Laboratory of Eukaryotic Gene Expression & Signal Transduction (LEGEST), Department of Physiology, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium,
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