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Islam MR, Markatos C, Pirmettis I, Papadopoulos M, Karageorgos V, Liapakis G, Fahmy H. Design, Synthesis, and Biological Evaluations of Novel Thiazolo[4,5-d]pyrimidine Corticotropin Releasing Factor (CRF) Receptor Antagonists as Potential Treatments for Stress Related Disorders and Congenital Adrenal Hyperplasia (CAH). Molecules 2024; 29:3647. [PMID: 39125051 PMCID: PMC11314199 DOI: 10.3390/molecules29153647] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2024] [Revised: 07/16/2024] [Accepted: 07/20/2024] [Indexed: 08/12/2024] Open
Abstract
Corticotropin-releasing factor (CRF) is a key neuropeptide hormone that is secreted from the hypothalamus. It is the master hormone of the HPA axis, which orchestrates the physiological and behavioral responses to stress. Many disorders, including anxiety, depression, addiction relapse, and others, are related to over-activation of this system. Thus, new molecules that may interfere with CRF receptor binding may be of value to treat neuropsychiatric stress-related disorders. Also, CRF1R antagonists have recently emerged as potential treatment options for congenital adrenal hyperplasia. Previously, several series of CRF1 receptor antagonists were developed by our group. In continuation of our efforts in this direction, herein we report the synthesis and biological evaluation of a new series of CRF1R antagonists. Representative compounds were evaluated for their binding affinities compared to antalarmin. Four compounds (2, 5, 20, and 21) showed log IC50 values of -8.22, -7.95, -8.04, and -7.88, respectively, compared to -7.78 for antalarmin. This result indicates that these four compounds are superior to antalarmin by 2.5, 1.4, 1.7, and 1.25 times, respectively. It is worth mentioning that compound 2, in terms of IC50, is among the best CRF1R antagonists ever developed in the last 40 years. The in silico physicochemical properties of the lead compounds showed good drug-like properties. Thus, further research in this direction may lead to better and safer CRF receptor antagonists that may have clinical applications, particularly for stress-related disorders and the treatment of congenital adrenal hyperplasia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Md Rabiul Islam
- Department of Pharmaceutical Science, College of Pharmacy & Allied Health Professions, South Dakota State University, Brookings, SD 57007, USA;
| | - Christos Markatos
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, University of Crete, Heraklion, 71003 Crete, Greece; (C.M.); (V.K.); (G.L.)
| | - Ioannis Pirmettis
- Institute of Nuclear & Radiological Sciences & Technology, Energy & Safety, National Centre for Scientific Research “Demokritos”, 15310 Athens, Greece; (I.P.); (M.P.)
| | - Minas Papadopoulos
- Institute of Nuclear & Radiological Sciences & Technology, Energy & Safety, National Centre for Scientific Research “Demokritos”, 15310 Athens, Greece; (I.P.); (M.P.)
| | - Vlasios Karageorgos
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, University of Crete, Heraklion, 71003 Crete, Greece; (C.M.); (V.K.); (G.L.)
| | - George Liapakis
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, University of Crete, Heraklion, 71003 Crete, Greece; (C.M.); (V.K.); (G.L.)
| | - Hesham Fahmy
- Department of Pharmaceutical Science, College of Pharmacy & Allied Health Professions, South Dakota State University, Brookings, SD 57007, USA;
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Heilig M. Stress-related neuropeptide systems as targets for treatment of alcohol addiction: A clinical perspective. J Intern Med 2023; 293:559-573. [PMID: 37052145 DOI: 10.1111/joim.13636] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/14/2023]
Abstract
Alcohol use is a major cause of disability and death globally. These negative consequences disproportionately affect people who develop alcohol addiction, a chronic relapsing condition characterized by increased motivation to use alcohol, choice of alcohol over healthy, natural rewards, and continued use despite negative consequences. Available pharmacotherapies for alcohol addiction are few, have effect sizes in need of improvement, and remain infrequently prescribed. Research aimed at developing novel therapeutics has in large part focused on attenuating pleasurable or "rewarding" properties of alcohol, but this targets processes that primarily play a role as initiation factors. As clinical alcohol addiction develops, long-term changes in brain function result in a shift of affective homeostasis, and rewarding alcohol effects become progressively reduced. Instead, increased stress sensitivity and negative affective states emerge in the absence of alcohol and create powerful incentives for relapse and continued use through negative reinforcement, or "relief." Based on research in animal models, several neuropeptide systems have been proposed to play an important role in this shift, suggesting that these systems could be targeted by novel medications. Two mechanisms in this category, antagonism at corticotropin-releasing factor type 1, and neurokinin 1/substance P receptors, have been subject to initial evaluation in humans. A third, kappa-opioid receptor antagonism, has been evaluated in nicotine addiction and could soon be tested for alcohol. This paper discusses findings with these mechanisms to date, and their prospects as future targets for novel medications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Markus Heilig
- Center for Social and Affective Neuroscience, BKV, Linköping University and Department of Psychiatry, Linköping University Hospital, Linköping, Sweden
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3
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Zhang H, Yan W, Sun Y, Yuan H, Su L, Cao X, Wang P, Xu Z, Hu Y, Wang Z, Wang Y, Fu K, Sun Y, Chen Y, Cheng J, Guo D. Long Residence Time at the Vasopressin V 2 Receptor Translates into Superior Inhibitory Effects in Ex Vivo and In Vivo Models of Autosomal Dominant Polycystic Kidney Disease. J Med Chem 2022; 65:7717-7728. [PMID: 35363466 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.2c00011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Prevailing strategies directing early-phase drug discovery heavily rely on equilibrium-based metrics such as affinity, which overlooks the kinetic process of a drug molecule interacting with its target. Herein, we developed a number of vasopressin V2 receptor (V2R) antagonists with divergent binding affinities and kinetics for autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease (ADPKD). Surprisingly, the residence time of the V2R antagonists, but not their affinity, was correlated with the efficacy in both ex vivo and in vivo models of ADPKD. We envision that the kinetics-directed drug candidate selection and development may have general applicability for ADPKD and other therapeutic areas as well.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haoran Zhang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of New Drug Research and Clinical Pharmacy, Xuzhou Medical University, 209 Tongshan Road, Xuzhou 221004, Jiangsu, China
| | - Wenzhong Yan
- iHuman Institute, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai 201210, China
| | - Yongzhan Sun
- The Province and Ministry Co-sponsored Collaborative Innovation Center for Medical Epigenetics, Key Laboratory of Immune Microenvironment and Disease (Ministry of Education), Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Tianjin Institute of Urology, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin 300070, China
| | - Haoxing Yuan
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of New Drug Research and Clinical Pharmacy, Xuzhou Medical University, 209 Tongshan Road, Xuzhou 221004, Jiangsu, China
| | - Limin Su
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of New Drug Research and Clinical Pharmacy, Xuzhou Medical University, 209 Tongshan Road, Xuzhou 221004, Jiangsu, China
| | - Xudong Cao
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of New Drug Research and Clinical Pharmacy, Xuzhou Medical University, 209 Tongshan Road, Xuzhou 221004, Jiangsu, China
| | - Peng Wang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of New Drug Research and Clinical Pharmacy, Xuzhou Medical University, 209 Tongshan Road, Xuzhou 221004, Jiangsu, China
| | - Zhou Xu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of New Drug Research and Clinical Pharmacy, Xuzhou Medical University, 209 Tongshan Road, Xuzhou 221004, Jiangsu, China
| | - Youhui Hu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of New Drug Research and Clinical Pharmacy, Xuzhou Medical University, 209 Tongshan Road, Xuzhou 221004, Jiangsu, China
| | - Zhongjian Wang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of New Drug Research and Clinical Pharmacy, Xuzhou Medical University, 209 Tongshan Road, Xuzhou 221004, Jiangsu, China
| | - Yinan Wang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of New Drug Research and Clinical Pharmacy, Xuzhou Medical University, 209 Tongshan Road, Xuzhou 221004, Jiangsu, China
| | - Kequan Fu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of New Drug Research and Clinical Pharmacy, Xuzhou Medical University, 209 Tongshan Road, Xuzhou 221004, Jiangsu, China
| | - Ying Sun
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of New Drug Research and Clinical Pharmacy, Xuzhou Medical University, 209 Tongshan Road, Xuzhou 221004, Jiangsu, China
| | - Yupeng Chen
- The Province and Ministry Co-sponsored Collaborative Innovation Center for Medical Epigenetics, Key Laboratory of Immune Microenvironment and Disease (Ministry of Education), Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Tianjin Institute of Urology, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin 300070, China
| | - Jianjun Cheng
- iHuman Institute, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai 201210, China
| | - Dong Guo
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of New Drug Research and Clinical Pharmacy, Xuzhou Medical University, 209 Tongshan Road, Xuzhou 221004, Jiangsu, China
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Design, synthesis, structural optimization, SAR, in silico prediction of physicochemical properties and pharmacological evaluation of novel & potent thiazolo[4,5-d]pyrimidine corticotropin releasing factor (CRF) receptor antagonists. Eur J Pharm Sci 2021; 169:106084. [PMID: 34856350 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejps.2021.106084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2021] [Revised: 11/12/2021] [Accepted: 11/26/2021] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Corticotropin-releasing factor (CRF) is a 41-amino-acid neuropeptide secreted from the hypothalamus and is the main regulator of the hypothalamus-pituitary-adrenocortical (HPA) axis. CRF is the master hormone which modulates physiological and behavioral responses to stress. Many disorders including anxiety, depression, addictive disorders and others are related to over activation of the CRF system. This suggests that new molecules which can interfere with CRF binding to its receptors may be potential candidates for neuropsychiatric drugs to treat stress-related disorders. Previously, three series of pyrimidine and fused pyrimidine CRF1 receptor antagonists were synthesized by our group and specific binding assays, competitive binding studies and determination of the ability to antagonize the agonist-stimulated accumulation of cAMP (the second messenger for CRF receptors) were reported. In continuation of our efforts in this direction, in the current manuscript, we report the synthesis & biological evaluation of a new series of CRF1 receptor antagonists. Seven compounds showed promising binding affinity with the best two compounds (compounds 6 & 43) displaying a superior binding affinity to all of our previous compounds. Compounds 6 & 43 have only 4 times and 2 times less binding affinity than the standard CRF antagonist antalarmin, respectively. Thus, our two best lead compounds (compound 6 & 43) can be considered potent CRF receptor antagonists with binding affinity of 41.0 & 19.2 nM versus 9.7 nM for antalarmin.
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Hoare SRJ. The Problems of Applying Classical Pharmacology Analysis to Modern In Vitro Drug Discovery Assays: Slow Binding Kinetics and High Target Concentration. SLAS DISCOVERY 2021; 26:835-850. [PMID: 34112012 DOI: 10.1177/24725552211019653] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The analysis framework used to quantify drug potency in vitro (e.g., Kd or Ki) was initially developed for classical pharmacology bioassays, for example, organ bath experiments testing moderate-affinity natural products. Modern drug discovery can infringe the assumptions of the classical pharmacology analysis equations, owing to the reduction of assay volume in miniaturization, target overexpression, and the increase of compound-target affinity in medicinal chemistry. These assumptions are that (1) the compound concentration greatly exceeds the target concentration (i.e., minimal ligand depletion), and (2) the compound is at equilibrium with the receptor (i.e., rapid ligand binding kinetics). Unappreciated infringement of these assumptions can lead to substantial underestimation of compound affinity, which negatively impacts the drug discovery process, from early-stage lead optimization to prediction of human dosing. This study evaluates the real-world impact of these factors on the target interaction assays used in drug discovery using literature examples, database searches, and simulations. The ranges of compound affinity and the assay types that are prone to depletion and equilibration artifacts are identified. Importantly, the highest-affinity compounds, usually the highest value chemical matter in drug discovery, are the most affected. Methods and simulation tools are provided to enable investigators to evaluate, manage, and minimize depletion or equilibration artifacts. This study enables the correct application of pharmacological data analysis to accurately quantify affinity using modern drug discovery assay technology.
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6
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Amangeldiuly N, Karlov D, Fedorov MV. Baseline Model for Predicting Protein–Ligand Unbinding Kinetics through Machine Learning. J Chem Inf Model 2020; 60:5946-5956. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.jcim.0c00450] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Nurlybek Amangeldiuly
- Center for Data-Intensive Science and Engineering, Skolkovo Institute of Science and Technology, Moscow 121205, Russia
| | - Dmitry Karlov
- Center for Data-Intensive Science and Engineering, Skolkovo Institute of Science and Technology, Moscow 121205, Russia
| | - Maxim V. Fedorov
- Center for Data-Intensive Science and Engineering, Skolkovo Institute of Science and Technology, Moscow 121205, Russia
- Department of Physics, Scottish Universities Physics Alliance (SUPA), University of Strathclyde, Glasgow G4 0NG, U.K
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7
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Schuetz DA, Richter L, Martini R, Ecker GF. A structure-kinetic relationship study using matched molecular pair analysis. RSC Med Chem 2020; 11:1285-1294. [PMID: 34085042 PMCID: PMC8126976 DOI: 10.1039/d0md00178c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The lifetime of a binary drug–target complex is increasingly acknowledged as an important parameter for drug efficacy and safety. With a better understanding of binding kinetics and better knowledge about kinetic parameter optimization, intentionally induced prolongation of the drug–target residence time through structural changes of the ligand could become feasible. In this study we assembled datasets from 21 publications and the K4DD (Kinetic for Drug Discovery) database to conduct large scale data analysis. This resulted in 3812 small molecules annotated to 78 different targets from five protein classes (GPCRs: 273, kinases: 3238, other enzymes: 240, HSPs: 160, ion channels: 45). Performing matched molecular pair (MMP) analysis to further investigate the structure–kinetic relationship (SKR) in this data collection allowed us to identify a fundamental contribution of a ligand's polarity to its association rate, and in selected cases, also to its dissociation rate. However, we furthermore observed that the destabilization of the transition state introduced by increased polarity is often accompanied by simultaneous destabilization of the ground state resulting in an unaffected or even worsened residence time. Supported by a set of case studies, we provide concepts on how to alter ligands in ways to trigger on-rates, off-rates, or both. A large-scale study employing matched molecular pair (MMP) analysis to uncover the contribution of a compound's polarity to its association and dissociation rates.![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Doris A Schuetz
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of Vienna UZA 2, Althanstrasse 14 1090 Vienna Austria
| | - Lars Richter
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of Vienna UZA 2, Althanstrasse 14 1090 Vienna Austria
| | - Riccardo Martini
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of Vienna UZA 2, Althanstrasse 14 1090 Vienna Austria
| | - Gerhard F Ecker
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of Vienna UZA 2, Althanstrasse 14 1090 Vienna Austria
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8
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van der Velden WJC, Heitman LH, Rosenkilde MM. Perspective: Implications of Ligand-Receptor Binding Kinetics for Therapeutic Targeting of G Protein-Coupled Receptors. ACS Pharmacol Transl Sci 2020; 3:179-189. [PMID: 32296761 DOI: 10.1021/acsptsci.0c00012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
The concept of ligand-receptor binding kinetics has been broadly applied in drug development pipelines focusing on G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs). The ligand residence time (RT) for a receptor describes how long a ligand-receptor complex exists, and is defined as the reciprocal of the dissociation rate constant (k off). RT has turned out to be a valuable parameter for GPCR researchers focusing on drug development as a good predictor of in vivo efficacy. The positive correlation between RT and in vivo efficacy has been established for several drugs targeting class A GPCRs (e.g., the neurokinin-1 receptor (NK1R), the β2 adrenergic receptor (β2AR), and the muscarinic 3 receptor (M3R)) and for drugs targeting class B1 (e.g., the glucagon-like peptide 1 receptor (GLP-1R)). Recently, the association rate constant (k on) has gained similar attention as another parameter affecting in vivo efficacy. In the current perspective, we address the importance of studying ligand-receptor binding kinetics for therapeutic targeting of GPCRs, with an emphasis on how binding kinetics can be altered by subtle molecular changes in the ligands and/or the receptors and how such changes affect treatment outcome. Moreover, we speculate on the impact of binding kinetic parameters for functional selectivity and sustained receptor signaling from endosomal compartments; phenomena that have gained increasing interest in attempts to improve therapeutic targeting of GPCRs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wijnand J C van der Velden
- Laboratory for Molecular Pharmacology, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen DK 2200, Denmark
| | - Laura H Heitman
- Division of Drug Discovery and Safety, Leiden Academic Centre for Drug Research, Leiden University, Leiden 2333 CC, The Netherlands
| | - Mette M Rosenkilde
- Laboratory for Molecular Pharmacology, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen DK 2200, Denmark
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9
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Biological intersection of sex, age, and environment in the corticotropin releasing factor (CRF) system and alcohol. Neuropharmacology 2020; 170:108045. [PMID: 32217364 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2020.108045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2019] [Revised: 02/13/2020] [Accepted: 03/06/2020] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
The neuropeptide corticotropin-releasing factor (CRF) is critical in neural circuit function and behavior, particularly in the context of stress, anxiety, and addiction. Despite a wealth of preclinical evidence for the efficacy of CRF receptor 1 antagonists in reducing behavioral pathology associated with alcohol exposure, several clinical trials have had disappointing outcomes, possibly due to an underappreciation of the role of biological variables. Although he National Institutes of Health (NIH) now mandate the inclusion of sex as a biological variable in all clinical and preclinical research, the current state of knowledge in this area is based almost entirely on evidence from male subjects. Additionally, the influence of biological variables other than sex has received even less attention in the context of neuropeptide signaling. Age (particularly adolescent development) and housing conditions have been shown to affect CRF signaling and voluntary alcohol intake, and the interaction between these biological variables is particularly relevant to the role of the CRF system in the vulnerability or resilience to the development of alcohol use disorder (AUD). Going forward, it will be important to include careful consideration of biological variables in experimental design, reporting, and interpretation. As new research uncovers conditions in which sex, age, and environment play major roles in physiological and/or pathological processes, our understanding of the complex interaction between relevant biological variables and critical signaling pathways like the CRF system in the cellular and behavioral consequences of alcohol exposure will continue to expand ultimately improving the ability of preclinical research to translate to the clinic. This article is part of the special issue on Neuropeptides.
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10
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The importance of target binding kinetics for measuring target binding affinity in drug discovery: a case study from a CRF1 receptor antagonist program. Drug Discov Today 2020; 25:7-14. [DOI: 10.1016/j.drudis.2019.09.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2019] [Revised: 08/16/2019] [Accepted: 09/13/2019] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
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11
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Borisov DV, Veselovsky AV. [Ligand-receptor binding kinetics in drug design]. BIOMEDITSINSKAIA KHIMIIA 2020; 66:42-53. [PMID: 32116225 DOI: 10.18097/pbmc20206601042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Traditionally, the thermodynamic values of affinity are considered as the main criterion for the development of new drugs. Usually, these values for drugs are measured <i>in vitro</i> at steady concentrations of the receptor and ligand, which are differed from <i>in vivo</i> environment. Recent studies have shown that the kinetics of the process of drug binding to its receptor make significant contribution in the drug effectiveness. This has increased attention in characterizing and predicting the rate constants of association and dissociation of the receptor ligand at the stage of preclinical studies of drug candidates. A drug with a long residence time can determine ligand-receptor selectivity (kinetic selectivity), maintain pharmacological activity of the drug at its low concentration in vivo. The paper discusses the theoretical basis of protein-ligand binding, molecular determinants that control the kinetics of the drug-receptor binding. Understanding the molecular features underlying the kinetics of receptor-ligand binding will contribute to the rational design of drugs with desired properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- D V Borisov
- Institute of Biomedical Chemistry, Moscow, Russia
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12
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Vandael D, Gounko NV. Corticotropin releasing factor-binding protein (CRF-BP) as a potential new therapeutic target in Alzheimer's disease and stress disorders. Transl Psychiatry 2019; 9:272. [PMID: 31641098 PMCID: PMC6805916 DOI: 10.1038/s41398-019-0581-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2019] [Accepted: 07/30/2019] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease is the most common cause of dementia and one of the most complex human neurodegenerative diseases. Numerous studies have demonstrated a critical role of the environment in the pathogenesis and pathophysiology of the disease, where daily life stress plays an important role. A lot of epigenetic studies have led to the conclusion that chronic stress and stress-related disorders play an important part in the onset of neurodegenerative disorders, and an enormous amount of research yielded valuable discoveries but has so far not led to the development of effective treatment strategies for Alzheimer's disease. Corticotropin-releasing factor (CRF) is one of the major hormones and at the same time a neuropeptide acting in stress response. Deregulation of protein levels of CRF is involved in the pathogenesis of Alzheimer's disease, but little is known about the precise roles of CRF and its binding protein, CRF-BP, in neurodegenerative diseases. In this review, we summarize the key evidence for and against the involvement of stress-associated modulation of the CRF system in the pathogenesis of Alzheimer's disease and discuss how recent findings could lead to new potential treatment possibilities in Alzheimer's disease by using CRF-BP as a therapeutic target.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dorien Vandael
- VIB-KU Leuven Center for Brain and Disease Research, Electron Microscopy Platform, Herestraat 49, B-3000 Leuven, Belgium ,VIB Bioimaging Core Facility, Herestraat 49, B-3000 Leuven, Belgium ,KU Leuven Department of Neurosciences, Leuven Brain Institute, Herestraat 49, B-3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Natalia V. Gounko
- VIB-KU Leuven Center for Brain and Disease Research, Electron Microscopy Platform, Herestraat 49, B-3000 Leuven, Belgium ,VIB Bioimaging Core Facility, Herestraat 49, B-3000 Leuven, Belgium ,KU Leuven Department of Neurosciences, Leuven Brain Institute, Herestraat 49, B-3000 Leuven, Belgium
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13
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Sykes DA, Jain P, Charlton SJ. Investigating the Influence of Tracer Kinetics on Competition-Kinetic Association Binding Assays: Identifying the Optimal Conditions for Assessing the Kinetics of Low-Affinity Compounds. Mol Pharmacol 2019; 96:378-392. [PMID: 31436538 DOI: 10.1124/mol.119.116764] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2019] [Accepted: 06/22/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
An increased appreciation of the importance of optimizing drug-binding kinetics has lead to the development of various techniques for measuring the kinetics of unlabeled compounds. One approach is the competition-association kinetic binding method first described in the 1980s. The kinetic characteristics of the tracer employed greatly affects the reliability of estimated kinetic parameters, a barrier to successfully introducing these kinetic assays earlier in the drug discovery process. Using a modeling and Monte Carlo simulation approach, we identify the optimal tracer characteristics for determining the kinetics of the range of unlabeled ligands typically encountered during the different stages of a drug discovery program (i.e., rapidly dissociating, e.g., k off = 10 minute-1 low-affinity "hits" through to slowly dissociating e.g., k off = 0.01 minute-1 high-affinity "candidates"). For more rapidly dissociating ligands (e.g., k off = 10 minute-1), the key to obtaining accurate kinetic parameters was to employ a tracer with a relatively fast off-rate (e.g., k off = 1 minute-1) or, alternatively, to increase the tracer concentration. Reductions in assay start-time ≤1second and read frequency ≤5 seconds significantly improved the reliability of curve fitting. Timing constraints are largely dictated by the method of detection, its inherent sensitivity (e.g., TR-FRET versus radiometric detection), and the ability to inject samples online. Furthermore, we include data from TR-FRET experiments that validate this simulation approach, confirming its practical utility. These insights into the optimal experimental parameters for development of competition-association assays provide a framework for identifying and testing novel tracers necessary for profiling unlabeled competitors, particularly rapidly dissociating low-affinity competitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- David A Sykes
- School of Life Sciences, Queen's Medical Centre, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, United Kingdom (D.A.S., P.J., S.J.C.); Centre of Membrane and Protein and Receptors (COMPARE), University of Birmingham and University of Nottingham, Midlands, United Kingdom (D.A.S., P.J., S.J.C.); and Excellerate Bioscience Ltd, Discovery Building, BioCity, Nottingham, United Kingdom (S.J.C.)
| | - Palash Jain
- School of Life Sciences, Queen's Medical Centre, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, United Kingdom (D.A.S., P.J., S.J.C.); Centre of Membrane and Protein and Receptors (COMPARE), University of Birmingham and University of Nottingham, Midlands, United Kingdom (D.A.S., P.J., S.J.C.); and Excellerate Bioscience Ltd, Discovery Building, BioCity, Nottingham, United Kingdom (S.J.C.)
| | - Steven J Charlton
- School of Life Sciences, Queen's Medical Centre, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, United Kingdom (D.A.S., P.J., S.J.C.); Centre of Membrane and Protein and Receptors (COMPARE), University of Birmingham and University of Nottingham, Midlands, United Kingdom (D.A.S., P.J., S.J.C.); and Excellerate Bioscience Ltd, Discovery Building, BioCity, Nottingham, United Kingdom (S.J.C.)
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14
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Cannella N, Ubaldi M, Masi A, Bramucci M, Roberto M, Bifone A, Ciccocioppo R. Building better strategies to develop new medications in Alcohol Use Disorder: Learning from past success and failure to shape a brighter future. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2019; 103:384-398. [PMID: 31112713 DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2019.05.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2019] [Revised: 05/10/2019] [Accepted: 05/15/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Alcohol Use Disorder (AUD) is a chronic disease that develops over the years. The complexity of the neurobiological processes contributing to the emergence of AUD and the neuroadaptive changes occurring during disease progression make it difficult to improve treatments. On the other hand, this complexity offers researchers the possibility to explore new targets. Over years of intense research several molecules were tested in AUD; in most cases, despite promising preclinical data, the clinical efficacy appeared insufficient to justify futher development. A prototypical example is that of corticotropin releasing factor type 1 receptor (CRF1R) antagonists that showed significant effectiveness in animal models of AUD but were largely ineffective in humans. The present article attempts to analyze the most recent venues in the development of new medications in AUD with a focus on the most promising drug targets under current exploration. Moreover, we delineate the importance of using a more integrated translational framework approach to correlate preclinical findings and early clinical data to enhance the probability to validate biological targets of interest.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nazzareno Cannella
- School of Pharmacy, Pharmacology Unit, University of Camerino, 62032 Camerino, Italy
| | - Massimo Ubaldi
- School of Pharmacy, Pharmacology Unit, University of Camerino, 62032 Camerino, Italy
| | - Alessio Masi
- School of Pharmacy, Pharmacology Unit, University of Camerino, 62032 Camerino, Italy
| | - Massimo Bramucci
- School of Pharmacy, Pharmacology Unit, University of Camerino, 62032 Camerino, Italy
| | - Marisa Roberto
- The Scripps Research Institute, Department of Neuroscience, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Angelo Bifone
- Center for Neuroscience and Cognitive Systems @UniTn, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Corso Bettini 31, 38068 Rovereto, Italy; Department of Molecular Biotechnology and Health Science, University of Torino, Italy
| | - Roberto Ciccocioppo
- School of Pharmacy, Pharmacology Unit, University of Camerino, 62032 Camerino, Italy.
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15
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IJzerman AP, Guo D. Drug-Target Association Kinetics in Drug Discovery. Trends Biochem Sci 2019; 44:861-871. [PMID: 31101454 DOI: 10.1016/j.tibs.2019.04.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2019] [Revised: 03/28/2019] [Accepted: 04/08/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The important role of ligand-receptor binding kinetics in drug design and discovery is increasingly recognized by the drug research community. Over the past decade, accumulating evidence has shown that optimizing the ligand's dissociation rate constant can lead to desirable duration of in vivo target occupancy and, hence, improved pharmacodynamic properties. However, the association rate constant as a pharmacological principle remains less investigated, whereas it can play an equally important role in the selection of drug candidates. This review provides a compilation and discussion of otherwise scarce and dispersed information on this topic, bringing to light the importance of drug-target association in kinetics-directed drug design and discovery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adriaan P IJzerman
- Division of Drug Discovery and Safety, Leiden Academic Centre for Drug Research (LACDR), Leiden University, P.O. Box 9502, 2300, RA, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Dong Guo
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of New Drug Research and Clinical Pharmacy, Xuzhou Medical University, 209 Tongshan Road, Xuzhou, 221004, Jiangsu, China.
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16
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Zhang D, Huang S, Mei H, Kevin M, Shi T, Chen L. Protein-ligand interaction fingerprints for accurate prediction of dissociation rates of p38 MAPK Type II inhibitors. Integr Biol (Camb) 2019; 11:53-60. [PMID: 30855664 DOI: 10.1093/intbio/zyz004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2018] [Revised: 11/20/2018] [Accepted: 02/01/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Binding/unbinding kinetics are key determinants of drug potencies. However, there are still a lot of challenges in predicting kinetic properties during early-stage drug development. In this work, position-restrained molecular dynamics simulations combined with energy decomposition were applied to extract protein-ligand interaction (PLI) fingerprints along the unbinding pathway of 20 p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase (p38 MAPK) Type II inhibitors. The results showed that the electrostatic and/or van der Waals interaction fingerprints at three key positions can be used for accurate prediction of the dissociation rate constants (koff) of p38 MAPK Type II inhibitors. The strategy proposed in this paper can provide not only an efficient method of predicting the dissociation rates of the p38 MAPK Type II inhibitors, but also the atom-level mechanism of enthalpy-driven unbinding process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Duo Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Biorheological Science and Technology (Ministry of Education), Chongqing University, Chongqing, China
- College of Bioengineering, Chongqing University, Chongqing, China
| | - Shuheng Huang
- Key Laboratory of Biorheological Science and Technology (Ministry of Education), Chongqing University, Chongqing, China
- College of Bioengineering, Chongqing University, Chongqing, China
| | - Hu Mei
- Key Laboratory of Biorheological Science and Technology (Ministry of Education), Chongqing University, Chongqing, China
- College of Bioengineering, Chongqing University, Chongqing, China
| | | | - Tingting Shi
- College of Bioengineering, Chongqing University, Chongqing, China
| | - Linxin Chen
- College of Bioengineering, Chongqing University, Chongqing, China
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17
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Deussing JM, Chen A. The Corticotropin-Releasing Factor Family: Physiology of the Stress Response. Physiol Rev 2018; 98:2225-2286. [DOI: 10.1152/physrev.00042.2017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 127] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The physiological stress response is responsible for the maintenance of homeostasis in the presence of real or perceived challenges. In this function, the brain activates adaptive responses that involve numerous neural circuits and effector molecules to adapt to the current and future demands. A maladaptive stress response has been linked to the etiology of a variety of disorders, such as anxiety and mood disorders, eating disorders, and the metabolic syndrome. The neuropeptide corticotropin-releasing factor (CRF) and its relatives, the urocortins 1–3, in concert with their receptors (CRFR1, CRFR2), have emerged as central components of the physiological stress response. This central peptidergic system impinges on a broad spectrum of physiological processes that are the basis for successful adaptation and concomitantly integrate autonomic, neuroendocrine, and behavioral stress responses. This review focuses on the physiology of CRF-related peptides and their cognate receptors with the aim of providing a comprehensive up-to-date overview of the field. We describe the major molecular features covering aspects of gene expression and regulation, structural properties, and molecular interactions, as well as mechanisms of signal transduction and their surveillance. In addition, we discuss the large body of published experimental studies focusing on state-of-the-art genetic approaches with high temporal and spatial precision, which collectively aimed to dissect the contribution of CRF-related ligands and receptors to different levels of the stress response. We discuss the controversies in the field and unravel knowledge gaps that might pave the way for future research directions and open up novel opportunities for therapeutic intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jan M. Deussing
- Department of Stress Neurobiology and Neurogenetics, Max Planck Institute of Psychiatry, Munich, Germany; and Department of Neurobiology, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Alon Chen
- Department of Stress Neurobiology and Neurogenetics, Max Planck Institute of Psychiatry, Munich, Germany; and Department of Neurobiology, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
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18
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De Benedetti PG, Fanelli F. Computational modeling approaches to quantitative structure-binding kinetics relationships in drug discovery. Drug Discov Today 2018; 23:1396-1406. [PMID: 29574212 DOI: 10.1016/j.drudis.2018.03.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2017] [Revised: 02/22/2018] [Accepted: 03/19/2018] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Simple comparative correlation analyses and quantitative structure-kinetics relationship (QSKR) models highlight the interplay of kinetic rates and binding affinity as an essential feature in drug design and discovery. The choice of the molecular series, and their structural variations, used in QSKR modeling is fundamental to understanding the mechanistic implications of ligand and/or drug-target binding and/or unbinding processes. Here, we discuss the implications of linear correlations between kinetic rates and binding affinity constants and the relevance of the computational approaches to QSKR modeling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pier G De Benedetti
- Department of Life Sciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, via Campi 103, 41125 Modena, Italy.
| | - Francesca Fanelli
- Department of Life Sciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, via Campi 103, 41125 Modena, Italy; Center for Neuroscience and Neurotechnology, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, via Campi 103, 41125 Modena, Italy
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19
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Hoare SRJ, Pierre N, Moya AG, Larson B. Kinetic operational models of agonism for G-protein-coupled receptors. J Theor Biol 2018; 446:168-204. [PMID: 29486201 DOI: 10.1016/j.jtbi.2018.02.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2017] [Revised: 02/07/2018] [Accepted: 02/13/2018] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
The application of kinetics to research and therapeutic development of G-protein-coupled receptors has become increasingly valuable. Pharmacological models provide the foundation of pharmacology, providing concepts and measurable parameters such as efficacy and potency that have underlain decades of successful drug discovery. Currently there are few pharmacological models that incorporate kinetic activity in such a way as to yield experimentally-accessible drug parameters. In this study, a kinetic model of pharmacological response was developed that provides a kinetic descriptor of efficacy (the transduction rate constant, kτ) and allows measurement of receptor-ligand binding kinetics from functional data. The model assumes: (1) receptor interacts with a precursor of the response ("Transduction potential") and converts it to the response. (2) The response can decay. Familiar response vs time plots emerge, depending on whether transduction potential is depleted and/or response decays. These are the straight line, the "association" exponential curve, and the rise-and-fall curve. Convenient, familiar methods are described for measuring the model parameters and files are provided for the curve-fitting program Prism (GraphPad Software) that can be used as a guide. The efficacy parameter kτ is straightforward to measure and accounts for receptor reserve; all that is required is measurement of response over time at a maximally-stimulating concentration of agonist. The modular nature of the model framework allows it to be extended. Here this is done to incorporate antagonist-receptor binding kinetics and slow agonist-receptor equilibration. In principle, the modular framework can incorporate other cellular processes, such as receptor desensitization. The kinetic response model described here can be applied to measure kinetic pharmacological parameters than can be used to advance the understanding of GPCR pharmacology and optimize new and improved therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samuel R J Hoare
- Pharmechanics, LLC, 14 Sunnyside Drive South, Owego NY 13827, USA.
| | | | | | - Brad Larson
- BioTek Instruments, Inc, 100 Tigan Street, Winooski, VT 05404, USA
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20
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Corticotropin-Releasing Factor (CRF) Neurocircuitry and Neuropharmacology in Alcohol Drinking. Handb Exp Pharmacol 2018; 248:435-471. [PMID: 29374836 DOI: 10.1007/164_2017_86] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Alcohol use is pervasive in the United States. In the transition from nonhazardous drinking to hazardous drinking and alcohol use disorder, neuroadaptations occur within brain reward and brain stress systems. One brain signaling system that has received much attention in animal models of excessive alcohol drinking and alcohol dependence is corticotropin-releasing factor (CRF). The CRF system is composed of CRF, the urocortins, CRF-binding protein, and two receptors - CRF type 1 and CRF type 2. This review summarizes how acute, binge, and chronic alcohol dysregulates CRF signaling in hypothalamic and extra-hypothalamic brain regions and how this dysregulation may contribute to changes in alcohol reinforcement, excessive alcohol consumption, symptoms of negative affect during withdrawal, and alcohol relapse. In addition, it summarizes clinical work examining CRF type 1 receptor antagonists in humans and discusses why the brain CRF system is still relevant in alcohol research.
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21
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Szalai AM, Armando NG, Barabas FM, Stefani FD, Giordano L, Bari SE, Cavasotto CN, Silberstein S, Aramendía PF. A fluorescence nanoscopy marker for corticotropin-releasing hormone type 1 receptor: computer design, synthesis, signaling effects, super-resolved fluorescence imaging, and in situ affinity constant in cells. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2018; 20:29212-29220. [DOI: 10.1039/c8cp06196c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
A new fluorescent marker for CRHR1 shows an antagonist effect and suitability for super resolution fluorescence microscopy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alan M. Szalai
- Centro de Investigaciones en Bionanociencias-“Elizabeth Jares-Erijman” (CIBION)
- CONICET
- 1425 Ciudad de Buenos Aires
- Argentina
- Departamento de Química Inorgánica
| | - Natalia G. Armando
- Instituto de Investigación en Biomedicina de Buenos Aires (IBioBA)
- CONICET
- Partner Institute of the Max Planck Society
- 1425 Ciudad de Buenos Aires
- Argentina
| | - Federico M. Barabas
- Centro de Investigaciones en Bionanociencias-“Elizabeth Jares-Erijman” (CIBION)
- CONICET
- 1425 Ciudad de Buenos Aires
- Argentina
- Departamento de Física
| | - Fernando D. Stefani
- Centro de Investigaciones en Bionanociencias-“Elizabeth Jares-Erijman” (CIBION)
- CONICET
- 1425 Ciudad de Buenos Aires
- Argentina
- Departamento de Física
| | - Luciana Giordano
- Centro de Investigaciones en Bionanociencias-“Elizabeth Jares-Erijman” (CIBION)
- CONICET
- 1425 Ciudad de Buenos Aires
- Argentina
- Departamento de Química Orgánica
| | - Sara E. Bari
- Instituto de Química Física de Materiales
- Medio Ambiente y Energía (INQUIMAE) CONICET-UBA
- Pabellón 2. Ciudad Universitaria
- 1428 Ciudad de Buenos Aires
- Argentina
| | - Claudio N. Cavasotto
- Instituto de Investigación en Biomedicina de Buenos Aires (IBioBA)
- CONICET
- Partner Institute of the Max Planck Society
- 1425 Ciudad de Buenos Aires
- Argentina
| | - Susana Silberstein
- Instituto de Investigación en Biomedicina de Buenos Aires (IBioBA)
- CONICET
- Partner Institute of the Max Planck Society
- 1425 Ciudad de Buenos Aires
- Argentina
| | - Pedro F. Aramendía
- Centro de Investigaciones en Bionanociencias-“Elizabeth Jares-Erijman” (CIBION)
- CONICET
- 1425 Ciudad de Buenos Aires
- Argentina
- Departamento de Química Inorgánica
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22
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Pomrenze MB, Fetterly TL, Winder DG, Messing RO. The Corticotropin Releasing Factor Receptor 1 in Alcohol Use Disorder: Still a Valid Drug Target? Alcohol Clin Exp Res 2017; 41:1986-1999. [PMID: 28940382 PMCID: PMC5711524 DOI: 10.1111/acer.13507] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2017] [Accepted: 09/15/2017] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
Corticotropin releasing factor (CRF) is a neuropeptide that plays a key role in behavioral and physiological responses to stress. A large body of animal literature implicates CRF acting at type 1 CRF receptors (CRFR1) in consumption by alcohol-dependent subjects, stress-induced reinstatement of alcohol seeking, and possibly binge alcohol consumption. These studies have encouraged recent pilot studies of CRFR1 antagonists in humans with alcohol use disorder (AUD). It was a great disappointment to many in the field that these studies failed to show an effect of these compounds on stress-induced alcohol craving. Here, we examine these studies to explore potential limitations and discuss preclinical and human literature to ask whether CRFR1 is still a valid drug target to pursue for the treatment of AUD.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Tracy L. Fetterly
- Department of Molecular Physiology & Biophysics, Vanderbilt
University, Nashville, TN
- Vanderbilt Neuroscience Graduate Program, Vanderbilt University,
Nashville, TN
| | - Danny G. Winder
- Department of Molecular Physiology & Biophysics, Vanderbilt
University, Nashville, TN
- Vanderbilt Center for Addiction Research, Vanderbilt University,
Nashville, TN
- Vanderbilt Neuroscience Graduate Program, Vanderbilt University,
Nashville, TN
| | - Robert O. Messing
- Institute for Neuroscience, University of Texas at Austin, Austin,
TX
- Departments of Neuroscience and Neurology, University of Texas at
Austin, Austin, TX
- Waggoner Center for Alcohol and Addiction Research, University of
Texas at Austin, Austin, TX
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23
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Bruce NJ, Ganotra GK, Kokh DB, Sadiq SK, Wade RC. New approaches for computing ligand-receptor binding kinetics. Curr Opin Struct Biol 2017; 49:1-10. [PMID: 29132080 DOI: 10.1016/j.sbi.2017.10.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 102] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2017] [Revised: 09/22/2017] [Accepted: 10/01/2017] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
The recent and growing evidence that the efficacy of a drug can be correlated to target binding kinetics has seeded the development of a multitude of novel methods aimed at computing rate constants for receptor-ligand binding processes, as well as gaining an understanding of the binding and unbinding pathways and the determinants of structure-kinetic relationships. These new approaches include various types of enhanced sampling molecular dynamics simulations and the combination of energy-based models with chemometric analysis. We assess these approaches in the light of the varying levels of complexity of protein-ligand binding processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Neil J Bruce
- Molecular and Cellular Modeling Group, Heidelberg Institute for Theoretical Studies, Schloss-Wolfsbrunnenweg 35, 69118 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Gaurav K Ganotra
- Molecular and Cellular Modeling Group, Heidelberg Institute for Theoretical Studies, Schloss-Wolfsbrunnenweg 35, 69118 Heidelberg, Germany; Interdisciplinary Center for Scientific Computing (IWR), Heidelberg University, Im Neuenheimer Feld 205, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Daria B Kokh
- Molecular and Cellular Modeling Group, Heidelberg Institute for Theoretical Studies, Schloss-Wolfsbrunnenweg 35, 69118 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - S Kashif Sadiq
- Molecular and Cellular Modeling Group, Heidelberg Institute for Theoretical Studies, Schloss-Wolfsbrunnenweg 35, 69118 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Rebecca C Wade
- Molecular and Cellular Modeling Group, Heidelberg Institute for Theoretical Studies, Schloss-Wolfsbrunnenweg 35, 69118 Heidelberg, Germany; Center for Molecular Biology (ZMBH), DKFZ-ZMBH Alliance, Heidelberg University, Im Neuenheimer Feld 282, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany; Interdisciplinary Center for Scientific Computing (IWR), Heidelberg University, Im Neuenheimer Feld 205, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany.
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24
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Extending the Structural View of Class B GPCRs. Trends Biochem Sci 2017; 42:946-960. [PMID: 29132948 DOI: 10.1016/j.tibs.2017.10.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 98] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2017] [Revised: 10/02/2017] [Accepted: 10/09/2017] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
The secretin-like class B family of G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) are key players in hormonal homeostasis. Recent structures of various receptors in complex with a variety of orthosteric and allosteric ligands provide fundamental new insights into the function and mechanism of class B GPCRs, including: (i) ligand-induced changes in the relative orientation of the extracellular and transmembrane receptor domains; (ii) intramolecular interaction networks that stabilize conformational changes to accommodate intracellular G protein binding; and (iii) allosteric modulation of receptor activation. This review provides a comprehensive analysis of the structural, biochemical, and pharmacological data on class B GPCRs for understanding ligand-receptor interaction and modulation mechanisms and assessing the potential implications for drug discovery for the secretin-like GPCR family.
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25
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Abstract
Previously, drugs were developed focusing on target affinity and selectivity. However, it is becoming evident that the drug-target residence time, related to the off-rate, is an important parameter for successful drug development. The residence time influences both the on-rate and overall effectiveness of drugs. Furthermore, ligand binding is now appreciated to be a multistep process because metastable and/or intermediate binding sites in the extracellular region have been identified. In this review, we summarize experimental ligand-binding data for G-protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs), and their binding pathways, analyzed by molecular dynamics (MD). The kinetics of drug binding to GPCRs are complex and depend on several factors, including charge distribution on the receptor surface, ligand-receptor interactions in the binding channel and the binding site, or solvation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Strasser
- Department of Pharmaceutical/Medicinal Chemistry II, University of Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany.
| | | | - Roland Seifert
- Institute of Pharmacology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
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26
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Spierling SR, Zorrilla EP. Don't stress about CRF: assessing the translational failures of CRF 1antagonists. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 2017; 234:1467-1481. [PMID: 28265716 PMCID: PMC5420464 DOI: 10.1007/s00213-017-4556-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 105] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2016] [Accepted: 01/27/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Dr. Athina Markou sought treatments for a common neural substrate shared by depression and drug dependence. Antagonists of corticotropin-releasing factor (CRF) receptors, a target of interest to her, have not reached the clinic despite strong preclinical rationale and sustained translational efforts. METHODS We explore potential causes for the failure of CRF1 antagonists and review recent findings concerning CRF-CRF1 systems in psychopathology. RESULTS Potential causes for negative outcomes include (1) poor safety and efficacy of initial drug candidates due to bad pharmacokinetic and physicochemical properties, (2) specificity problems with preclinical screens, (3) the acute nature of screens vs. late-presenting patients, (4) positive preclinical results limited to certain models and conditions with dynamic CRF-CRF1 activation not homologous to tested patients, (5) repeated CRF1 activation-induced plasticity that reduces the importance of ongoing CRF1 agonist stimulation, and (6) therapeutic silencing which may need to address CRF2 receptor or CRF-binding protein molecules, constitutive CRF1 activity, or molecules that influence agonist-independent activity or to target structural regions other than the allosteric site bound by all drug candidates. We describe potential markers of activation towards individualized treatment, human genetic, and functional data that still implicate CRF1 systems in emotional disturbance, sex differences, and suggestive clinical findings for CRF1 antagonists in food craving and CRF-driven HPA-axis overactivation. CONCLUSION The therapeutic scope of selective CRF1 antagonists now appears narrower than had been hoped. Yet, much remains to be learned about CRF's role in the neurobiology of dysphoria and addiction and the potential for novel anti-CRF therapies therein.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samantha R Spierling
- Committee on the Neurobiology of Addictive Disorders, SP30-2400, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 N. Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA, 92037, USA.
| | - Eric P Zorrilla
- Committee on the Neurobiology of Addictive Disorders, SP30-2400, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 N. Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA, 92037, USA.
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27
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Bot I, Ortiz Zacarías NV, de Witte WEA, de Vries H, van Santbrink PJ, van der Velden D, Kröner MJ, van der Berg DJ, Stamos D, de Lange ECM, Kuiper J, IJzerman AP, Heitman LH. A novel CCR2 antagonist inhibits atherogenesis in apoE deficient mice by achieving high receptor occupancy. Sci Rep 2017; 7:52. [PMID: 28246398 PMCID: PMC5427923 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-00104-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2016] [Accepted: 02/06/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
CC Chemokine Receptor 2 (CCR2) and its endogenous ligand CCL2 are involved in a number of diseases, including atherosclerosis. Several CCR2 antagonists have been developed as potential therapeutic agents, however their in vivo clinical efficacy was limited. In this report, we aimed to determine whether 15a, an antagonist with a long residence time on the human CCR2, is effective in inhibiting the development of atherosclerosis in a mouse disease model. First, radioligand binding assays were performed to determine affinity and binding kinetics of 15a on murine CCR2. To assess the in vivo efficacy, western-type diet fed apoE-/- mice were treated daily with 15a or vehicle as control. Treatment with 15a reduced the amount of circulating CCR2+ monocytes and the size of the atherosclerotic plaques in both the carotid artery and the aortic root. We then showed that the long pharmacokinetic half-life of 15a combined with the high drug concentrations ensured prolonged CCR2 occupancy. These data render 15a a promising compound for drug development and confirms high receptor occupancy as a key parameter when targeting chemokine receptors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ilze Bot
- Division of Biopharmaceutics, Leiden Academic Centre for Drug Research (LACDR), Leiden University, Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - Natalia V Ortiz Zacarías
- Division of Medicinal Chemistry, Leiden Academic Centre for Drug Research (LACDR), Leiden University, Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - Wilhelmus E A de Witte
- Division of Pharmacology, Leiden Academic Centre for Drug Research (LACDR), Leiden University, Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - Henk de Vries
- Division of Medicinal Chemistry, Leiden Academic Centre for Drug Research (LACDR), Leiden University, Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - Peter J van Santbrink
- Division of Biopharmaceutics, Leiden Academic Centre for Drug Research (LACDR), Leiden University, Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - Daniël van der Velden
- Division of Biopharmaceutics, Leiden Academic Centre for Drug Research (LACDR), Leiden University, Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - Mara J Kröner
- Division of Biopharmaceutics, Leiden Academic Centre for Drug Research (LACDR), Leiden University, Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - Dirk-Jan van der Berg
- Division of Pharmacology, Leiden Academic Centre for Drug Research (LACDR), Leiden University, Leiden, the Netherlands
| | | | - Elizabeth C M de Lange
- Division of Pharmacology, Leiden Academic Centre for Drug Research (LACDR), Leiden University, Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - Johan Kuiper
- Division of Biopharmaceutics, Leiden Academic Centre for Drug Research (LACDR), Leiden University, Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - Adriaan P IJzerman
- Division of Medicinal Chemistry, Leiden Academic Centre for Drug Research (LACDR), Leiden University, Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - Laura H Heitman
- Division of Medicinal Chemistry, Leiden Academic Centre for Drug Research (LACDR), Leiden University, Leiden, the Netherlands.
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28
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Mochizuki M, Kojima T, Kobayashi K, Kotani E, Ishichi Y, Kanzaki N, Nakagawa H, Okuda T, Kosugi Y, Yano T, Sako Y, Tanaka M, Aso K. Discovery of 4-chloro-2-(2,4-dichloro-6-methylphenoxy)-1-methyl-7-(pentan-3-yl)-1H-benzimidazole, a novel CRF 1 receptor antagonist. Bioorg Med Chem 2017; 25:1556-1570. [PMID: 28174066 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2016.11.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2016] [Revised: 11/04/2016] [Accepted: 11/05/2016] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Compound 1 exhibits potent binding inhibition activity against a corticotropin-releasing factor 1 (CRF1) receptor (IC50=9.5nM) and in vitro antagonistic activity (IC50=88nM) but is rapidly metabolized by human hepatic microsomes (182μL/min/mg). Here we identified metabolically stable compounds with potent CRF binding inhibitory activity. Structure-activity relationship (SAR) studies considering in vitro metabolic stability revealed that 4-chloro-2-(2,4-dichloro-6-methylphenoxy)-1-methyl-7-(pentan-3-yl)-1H-benzimidazole 24d was more stable in human microsomes (87μL/min/mg) than compound 1. Compound 24d demonstrated potent CRF binding inhibitory activity (IC50=4.1nM), in vitro antagonistic activity (IC50=44nM), and slow dissociation from the CRF1 receptor. Orally administered compound 24d (6-24μmol/kg) showed ex vivo CRF1 receptor binding in the rat pituitary, olfactory bulb, and frontal cortex and suppressed stress-induced adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) secretion. In this report, we discuss SAR studies on the metabolic stability as well as CRF binding inhibitory activity of the benzimidazole series as CRF1 receptor antagonists and the pharmacological profiles of compound 24d.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michiyo Mochizuki
- Pharmaceutical Research Division, Takeda Pharmaceutical Company Ltd., 26-1, Muraokahigashi 2-chome, Fujisawa, Kanagawa 251-8555, Japan.
| | - Takuto Kojima
- Pharmaceutical Research Division, Takeda Pharmaceutical Company Ltd., 26-1, Muraokahigashi 2-chome, Fujisawa, Kanagawa 251-8555, Japan
| | - Katsumi Kobayashi
- Pharmaceutical Research Division, Takeda Pharmaceutical Company Ltd., 26-1, Muraokahigashi 2-chome, Fujisawa, Kanagawa 251-8555, Japan
| | - Etsuo Kotani
- CMC Center, Takeda Pharmaceutical Company Ltd., 17-85, Jusohonmachi 2-chome, Yodogawa-ku, Osaka 532-8686, Japan
| | - Yuji Ishichi
- Pharmaceutical Research Division, Takeda Pharmaceutical Company Ltd., 26-1, Muraokahigashi 2-chome, Fujisawa, Kanagawa 251-8555, Japan
| | - Naoyuki Kanzaki
- Pharmaceutical Research Division, Takeda Pharmaceutical Company Ltd., 26-1, Muraokahigashi 2-chome, Fujisawa, Kanagawa 251-8555, Japan
| | - Hideyuki Nakagawa
- Pharmaceutical Research Division, Takeda Pharmaceutical Company Ltd., 26-1, Muraokahigashi 2-chome, Fujisawa, Kanagawa 251-8555, Japan
| | - Teruaki Okuda
- Pharmaceutical Research Division, Takeda Pharmaceutical Company Ltd., 26-1, Muraokahigashi 2-chome, Fujisawa, Kanagawa 251-8555, Japan
| | - Yohei Kosugi
- Pharmaceutical Research Division, Takeda Pharmaceutical Company Ltd., 26-1, Muraokahigashi 2-chome, Fujisawa, Kanagawa 251-8555, Japan
| | - Takahiko Yano
- Taisho Pharmaceutical Company Ltd., 403, Yoshino-cho 1-chome, Kita-ku, Saitama-shi, Saitama 331-9530, Japan
| | - Yuu Sako
- Pharmaceutical Research Division, Takeda Pharmaceutical Company Ltd., 26-1, Muraokahigashi 2-chome, Fujisawa, Kanagawa 251-8555, Japan
| | - Maiko Tanaka
- Pharmaceutical Research Division, Takeda Pharmaceutical Company Ltd., 26-1, Muraokahigashi 2-chome, Fujisawa, Kanagawa 251-8555, Japan
| | - Kazuyoshi Aso
- Pharmaceutical Research Division, Takeda Pharmaceutical Company Ltd., 26-1, Muraokahigashi 2-chome, Fujisawa, Kanagawa 251-8555, Japan
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Contoreggi C, Chrousos GP, Mascio MD. Chronic distress and the vulnerable host: a new target for HIV treatment and prevention? NEUROBEHAVIORAL HIV MEDICINE 2016; 7:53-75. [PMID: 34295195 PMCID: PMC8293862 DOI: 10.2147/nbhiv.s86309] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Pathologic stress (distress) disturbs immune, cardiovascular, metabolic, and behavioral homeostasis. Individuals living with HIV and those at risk are vulnerable to stress disorders. Corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH) is critical in neuroendocrine immune regulation. CRH, a neuropeptide, is distributed in the central and peripheral nervous systems and acts principally on CRH receptor type 1 (CRHR1). CRH in the brain modulates neuropsychiatric disorders. CRH and stress modulation of immunity is two-pronged; there is a direct action on hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal secretion of glucocorticoids and through immune organ sympathetic innervation. CRH is a central and systemic proinflammatory cytokine. Glucocorticoids and their receptors have gene regulatory actions on viral replication and cause central and systemic immune suppression. CRH and stress activation contributes to central nervous system (CNS) viral entry important in HIV-associated neurocognitive disorders and HIV-associated dementia. CNS CRH overproduction short-circuits reward, executive, and emotional control, leading to addiction, cognitive impairment, and psychiatric comorbidity. CRHR1 is an important therapeutic target for medication development. CRHR1 antagonist clinical trials have focused on psychiatric disorders with little attention paid to neuroendocrine immune disorders. Studies of those with HIV and those at risk show that concurrent stress-related disorders contribute to higher morbidity and mortality; stress-related conditions, addiction, immune dysfunction, and comorbid psychiatric illness all increase HIV transmission. Neuropsychiatric disease, chronic inflammation, and substance abuse are endemic, and chronic distress is a pathologic factor. It is being understood that stress and CRH are fundamental to neuroendocrine immunity; therapeutic interventions with existing and novel agents hold promise for restoring homeostasis, reducing morbidity and mortality for those with HIV and possibly reducing future disease transmission.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlo Contoreggi
- Intramural Research Program (IRP), National Institute on Drug Abuse (NIDA), National Institutes of Health (NIH), Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - George P Chrousos
- Department of Pediatrics, Aghia Sophia Children’s Hospital, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens Medical School, Athens, Greece
| | - Michele Di Mascio
- AIDS Imaging Research Section, Division of Clinical Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID), National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, MD, USA
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Schwandt ML, Cortes CR, Kwako LE, George DT, Momenan R, Sinha R, Grigoriadis DE, Pich EM, Leggio L, Heilig M. The CRF1 Antagonist Verucerfont in Anxious Alcohol-Dependent Women: Translation of Neuroendocrine, But not of Anti-Craving Effects. Neuropsychopharmacology 2016; 41:2818-2829. [PMID: 27109623 PMCID: PMC5061889 DOI: 10.1038/npp.2016.61] [Citation(s) in RCA: 117] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2016] [Revised: 04/12/2016] [Accepted: 04/13/2016] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Blockade of corticotropin-releasing factor receptor 1 (CRF1) suppresses stress-induced alcohol seeking in rodents, but clinical translation remains. Here, we first showed that the CRF1 antagonist verucerfont potently blocks hypothalamic-pituitary adrenal (HPA) axis activation in adrenalectomized rats. We then evaluated verucerfont for its ability to block HPA axis activation and reduce stress-induced alcohol craving in alcohol-dependent patients. Anxious, alcohol-dependent women (age 21-65 years, n=39) were admitted to the NIH Clinical Center and completed withdrawal treatment before enrollment if needed. One-week single-blind placebo was followed by randomized double-blind verucerfont (350 mg per day) or placebo for 3 weeks. Verucerfont effects on the HPA axis were evaluated using the dexamethasone-CRF test. Craving was evaluated using two established protocols, one that combines a social stressor with physical alcohol cue exposure, and one that uses guided imagery to present personalized stress, alcohol, or neutral stimuli. An fMRI session examined brain responses to negative affective stimuli and alcohol cues. In contrast to our recent observations with another CRF1 antagonist, pexacerfont, verucerfont potently blocked the HPA axis response to the dexamethasone-CRF test, but left alcohol craving unaffected. Right amygdala responses to negative affective stimuli were significantly attenuated by verucerfont, but responses to alcohol-associated stimuli were increased in some brain regions, including left insula. Discontinuation rates were significantly higher in the verucerfont group. Our findings provide the first translational evidence that CRF1 antagonists with slow receptor dissociation kinetics may have increased efficacy to dampen HPA axis responses. The findings do not support a clinical efficacy of CRF1 blockade in stress-induced alcohol craving and relapse.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melanie L Schwandt
- Laboratory of Clinical and Translational Studies, National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, NIH, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Carlos R Cortes
- Laboratory of Clinical and Translational Studies, National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, NIH, Bethesda, MD, USA,Center for Social and Affective Neuroscience, Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden
| | - Laura E Kwako
- Laboratory of Clinical and Translational Studies, National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, NIH, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - David T George
- Laboratory of Clinical and Translational Studies, National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, NIH, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Reza Momenan
- Laboratory of Clinical and Translational Studies, National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, NIH, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Rajita Sinha
- The Yale Stress Center, Department of Psychiatry, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | | | - Emilio Merlo Pich
- Division of Brain Sciences, Department of Medicine, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Lorenzo Leggio
- Section on Clinical Psychoneuroendocrinology and Neuropsychopharmacology, National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism and National Institute on Drug Abuse, NIH, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Markus Heilig
- Laboratory of Clinical and Translational Studies, National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, NIH, Bethesda, MD, USA,Center for Social and Affective Neuroscience, Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden,Center for Social and Affective Neuroscience, IKE Linköping University, Linköping 58183, Sweden, Tel: +46 13 28 66 26, Fax: +46 (10) 103 3393, E-mail:
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31
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Shaham Y, de Wit H. Lost in Translation: CRF1 Receptor Antagonists and Addiction Treatment. Neuropsychopharmacology 2016; 41:2795-2797. [PMID: 27312404 PMCID: PMC5061894 DOI: 10.1038/npp.2016.94] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yavin Shaham
- Behavioral Neuroscience Branch, IRP-NIDA, NIH, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Harriet de Wit
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neuroscience, University of Chicago, IL, USA
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32
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Shimizu Y, Ogawa K, Nakayama M. Characterization of Kinetic Binding Properties of Unlabeled Ligands via a Preincubation Endpoint Binding Approach. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2016; 21:729-37. [PMID: 27270099 DOI: 10.1177/1087057116652065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2016] [Accepted: 05/06/2016] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The dissociation rates of unlabeled drugs have been well studied by kinetic binding analyses. Since kinetic assays are laborious, we developed a simple method to determine the kinetic binding parameters of unlabeled competitors by a preincubation endpoint assay. The probe binding after preincubation of a competitor can be described by a single equation as a function of time. Simulations using the equation revealed the degree of IC50 change induced by preincubation of a competitor depended on the dissociation rate koff of the competitor but not on the association rate kon To validate the model, an in vitro binding assay was performed using a smoothened receptor (SMO) and [(3)H]TAK-441, a SMO antagonist. The equilibrium dissociation constants (KI) and koff of SMO antagonists determined by globally fitting the model to the concentration-response curves obtained with and without 24 h preincubation correlated well with those determined by other methods. This approach could be useful for early-stage optimization of drug candidates by enabling determination of binding kinetics in a high-throughput manner because it does not require kinetic measurements, an intermediate washout step during the reaction, or prior determination of competitors' KI values.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuji Shimizu
- Pharmaceutical Research Division, Takeda Pharmaceutical Company Limited, Fujisawa, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Kazumasa Ogawa
- Pharmaceutical Research Division, Takeda Pharmaceutical Company Limited, Fujisawa, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Masaharu Nakayama
- Pharmaceutical Research Division, Takeda Pharmaceutical Company Limited, Fujisawa, Kanagawa, Japan
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Cheng J, Li W, Liu G, Zhu W, Tang Y. Computational insights into different inhibition modes of the κ-opioid receptor with antagonists LY2456302 and JDTic. RSC Adv 2016. [DOI: 10.1039/c5ra24911b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Residence time calculations were carried out based on binding free energy scanning of the metadynamics simulations on LY2456302–κ-OR and JDTic–κ-OR systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianxin Cheng
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of New Drug Design
- School of Pharmacy
- East China University of Science and Technology
- Shanghai 200237
- China
| | - Weihua Li
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of New Drug Design
- School of Pharmacy
- East China University of Science and Technology
- Shanghai 200237
- China
| | - Guixia Liu
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of New Drug Design
- School of Pharmacy
- East China University of Science and Technology
- Shanghai 200237
- China
| | - Weiliang Zhu
- Drug Discovery and Design Center
- Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica
- Chinese Academy of Sciences
- Shanghai 201203
- China
| | - Yun Tang
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of New Drug Design
- School of Pharmacy
- East China University of Science and Technology
- Shanghai 200237
- China
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34
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Stehouwer JS, Bourke CH, Owens MJ, Voll RJ, Kilts CD, Goodman MM. Synthesis, binding affinity, radiolabeling, and microPET evaluation of 4-(2-substituted-4-substituted)-8-(dialkylamino)-6-methyl-1-substituted-3,4-dihydropyrido[2,3-b]pyrazin-2(1H)-ones as ligands for brain corticotropin-releasing factor type-1 (CRF1) receptors. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2015; 25:5111-4. [PMID: 26456805 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2015.10.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2015] [Revised: 10/01/2015] [Accepted: 10/05/2015] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Compounds 1-14 were synthesized in a search for high-affinity CRF1 receptor ligands that could be radiolabeled with (11)C or (18)F for use as positron emission tomography (PET) radiotracers. Derivatives of 2 were developed which contained amide N-fluoroalkyl substituents. Compounds [(18)F]24 and [(18)F]25 were found to have appropriate lipophilicities of logP7.4=2.2 but microPET imaging with [(18)F]25 demonstrated limited brain uptake.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeffrey S Stehouwer
- Center for Systems Imaging, Department of Radiology and Imaging Sciences, Emory University, WWHC 209, 1841 Clifton Rd NE, Atlanta, GA 30329, USA.
| | - Chase H Bourke
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Michael J Owens
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Ronald J Voll
- Center for Systems Imaging, Department of Radiology and Imaging Sciences, Emory University, WWHC 209, 1841 Clifton Rd NE, Atlanta, GA 30329, USA
| | - Clinton D Kilts
- Psychiatric Research Institute, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR, USA
| | - Mark M Goodman
- Center for Systems Imaging, Department of Radiology and Imaging Sciences, Emory University, WWHC 209, 1841 Clifton Rd NE, Atlanta, GA 30329, USA; Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
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Bortolato A, Deflorian F, Weiss DR, Mason JS. Decoding the Role of Water Dynamics in Ligand–Protein Unbinding: CRF1R as a Test Case. J Chem Inf Model 2015; 55:1857-66. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.jcim.5b00440] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Bortolato
- Heptares Therapeutics Ltd., BioPark, Broadwater Road, Welwyn Garden City, Hertfordshire AL7 3AX, U.K
| | - Francesca Deflorian
- Heptares Therapeutics Ltd., BioPark, Broadwater Road, Welwyn Garden City, Hertfordshire AL7 3AX, U.K
| | - Dahlia R. Weiss
- Heptares Therapeutics Ltd., BioPark, Broadwater Road, Welwyn Garden City, Hertfordshire AL7 3AX, U.K
| | - Jonathan S. Mason
- Heptares Therapeutics Ltd., BioPark, Broadwater Road, Welwyn Garden City, Hertfordshire AL7 3AX, U.K
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36
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Guo D, Heitman LH, IJzerman AP. The Role of Target Binding Kinetics in Drug Discovery. ChemMedChem 2015; 10:1793-6. [DOI: 10.1002/cmdc.201500310] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2015] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Dong Guo
- Division of Medicinal Chemistry; Leiden Academic Centre for Drug Research (LACDR); P.O. Box 9502 2300 RA Leiden the Netherlands
| | - Laura H. Heitman
- Division of Medicinal Chemistry; Leiden Academic Centre for Drug Research (LACDR); P.O. Box 9502 2300 RA Leiden the Netherlands
| | - Adriaan P. IJzerman
- Division of Medicinal Chemistry; Leiden Academic Centre for Drug Research (LACDR); P.O. Box 9502 2300 RA Leiden the Netherlands
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37
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Stehouwer JS, Birnbaum MS, Voll RJ, Owens MJ, Plott SJ, Bourke CH, Wassef MA, Kilts CD, Goodman MM. Synthesis, F-18 radiolabeling, and microPET evaluation of 3-(2,4-dichlorophenyl)-N-alkyl-N-fluoroalkyl-2,5-dimethylpyrazolo[1,5-a]pyrimidin-7-amines as ligands of the corticotropin-releasing factor type-1 (CRF1) receptor. Bioorg Med Chem 2015; 23:4286-4302. [PMID: 26145817 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2015.06.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2015] [Revised: 06/04/2015] [Accepted: 06/12/2015] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
A series of 3-(2,4-dichlorophenyl)-N-alkyl-N-fluoroalkyl-2,5-dimethylpyrazolo[1,5-a]pyrimidin-7-amines were synthesized and evaluated as potential positron emission tomography (PET) tracers for the corticotropin-releasing factor type-1 (CRF1) receptor. Compounds 27, 28, 29, and 30 all displayed high binding affinity (⩽1.2 nM) to the CRF1 receptor when assessed by in vitro competition binding assays at 23 °C, whereas a decrease in affinity (⩾10-fold) was observed with compound 26. The logP7.4 values of [(18)F]26-[(18)F]29 were in the range of ∼2.2-2.8 and microPET evaluation of [(18)F]26-[(18)F]29 in an anesthetized male cynomolgus monkey demonstrated brain penetrance, but specific binding was not sufficient enough to differentiate regions of high CRF1 receptor density from regions of low CRF1 receptor density. Radioactivity uptake in the skull, and sphenoid bone and/or sphenoid sinus during studies with [(18)F]28, [(18)F]28-d8, and [(18)F]29 was attributed to a combination of [(18)F]fluoride generated by metabolic defluorination of the radiotracer and binding of intact radiotracer to CRF1 receptors expressed on mast cells in the bone marrow. Uptake of [(18)F]26 and [(18)F]27 in the skull and sphenoid region was rapid but then steadily washed out which suggests that this behavior was the result of binding to CRF1 receptors expressed on mast cells in the bone marrow with no contribution from [(18)F]fluoride.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeffrey S Stehouwer
- Center for Systems Imaging, Department of Radiology and Imaging Sciences, Emory University, WWHC 209, 1841 Clifton Rd NE, Atlanta, GA 30329, USA.
| | - Matthew S Birnbaum
- Center for Systems Imaging, Department of Radiology and Imaging Sciences, Emory University, WWHC 209, 1841 Clifton Rd NE, Atlanta, GA 30329, USA
| | - Ronald J Voll
- Center for Systems Imaging, Department of Radiology and Imaging Sciences, Emory University, WWHC 209, 1841 Clifton Rd NE, Atlanta, GA 30329, USA
| | - Michael J Owens
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Susan J Plott
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Chase H Bourke
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Michael A Wassef
- Center for Systems Imaging, Department of Radiology and Imaging Sciences, Emory University, WWHC 209, 1841 Clifton Rd NE, Atlanta, GA 30329, USA
| | - Clinton D Kilts
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR, USA
| | - Mark M Goodman
- Center for Systems Imaging, Department of Radiology and Imaging Sciences, Emory University, WWHC 209, 1841 Clifton Rd NE, Atlanta, GA 30329, USA; Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
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38
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Design strategies to address kinetics of drug binding and residence time. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2015; 25:2019-27. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2015.02.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2014] [Revised: 02/06/2015] [Accepted: 02/11/2015] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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Sun X, Cheng J, Wang X, Tang Y, Ågren H, Tu Y. Residues remote from the binding pocket control the antagonist selectivity towards the corticotropin-releasing factor receptor-1. Sci Rep 2015; 5:8066. [PMID: 25628267 PMCID: PMC4308710 DOI: 10.1038/srep08066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2014] [Accepted: 01/02/2015] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
The corticotropin releasing factors receptor-1 and receptor-2 (CRF1R and CRF2R) are therapeutic targets for treating neurological diseases. Antagonists targeting CRF1R have been developed for the potential treatment of anxiety disorders and alcohol addiction. It has been found that antagonists targeting CRF1R always show high selectivity, although CRF1R and CRF2R share a very high rate of sequence identity. This has inspired us to study the origin of the selectivity of the antagonists. We have therefore built a homology model for CRF2R and carried out unbiased molecular dynamics and well-tempered metadynamics simulations for systems with the antagonist CP-376395 in CRF1R or CRF2R to address this issue. We found that the side chain of Tyr(6.63) forms a hydrogen bond with the residue remote from the binding pocket, which allows Tyr(6.63) to adopt different conformations in the two receptors and results in the presence or absence of a bottleneck controlling the antagonist binding to or dissociation from the receptors. The rotameric switch of the side chain of Tyr356(6.63) allows the breaking down of the bottleneck and is a perquisite for the dissociation of CP-376395 from CRF1R.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xianqiang Sun
- Division of Theoretical Chemistry and Biology, School of Biotechnology, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, S-106 91 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Jianxin Cheng
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of New Drug Design, School of Pharmacy, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, China
| | - Xu Wang
- Division of Theoretical Chemistry and Biology, School of Biotechnology, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, S-106 91 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Yun Tang
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of New Drug Design, School of Pharmacy, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, China
| | - Hans Ågren
- Division of Theoretical Chemistry and Biology, School of Biotechnology, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, S-106 91 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Yaoquan Tu
- Division of Theoretical Chemistry and Biology, School of Biotechnology, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, S-106 91 Stockholm, Sweden
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40
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Contoreggi C. Corticotropin releasing hormone and imaging, rethinking the stress axis. Nucl Med Biol 2014; 42:323-39. [PMID: 25573209 DOI: 10.1016/j.nucmedbio.2014.11.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2014] [Revised: 11/07/2014] [Accepted: 11/19/2014] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
The stress system provides integration of both neurochemical and somatic physiologic functions within organisms as an adaptive mechanism to changing environmental conditions throughout evolution. In mammals and primates the complexity and sophistication of these systems have surpassed other species in triaging neurochemical and physiologic signaling to maximize chances of survival. Corticotropin releasing hormone (CRH) and its related peptides and receptors have been identified over the last three decades and are fundamental molecular initiators of the stress response. They are crucial in the top down regulatory cascade over a myriad of neurochemical, neuroendocrine and sympathetic nervous system events. From neuroscience, we've seen that stress activation impacts behavior, endocrine and somatic physiology and influences neurochemical events that one can capture in real time with current imaging technologies. To delineate these effects one can demonstrate how the CRH neuronal networks infiltrate critical cognitive, emotive and autonomic regions of the central nervous system (CNS) with somatic effects. Abundant preclinical and clinical studies show inter-regulatory actions of CRH with multiple neurotransmitters/peptides. Stress, both acute and chronic has epigenetic effects which magnify genetic susceptibilities to alter neurochemistry; stress system activation can add critical variables in design and interpretation of basic and clinical neuroscience and related research. This review will attempt to provide an overview of the spectrum of known functions and speculative actions of CRH and stress responses in light of imaging technology and its interpretation. Metabolic and neuroreceptor positron emission/single photon tomography (PET/SPECT), functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI), anatomic MRI, diffusion tensor imaging (DTI), and proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy (pMRS) are technologies that can delineate basic mechanisms of neurophysiology and pharmacology. Stress modulates the myriad of neurochemical and networks within and controlled through the central and peripheral nervous system and the effects of stress activation on imaging will be highlighted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlo Contoreggi
- Intramural Research Program (IRP), National Institute on Drug Abuse (NIDA), National Institutes of Health (NIH), Baltimore, MD, 21224.
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41
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Lodge NJ, Li YW, Chin FT, Dischino DD, Zoghbi SS, Deskus JA, Mattson RJ, Imaizumi M, Pieschl R, Molski TF, Fujita M, Dulac H, Zaczek R, Bronson JJ, Macor JE, Innis RB, Pike VW. Synthesis and evaluation of candidate PET radioligands for corticotropin-releasing factor type-1 receptors. Nucl Med Biol 2014; 41:524-35. [PMID: 24793011 DOI: 10.1016/j.nucmedbio.2014.03.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2013] [Revised: 03/18/2014] [Accepted: 03/20/2014] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION A radioligand for measuring the density of corticotropin-releasing factor subtype-1 receptors (CRF1 receptors) in living animal and human brain with positron emission tomography (PET) would be a useful tool for neuropsychiatric investigations and the development of drugs intended to interact with this target. This study was aimed at discovery of such a radioligand from a group of CRF1 receptor ligands based on a core 3-(phenylamino)-pyrazin-2(1H)-one scaffold. METHODS CRF1 receptor ligands were selected for development as possible PET radioligands based on their binding potency at CRF1 receptors (displacement of [(125)I]CRF from rat cortical membranes), measured lipophilicity, autoradiographic binding profile in rat and rhesus monkey brain sections, rat biodistribution, and suitability for radiolabeling with carbon-11 or fluorine-18. Two identified candidates (BMS-721313 and BMS-732098) were labeled with fluorine-18. A third candidate (BMS-709460) was labeled with carbon-11 and all three radioligands were evaluated in PET experiments in rhesus monkey. CRF1 receptor density (Bmax) was assessed in rhesus brain cortical and cerebellum membranes with the CRF1 receptor ligand, [(3)H]BMS-728300. RESULTS The three ligands selected for development showed high binding affinity (IC50 values, 0.3-8nM) at CRF1 receptors and moderate lipophilicity (LogD, 2.8-4.4). [(3)H]BMS-728300 and the two (18)F-labeled ligands showed region-specific binding in rat and rhesus monkey brain autoradiography, namely higher binding density in the frontal and limbic cortex, and cerebellum than in thalamus and brainstem. CRF1 receptor Bmax in rhesus brain was found to be 50-120 fmol/mg protein across cortical regions and cerebellum. PET experiments in rhesus monkey showed that the radioligands [(18)F]BMS-721313, [(18)F]BMS-732098 and [(11)C]BMS-709460 gave acceptably high brain radioactivity uptake but no indication of the specific binding as seen in vitro. CONCLUSIONS Candidate CRF1 receptor PET radioligands were identified but none proved to be effective for imaging monkey brain CRF1 receptors. Higher affinity radioligands are likely required for successful PET imaging of CRF1 receptors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas J Lodge
- Department of Neuroscience Biology, Bristol-Myers Squibb, 5 Research Parkway, Wallingford, CT 06492-7660, USA
| | - Yu-Wen Li
- Department of Neuroscience Biology, Bristol-Myers Squibb, 5 Research Parkway, Wallingford, CT 06492-7660, USA
| | - Frederick T Chin
- Molecular Imaging Branch, National Institute of Mental Health, National Institutes of Health, Building 10, Rm. B3 C346A, 10 Center Drive, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA; Department of Radiology, Molecular Imaging Program at Stanford, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305-5484, USA
| | - Douglas D Dischino
- Department of Radiochemistry, Bristol-Myers Squibb, 5 Research Parkway, Wallingford, CT 06492-7660, USA
| | - Sami S Zoghbi
- Molecular Imaging Branch, National Institute of Mental Health, National Institutes of Health, Building 10, Rm. B3 C346A, 10 Center Drive, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Jeffrey A Deskus
- Department of Neuroscience Chemistry, Bristol-Myers Squibb, 5 Research Parkway, Wallingford, CT 06492-7660, USA
| | - Ronald J Mattson
- Department of Neuroscience Chemistry, Bristol-Myers Squibb, 5 Research Parkway, Wallingford, CT 06492-7660, USA
| | - Masao Imaizumi
- Molecular Imaging Branch, National Institute of Mental Health, National Institutes of Health, Building 10, Rm. B3 C346A, 10 Center Drive, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Rick Pieschl
- Department of Neuroscience Biology, Bristol-Myers Squibb, 5 Research Parkway, Wallingford, CT 06492-7660, USA
| | - Thaddeus F Molski
- Department of Neuroscience Biology, Bristol-Myers Squibb, 5 Research Parkway, Wallingford, CT 06492-7660, USA
| | - Masahiro Fujita
- Molecular Imaging Branch, National Institute of Mental Health, National Institutes of Health, Building 10, Rm. B3 C346A, 10 Center Drive, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Heidi Dulac
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, Bristol-Myers Squibb, 5 Research Parkway, Wallingford, CT 06492-7660, USA
| | - Robert Zaczek
- Department of Neuroscience Biology, Bristol-Myers Squibb, 5 Research Parkway, Wallingford, CT 06492-7660, USA
| | - Joanne J Bronson
- Department of Neuroscience Chemistry, Bristol-Myers Squibb, 5 Research Parkway, Wallingford, CT 06492-7660, USA
| | - John E Macor
- Department of Neuroscience Chemistry, Bristol-Myers Squibb, 5 Research Parkway, Wallingford, CT 06492-7660, USA
| | - Robert B Innis
- Molecular Imaging Branch, National Institute of Mental Health, National Institutes of Health, Building 10, Rm. B3 C346A, 10 Center Drive, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Victor W Pike
- Molecular Imaging Branch, National Institute of Mental Health, National Institutes of Health, Building 10, Rm. B3 C346A, 10 Center Drive, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
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Guo D, Hillger JM, IJzerman AP, Heitman LH. Drug-Target Residence Time-A Case for G Protein-Coupled Receptors. Med Res Rev 2014; 34:856-92. [DOI: 10.1002/med.21307] [Citation(s) in RCA: 128] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Dong Guo
- Division of Medicinal Chemistry; Leiden Academic Centre for Drug Research; Leiden University; P.O. Box 9502 2300 RA Leiden the Netherlands
| | - Julia M. Hillger
- Division of Medicinal Chemistry; Leiden Academic Centre for Drug Research; Leiden University; P.O. Box 9502 2300 RA Leiden the Netherlands
| | - Adriaan P. IJzerman
- Division of Medicinal Chemistry; Leiden Academic Centre for Drug Research; Leiden University; P.O. Box 9502 2300 RA Leiden the Netherlands
| | - Laura H. Heitman
- Division of Medicinal Chemistry; Leiden Academic Centre for Drug Research; Leiden University; P.O. Box 9502 2300 RA Leiden the Netherlands
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Hausch F. Structures of class B G protein-coupled receptors: prospects for drug discovery. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2013; 52:12783-5. [PMID: 24127232 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201307542] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2013] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
New members in the GPCR photo gallery! Crystal structures of class B G protein-coupled receptors, which bind peptide hormones, have been solved [see picture of the corticotropin-releasing factor receptor 1 (blue) and a bound allosteric nonpeptide antagonist (green)]. The structures provide a basis for a rational design of better drugs for diabetes, osteoporosis, migraine, or depression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Felix Hausch
- AG Chemical Genomics, Max Planck Institute of Psychiatry, Kraepelinstr. 2, München (Germany) http://www.mpipsykl.mpg.de/en/research/groups/hausch/index.html.
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Hausch F. Strukturen der G-Protein-gekoppelten Rezeptoren der Klasse B: Perspektiven für die Arzneimittelforschung. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2013. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201307542] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
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Million M, Zhao JF, Luckey A, Czimmer J, Maynard GD, Kehne J, Hoffman DC, Taché Y. The newly developed CRF1-receptor antagonists, NGD 98-2 and NGD 9002, suppress acute stress-induced stimulation of colonic motor function and visceral hypersensitivity in rats. PLoS One 2013; 8:e73749. [PMID: 24040053 PMCID: PMC3765344 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0073749] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2013] [Accepted: 07/21/2013] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Corticotropin releasing factor receptor 1 (CRF1) is the key receptor that mediates stress-related body responses. However to date there are no CRF1 antagonists that have shown clinical efficacy in stress-related diseases. We investigated the inhibitory effects of a new generation, topology 2 selective CRF1 antagonists, NGD 98-2 and NGD 9002 on exogenous and endogenous CRF-induced stimulation of colonic function and visceral hypersensitivity to colorectal distension (CRD) in conscious rats. CRF1 antagonists or vehicle were administered orogastrically (og) or subcutaneously (sc) before either intracerebroventricular (icv) or intraperitoneal (ip) injection of CRF (10 µg/kg), exposure to water avoidance stress (WAS, 60 min) or repeated CRD (60 mmHg twice, 10 min on/off at a 30 min interval). Fecal pellet output (FPO), diarrhea and visceromotor responses were monitored. In vehicle (og)-pretreated rats, icv CRF stimulated FPO and induced diarrhea in >50% of rats. NGD 98-2 or NGD 9002 (3, 10 and 30 mg/kg, og) reduced the CRF-induced FPO response with an inhibitory IC50 of 15.7 and 4.3 mg/kg respectively. At the highest dose, og NGD 98-2 or NGD 9002 blocked icv CRF-induced FPO by 67–87% and decreased WAS-induced-FPO by 23–53%. When administered sc, NGD 98-2 or NGD 9002 (30 mg/kg) inhibited icv and ip CRF-induced-FPO. The antagonists also prevented the development of nociceptive hyper-responsivity to repeated CRD. These data demonstrate that topology 2 CRF1 antagonists, NGD 98-2 and NGD 9002, administered orally, prevented icv CRF-induced colonic secretomotor stimulation, reduced acute WAS-induced defecation and blocked the induction of visceral sensitization to repeated CRD.
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MESH Headings
- Administration, Oral
- Animals
- Colon/drug effects
- Colon/physiopathology
- Corticotropin-Releasing Hormone/administration & dosage
- Corticotropin-Releasing Hormone/metabolism
- Corticotropin-Releasing Hormone/pharmacology
- Defecation/drug effects
- Diarrhea/physiopathology
- Diarrhea/prevention & control
- Drug Antagonism
- Hyperalgesia/physiopathology
- Hyperalgesia/prevention & control
- Injections, Intraperitoneal
- Injections, Intraventricular
- Injections, Subcutaneous
- Intubation, Gastrointestinal
- Irritable Bowel Syndrome/metabolism
- Irritable Bowel Syndrome/physiopathology
- Irritable Bowel Syndrome/prevention & control
- Male
- Molecular Structure
- Pyrazines/administration & dosage
- Pyrazines/chemistry
- Pyrazines/pharmacology
- Rats
- Rats, Sprague-Dawley
- Receptors, Corticotropin-Releasing Hormone/antagonists & inhibitors
- Receptors, Corticotropin-Releasing Hormone/metabolism
- Stress, Physiological/drug effects
- Stress, Physiological/physiology
- Viscera/drug effects
- Viscera/physiopathology
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Affiliation(s)
- Mulugeta Million
- CURE/Digestive Diseases Research Center, Department of Medicine, Division of Digestive Diseases, The David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
- Oppenheimer Family Center for Neurobiology of Stress, Department of Medicine, Division of Digestive Diseases, The David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
- VA Greater Los Angeles Healthcare System, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| | - Jing-Fang Zhao
- CURE/Digestive Diseases Research Center, Department of Medicine, Division of Digestive Diseases, The David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
- VA Greater Los Angeles Healthcare System, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
| | - Andrew Luckey
- CURE/Digestive Diseases Research Center, Department of Medicine, Division of Digestive Diseases, The David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
- VA Greater Los Angeles Healthcare System, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
| | - József Czimmer
- CURE/Digestive Diseases Research Center, Department of Medicine, Division of Digestive Diseases, The David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
- VA Greater Los Angeles Healthcare System, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
| | - George D. Maynard
- Neurogen Corporation, Branford, Connecticut, United States of America
| | - John Kehne
- Neurogen Corporation, Branford, Connecticut, United States of America
| | - Diane C. Hoffman
- Neurogen Corporation, Branford, Connecticut, United States of America
| | - Yvette Taché
- CURE/Digestive Diseases Research Center, Department of Medicine, Division of Digestive Diseases, The David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
- Oppenheimer Family Center for Neurobiology of Stress, Department of Medicine, Division of Digestive Diseases, The David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
- VA Greater Los Angeles Healthcare System, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
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Pan AC, Borhani DW, Dror RO, Shaw DE. Molecular determinants of drug–receptor binding kinetics. Drug Discov Today 2013; 18:667-73. [DOI: 10.1016/j.drudis.2013.02.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 265] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2012] [Revised: 02/01/2013] [Accepted: 02/15/2013] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
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47
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Williams JP. Corticotropin-releasing factor 1 receptor antagonists: a patent review. Expert Opin Ther Pat 2013; 23:1057-68. [DOI: 10.1517/13543776.2013.795545] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
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Wood SK, McFadden K, Griffin T, Wolfe JH, Zderic S, Valentino RJ. A corticotropin-releasing factor receptor antagonist improves urodynamic dysfunction produced by social stress or partial bladder outlet obstruction in male rats. Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol 2013; 304:R940-50. [PMID: 23552576 DOI: 10.1152/ajpregu.00257.2012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Barrington's nucleus, in the pons, regulates micturition through spinal projections to preganglionic parasympathetic neurons. The stress neuropeptide CRF is prominent in these projections and has an inhibitory influence. Social stress in rats causes urinary retention and abnormal urodynamics resembling those produced by partial bladder outlet obstruction (pBOO), and this is associated with CRF upregulation in Barrington's nucleus. Here, we examined the role of CRF in social stress- and pBOO-induced urodynamic dysfunction by assessing the ability of a CRF₁ receptor antagonist to alter these effects. Male rats exposed to repeated resident-intruder stress were administered vehicle or a CRF₁ antagonist (NBI-30775) daily prior to the stress. Urodynamic function was recorded in the unanesthetized state 72 h after the final stress. NBI-30775 prevented the increased intermicturition interval, micturition volume, and bladder capacity produced by social stress, but not the increase in CRF expression in Barrington's nucleus neurons. The urinary dysfunction was also partly prevented by shRNA targeting of CRF in Barrington's nucleus, suggesting that stress-induced urinary dysfunction results, in part, from CRF upregulation in Barrington's nucleus and enhanced postsynaptic effects in the spinal cord. Finally, NBI-30775 improved urodynamic function of rats that had pBOO of 2-wk duration when administered daily during the second week but did not block the increase in CRF expression in Barrington's nucleus neurons. These findings implicate a role for Barrington's nucleus CRF in stress- and pBOO-induced urodynamic changes and suggest that CRF₁ antagonists may be useful therapeutic agents for the treatment of urinary dysfunction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susan K Wood
- The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
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Zorrilla EP, Heilig M, de Wit H, Shaham Y. Behavioral, biological, and chemical perspectives on targeting CRF(1) receptor antagonists to treat alcoholism. Drug Alcohol Depend 2013; 128:175-86. [PMID: 23294766 PMCID: PMC3596012 DOI: 10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2012.12.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2012] [Revised: 12/13/2012] [Accepted: 12/14/2012] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Alcohol use disorders are chronic disabling conditions for which existing pharmacotherapies have only modest efficacy. In the present review, derived from the 2012 Behavior, Biology and Chemistry "Translational Research in Addiction" symposium, we summarize the anti-relapse potential of corticotropin-releasing factor type 1 (CRF(1)) receptor antagonists to reduce negative emotional symptoms of acute and protracted alcohol withdrawal and stress-induced relapse to alcohol seeking. METHODS We review the biology of CRF(1) systems, the activity of CRF(1) receptor antagonists in animal models of anxiolytic and antidepressant activity, and experimental findings in alcohol addiction models. We also update the clinical trial status of CRF(1) receptor antagonists, including pexacerfont (BMS-562086), emicerfont (GW876008), verucerfont (GSK561679), CP316311, SSR125543A, R121919/NBI30775, R317573/19567470/CRA5626, and ONO-2333Ms. Finally, we discuss the potential heterogeneity and pharmacogenomics of CRF(1) receptor pharmacotherapy for alcohol dependence. RESULTS The evidence suggests that brain penetrant-CRF(1) receptor antagonists have therapeutic potential for alcohol dependence. Lead compounds with clinically desirable pharmacokinetic properties now exist, and longer receptor residence rates (i.e., slow dissociation) may predict greater CRF(1) receptor antagonist efficacy. Functional variants in genes that encode CRF system molecules, including polymorphisms in Crhr1 (rs110402, rs1876831, rs242938) and Crhbp genes (rs10055255, rs3811939) may promote alcohol seeking and consumption by altering basal or stress-induced CRF system activation. CONCLUSIONS Ongoing clinical trials with pexacerfont and verucerfont in moderately to highly severe dependent anxious alcoholics may yield insight as to the role of CRF(1) receptor antagonists in a personalized medicine approach to treat drug or alcohol dependence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric P. Zorrilla
- Committee on the Neurobiology of Addictive Disorders, The Scripps Research Institute La Jolla, CA 92037 USA,Correspondence: Eric P. Zorrilla, Committee on the Neurobiology of Addictive Disorders, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, SP30-2400, La Jolla, CA 92037 USA, tel: 858-784-7416, fax: 858-784-7405,
| | - Markus Heilig
- Laboratory of Clinical and Translational Studies, National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Harriet de Wit
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neuroscience, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, 60637 USA
| | - Yavin Shaham
- Behavioral Neuroscience Branch, Intramural Research Program, National Institute on Drug Abuse, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, MD 21224, USA
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50
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Contoreggi C, Lee MR, Chrousos G. Addiction and corticotropin-releasing hormone type 1 receptor antagonist medications. Ann N Y Acad Sci 2013; 1282:107-18. [PMID: 23398379 DOI: 10.1111/nyas.12007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
Derangements in corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH) through its type 1 receptor (CRHR1) have been identified in many pathologic conditions. Preclinical models of addiction find that small-molecule antagonists of CRHR1 can limit induction, maintenance, and relapse to drugs of abuse. Neuropsychiatric clinical trials of CRHR1 antagonists have shown mixed efficacy; treatment of addictive disorders has not been established, but finding effective treatments for addictive disorders is critical. Establishing effectiveness for substance abuse treatment will require a different design approach than was used for depression and anxiety trials. Focusing on active versus passive outcome measures, such as resilience to external stressful stimuli, may provide signals in curbing craving and relapse. Study design should include measures of abstinence and drug exposure, but additional elements of stress prevention should also be incorporated. Agents that could provide preemptive protection from drug use and relapse are novel and untested. An understanding of the evolutionary significance of the stress system and preclinical models suggests that these agents may provide protection in this manner. Investigators designing future trials might refocus their understanding of addiction and treatment in this new direction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlo Contoreggi
- Intramural Research Program, National Institute on Drug Abuse, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, MD 21224, USA.
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