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Bosy-Westphal A, Hägele FA, Müller MJ. Impact of Energy Turnover on the Regulation of Energy and Macronutrient Balance. Obesity (Silver Spring) 2021; 29:1114-1119. [PMID: 34002543 DOI: 10.1002/oby.23133] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2020] [Revised: 01/06/2021] [Accepted: 01/19/2021] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Energy turnover, defined as the average daily total metabolic rate, can be normalized for basal metabolic rate in order to compare physical activity level between individuals, whereas normalization of energy turnover for energy intake (energy flux) allows investigation of its impact on regulation of energy partitioning independent of energy balance. Appetite sensations better correspond to energy requirements at a high compared with a low energy turnover. Adaptation of energy intake to habitual energy turnover may, however, contribute to the risk of weight gain associated with accelerated growth, pregnancy, detraining in athletes, or after weight loss in people with obesity. The dose-response relationship between energy turnover and energy intake as well as the metabolic effects of energy turnover varies with the habitual level of physical activity and the etiology of energy turnover (e.g., cold-induced thermogenesis, growth, or lactation; aerobic vs. anaerobic exercise). Whether a high energy turnover due to physical activity or exercise may compensate for adverse effects of overfeeding or an unhealthy diet needs to be further investigated using the concept of energy flux. In summary, the beneficial effects of a high energy turnover on regulation of energy and macronutrient balance facilitate the prevention and treatment of obesity and associated metabolic risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anja Bosy-Westphal
- Department of Human Nutrition, Institute of Human Nutrition and Food Sciences, Christian-Albrechts University, Kiel, Germany
| | - Franziska A Hägele
- Department of Human Nutrition, Institute of Human Nutrition and Food Sciences, Christian-Albrechts University, Kiel, Germany
| | - Manfred J Müller
- Department of Human Nutrition, Institute of Human Nutrition and Food Sciences, Christian-Albrechts University, Kiel, Germany
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Smith CD, Lin CT, McMillin SL, Weyrauch LA, Schmidt CA, Smith CA, Kurland IJ, Witczak CA, Neufer PD. Genetically increasing flux through β-oxidation in skeletal muscle increases mitochondrial reductive stress and glucose intolerance. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab 2021; 320:E938-E950. [PMID: 33813880 PMCID: PMC8238127 DOI: 10.1152/ajpendo.00010.2021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Elevated mitochondrial hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) emission and an oxidative shift in cytosolic redox environment have been linked to high-fat-diet-induced insulin resistance in skeletal muscle. To test specifically whether increased flux through mitochondrial fatty acid oxidation, in the absence of elevated energy demand, directly alters mitochondrial function and redox state in muscle, two genetic models characterized by increased muscle β-oxidation flux were studied. In mice overexpressing peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-α in muscle (MCK-PPARα), lipid-supported mitochondrial respiration, membrane potential (ΔΨm), and H2O2 production rate (JH2O2) were increased, which coincided with a more oxidized cytosolic redox environment, reduced muscle glucose uptake, and whole body glucose intolerance despite an increased rate of energy expenditure. Similar results were observed in lipin-1-deficient, fatty-liver dystrophic mice, another model characterized by increased β-oxidation flux and glucose intolerance. Crossing MCAT (mitochondria-targeted catalase) with MCK-PPARα mice normalized JH2O2 production, redox environment, and glucose tolerance, but surprisingly, both basal and absolute insulin-stimulated rates of glucose uptake in muscle remained depressed. Also surprising, when placed on a high-fat diet, MCK-PPARα mice were characterized by much lower whole body, fat, and lean mass as well as improved glucose tolerance relative to wild-type mice, providing additional evidence that overexpression of PPARα in muscle imposes more extensive metabolic stress than experienced by wild-type mice on a high-fat diet. Overall, the findings suggest that driving an increase in skeletal muscle fatty acid oxidation in the absence of metabolic demand imposes mitochondrial reductive stress and elicits multiple counterbalance metabolic responses in an attempt to restore bioenergetic homeostasis.NEW & NOTEWORTHY Prior work has suggested that mitochondrial dysfunction is an underlying cause of insulin resistance in muscle because it limits fatty acid oxidation and therefore leads to the accumulation of cytotoxic lipid intermediates. The implication has been that therapeutic strategies to accelerate β-oxidation will be protective. The current study provides evidence that genetically increasing flux through β-oxidation in muscle imposes reductive stress that is not beneficial but rather detrimental to metabolic regulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cody D Smith
- East Carolina Diabetes and Obesity Institute, Brody School of Medicine, East Carolina University, Greenville, North Carolina
- Department of Physiology, Brody School of Medicine, East Carolina University, Greenville, North Carolina
| | - Chien-Te Lin
- East Carolina Diabetes and Obesity Institute, Brody School of Medicine, East Carolina University, Greenville, North Carolina
- Department of Physiology, Brody School of Medicine, East Carolina University, Greenville, North Carolina
| | - Shawna L McMillin
- East Carolina Diabetes and Obesity Institute, Brody School of Medicine, East Carolina University, Greenville, North Carolina
- Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, Brody School of Medicine, East Carolina University, Greenville, North Carolina
| | - Luke A Weyrauch
- East Carolina Diabetes and Obesity Institute, Brody School of Medicine, East Carolina University, Greenville, North Carolina
- Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, Brody School of Medicine, East Carolina University, Greenville, North Carolina
| | - Cameron A Schmidt
- East Carolina Diabetes and Obesity Institute, Brody School of Medicine, East Carolina University, Greenville, North Carolina
- Department of Physiology, Brody School of Medicine, East Carolina University, Greenville, North Carolina
| | - Cheryl A Smith
- East Carolina Diabetes and Obesity Institute, Brody School of Medicine, East Carolina University, Greenville, North Carolina
- Department of Physiology, Brody School of Medicine, East Carolina University, Greenville, North Carolina
| | - Irwin J Kurland
- Department of Medicine, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York
| | - Carol A Witczak
- East Carolina Diabetes and Obesity Institute, Brody School of Medicine, East Carolina University, Greenville, North Carolina
- Department of Physiology, Brody School of Medicine, East Carolina University, Greenville, North Carolina
- Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, Brody School of Medicine, East Carolina University, Greenville, North Carolina
- Department of Kinesiology, East Carolina University, Greenville, North Carolina
| | - P Darrell Neufer
- East Carolina Diabetes and Obesity Institute, Brody School of Medicine, East Carolina University, Greenville, North Carolina
- Department of Physiology, Brody School of Medicine, East Carolina University, Greenville, North Carolina
- Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, Brody School of Medicine, East Carolina University, Greenville, North Carolina
- Department of Kinesiology, East Carolina University, Greenville, North Carolina
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Jackson KC, Tarpey MD, Valencia AP, Iñigo MR, Pratt SJ, Patteson DJ, McClung JM, Lovering RM, Thomson DM, Spangenburg EE. Induced Cre-mediated knockdown of Brca1 in skeletal muscle reduces mitochondrial respiration and prevents glucose intolerance in adult mice on a high-fat diet. FASEB J 2018; 32:3070-3084. [PMID: 29401626 DOI: 10.1096/fj.201700464r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
The breast cancer type 1 susceptibility protein (Brca1) is a regulator of DNA repair in mammary gland cells; however, recent cell culture evidence suggests that Brca1 influences other processes, including those in nonmammary cells. In this study, we sought to determine whether Brca1 is necessary for metabolic regulation of skeletal muscle using a novel in vivo mouse model. We developed an inducible skeletal muscle-specific Brca1knockout (BRCA1KOsmi) model to test whether Brca1 expression is necessary for maintenance of metabolic function of skeletal muscle when exposed to a high-fat diet (HFD). Our data demonstrated that deletion of Brca1 prevented HFD-induced alterations in glucose and insulin tolerance. Irrespective of diet, BRCA1KOsmi mice exhibited significantly lower ADP-stimulated complex I mitochondrial respiration rates compared to age-matched wild-type (WT) mice. The data show that Brca1 has the ability to localize to the mitochondria in skeletal muscle and that BRCA1KOsmi mice exhibit higher whole-body CO2 production, respiratory exchange ratio, and energy expenditure, compared with the WT mice. Our results demonstrate that loss of Brca1 in skeletal muscle leads to dysregulated metabolic function, characterized by decreased mitochondrial respiration. Thus, any condition that results in loss of Brca1 function could induce metabolic imbalance in skeletal muscle.-Jackson, K. C., Tarpey, M. D., Valencia, A. P., Iñigo, M. R., Pratt, S. J., Patteson, D. J., McClung, J. M., Lovering, R. M., Thomson, D. M., Spangenburg, E. E. Induced Cre-mediated knockdown of Brca1 in skeletal muscle reduces mitochondrial respiration and prevents glucose intolerance in adult mice on a high-fat diet.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kathryn C Jackson
- Department of Kinesiology, School of Public Health, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland, USA
| | - Michael D Tarpey
- Department of Physiology, Brody School of Medicine, East Carolina University, Greenville, North Carolina, USA
| | - Ana P Valencia
- Department of Kinesiology, School of Public Health, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland, USA
| | - Melissa R Iñigo
- Department of Kinesiology, School of Public Health, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland, USA.,Department of Physiology, Brody School of Medicine, East Carolina University, Greenville, North Carolina, USA
| | - Stephen J Pratt
- Department of Orthopaedics, School of Medicine, University of Maryland, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Daniel J Patteson
- Department of Physiology, Brody School of Medicine, East Carolina University, Greenville, North Carolina, USA
| | - Joseph M McClung
- Department of Physiology, Brody School of Medicine, East Carolina University, Greenville, North Carolina, USA.,East Carolina Diabetes and Obesity Institute, East Carolina University, Greenville, North Carolina, USA; and
| | - Richard M Lovering
- Department of Orthopaedics, School of Medicine, University of Maryland, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - David M Thomson
- Department of Physiology and Developmental Biology, Brigham Young University, Provo, Utah, USA
| | - Espen E Spangenburg
- Department of Kinesiology, School of Public Health, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland, USA.,Department of Physiology, Brody School of Medicine, East Carolina University, Greenville, North Carolina, USA.,East Carolina Diabetes and Obesity Institute, East Carolina University, Greenville, North Carolina, USA; and
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Baskin KK, Grueter CE, Kusminski CM, Holland WL, Bookout AL, Satapati S, Kong YM, Burgess SC, Malloy CR, Scherer PE, Newgard CB, Bassel-Duby R, Olson EN. MED13-dependent signaling from the heart confers leanness by enhancing metabolism in adipose tissue and liver. EMBO Mol Med 2015; 6:1610-21. [PMID: 25422356 PMCID: PMC4287978 DOI: 10.15252/emmm.201404218] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The heart requires a continuous supply of energy but has little capacity for energy storage and
thus relies on exogenous metabolic sources. We previously showed that cardiac MED13 modulates
systemic energy homeostasis in mice. Here, we sought to define the extra-cardiac tissue(s) that
respond to cardiac MED13 signaling. We show that cardiac overexpression of MED13 in transgenic
(MED13cTg) mice confers a lean phenotype that is associated with increased lipid uptake,
beta-oxidation and mitochondrial content in white adipose tissue (WAT) and liver. Cardiac expression
of MED13 decreases metabolic gene expression in the heart but enhances them in WAT. Although
exhibiting increased energy expenditure in the fed state, MED13cTg mice metabolically adapt to
fasting. Furthermore, MED13cTg hearts oxidize fuel that is readily available, rendering them more
efficient in the fed state. Parabiosis experiments in which circulations of wild-type and MED13cTg
mice are joined, reveal that circulating factor(s) in MED13cTg mice promote enhanced metabolism and
leanness. These findings demonstrate that MED13 acts within the heart to promote systemic energy
expenditure in extra-cardiac energy depots and point to an unexplored metabolic communication system
between the heart and other tissues. See also: M Nakamura & J Sadoshima (December 2014)
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Affiliation(s)
- Kedryn K Baskin
- Department of Molecular Biology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA
| | - Chad E Grueter
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Iowa Carver College of Medicine, Iowa City, IA, USA
| | - Christine M Kusminski
- Touchstone Diabetes Center, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA
| | - William L Holland
- Touchstone Diabetes Center, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA
| | - Angie L Bookout
- Department of Molecular Biology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA
| | - Santosh Satapati
- Advanced Imaging Research Center, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA Department of Pharmacology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA
| | - Y Megan Kong
- Department of Molecular Biology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA
| | - Shawn C Burgess
- Advanced Imaging Research Center, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA Department of Pharmacology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA
| | - Craig R Malloy
- Advanced Imaging Research Center, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA Department of Pharmacology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA Department of Radiology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA Department of Molecular Biophysics, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA
| | - Philipp E Scherer
- Touchstone Diabetes Center, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA Department of Cell Biology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA
| | - Christopher B Newgard
- Sarah W. Stedman Nutrition and Metabolism Center, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA Duke Molecular Physiology Institute, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA Department of Pharmacology and Cancer Biology, Department of Medicine, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Rhonda Bassel-Duby
- Department of Molecular Biology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA Hamon Center for Regenerative Science and Medicine, Dallas, TX, USA
| | - Eric N Olson
- Department of Molecular Biology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA Hamon Center for Regenerative Science and Medicine, Dallas, TX, USA
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Ruderman NB, Carling D, Prentki M, Cacicedo JM. AMPK, insulin resistance, and the metabolic syndrome. J Clin Invest 2013; 123:2764-72. [PMID: 23863634 DOI: 10.1172/jci67227] [Citation(s) in RCA: 615] [Impact Index Per Article: 55.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Insulin resistance (IR) and hyperinsulinemia are hallmarks of the metabolic syndrome, as are central adiposity, dyslipidemia, and a predisposition to type 2 diabetes, atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease, hypertension, and certain cancers. Regular exercise and calorie restriction have long been known to increase insulin sensitivity and decrease the prevalence of these disorders. The subsequent identification of AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) and its activation by exercise and fuel deprivation have led to studies of the effects of AMPK on both IR and metabolic syndrome-related diseases. In this review, we evaluate this body of literature, with special emphasis on the hypothesis that dysregulation of AMPK is both a pathogenic factor for these disorders in humans and a target for their prevention and therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Neil B Ruderman
- Diabetes and Metabolism Research Unit, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts 02118, USA.
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Davis RE, Williams M. Mitochondrial function and dysfunction: an update. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 2012; 342:598-607. [PMID: 22700430 DOI: 10.1124/jpet.112.192104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
With the current explosion of knowledge on the role of mitochondrial dysfunction in the genesis of various human disease states, there is an increased interest in targeting mitochondrial processes, pathways, and proteins for drug discovery efforts in cancer and cardiovascular, metabolic, and central nervous system diseases, the latter including autism and neurodegenerative diseases. We provide an update on understanding the central role of the mitochondrion in ATP and reactive oxygen species production and in controlling cell death pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert E Davis
- Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL 60611, USA.
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