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Conte M, Di Mauro A, Capasso L, Montella L, De Simone M, Nebbioso A, Altucci L. Targeting HDAC2-Mediated Immune Regulation to Overcome Therapeutic Resistance in Mutant Colorectal Cancer. Cancers (Basel) 2023; 15:cancers15071960. [PMID: 37046620 PMCID: PMC10093005 DOI: 10.3390/cancers15071960] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2022] [Revised: 03/08/2023] [Accepted: 03/23/2023] [Indexed: 03/29/2023] Open
Abstract
A large body of clinical and experimental evidence indicates that colorectal cancer is one of the most common multifactorial diseases. Although some useful prognostic biomarkers for clinical therapy have already been identified, it is still difficult to characterize a therapeutic signature that is able to define the most appropriate treatment. Gene expression levels of the epigenetic regulator histone deacetylase 2 (HDAC2) are deregulated in colorectal cancer, and this deregulation is tightly associated with immune dysfunction. By interrogating bioinformatic databases, we identified patients who presented simultaneous alterations in HDAC2, class II major histocompatibility complex transactivator (CIITA), and beta-2 microglobulin (B2M) genes based on mutation levels, structural variants, and RNA expression levels. We found that B2M plays an important role in these alterations and that mutations in this gene are potentially oncogenic. The dysregulated mRNA expression levels of HDAC2 were reported in about 5% of the profiled patients, while other specific alterations were described for CIITA. By analyzing immune infiltrates, we then identified correlations among these three genes in colorectal cancer patients and differential infiltration levels of genetic variants, suggesting that HDAC2 may have an indirect immune-related role in specific subgroups of immune infiltrates. Using this approach to carry out extensive immunological signature studies could provide further clinical information that is relevant to more resistant forms of colorectal cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariarosaria Conte
- Department of Precision Medicine, University of Campania “Luigi Vanvitelli”, 80138 Naples, Italy; (A.D.M.); (L.C.); (A.N.); (L.A.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +39-081-5667564
| | - Annabella Di Mauro
- Department of Precision Medicine, University of Campania “Luigi Vanvitelli”, 80138 Naples, Italy; (A.D.M.); (L.C.); (A.N.); (L.A.)
- Pathology Unit, Istituto Nazionale Tumori-IRCCS-Fondazione G. Pascale, 80131 Naples, Italy
| | - Lucia Capasso
- Department of Precision Medicine, University of Campania “Luigi Vanvitelli”, 80138 Naples, Italy; (A.D.M.); (L.C.); (A.N.); (L.A.)
| | - Liliana Montella
- ASL NA2 NORD, Oncology Operative Unit, “Santa Maria delle Grazie” Hospital, 80078 Pozzuoli, Italy;
| | - Mariacarla De Simone
- Stem Cell Transplantation Unit, Division of Hematology, Cardarelli Hospital, 80131 Naples, Italy;
| | - Angela Nebbioso
- Department of Precision Medicine, University of Campania “Luigi Vanvitelli”, 80138 Naples, Italy; (A.D.M.); (L.C.); (A.N.); (L.A.)
| | - Lucia Altucci
- Department of Precision Medicine, University of Campania “Luigi Vanvitelli”, 80138 Naples, Italy; (A.D.M.); (L.C.); (A.N.); (L.A.)
- BIOGEM, Institute of Molecular Biology and Genetics, 83031 Ariano Irpino, Italy
- IEOS, Institute for Endocrinology and Experimental Oncology, CNRs, 80131 Napoli, Italy
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Epigenetics of Cutaneous Sarcoma. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 23:ijms23010422. [PMID: 35008848 PMCID: PMC8745302 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23010422] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2021] [Revised: 12/25/2021] [Accepted: 12/28/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Epigenetic changes influence various physiological and pathological conditions in the human body. Recent advances in epigenetic studies of the skin have led to an appreciation of the importance of epigenetic modifications in skin diseases. Cutaneous sarcomas are intractable skin cancers, and there are no curative therapeutic options for the advanced forms of cutaneous sarcomas. In this review, we discuss the detailed molecular effects of epigenetic modifications on skin sarcomas, such as dermatofibrosarcoma protuberans, angiosarcoma, Kaposi's sarcoma, leiomyosarcoma, and liposarcoma. We also discuss the application of epigenetic-targeted therapy for skin sarcomas.
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Jala VR, Bodduluri SR, Ghosh S, Chheda Z, Singh R, Smith ME, Chilton PM, Fleming CJ, Mathis SP, Sharma RK, Knight R, Yan J, Haribabu B. Absence of CCR2 reduces spontaneous intestinal tumorigenesis in the Apc Min /+ mouse model. Int J Cancer 2021; 148:2594-2607. [PMID: 33497467 DOI: 10.1002/ijc.33477] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2020] [Revised: 12/15/2020] [Accepted: 01/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
The biological activities of chemokine (C-C motif) ligand 2 (CCL2) are mediated via C-C chemokine receptor-2 (CCR2). Increased CCL2 level is associated with metastasis of many cancers. In our study, we investigated the role of the CCL2/CCR2 axis in the development of spontaneous intestinal tumorigenesis using the ApcMin/+ mouse model. Ablation of CCR2 in ApcMin/+ mice significantly increased the overall survival and reduced intestinal tumor burden. Immune cell analysis showed that CCR2-/- ApcMin/+ mice exhibited significant reduction in the myeloid cell population and increased interferon γ (IFN-γ) producing T cells both in spleen and mesenteric lymph nodes compared to ApcMin/+ mice. The CCR2-/- ApcMin/+ tumors showed significantly reduced levels of interleukin (IL)-17 and IL-23 and increased IFN-γ and Granzyme B compared to ApcMin/+ tumors. Transfer of CCR2+/+ ApcMin/+ CD4+ T cells into Rag2-/- mice led to development of colitis phenotype with increased CD4+ T cells hyper proliferation and IL-17 production. In contrast, adoptive transfer of CCR2-/- ApcMin/+ CD4+ T cells into Rag2-/- mice failed to enhance colonic inflammation or IL-17 production. These results a suggest novel additional role for CCR2, where it regulates migration of IL-17 producing cells mediating tumor-promoting inflammation in addition to its role in migration of tumor associated macrophages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Venkatakrishna Rao Jala
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, James Graham Brown Cancer Center, University of Louisville, Louisville, Kentucky, USA
| | - Sobha Rani Bodduluri
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, James Graham Brown Cancer Center, University of Louisville, Louisville, Kentucky, USA
| | - Sweta Ghosh
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, James Graham Brown Cancer Center, University of Louisville, Louisville, Kentucky, USA
| | - Zinal Chheda
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, James Graham Brown Cancer Center, University of Louisville, Louisville, Kentucky, USA
| | - Rajbir Singh
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, James Graham Brown Cancer Center, University of Louisville, Louisville, Kentucky, USA
| | - Michelle E Smith
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, James Graham Brown Cancer Center, University of Louisville, Louisville, Kentucky, USA
| | - Paula M Chilton
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Louisville, Louisville, Kentucky, USA
| | - Christopher J Fleming
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, James Graham Brown Cancer Center, University of Louisville, Louisville, Kentucky, USA
| | - Steven Paul Mathis
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, James Graham Brown Cancer Center, University of Louisville, Louisville, Kentucky, USA
| | - Rajesh Kumar Sharma
- James Graham Brown Cancer Center, Department of Medicine, University of Louisville, Louisville, Kentucky, USA
| | - Rob Knight
- Center for Microbiome Innovation, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA
| | - Jun Yan
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, James Graham Brown Cancer Center, University of Louisville, Louisville, Kentucky, USA
| | - Bodduluri Haribabu
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, James Graham Brown Cancer Center, University of Louisville, Louisville, Kentucky, USA
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Navarra M, Femia AP, Romagnoli A, Tortora K, Luceri C, Cirmi S, Ferlazzo N, Caderni G. A flavonoid-rich extract from bergamot juice prevents carcinogenesis in a genetic model of colorectal cancer, the Pirc rat (F344/NTac-Apc am1137). Eur J Nutr 2019; 59:885-894. [PMID: 30919084 DOI: 10.1007/s00394-019-01948-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2018] [Accepted: 03/14/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE To determine the potential of a flavonoid-rich extract from bergamot juice (BJe) to prevent colorectal carcinogenesis (CRC) in vivo. MAIN METHODS Pirc rats (F344/NTac-Apcam1137), mutated in Apc, the key gene in CRC, were treated with two different doses of BJe (35 mg/kg or 70 mg/kg body weight, respectively) mixed in the diet for 12 weeks. Then, the entire intestine was surgically removed and dissected for histological, immunohistochemical and molecular analyses. RESULTS Rats treated with BJe showed a significant dose-related reduction in the colon preneoplastic lesions mucin-depleted foci (MDF). Colon and small intestinal tumours were also significantly reduced in rats supplemented with 70 mg/kg of BJe. To elucidate the involved mechanisms, markers of inflammation and apoptosis were determined. Compared to controls, colon tumours from BJe 70 mg/kg-supplemented rats showed a significant down-regulation of inflammation-related genes (COX-2, iNOS, IL-1β, IL-6 and IL-10 and Arginase 1). Moreover, in colon tumours from rats fed with 70 mg/kg BJe, apoptosis was significantly higher than in controls. Up-regulation of p53 and down-regulation of survivin and p21 genes was also observed. CONCLUSIONS These data indicate a strong chemopreventive activity of BJe that, at least in part, is due to its pro-apoptotic and anti-inflammatory actions. This effect could be exploited as a strategy to prevent CRC in high-risk patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michele Navarra
- Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical and Environmental Sciences, University of Messina, Messina, Italy.
| | - Angelo Pietro Femia
- Section of Pharmacology and Toxicology, NEUROFARBA Department, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
| | - Andrea Romagnoli
- Section of Pharmacology and Toxicology, NEUROFARBA Department, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
| | - Katia Tortora
- Section of Pharmacology and Toxicology, NEUROFARBA Department, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
| | - Cristina Luceri
- Section of Pharmacology and Toxicology, NEUROFARBA Department, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
| | - Santa Cirmi
- Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical and Environmental Sciences, University of Messina, Messina, Italy.,Fondazione "Prof. Antonio Imbesi", Messina, Italy
| | - Nadia Ferlazzo
- Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical and Environmental Sciences, University of Messina, Messina, Italy
| | - Giovanna Caderni
- Section of Pharmacology and Toxicology, NEUROFARBA Department, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
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Liao YH, Wang J, Wei YY, Zhang T, Zhang Y, Zuo ZF, Teng XY, Li YQ. Histone deacetylase 2 is involved in µ‑opioid receptor suppression in the spinal dorsal horn in a rat model of chronic pancreatitis pain. Mol Med Rep 2017; 17:2803-2810. [PMID: 29257262 PMCID: PMC5783494 DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2017.8245] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2016] [Accepted: 04/24/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Chronic pain occurs in ~85–90% of chronic pancreatitis (CP) patients. However, as the pathogenesis of CP pain remains to be fully understood, the current therapies for CP pain remain inadequate. Emerging evidence has suggested that the epigenetic modulations of genes are involved in chronic pain. In the present study, intrapancreatic trinitrobenzene sulfonic acid infusions were used to establish a CP model in rats. Mechanical allodynia was measured with von Frey filaments. Immunofluorescent staining analysis was used to observe the expression changes of histone deacetylase 2 (HDAC2) and µ-opioid receptor (MOR), and intrathecal administration of the selective HDAC2 inhibitor AR-42 was used to assess the underlying mechanisms. The expression levels of c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK) in the thoracic spinal cord were detected by western blotting, and the mRNA expression levels of interleukin (IL)1-β, IL-6 and tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α were detected by reverse transcription-quantitative polymerase chain reaction. The results demonstrated that HDAC2 expression was upregulated during the course of CP induction, while MOR activity in the thoracic spinal dorsal horn was significantly suppressed. Intrathecal infusion of AR-42 significantly attenuated CP-induced mechanical allodynia, with rescued MOR activity. Additionally, HDAC2 facilitated the release of inflammatory cytokines, including IL-1β, IL-6 and TNF-α. These results suggested that the underlying mechanisms of HDAC2 regulating MOR activity under CP induction may occur via promoting the release of inflammatory cytokines, thus activating the JNK signaling pathway. The present study suggested that the epigenetic-regulated disturbance of MOR is dependent on the endogenous analgesia system in CP, which may a provide novel therapeutic strategy for treating pain in CP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yong-Hui Liao
- Department of Anatomy and K.K. Leung Brain Research Centre, Preclinical School of Medicine, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710032, P.R. China
| | - Jian Wang
- Department of Anatomy and K.K. Leung Brain Research Centre, Preclinical School of Medicine, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710032, P.R. China
| | - Yan-Yan Wei
- Department of Anatomy and K.K. Leung Brain Research Centre, Preclinical School of Medicine, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710032, P.R. China
| | - Ting Zhang
- Department of Anatomy and K.K. Leung Brain Research Centre, Preclinical School of Medicine, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710032, P.R. China
| | - Yong Zhang
- Department of Anatomy and K.K. Leung Brain Research Centre, Preclinical School of Medicine, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710032, P.R. China
| | - Zhong-Fu Zuo
- Department of Anatomy, Histology and Embryology, Liaoning Medical University, Jinzhou, Liaoning 121000, P.R. China
| | - Xiao-Yu Teng
- Department of Anatomy and K.K. Leung Brain Research Centre, Preclinical School of Medicine, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710032, P.R. China
| | - Yun-Qing Li
- Department of Anatomy and K.K. Leung Brain Research Centre, Preclinical School of Medicine, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710032, P.R. China
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Prevention of Colitis and Colitis-Associated Colorectal Cancer by a Novel Polypharmacological Histone Deacetylase Inhibitor. Clin Cancer Res 2016; 22:4158-69. [DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-15-2379] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2015] [Accepted: 04/11/2016] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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Chen HP, Zhao YT, Zhao TC. Histone deacetylases and mechanisms of regulation of gene expression. Crit Rev Oncog 2015; 20:35-47. [PMID: 25746103 DOI: 10.1615/critrevoncog.2015012997] [Citation(s) in RCA: 183] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
In recent years it has become widely recognized that histone modification plays a pivotal role in controlling gene expression and is involved in a wide spectrum of disease regulation. Histone acetylation is a major modification that affects gene transcription and is controlled by histone acetyltransferases (HATs) and histone deacetylases (HDACs). HATs acetylate lysines of histone proteins, resulting in the relaxation of chromatin structure, and they also facilitate gene activation. Conversely, HDACs remove acetyl groups from hyperacetylated histones and suppress general gene transcription. In addition to histones, numerous nonhistone proteins can be acetylated and deacetylated, and they also are involved in the regulation of a wide range of diseases. To date there are 18 HDACs in mammals classified into 4 classes based on homology to yeast HDACs. Accumulating evidence has revealed that HDACs play crucial roles in a variety of biological processes including inflammation, cell proliferation, apoptosis, and carcinogenesis. In this review we summarize the current state of knowledge of HDACs in carcinogenesis and describe the involvement of HDACs in cancer-associated molecular processes. It is hoped than an understanding of the role of HDACs in cancer will lead to the design of more potent and specific drugs targeting selective HDAC proteins for the treatment of the disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hong Ping Chen
- Department of Surgery, Boston University Medical School, Boston University, Roger Williams Medical Center, Providence, RI; Department of Histology and Embryology, Medical College, Nanchang University, Nanchang, China
| | - Yu Tina Zhao
- Department of Surgery, Boston University Medical School, Boston University, Roger Williams Medical Center, Providence, RI
| | - Ting C Zhao
- Department of Surgery, Boston University Medical School, Boston University, Roger Williams Medical Center, Providence, RI
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Giardina C, Nakanishi M, Khan A, Kuratnik A, Xu W, Brenner B, Rosenberg DW. Regulation of VDR Expression in Apc-Mutant Mice, Human Colon Cancers and Adenomas. Cancer Prev Res (Phila) 2015; 8:387-99. [PMID: 25873367 DOI: 10.1158/1940-6207.capr-14-0371] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2014] [Accepted: 02/20/2015] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
One variable that may affect the ability of vitamin D to reduce colon cancer risk is the expression of its high-affinity receptor, VDR. Here, we show that vitamin D does not reduce tumor formation in Apc(Δ14/+) mice and that VDR expression is lost in the majority of the colon tumor cells. The extent of VDR loss corresponded inversely to the level of β-catenin nuclear localization and could be observed in early lesions composed of just a few crypts. Analysis of reported VDR regulators showed that the repressing class I histone deacetylases (HDAC) were significantly elevated in the tumors (up to 4-fold), whereas the VDR-activating retinoid X receptors (RXR) were downregulated (∼50%). Expression of the Slug repressor was also increased, but was found primarily in stromal cells. Analysis of epigenetically active compounds on colon cell lines and intestinal organoids showed that HDAC inhibitors were particularly adept at stimulating VDR expression. Treatment of tumor-bearing Apc(Δ14/+) mice with the HDAC inhibitor panobinostat increased VDR expression in the tumors and normal mucosa. The RXR agonist bexarotene failed to activate VDR expression, indicating that RXR ligands were not limiting. Analysis of human microarray data indicated that VDR mRNA is frequently downregulated in colon adenomas, which correlated positively with RXRA expression and inversely with HDAC 2 and 8 expression. Human adenomas showed variable VDR protein expression levels, both between and within individual lesions. Determining the mechanisms of VDR regulation in colon neoplasms may significantly enhance our ability to use vitamin D as a cancer prevention agent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charles Giardina
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of Connecticut, Storrs, Connecticut.
| | - Masako Nakanishi
- Center for Molecular Medicine, University of Connecticut Health Center, Farmington, Connecticut
| | - Awaad Khan
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of Connecticut, Storrs, Connecticut
| | - Anton Kuratnik
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of Connecticut, Storrs, Connecticut
| | - Wanli Xu
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of Connecticut, Storrs, Connecticut
| | - Bruce Brenner
- Center for Molecular Medicine, University of Connecticut Health Center, Farmington, Connecticut
| | - Daniel W Rosenberg
- Center for Molecular Medicine, University of Connecticut Health Center, Farmington, Connecticut
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Felice C, Lewis A, Armuzzi A, Lindsay JO, Silver A. Review article: selective histone deacetylase isoforms as potential therapeutic targets in inflammatory bowel diseases. Aliment Pharmacol Ther 2015; 41:26-38. [PMID: 25367825 DOI: 10.1111/apt.13008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2014] [Revised: 07/22/2014] [Accepted: 10/10/2014] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND A link between histone deacetylases (HDACs) and intestinal inflammation has been established. HDAC inhibitors that target gut-selective inflammatory pathways represent a potential new therapeutic strategy in patients with refractory inflammatory bowel diseases (IBD). AIMS To review the use of selective HDAC inhibitors to treat gut inflammation and to highlight potential improvements in selectivity/sensitivity by additional targeting of HDAC-regulating microRNAs (miRNAs). METHODS Original articles and reviews have been identified using PubMed search terms: 'histone deacetylase', 'HDAC inhibitor', 'inflammatory bowel disease', 'gut inflammation,' and 'microRNA and HDAC'. RESULTS The use of butyrate in distal colitis provided the first evidence that inhibition of HDACs decreases intestinal inflammation in IBD. HDAC inhibitors, such as valproic acid, vorinostat and givinostat, reduce inflammation and tissue damage in experimental murine colitis. Potential mechanisms of action for HDAC inhibitors include increased apoptosis, reduction of pro-inflammatory cytokine release, regulation of transcription factors and modulation of HDAC-regulatory miRNAs. HDAC2, HDAC3, HDAC6, HDAC9 and HDAC10 isoforms seem to be specifically involved in chronic intestinal inflammation, justifying the use of selective inhibitors as new therapeutic strategies in IBD. Controlling miRNAs for these isoforms can be identified. CONCLUSIONS The pro-inflammatory influence of HDACs in the gut has been confirmed, but mostly in murine studies. Considerably more human data are required to permit development of selective HDAC inhibitors for IBD treatment. Inhibition of key HDAC isoforms in combination with modulation of HDAC-regulatory miRNAs has potential as a novel therapeutic approach.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Felice
- Centre for Digestive Diseases, Blizard Institute, Barts and the London School of Medicine and Dentistry, London, UK; IBD Unit, Internal Medicine and Gastroenterology, Complesso Integrato Columbus, Catholic University, Rome, Italy
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Histone deacetylase 2 controls p53 and is a critical factor in tumorigenesis. Biochim Biophys Acta Rev Cancer 2014; 1846:524-38. [PMID: 25072962 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbcan.2014.07.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2014] [Revised: 07/05/2014] [Accepted: 07/22/2014] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Histone deacetylase 2 (HDAC2) regulates biological processes by deacetylation of histones and non-histone proteins. HDAC2 is overexpressed in numerous cancer types, suggesting general cancer-relevant functions of HDAC2. In human tumors the TP53 gene encoding p53 is frequently mutated and wild-type p53 is often disarmed. Molecular pathways inactivating wild-type p53 often remain to be defined and understood. Remarkably, current data link HDAC2 to the regulation of the tumor suppressor p53 by deacetylation and to the maintenance of genomic stability. Here, we summarize recent findings on HDAC2 overexpression in solid and hematopoietic cancers with a focus on mechanisms connecting HDAC2 and p53 in vitro and in vivo. In addition, we present an evidence-based model that integrates molecular pathways and feedback loops by which p53 and further transcription factors govern the expression and the ubiquitin-dependent proteasomal degradation of HDAC2 and of p53 itself. Understanding the interactions between p53 and HDAC2 might aid in the development of new therapeutic approaches against cancer.
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