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Jain A, Bozovicar K, Mehrotra V, Bratkovic T, Johnson MH, Jha I. Investigating the specificity of endothelin-traps as a potential therapeutic tool for endothelin-1 related disorders. World J Diabetes 2022; 13:434-441. [PMID: 35800412 PMCID: PMC9210543 DOI: 10.4239/wjd.v13.i6.434] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2022] [Revised: 04/24/2022] [Accepted: 05/28/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Endothelin (ET)-traps are Fc-fusion proteins with a design based on the physiological receptors of ET-1. Previous work has shown that use of the selected ET-traps potently and significantly reduces different markers of diabetes pathology back to normal, non-disease levels.
AIM To demonstrate the selected ET-traps potently and significantly bind to ET-1.
METHODS We performed phage display experiments to test different constructs of ET-traps, and conducted bio-layer interferometry binding assays to verify that the selected ET-traps bind specifically to ET-1 and display binding affinity in the double-digit picomolar range (an average of 73.8 rM, n = 6).
RESULTS These experiments have confirmed our choice of the final ET-traps and provided proof-of-concept for the potential use of constructs as effective biologics for diseases associated with pathologically elevated ET-1.
CONCLUSION There is increased need for such therapeutics as they could help save millions of lives around the world.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arjun Jain
- ET-Traps Limited, Cambridge CB3 0JE, United Kingdom
- Department of Physiology, Development and Neuroscience, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 3DY, United Kingdom
- Accelerate Cambridge, Judge Business School, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 1AG, United Kingdom
| | - Kristof Bozovicar
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Ljubljana, Slovenia 1000, Slovenia
| | - Vidhi Mehrotra
- ET-Traps Limited, Cambridge CB3 0JE, United Kingdom
- Accelerate Cambridge, Judge Business School, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 1AG, United Kingdom
| | - Tomaz Bratkovic
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Ljubljana, Slovenia 1000, Slovenia
| | - Martin H Johnson
- Department of Physiology, Development and Neuroscience, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 3DY, United Kingdom
| | - Ira Jha
- ET-Traps Limited, Cambridge CB3 0JE, United Kingdom
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Powierza K, Sawicka-Powierza J, Urban B, Żelazowska-Rutkowska B, Cylwik B, Mikołuć B, Kowalewska O, Bakunowicz-Łazarczyk A. Endothelin-1 Serum Concentration in Pediatric Chronic Idiopathic Uveitis. Clin Ophthalmol 2021; 15:157-164. [PMID: 33469261 PMCID: PMC7811460 DOI: 10.2147/opth.s276109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2020] [Accepted: 11/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose The aim of our study was to determine endothelin-1 (ET-1) concentration in chronic idiopathic uveitis in children and adolescents depending on anatomical location and grade of inflammation. Methods The cross-sectional study was conducted among 17 patients with chronic idiopathic uveitis and 22 healthy controls. Concentration of ET-1 in serum was determined using a commercially available ELISA kit. The concentration of C reactive protein (CRP) in serum was determined by immunoturbidimetric method using CRP4 reagent kit (Roche Diagnostics GmbH, Mannheim, Germany). Results Statistically significant difference between ET-1 concentration in patients with chronic idiopathic uveitis and controls was found 1.33 (1.22; 1.48) vs 1.93 (1.1; 3.11), p = 0.008). No correlations were found between ET-1 concentration and age, either in chronic idiopathic uveitis patients or controls. Nine out of 17 patients presented with anterior uveitis, 5 with posterior and 3 with panuveitis. There were no differences in ET-1 concentration between anterior, posterior and panuveitis (p = 0.634), and in terms of grade of inflammation. Conclusion ET-1 expression is disturbed in pediatric chronic idiopathic uveitis irrespective of the anatomical location and grade of inflammation. Lower expression of ET-1 plays a crucial role in disturbed vascular tone control and can result in permanent visual impairment in chronic non-infectious uveitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katarzyna Powierza
- University Clinical Hospital in Bialystok, Medical University of Bialystok, Bialystok 15-276, Poland
| | | | - Beata Urban
- Department of Pediatric Ophthalmology and Strabismus, Medical University of Bialystok, Bialystok 15-274, Poland
| | - Beata Żelazowska-Rutkowska
- Department of Pediatric Laboratory Diagnostics, Medical University of Bialystok, Bialystok 15-274, Poland
| | - Bogdan Cylwik
- Department of Pediatric Laboratory Diagnostics, Medical University of Bialystok, Bialystok 15-274, Poland
| | - Bożena Mikołuć
- Department of Pediatrics, Rheumatology, Immunology and Metabolic Bone Diseases, Medical University of Bialystok, Bialystok 15-274, Poland
| | - Olga Kowalewska
- Psychiatric Clinic, Lund, Division of Psychiatry, Lund 222 40, Sweden
| | - Alina Bakunowicz-Łazarczyk
- Department of Pediatric Ophthalmology and Strabismus, Medical University of Bialystok, Bialystok 15-274, Poland
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Powierza K, Żelazowska-Rutkowska B, Sawicka-Powierza J, Mikołuć B, Urban B, Zaremba W, Cylwik B, Bakunowicz-Łazarczyk A. Endothelin-1 Serum Concentration is Lower in Children and Adolescents with High Myopia, a Preliminary Study. J Clin Med 2020; 9:jcm9051327. [PMID: 32370291 PMCID: PMC7290490 DOI: 10.3390/jcm9051327] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2020] [Revised: 04/16/2020] [Accepted: 04/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of this study is to evaluate the levels of enothelin-1 (ET-1) in children and adolescents with high myopia and its association with the axial length of the eye and the presence of myopic retinal degeneration. The cross-sectional study was carried out in 57 patients with high myopia and 29 control subjects. Serum concentrations of ET-1 were measured using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) kit. A significantly lower concentration of ET-1 in highly myopic patients compared to controls was found (1.47 (0.91; 1.87) vs. 1.94 (1.1; 2.69) pg/mL, p = 0.005). In patients with high myopia, a weak negative correlation between ET-1 concentration and the longest axial length out of the two eyes was found (r = −0.255, p = 0.0558). Further analysis revealed statistically significant differences in ET-1 concentration between patients with the axial length of the eye > 26 and ≤ 26 mm (p < 0.041) and patients with the axial length of the eye > 26 mm and controls (p < 0.001). ET-1 expression is disturbed in highly myopic children and adolescents. Lower ET-1 concentration in patients with the axial length of the eye > 26 mm may co-occur with high myopia and should be considered a risk factor in the pathophysiology of high myopia progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katarzyna Powierza
- University Clinical Hospital in Bialystok, Medical University of Bialystok, 15-089 Białystok, Poland;
| | - Beata Żelazowska-Rutkowska
- Department of Pediatric Laboratory Diagnostics, Medical University of Bialystok, 15-089 Białystok, Poland; (B.Ż.-R.); (B.C.)
| | | | - Bożena Mikołuć
- Department of Pediatrics, Rheumatology, Immunology and Metabolic Bone Diseases, Medical University of Bialystok, 15-089 Białystok, Poland;
| | - Beata Urban
- Department of Pediatric Ophthalmology and Strabismus, Medical University of Bialystok, 15-089 Białystok, Poland; (B.U.); (W.Z.)
| | - Wojciech Zaremba
- Department of Pediatric Ophthalmology and Strabismus, Medical University of Bialystok, 15-089 Białystok, Poland; (B.U.); (W.Z.)
| | - Bogdan Cylwik
- Department of Pediatric Laboratory Diagnostics, Medical University of Bialystok, 15-089 Białystok, Poland; (B.Ż.-R.); (B.C.)
| | - Alina Bakunowicz-Łazarczyk
- Department of Pediatric Ophthalmology and Strabismus, Medical University of Bialystok, 15-089 Białystok, Poland; (B.U.); (W.Z.)
- Correspondence:
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Jain A, Johnson MH. ET-traps offer a potential therapeutic tool for use in different autoimmune diseases. Drug Discov Today 2020; 25:1142-1145. [PMID: 32325125 DOI: 10.1016/j.drudis.2020.04.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2020] [Revised: 04/07/2020] [Accepted: 04/15/2020] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Research shows that endothelin (ET)-traps are a potential therapy for diabetes. Given that type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM) is an autoimmune disorder, ET-traps could also have an efficacious, therapeutic effect on other autoimmune diseases associated with pathologically elevated ET-1. Here, we describe those different autoimmune diseases that might benefit from a tool such as ET-traps, which potently sequester these elevated levels of ET-1. We also discuss the current use of ET receptor (ETR) antagonists and the associated adverse effects, and how ET-traps are associated with no toxicity and potentially offer a superior alternative. ET-traps could be used against different autoimmune diseases and, therefore, are a novel therapeutic tool for such conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arjun Jain
- Department of Physiology, Development and Neuroscience, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK; Accelerate Cambridge, Judge Business School, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK.
| | - Martin H Johnson
- Department of Physiology, Development and Neuroscience, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
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Zhao Y, Zhu H, Yang Y, Ye Y, Yao Y, Huang X, Zhang Y, Shu X, Chen X, Yang Y, Ma J, Cheng L, Wang X, Ying Y. AQP1 suppression by ATF4 triggers trabecular meshwork tissue remodelling in ET-1-induced POAG. J Cell Mol Med 2020; 24:3469-3480. [PMID: 32052937 PMCID: PMC7131939 DOI: 10.1111/jcmm.15032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2019] [Revised: 12/03/2019] [Accepted: 01/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Primary open‐angle glaucoma (POAG) is the second leading cause of irreversible blindness worldwide. Increased endothelin‐1 (ET‐1) has been observed in aqueous humour (AH) of POAG patients, resulting in an increase in the out‐flow resistance of the AH. However, the underlining mechanisms remain elusive. Using established in vivo and in vitro POAG models, we demonstrated that water channel Aquaporin 1 (AQP1) is down‐regulated in trabecular meshwork (TM) cells upon ET‐1 exposure, which causes a series of glaucomatous changes, including actin fibre reorganization, collagen production, extracellular matrix deposition and contractility alteration of TM cells. Ectopic expression of AQP1 can reverse ET‐1‐induced TM tissue remodelling, which requires the presence of β‐catenin. More importantly, we found that ET‐1‐induced AQP1 suppression is mediated by ATF4, a transcription factor of the unfolded protein response, which binds to the promoter of AQP1 and negatively regulates AQP1 transcription. Thus, we discovered a novel function of ATF4 in controlling the process of TM remodelling in ET‐1‐induced POAG through transcription suppression of AQP1. Our findings also detail a novel pathological mechanism and a potential therapeutic target for POAG.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yingying Zhao
- Department of Physiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, School of Medicine, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Huazhang Zhu
- Department of Physiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, School of Medicine, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Yangfan Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yiming Ye
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Youli Yao
- Department of Physiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, School of Medicine, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Xiaoyan Huang
- Department of Physiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, School of Medicine, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Yixiang Zhang
- Department of Urology, Shenzhen People's Hospital, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Jinan University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Xingsheng Shu
- Department of Physiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, School of Medicine, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Xianxiong Chen
- Department of Physiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, School of Medicine, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Yatao Yang
- School of information engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Junxian Ma
- School of information engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Le Cheng
- BGI-Yunnan, BGI-Shenzhen, Kunming, China
| | - Xiaomei Wang
- Department of Physiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, School of Medicine, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Ying Ying
- Department of Physiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, School of Medicine, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, China
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Trapping endothelin-1 to hunt down cardiovascular disease? Drug Discov Today 2019; 24:2108-2110. [PMID: 31654816 DOI: 10.1016/j.drudis.2019.10.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2019] [Revised: 10/14/2019] [Accepted: 10/15/2019] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
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Jain A, Coffey C, Mehrotra V, Flammer J. Endothelin-1 traps as a potential therapeutic tool: from diabetes to beyond? Drug Discov Today 2019; 24:1937-1942. [PMID: 31394173 DOI: 10.1016/j.drudis.2019.07.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2019] [Revised: 06/27/2019] [Accepted: 07/26/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
There is substantial research on the vasoactive peptide endothelin (ET)-1 in physiology, as well as in pathology. In fact, pathologically elevated levels of ET-1 have been found in several disease states, such as various cardiovascular diseases, different cancers, some neurodegenerative disorders, as well as in diabetes. Here, we describe and discuss ET-1, its importance in different diseases, and the potential therapeutic effects of ET-traps in the treatment of these diseases. Previous in vitro and in vivo research (in the diabetes disease space) demonstrated that ET-traps potently and significantly prevent the induction of different markers of diabetes-related pathology. This included induction of extracellular matrix (ECM) proteins (collagen 4α1 and fibronectin), which are pathologically elevated in diabetes. The ET-traps prevented induction of these and brought a significant return to non-diabetic levels. We also discuss the merits of using ET-traps over the currently used endothelin receptor antagonists (ERAs) and previously used therapeutic antibodies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arjun Jain
- Accelerate Cambridge, Judge Business School, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK.
| | | | - Vidhi Mehrotra
- Accelerate Cambridge, Judge Business School, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
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Endothelin-1 traps potently reduce pathologic markers back to basal levels in an in vitro model of diabetes. J Diabetes Metab Disord 2018; 17:189-195. [PMID: 30918854 DOI: 10.1007/s40200-018-0360-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2018] [Accepted: 10/01/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Background Diabetes mellitus is a group of metabolic disorders in which there are high blood glucose levels over a prolonged period. Diabetes is one of many diseases associated with pathologically elevated levels of endothelin (ET)-1. We have recently proposed the development of ET-traps, which are an antibody - based fusion protein that potently bind and sequester pathologically elevated levels of endothelin-1. Methods We constructed ET-traps that were found to be very potent binders to ET-1, with a KD of 32.5ρM. We then treated human retinal microvascular endothelial cells (HRMECs), which are an in vitro model of glucose induced cellular damage, with 10 nM ET-1 or high glucose levels (25 mM). Results In this study, we investigated the effects of our ET-trap constructs on the expression levels of both collagen 4α1 and fibronectin, which are both important pathologic markers in diabetes. Treating HRMECs with 10 nM ET-1 or 25 mM glucose significantly induces the expression of the ECM proteins fibronectin and collagen 4α1, as is found in chronic diabetic complications; Incubation of the cells with the ET-traps significantly prevented the increased expression of fibronectin and collagen 4α1 back to basal levels. This was found with both mRNA and protein expression levels of the two ECM proteins. Conclusion Our results provide the first evidence of the efficacy of ET-traps in reducing pathologic markers in an in vitro model (of diabetes). Further research is warranted to determine the efficacy of ET-traps as a therapeutic tool for diabetes, which is a major public health burden around the world.
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Gulati A, Hornick MG, Briyal S, Lavhale MS. A novel neuroregenerative approach using ET(B) receptor agonist, IRL-1620, to treat CNS disorders. Physiol Res 2018; 67:S95-S113. [PMID: 29947531 DOI: 10.33549/physiolres.933859] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Endothelin B (ET(B)) receptors present in abundance the central nervous system (CNS) have been shown to have significant implications in its development and neurogenesis. We have targeted ET(B) receptors stimulation using a highly specific agonist, IRL-1620, to treat CNS disorders. In a rat model of cerebral ischemia intravenous administration IRL-1620 significantly reduced infarct volume and improved neurological and motor functions compared to control. This improvement, in part, is due to an increase in neuroregeneration. We also investigated the role of IRL-1620 in animal models of Alzheimer's disease (AD). IRL-1620 improved learning and memory, reduced oxidative stress and increased VEGF and NGF in Abeta treated rats. IRL-1620 also improved learning and memory in an aged APP/PS1 transgenic mouse model of AD. These promising findings prompted us to initiate human studies. Successful chemistry, manufacturing and control along with mice, rat and dog toxicological studies led to completion of a human Phase I study in healthy volunteers. We found that a dose of 0.6 microg/kg of IRL-1620 can be safely administered, three times every four hours, without any adverse effect. A Phase II clinical study with IRL-1620 has been initiated in patients with cerebral ischemia and mild to moderate AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Gulati
- Chicago College of Pharmacy, Midwestern University, Downers Grove, IL, USA.
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Jain A, Mehrotra V, Yong H, Hiremath K, Jain A, Johnson M, Jha I. Creating a Soluble Binder to Endothelin-1 Based on the Natural Ligand Binding Domains of the Endothelin-1 (G-Protein-Coupled) Receptor. Int J Pept Res Ther 2017. [DOI: 10.1007/s10989-017-9653-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
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Syc-Mazurek SB, Fernandes KA, Wilson MP, Shrager P, Libby RT. Together JUN and DDIT3 (CHOP) control retinal ganglion cell death after axonal injury. Mol Neurodegener 2017; 12:71. [PMID: 28969695 PMCID: PMC5625643 DOI: 10.1186/s13024-017-0214-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2017] [Accepted: 09/22/2017] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Optic nerve injury is an important pathological component in neurodegenerative diseases such as traumatic optic neuropathies and glaucoma. The molecular signaling pathway(s) critical for retinal ganglion cell (RGC) death after axonal insult, however, is/are not fully defined. RGC death after axonal injury is known to occur by BAX-dependent apoptosis. Two transcription factors JUN (the canonical target of JNK) and DDIT3 (CHOP; a key mediator of the endoplasmic reticulum stress response) are known to be important apoptotic signaling molecules after axonal injury, including in RGCs. However, neither Jun nor Ddit3 deficiency provide complete protection to RGCs after injury. Since Jun and Ddit3 are important apoptotic signaling molecules, we sought to determine if their combined deficiency might provide additive protection to RGCs after axonal injury. METHODS To determine if DDIT3 regulated the expression of JUN after an axonal insult, mice deficient for Ddit3 were examined after optic nerve crush (ONC). In order to critically test the importance of these genes in RGC death after axonal injury, RGC survival was assessed at multiple time-points after ONC (14, 35, 60, and 120 days after injury) in Jun, Ddit3, and combined Jun/Ddit3 deficient mice. Finally, to directly assess the role of JUN and DDIT3 in axonal degeneration, compound actions potentials were recorded from Jun, Ddit3, and Jun/Ddit3 deficient mice after ONC. RESULTS Single and combined deficiency of Jun and Ddit3 did not appear to alter gross retinal morphology. Ddit3 deficiency did not alter expression of JUN after axonal injury. Deletion of both Jun and Ddit3 provided significantly greater long-term protection to RGCs as compared to Jun or Ddit3 deficiency alone. Finally, despite the profound protection to RGC somas provided by the deficiency of Jun plus Ddit3, their combined loss did not lessen axonal degeneration. CONCLUSIONS These results suggest JUN and DDIT3 are independently regulated pro-death signaling molecules in RGCs and together account for the vast majority of apoptotic signaling in RGCs after axonal injury. Thus, JUN and DDIT3 may represent key molecular hubs that integrate upstream signaling events triggered by axonal injury with downstream transcriptional events that ultimately culminate in RGC apoptosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephanie B Syc-Mazurek
- Department of Ophthalmology, Flaum Eye Institute, University of Rochester Medical Center, Box 314, 601 Elmwood Ave, Rochester, NY, 14642, USA.,Neuroscience Graduate Program, Rochester, USA
| | - Kimberly A Fernandes
- Department of Ophthalmology, Flaum Eye Institute, University of Rochester Medical Center, Box 314, 601 Elmwood Ave, Rochester, NY, 14642, USA
| | - Michael P Wilson
- Department of Ophthalmology, Flaum Eye Institute, University of Rochester Medical Center, Box 314, 601 Elmwood Ave, Rochester, NY, 14642, USA
| | | | - Richard T Libby
- Department of Ophthalmology, Flaum Eye Institute, University of Rochester Medical Center, Box 314, 601 Elmwood Ave, Rochester, NY, 14642, USA. .,Department of Biomedical Genetics, Rochester, USA. .,The Center for Visual Sciences, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY, 14642, USA.
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Kumarathasan P, Blais E, Saravanamuthu A, Bielecki A, Mukherjee B, Bjarnason S, Guénette J, Goegan P, Vincent R. Nitrative stress, oxidative stress and plasma endothelin levels after inhalation of particulate matter and ozone. Part Fibre Toxicol 2015. [PMID: 26376633 DOI: 10.1186/s12989‐015‐0103‐7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND While exposure to ambient air contaminants is clearly associated with adverse health outcomes, disentangling mechanisms of pollutant interactions remains a challenge. OBJECTIVES We aimed at characterizing free radical pathways and the endothelinergic system in rats after inhalation of urban particulate matter, ozone, and a combination of particles plus ozone to gain insight into pollutant-specific toxicity mechanisms and any effect modification due to air pollutant mixtures. METHODS Fischer 344 rats were exposed for 4 h to a 3 × 3 concentration matrix of ozone (0, 0.4, 0.8 ppm) and EHC-93 particles (0, 5, 50 mg/m(3)). Bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF), BAL cells, blood and plasma were analysed for biomarkers of effects immediately and 24 h post-exposure. RESULTS Inhalation of ozone increased (p < 0.05) lipid oxidation products in BAL cells immediately post-exposure, and increased (p < 0.05) total protein, neutrophils and mature macrophages in the BALF 24 h post-exposure. Ozone increased (p < 0.05) the formation of reactive oxygen species (ROS), assessed by m-, p-, o-tyrosines in BALF (Ozone main effects, p < 0.05), while formation of reactive nitrogen species (RNS), indicated by 3-nitrotyrosine, correlated with dose of urban particles (EHC-93 main effects or EHC-93 × Ozone interactions, p < 0.05). Carboxyhemoglobin levels in blood exhibited particle exposure-related increase (p < 0.05) 24 h post recovery. Plasma 3-nitrotyrosine and o-tyrosine were increased (p < 0.05) after inhalation of particles; the effect on 3-nitrotyrosine was abrogated after exposure to ozone plus particles (EHC-93 × Ozone, p < 0.05). Big endothelin-1 (BET-1) and ET-1 were increased in plasma after inhalation of particles or ozone alone, but the effects appeared to be attenuated by co-exposure to contaminants (EHC-93 × Ozone, p < 0.05). Plasma ET levels were positively correlated (p < 0.05) with BALF m- and o-tyrosine levels. CONCLUSIONS Pollutant-specific changes can be amplified or abrogated following multi-pollutant exposures. Oxidative and nitrative stress in the lung compartment may contribute to secondary extra-pulmonary ROS/RNS formation. Nitrative stress and endothelinergic imbalance emerge as potential key pathways of air pollutant health effects, notably of ambient particulate matter.
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Affiliation(s)
- Prem Kumarathasan
- Analytical Biochemistry and Proteomics Laboratory, Environmental Health Centre, Room 233A, 0803C Tunney's Pasture, Ottawa, K1A 0 K9, ON, Canada.
| | - Erica Blais
- Analytical Biochemistry and Proteomics Laboratory, Environmental Health Centre, Room 233A, 0803C Tunney's Pasture, Ottawa, K1A 0 K9, ON, Canada
| | - Anushuyadevi Saravanamuthu
- Analytical Biochemistry and Proteomics Laboratory, Environmental Health Centre, Room 233A, 0803C Tunney's Pasture, Ottawa, K1A 0 K9, ON, Canada
| | - Agnieszka Bielecki
- Analytical Biochemistry and Proteomics Laboratory, Environmental Health Centre, Room 233A, 0803C Tunney's Pasture, Ottawa, K1A 0 K9, ON, Canada
| | - Ballari Mukherjee
- Analytical Biochemistry and Proteomics Laboratory, Environmental Health Centre, Room 233A, 0803C Tunney's Pasture, Ottawa, K1A 0 K9, ON, Canada
| | - Stephen Bjarnason
- Inhalation Toxicology Laboratory, Environmental Health Science and Research Bureau, Healthy Environments and Consumer Safety Branch, Health Canada, Ottawa, K1A 0 K9, ON, Canada
| | - Josée Guénette
- Inhalation Toxicology Laboratory, Environmental Health Science and Research Bureau, Healthy Environments and Consumer Safety Branch, Health Canada, Ottawa, K1A 0 K9, ON, Canada
| | - Patrick Goegan
- Inhalation Toxicology Laboratory, Environmental Health Science and Research Bureau, Healthy Environments and Consumer Safety Branch, Health Canada, Ottawa, K1A 0 K9, ON, Canada
| | - Renaud Vincent
- Inhalation Toxicology Laboratory, Environmental Health Science and Research Bureau, Healthy Environments and Consumer Safety Branch, Health Canada, Ottawa, K1A 0 K9, ON, Canada
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Kumarathasan P, Blais E, Saravanamuthu A, Bielecki A, Mukherjee B, Bjarnason S, Guénette J, Goegan P, Vincent R. Nitrative stress, oxidative stress and plasma endothelin levels after inhalation of particulate matter and ozone. Part Fibre Toxicol 2015; 12:28. [PMID: 26376633 PMCID: PMC4573945 DOI: 10.1186/s12989-015-0103-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2015] [Accepted: 09/02/2015] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Background While exposure to ambient air contaminants is clearly associated with adverse health outcomes, disentangling mechanisms of pollutant interactions remains a challenge. Objectives We aimed at characterizing free radical pathways and the endothelinergic system in rats after inhalation of urban particulate matter, ozone, and a combination of particles plus ozone to gain insight into pollutant-specific toxicity mechanisms and any effect modification due to air pollutant mixtures. Methods Fischer 344 rats were exposed for 4 h to a 3 × 3 concentration matrix of ozone (0, 0.4, 0.8 ppm) and EHC-93 particles (0, 5, 50 mg/m3). Bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF), BAL cells, blood and plasma were analysed for biomarkers of effects immediately and 24 h post-exposure. Results Inhalation of ozone increased (p < 0.05) lipid oxidation products in BAL cells immediately post-exposure, and increased (p < 0.05) total protein, neutrophils and mature macrophages in the BALF 24 h post-exposure. Ozone increased (p < 0.05) the formation of reactive oxygen species (ROS), assessed by m-, p-, o-tyrosines in BALF (Ozone main effects, p < 0.05), while formation of reactive nitrogen species (RNS), indicated by 3-nitrotyrosine, correlated with dose of urban particles (EHC-93 main effects or EHC-93 × Ozone interactions, p < 0.05). Carboxyhemoglobin levels in blood exhibited particle exposure-related increase (p < 0.05) 24 h post recovery. Plasma 3-nitrotyrosine and o-tyrosine were increased (p < 0.05) after inhalation of particles; the effect on 3-nitrotyrosine was abrogated after exposure to ozone plus particles (EHC-93 × Ozone, p < 0.05). Big endothelin-1 (BET-1) and ET-1 were increased in plasma after inhalation of particles or ozone alone, but the effects appeared to be attenuated by co-exposure to contaminants (EHC-93 × Ozone, p < 0.05). Plasma ET levels were positively correlated (p < 0.05) with BALF m- and o-tyrosine levels. Conclusions Pollutant-specific changes can be amplified or abrogated following multi-pollutant exposures. Oxidative and nitrative stress in the lung compartment may contribute to secondary extra-pulmonary ROS/RNS formation. Nitrative stress and endothelinergic imbalance emerge as potential key pathways of air pollutant health effects, notably of ambient particulate matter. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12989-015-0103-7) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Prem Kumarathasan
- Analytical Biochemistry and Proteomics Laboratory, Environmental Health Centre, Room 233A, 0803C Tunney's Pasture, Ottawa, K1A 0 K9, ON, Canada.
| | - Erica Blais
- Analytical Biochemistry and Proteomics Laboratory, Environmental Health Centre, Room 233A, 0803C Tunney's Pasture, Ottawa, K1A 0 K9, ON, Canada
| | - Anushuyadevi Saravanamuthu
- Analytical Biochemistry and Proteomics Laboratory, Environmental Health Centre, Room 233A, 0803C Tunney's Pasture, Ottawa, K1A 0 K9, ON, Canada
| | - Agnieszka Bielecki
- Analytical Biochemistry and Proteomics Laboratory, Environmental Health Centre, Room 233A, 0803C Tunney's Pasture, Ottawa, K1A 0 K9, ON, Canada
| | - Ballari Mukherjee
- Analytical Biochemistry and Proteomics Laboratory, Environmental Health Centre, Room 233A, 0803C Tunney's Pasture, Ottawa, K1A 0 K9, ON, Canada
| | - Stephen Bjarnason
- Inhalation Toxicology Laboratory, Environmental Health Science and Research Bureau, Healthy Environments and Consumer Safety Branch, Health Canada, Ottawa, K1A 0 K9, ON, Canada
| | - Josée Guénette
- Inhalation Toxicology Laboratory, Environmental Health Science and Research Bureau, Healthy Environments and Consumer Safety Branch, Health Canada, Ottawa, K1A 0 K9, ON, Canada
| | - Patrick Goegan
- Inhalation Toxicology Laboratory, Environmental Health Science and Research Bureau, Healthy Environments and Consumer Safety Branch, Health Canada, Ottawa, K1A 0 K9, ON, Canada
| | - Renaud Vincent
- Inhalation Toxicology Laboratory, Environmental Health Science and Research Bureau, Healthy Environments and Consumer Safety Branch, Health Canada, Ottawa, K1A 0 K9, ON, Canada
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Jain A. Endothelin-1: a potential pathological factor in Parkinson's disease?--From endoplasmic reticulum stress to beyond. J Neurol Sci 2014; 344:236-7. [PMID: 24998514 DOI: 10.1016/j.jns.2014.06.038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2014] [Revised: 05/26/2014] [Accepted: 06/19/2014] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Arjun Jain
- Department of Physiology, Development and Neuroscience, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom.
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15
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De Mey JGR, Vanhoutte PM. End o' the line revisited: moving on from nitric oxide to CGRP. Life Sci 2014; 118:120-8. [PMID: 24747136 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2014.04.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2013] [Revised: 04/04/2014] [Accepted: 04/05/2014] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
When endothelin-1(ET-1) was discovered it was hailed as the prototypical endothelium-derived contracting factor (EDCF). However, over the years little evidence emerged convincingly demonstrating that the peptide actually contributes to moment-to-moment changes in vascular tone elicited by endothelial cells. This has been attributed to the profound inhibitory effect of nitric oxide (NO) on both the production (by the endothelium) and the action (on vascular smooth muscle) of ET-1. Hence, the peptide is likely to initiate acute changes in vascular diameter only under extreme conditions of endothelial dysfunction when the NO bioavailability is considerably reduced if not absent. The present essay discusses whether or not this concept should be revised, in particular in view of the potent inhibitory effect exerted by calcitonin gene related peptide (CGRP) released from sensorimotor nerves on vasoconstrictor responses to ET-1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jo G R De Mey
- Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of South Denmark, Odense, Denmark; Cardiovascular Research Institute Maastricht, Maastricht, the Netherlands
| | - Paul M Vanhoutte
- Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of South Denmark, Odense, Denmark; Department of Pharmacology and Pharmacy and State Key Laboratory for Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China.
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Jain A, Migdalska- A, Jain A. Endothelin-1-Induced Endoplasmic Reticulum Stress in Parkinson's Disease. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2014. [DOI: 10.5567/pharmacologia.2014.84.90] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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