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Dörner R, Hägele FA, Müller MJ, Seidel U, Rimbach G, Bosy-Westphal A. Effect of exogenous and endogenous ketones on respiratory exchange ratio and glucose metabolism in healthy subjects. Am J Physiol Cell Physiol 2024; 326:C1027-C1033. [PMID: 38314726 DOI: 10.1152/ajpcell.00429.2023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2023] [Revised: 01/31/2024] [Accepted: 01/31/2024] [Indexed: 02/07/2024]
Abstract
This study examined the effect of exogenous ketone bodies (KB) on oxygen consumption (V̇o2), carbon dioxide production (V̇co2), and glucose metabolism. The data were compared with the effects of endogenous ketonemia during both, a ketogenic diet or fasting. Eight healthy individuals [24.1 ± 2.5 yr, body mass index (BMI) 24.3 ± 3.1 kg/m2] participated in a crossover intervention study and were studied in a whole-room indirect calorimeter (WRIC) to assess macronutrient oxidation following four 24-h interventions: isocaloric controlled mixed diet (ISO), ISO supplemented with ketone salts (38.7 g of β-hydroxybutyrate/day, EXO), isocaloric ketogenic diet (KETO), and total fasting (FAST). A physical activity level of 1.65 was obtained. In addition to plasma KB, 24-h C-peptide and KB excretion rates in the urine and postprandial glucose and insulin levels were measured. Although 24-h KB excretion increased in response to KETO and FAST, there was a modest increase in response to EXO only (P < 0.05). When compared with ISO, V̇o2 significantly increased in KETO (P < 0.01) and EXO (P < 0.001), whereas there was no difference in FAST. V̇co2 increased in EXO but decreased in KETO (both P < 0.01) and FAST (P < 0.001), resulting in 24-h respiratory exchange ratios (RER) of 0.828 ± 0.024 (ISO) and 0.811 ± 0.024 (EXO) (P < 0.05). In response to EXO there were no differences in basal and postprandial glucose and insulin levels, as well as in insulin sensitivity. When compared with ISO, EXO, and KETO, FAST increased homeostatic model assessment β-cell function (HOMA-B) (all P < 0.05). In conclusion, at energy balance exogenous ketone salts decreased respiratory exchange ratio without affecting glucose tolerance.NEW & NOTEWORTHY Our findings revealed that during isocaloric nutrition, additional exogenous ketone salts increased V̇o2 and V̇co2 while lowering the respiratory exchange ratio (RER). Ketone salts had no effect on postprandial glucose metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca Dörner
- Department of Human Nutrition, Institute of Human Nutrition and Food Sciences, Kiel University, Kiel, Germany
| | - Franziska A Hägele
- Department of Human Nutrition, Institute of Human Nutrition and Food Sciences, Kiel University, Kiel, Germany
| | - Manfred J Müller
- Department of Human Nutrition, Institute of Human Nutrition and Food Sciences, Kiel University, Kiel, Germany
| | - Ulrike Seidel
- Department of Food Sciences, Institute of Human Nutrition and Food Sciences, Kiel University, Kiel, Germany
| | - Gerald Rimbach
- Department of Food Sciences, Institute of Human Nutrition and Food Sciences, Kiel University, Kiel, Germany
| | - Anja Bosy-Westphal
- Department of Human Nutrition, Institute of Human Nutrition and Food Sciences, Kiel University, Kiel, Germany
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Hägele FA, Dörner R, Koop J, Lübken M, Seidel U, Rimbach G, Müller MJ, Bosy-Westphal A. Impact of one-day fasting, ketogenic diet or exogenous ketones on control of energy balance in healthy participants. Clin Nutr ESPEN 2023; 55:292-299. [PMID: 37202059 DOI: 10.1016/j.clnesp.2023.03.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2023] [Revised: 03/02/2023] [Accepted: 03/23/2023] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIMS Oral ketone supplements may mimic the beneficial effects of endogenous ketones on energy metabolism as β-hydroxybutyrate has been proposed to increase energy expenditure and improve body weight regulation. Therefore, our objective was to compare the effects of a one-day isocaloric ketogenic diet, fasting and supplementation with ketone salts on energy expenditure and appetite perception. METHODS Eight healthy young adults (4 women, 4 men, age 24 ± 3 years, BMI 24.3 ± 3.1 kg/m2) participated in a randomized cross-over trial with four 24 h-interventions in a whole room indirect calorimeter at a physical activity level of 1.65: (i) total fasting (FAST), (ii) isocaloric ketogenic diet (3.1% energy from carbohydrates (CHO), KETO), (iii) isocaloric control diet (47.4% energy from CHO, ISO), and (iv) ISO supplemented with 38.7 g/d ketone salts (exogenous ketones, EXO). Effects on serum ketone levels (15 h-iAUC), energy metabolism (total energy expenditure, TEE; sleeping energy expenditure, SEE; macronutrient oxidation) and subjective appetite were measured. RESULTS Compared to ISO, ketone levels were considerably higher with FAST and KETO and little higher with EXO (all p > 0.05). Total and sleeping energy expenditure did not differ between ISO, FAST and EXO whereas KETO increased TEE (+110 ± 54 kcal/d vs. ISO, p < 0.05) and SEE (+201 ± 90 kcal/d vs. ISO, p < 0.05). CHO oxidation was slightly decreased with EXO compared to ISO (-48 ± 27 g/d, p < 0.05) resulting in a positive CHO balance (p < 0.05). No differences between the interventions were found for subjective appetite ratings (all p > 0.05). CONCLUSION A 24 h-ketogenic diet may contribute to maintain a neutral energy balance by increasing energy expenditure. Exogenous ketones in addition to an isocaloric diet did not improve regulation of energy balance. CLINICAL TRIAL REGISTRATION NCT04490226 https://clinicaltrials.gov/.
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Affiliation(s)
- Franziska A Hägele
- Department of Human Nutrition, Institute of Human Nutrition and Food Sciences, Kiel University, Düsternbrooker Weg 17, 24105 Kiel, Germany
| | - Rebecca Dörner
- Department of Human Nutrition, Institute of Human Nutrition and Food Sciences, Kiel University, Düsternbrooker Weg 17, 24105 Kiel, Germany
| | - Jana Koop
- Department of Human Nutrition, Institute of Human Nutrition and Food Sciences, Kiel University, Düsternbrooker Weg 17, 24105 Kiel, Germany
| | - Marie Lübken
- Department of Human Nutrition, Institute of Human Nutrition and Food Sciences, Kiel University, Düsternbrooker Weg 17, 24105 Kiel, Germany
| | - Ulrike Seidel
- Department of Food Sciences, Institute of Human Nutrition and Food Sciences, Kiel University, Hermann-Rodewald-Strasse 6, 24098 Kiel, Germany
| | - Gerald Rimbach
- Department of Food Sciences, Institute of Human Nutrition and Food Sciences, Kiel University, Hermann-Rodewald-Strasse 6, 24098 Kiel, Germany
| | - Manfred J Müller
- Department of Human Nutrition, Institute of Human Nutrition and Food Sciences, Kiel University, Düsternbrooker Weg 17, 24105 Kiel, Germany
| | - Anja Bosy-Westphal
- Department of Human Nutrition, Institute of Human Nutrition and Food Sciences, Kiel University, Düsternbrooker Weg 17, 24105 Kiel, Germany.
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Dörner R, Hägele FA, Koop J, Rising R, Foerster T, Olsen T, Hasler M, Müller MJ, Bosy-Westphal A. Validation of energy expenditure and macronutrient oxidation measured by two new whole-room indirect calorimeters. Obesity (Silver Spring) 2022; 30:1796-1805. [PMID: 35927795 DOI: 10.1002/oby.23527] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2022] [Revised: 05/25/2022] [Accepted: 05/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The aim of this study was to validate two new whole-room indirfect calorimeters according to Room Indirect Calorimetry Operating and Reporting Standards (RICORS 1.0). METHODS For technical validation, 16 propane combustion tests were performed to determine accuracy and precision of energy expenditure (EE) and ventilation rates of oxygen (VO2 ), carbon dioxide (VCO2 ), and respiratory exchange ratio (VCO2 /VO2 ). For biological validation, eight participants (mean [SD], age 24.1 [2.5] years; BMI 24.3 [3.1] kg/m2 ) underwent four 24-hour protocols under highly standardized conditions: (1) isocaloric sedentary, (2) fasting sedentary, (3) isocaloric active, and (4) fasting active. Reliability (coefficients of variation [CV]) and minimal detectable changes (MDC) were calculated for 24-hour EE, sleeping metabolic rate (SMR), physical activity energy expenditure (PAEE), thermic effect of food (TEF), and macronutrient oxidation rates. RESULTS Technical validation showed high reliability and recovery rates for VO2 (0.75% and 100.8%, respectively), VCO2 (0.49% and 100.6%), and EE (0.54% and 98.2%). Biological validation revealed CV and MDC for active conditions of 1.4% and 4.3% for 24-hour EE, 1.7% and 5.9% for SMR, and 30.2% and 38.4% for TEF, as well as 5.8% and 10.5% for PAEE, respectively. Mean CV and MDC for macronutrient oxidation rates were 9.9% and 22.9%, respectively. CONCLUSIONS The precision of 24-hour EE and SMR was high, whereas it was lower for PAEE and poor for TEF.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca Dörner
- Institute of Human Nutrition and Food Science, Christian-Albrechts University, Kiel, Germany
| | - Franziska A Hägele
- Institute of Human Nutrition and Food Science, Christian-Albrechts University, Kiel, Germany
| | - Jana Koop
- Institute of Human Nutrition and Food Science, Christian-Albrechts University, Kiel, Germany
| | | | | | - Thomas Olsen
- Department of Nutrition, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Mario Hasler
- Applied Statistic, Agricultural and Food Economics Faculty, Christian-Albrechts University, Kiel, Germany
| | - Manfred J Müller
- Institute of Human Nutrition and Food Science, Christian-Albrechts University, Kiel, Germany
| | - Anja Bosy-Westphal
- Institute of Human Nutrition and Food Science, Christian-Albrechts University, Kiel, Germany
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Bosy-Westphal A, Hägele FA, Müller MJ. Impact of Energy Turnover on the Regulation of Energy and Macronutrient Balance. Obesity (Silver Spring) 2021; 29:1114-1119. [PMID: 34002543 DOI: 10.1002/oby.23133] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2020] [Revised: 01/06/2021] [Accepted: 01/19/2021] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Energy turnover, defined as the average daily total metabolic rate, can be normalized for basal metabolic rate in order to compare physical activity level between individuals, whereas normalization of energy turnover for energy intake (energy flux) allows investigation of its impact on regulation of energy partitioning independent of energy balance. Appetite sensations better correspond to energy requirements at a high compared with a low energy turnover. Adaptation of energy intake to habitual energy turnover may, however, contribute to the risk of weight gain associated with accelerated growth, pregnancy, detraining in athletes, or after weight loss in people with obesity. The dose-response relationship between energy turnover and energy intake as well as the metabolic effects of energy turnover varies with the habitual level of physical activity and the etiology of energy turnover (e.g., cold-induced thermogenesis, growth, or lactation; aerobic vs. anaerobic exercise). Whether a high energy turnover due to physical activity or exercise may compensate for adverse effects of overfeeding or an unhealthy diet needs to be further investigated using the concept of energy flux. In summary, the beneficial effects of a high energy turnover on regulation of energy and macronutrient balance facilitate the prevention and treatment of obesity and associated metabolic risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anja Bosy-Westphal
- Department of Human Nutrition, Institute of Human Nutrition and Food Sciences, Christian-Albrechts University, Kiel, Germany
| | - Franziska A Hägele
- Department of Human Nutrition, Institute of Human Nutrition and Food Sciences, Christian-Albrechts University, Kiel, Germany
| | - Manfred J Müller
- Department of Human Nutrition, Institute of Human Nutrition and Food Sciences, Christian-Albrechts University, Kiel, Germany
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Hägele FA, Büsing F, Nas A, Hasler M, Müller MJ, Blundell JE, Bosy-Westphal A. Appetite Control Is Improved by Acute Increases in Energy Turnover at Different Levels of Energy Balance. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2019; 104:4481-4491. [PMID: 31305927 DOI: 10.1210/jc.2019-01164] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2019] [Accepted: 07/09/2019] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Weight control is hypothesized to be improved when physical activity and energy intake are both high [high energy turnover (ET)]. OBJECTIVE The impact of three levels of ET on short-term appetite control is therefore investigated at fixed levels of energy balance. DESIGN In a randomized crossover trial, 16 healthy adults (25.1 ± 3.9 y of age; body mass index, 24.0 ± 3.2 kg/m2) spent three daylong protocols for four times in a metabolic chamber. Four conditions of energy balance (ad libitum energy intake, zero energy balance, -25% caloric restriction, and +25% overfeeding) were each performed at three levels of ET (PAL 1.3 low, 1.6 medium, and 1.8 high ET; by walking on a treadmill). Levels of appetite hormones ghrelin, GLP-1, and insulin (total area under the curve) were measured during 14 hours. Subjective appetite ratings were assessed by visual analog scales. RESULTS Compared with high ET, low ET led to decreased GLP-1 (at all energy balance conditions: P < 0.001) and increased ghrelin concentrations (caloric restriction and overfeeding: P < 0.001), which was consistent with higher feelings of hunger (zero energy balance: P < 0.001) and desire to eat (all energy balance conditions: P < 0.05) and a positive energy balance during ad libitum intake (+17.5%; P < 0.001). CONCLUSION Appetite is regulated more effectively at a high level of ET, whereas overeating and consequently weight gain are likely to occur at low levels of ET. In contrast to the prevailing concept of body weight control, the positive impact of physical activity is independent from burning up more calories and is explained by improved appetite sensations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Franziska A Hägele
- Department of Human Nutrition, Institute of Human Nutrition and Food Sciences, Christian-Albrechts University, Kiel, Germany
- Department of Applied Nutritional Science and Dietetics, Institute of Nutritional Medicine, University of Hohenheim, Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Franziska Büsing
- Department of Human Nutrition, Institute of Human Nutrition and Food Sciences, Christian-Albrechts University, Kiel, Germany
- Department of Applied Nutritional Science and Dietetics, Institute of Nutritional Medicine, University of Hohenheim, Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Alessa Nas
- Department of Applied Nutritional Science and Dietetics, Institute of Nutritional Medicine, University of Hohenheim, Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Mario Hasler
- Applied Statistics, Faculty of Agricultural and Nutritional Sciences, Christian-Albrechts University, Kiel, Germany
| | - Manfred J Müller
- Department of Human Nutrition, Institute of Human Nutrition and Food Sciences, Christian-Albrechts University, Kiel, Germany
| | - John E Blundell
- Institute of Psychological Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of Leeds, Leeds, United Kingdom
| | - Anja Bosy-Westphal
- Department of Human Nutrition, Institute of Human Nutrition and Food Sciences, Christian-Albrechts University, Kiel, Germany
- Department of Applied Nutritional Science and Dietetics, Institute of Nutritional Medicine, University of Hohenheim, Stuttgart, Germany
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Seidel U, Baumhof E, Hägele FA, Bosy-Westphal A, Birringer M, Rimbach G. Lithium-Rich Mineral Water is a Highly Bioavailable Lithium Source for Human Consumption. Mol Nutr Food Res 2019; 63:e1900039. [PMID: 31051049 DOI: 10.1002/mnfr.201900039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2019] [Revised: 03/27/2019] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
SCOPE Lithium is an important trace element in human nutrition and medicine. Mineral and medicinal waters may represent a significant source of dietary lithium intake. METHODS AND RESULTS The lithium concentration of 360 German mineral and 21 medicinal waters is determined. Based on a systematic screening, three different mineral waters exhibiting low (1.7 µg L-1 ), medium (171 µg L-1 ), and high lithium (1724 µg L-1 ) concentrations are chosen for an acute bioavailability study in male healthy volunteers. In Germany, a north-east to south-west gradient of analyzed lithium concentrations is observed in the 381 tested waters. The lithium concentration in the water is significantly correlated with its sodium (r = 0. 810), potassium (r = 0.716), and magnesium (r = 0.361), but not with its calcium concentration. In a randomized cross-over trial, volunteers (n = 3×10 each) drink 1.5 L of the respective mineral waters, and lithium concentrations in serum and urine are monitored over 24 h. Consumption of the mineral waters with a medium and high lithium content results in a dose-dependent response in serum lithium concentrations and total urinary lithium excretion. CONCLUSION Lithium-rich mineral and medicinal waters may be an important and highly bioavailable lithium source for human consumption.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ulrike Seidel
- Kiel University, Institute of Human Nutrition and Food Science, Devision of Food Science, 24118, Kiel, Germany
| | - Elena Baumhof
- Kiel University, Institute of Human Nutrition and Food Science, Devision of Food Science, 24118, Kiel, Germany
| | - Franziska A Hägele
- Kiel University, Institute of Human Nutrition and Food Science, Devision of Food Science, 24118, Kiel, Germany
| | - Anja Bosy-Westphal
- Kiel University, Institute of Human Nutrition and Food Science, Devision of Food Science, 24118, Kiel, Germany
| | - Marc Birringer
- Fulda University of Applied Science, Devision of Nutritional, Food and Consumer Science, 36037, Fulda, Germany
| | - Gerald Rimbach
- Kiel University, Institute of Human Nutrition and Food Science, Devision of Food Science, 24118, Kiel, Germany
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Hägele FA, Büsing F, Nas A, Aschoff J, Gnädinger L, Schweiggert R, Carle R, Bosy-Westphal A. High orange juice consumption with or in-between three meals a day differently affects energy balance in healthy subjects. Nutr Diabetes 2018; 8:19. [PMID: 29695707 PMCID: PMC5916905 DOI: 10.1038/s41387-018-0031-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2017] [Revised: 12/21/2017] [Accepted: 02/07/2018] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Sugar-containing beverages like orange juice can be a risk factor for obesity and type 2 diabetes although the underlying mechanisms are less clear. We aimed to investigate if intake of orange juice with or in-between meals differently affects energy balance or metabolic risk. Twenty-six healthy adults (24.7 ± 3.2 y; BMI 23.2 ± 3.2 kg/m2) participated in a 4-week cross-over intervention and consumed orange juice (20% of energy requirement) either together with 3 meals/d (WM) or in-between 3 meals/d (BM) at ad libitum energy intake. Basal and postprandial insulin sensitivity (primary outcome), daylong glycaemia, glucose variability and insulin secretion were assessed. Body fat mass was measured by air-displacement plethysmography. After BM-intervention, fat mass increased (+1.0 ± 1.8 kg; p < 0.05) and postprandial insulin sensitivity tended to decrease (ΔMatsudaISI: −0.89 ± 2.3; p = 0.06). By contrast, after WM-intervention fat mass and gamma-glutamyl transferase (GGT) decreased (−0.30 ± 0.65 kg; −2.50 ± 3.94; both p < 0.05), whereas glucose variability was higher (ΔMAGE: +0.45 ± 0.59, p < 0.05). Daylong glycaemia, insulin secretion, changes in basal insulin sensitivity, and triglycerides did not differ between WM- and BM-interventions (all p > 0.05). In young healthy adults, a conventional 3-meal structure with orange juice consumed together with meals had a favorable impact on energy balance, whereas juice consumption in-between meals may contribute to a gain in body fat and adverse metabolic effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Franziska A Hägele
- Institute of Nutritional Medicine, University of Hohenheim, Stuttgart, Germany.,Institute of Human Nutrition and Food Sciences, Christian-Albrechts-University, Kiel, Germany
| | - Franziska Büsing
- Institute of Nutritional Medicine, University of Hohenheim, Stuttgart, Germany.,Institute of Human Nutrition and Food Sciences, Christian-Albrechts-University, Kiel, Germany
| | - Alessa Nas
- Institute of Nutritional Medicine, University of Hohenheim, Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Julian Aschoff
- Institute of Food Science and Biotechnology, University of Hohenheim, Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Lena Gnädinger
- Institute of Nutritional Medicine, University of Hohenheim, Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Ralf Schweiggert
- Institute of Food Science and Biotechnology, University of Hohenheim, Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Reinhold Carle
- Institute of Food Science and Biotechnology, University of Hohenheim, Stuttgart, Germany.,Biological Science Department, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Anja Bosy-Westphal
- Institute of Nutritional Medicine, University of Hohenheim, Stuttgart, Germany. .,Institute of Human Nutrition and Food Sciences, Christian-Albrechts-University, Kiel, Germany.
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Büsing F, Hägele FA, Nas A, Döbert LV, Fricker A, Dörner E, Podlesny D, Aschoff J, Pöhnl T, Schweiggert R, Fricke WF, Carle R, Bosy-Westphal A. High intake of orange juice and cola differently affects metabolic risk in healthy subjects. Clin Nutr 2018; 38:812-819. [PMID: 29571566 DOI: 10.1016/j.clnu.2018.02.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2017] [Revised: 02/03/2018] [Accepted: 02/19/2018] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Higher consumption of sugar-containing beverages has been associated with an elevated risk of type 2 diabetes and gout. Whether this equally applies to cola with an unhealthy image and orange juice (OJ) having a healthy image remains unknown. METHODS In order to investigate whether OJ and cola differently affect metabolic risk 26 healthy adults (24.7 ± 3.2 y; BMI 23.2 ± 3.3 kg/m2) participated in a 2 × 2-wk intervention and consumed either OJ or caffeine-free cola (20% Ereq as sugar from beverages) in-between 3 meals/d at ad libitum energy intake. Glycemic control, uric acid metabolism and gut microbiota were assessed as outcome parameters. RESULTS Fecal microbiota, body weight, basal and OGTT-derived insulin sensitivity remained unchanged in both intervention periods. Levels of uric acid were normal at baseline and did not change with 2-wk cola consumption (-0.03 ± 0.67 mg/dL; p > 0.05), whereas they decreased with OJ intervention (-0.43 ± 0.56 mg/dL; p < 0.01) due to increased uric acid excretion (+130.2 ± 130.0 mg/d; p < 0.001). Compared to OJ, consumption of cola led to a higher daylong glycemia (ΔiAUC: 36.9 ± 83.2; p < 0.05), an increase in glucose variability (ΔMAGE-Index: 0.29 ± 0.44; p < 0.05), and a lower 24 h-insulin secretion (ΔC-peptide excretion: -31.76 ± 38.61 μg/d; p < 0.001), which may be explained by a decrease in serum potassium levels (-0.11 ± 0.24 mmol/L; p < 0.05). CONCLUSION Despite its sugar content, regular consumption of large amounts of OJ do not increase the risk of gout but may even contribute to lower uric acid levels. The etiology of impaired insulin secretion with cola consumption needs to be further investigated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Franziska Büsing
- Institute of Nutritional Medicine, University of Hohenheim, Stuttgart, Germany; Institute of Human Nutrition and Food Science, University of Kiel, Germany
| | - Franziska A Hägele
- Institute of Nutritional Medicine, University of Hohenheim, Stuttgart, Germany; Institute of Human Nutrition and Food Science, University of Kiel, Germany
| | - Alessa Nas
- Institute of Nutritional Medicine, University of Hohenheim, Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Laura-Verena Döbert
- Institute of Biological Chemistry and Nutritional Science, University of Hohenheim, Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Alena Fricker
- Institute of Biological Chemistry and Nutritional Science, University of Hohenheim, Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Elisabeth Dörner
- Institute of Biological Chemistry and Nutritional Science, University of Hohenheim, Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Daniel Podlesny
- Institute of Biological Chemistry and Nutritional Science, University of Hohenheim, Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Julian Aschoff
- Institute of Food Science and Biotechnology, University of Hohenheim, Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Tobias Pöhnl
- Institute of Food Science and Biotechnology, University of Hohenheim, Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Ralf Schweiggert
- Institute of Food Science and Biotechnology, University of Hohenheim, Stuttgart, Germany
| | - W Florian Fricke
- Institute of Biological Chemistry and Nutritional Science, University of Hohenheim, Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Reinhold Carle
- Institute of Food Science and Biotechnology, University of Hohenheim, Stuttgart, Germany; Biological Science Department, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Anja Bosy-Westphal
- Institute of Nutritional Medicine, University of Hohenheim, Stuttgart, Germany; Institute of Human Nutrition and Food Science, University of Kiel, Germany.
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Widmayer P, Kusumakshi S, Hägele FA, Boehm U, Breer H. Expression of the Fatty Acid Receptors GPR84 and GPR120 and Cytodifferentiation of Epithelial Cells in the Gastric Mucosa of Mouse Pups in the Course of Dietary Transition. Front Physiol 2017; 8:601. [PMID: 28871231 PMCID: PMC5566962 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2017.00601] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2017] [Accepted: 08/03/2017] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
During weaning, the ingested food of mouse pups changes from exclusively milk to solid food. In contrast to the protein- and carbohydrate-rich solid food, high fat milk is characterized primarily by fatty acids of medium chain length particularly important for the suckling pups. Therefore, it seems conceivable that the stomach mucosa may be specialized for detecting these important nutrients during the suckling phase. Here, we analyzed the expression of the G protein coupled receptors GPR84 and GPR120 (FFAR4), which are considered to be receptors for medium and long chain fatty acids (LCFAs), respectively. We found that the mRNA levels for GPR84 and GPR120 were high during the suckling period and progressively decreased in the course of weaning. Visualization of the receptor-expressing cells in 2-week-old mice revealed a high number of labeled cells, which reside in the apical as well as in the basal region of the gastric glands. At the base of the gastric glands, all GPR84-immunoreactive cells and some of the GPR120-positive cells also expressed chromogranin A (CgA), suggesting that they are enteroendocrine cells. We demonstrate that the majority of the CgA/GPR84 cells are X/A-like ghrelin cells. The high degree of overlap between ghrelin and GPR84 decreased post-weaning, whereas the overlap between ghrelin and GPR120 increased. At the apical region of the glands the fatty acid receptors were mainly expressed in unique cell types. These contain lipid-filled vacuole- and vesicle-like structures and may have absorptive functions. We detected decreased immunoreactivity for GPR84 and no lipid droplets in surface cells post-weaning. In conclusion, expression of GPR84 in ghrelin cells as well as in surface cells suggests an important role of medium chain fatty acids (MCFAs) in the developing gastric mucosa of suckling mice.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Soumya Kusumakshi
- Experimental Pharmacology, Center for Molecular Signaling (PZMS), Saarland University School of MedicineHomburg, Germany
| | | | - Ulrich Boehm
- Experimental Pharmacology, Center for Molecular Signaling (PZMS), Saarland University School of MedicineHomburg, Germany
| | - Heinz Breer
- Institute of Physiology, University of HohenheimStuttgart, Germany
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