1
|
Sun Y, Shang Q. Research hotspots and trends regarding microRNAs in hypertension: a bibliometric analysis. Clin Exp Hypertens 2024; 46:2304017. [PMID: 38230680 DOI: 10.1080/10641963.2024.2304017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2023] [Accepted: 01/03/2024] [Indexed: 01/18/2024]
Abstract
To investigate the research levels, hotspots, and development trends regarding microRNAs in hypertension, this study conducted a visual analysis of studies on miRNA in hypertension based on the Web of Science core collection database using CiteSpace and VOSviewer analysis software along with literature from 2005-2023 as information data. Using citation frequency, centrality, and starting year as metrics, this study analyzed the research objects. It revealed the main research bodies and hotspots and evaluated the sources of literature and the distribution of knowledge from journals and authors. Finally, the potential research directions for miRNAs in hypertension are discussed. The results showed that the research field is in a period of vigorous development, and scholars worldwide have shown strong interest in this research field. A comprehensive summary and analysis of the current research status and application trends will prove beneficial for the advancement of this field.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yu Sun
- College of traditional Chinese medicine, Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan, China
| | - Qingxin Shang
- College of traditional Chinese medicine, Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan, China
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Cao W, Zhao B, Gui L, Sun X, Zhang Z, Huang L. The role and mechanism of action of miR‑92a in endothelial cell autophagy. Mol Med Rep 2024; 30:172. [PMID: 39054957 PMCID: PMC11304162 DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2024.13296] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2024] [Accepted: 06/17/2024] [Indexed: 07/27/2024] Open
Abstract
Although microRNAs (miRNAs/miRs) serve a significant role in the autophagy of vascular endothelial cells (ECs), the effect of miR‑92a on the autophagy of ECs is currently unclear. Therefore, the present study aimed to investigate the impact of miR‑92a on autophagy in ECs and the underlying molecular processes that control this biological activity. Firstly, an autophagy model of EA.hy926 cells was generated via treatment with the autophagy inducer rapamycin (rapa‑EA.hy926 cells). The expression levels of miR‑92a were then detected by reverse transcription‑quantitative PCR, and the effect of miR‑92a expression on the autophagic activity of rapa‑EA.hy926 cells was studied by overexpressing or inhibiting miR‑92a. The level of autophagy was evaluated by western blot analysis, immunofluorescence staining and transmission electron microscopy. Dual‑luciferase reporter assays were used to confirm the interaction between miR‑92a and FOXO3. The results demonstrated that the expression levels of miR‑92a were decreased in the rapa‑EA.hy926 cell autophagy model. Furthermore, overexpression and inhibition of miR‑92a revealed that upregulation of miR‑92a in these cells inhibited autophagy, whereas miR‑92a knockdown promoted it. It was also confirmed that miR‑92a directly bound to the 3'‑untranslated region of the autophagy‑related gene FOXO3 and reduced its expression. In conclusion, the present study suggested that miR‑92a inhibits autophagy activity in EA.hy926 cells by targeting FOXO3.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Weili Cao
- Clinical Laboratory, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, Heilongjiang 150081, P.R. China
| | - Boxin Zhao
- Clinical Laboratory, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, Heilongjiang 150081, P.R. China
| | - Lin Gui
- Clinical Laboratory, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, Heilongjiang 150081, P.R. China
| | - Xueyuan Sun
- Clinical Laboratory, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, Heilongjiang 150081, P.R. China
| | - Zhiyong Zhang
- Clinical Laboratory, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, Heilongjiang 150081, P.R. China
| | - Lijuan Huang
- Clinical Laboratory, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, Heilongjiang 150081, P.R. China
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Rahman MA, Islam MM, Ripon MAR, Islam MM, Hossain MS. Regulatory Roles of MicroRNAs in the Pathogenesis of Metabolic Syndrome. Mol Biotechnol 2024; 66:1599-1620. [PMID: 37393414 DOI: 10.1007/s12033-023-00805-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2023] [Accepted: 06/17/2023] [Indexed: 07/03/2023]
Abstract
Metabolic syndrome refers to a group of several disease conditions together with high glucose triglyceride levels, high blood pressure, lower high-density lipoprotein level, and large waist circumference. About 400 million people worldwide, one-third of the Euro-American population and 27% Chinese population over age 50 have it. microRNAs, an abundant novel class of endogenous small, non-coding RNAs in eukaryotic cells, act as negative controllers of gene expression by promoting either degradation/translational repression of target messenger RNA. More than 2000 microRNAs in the human genome have been identified and they are implicated in various biological & pathophysiological processes, including glucose homeostasis, inflammatory response, and angiogenesis. Destruction of microRNAs has a crucial role in the pathogenesis of obesity, cardiovascular disease, and diabetes. Recently the discovery of circulating microRNAs in human serum may help to promote metabolic crosstalk between organs and serves as a novel approach for the identification of various diseases, like Type 2 diabetes & atherosclerosis. In this review, we will discuss the most recent and up-to-date research on the pathophysiology and histopathology of metabolic syndrome besides their historical background and epidemiological highlight. As well as search the methodologies employed in this field of research and the potential role of microRNAs as novel biomarkers and therapeutic targets for metabolic syndrome in the human body. Furthermore, the significance of microRNAs in promising strategies, like stem cell therapy, which holds enormous promise for regenerative medicine in the treatment of metabolic disorders will also be discussed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Md Abdur Rahman
- Department of Pharmacy, Noakhali Science and Technology University, Noakhali, 3814, Bangladesh
| | - Md Mahmodul Islam
- Department of Pharmacy, Noakhali Science and Technology University, Noakhali, 3814, Bangladesh
| | - Md Abdur Rahman Ripon
- Department of Pharmacy, Noakhali Science and Technology University, Noakhali, 3814, Bangladesh
| | - Md Monirul Islam
- Department of Pharmacy, Noakhali Science and Technology University, Noakhali, 3814, Bangladesh
| | - Mohammad Salim Hossain
- Department of Pharmacy, Noakhali Science and Technology University, Noakhali, 3814, Bangladesh.
- Bangladesh Obesity Research Network (BORN), Noakhali, 3814, Bangladesh.
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Zhang Z, Liu T, Dong M, Ahamed MA, Guan W. Sample-to-answer salivary miRNA testing: New frontiers in point-of-care diagnostic technologies. WILEY INTERDISCIPLINARY REVIEWS. NANOMEDICINE AND NANOBIOTECHNOLOGY 2024; 16:e1969. [PMID: 38783564 PMCID: PMC11141732 DOI: 10.1002/wnan.1969] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2023] [Revised: 03/10/2024] [Accepted: 05/02/2024] [Indexed: 05/25/2024]
Abstract
MicroRNA (miRNA), crucial non-coding RNAs, have emerged as key biomarkers in molecular diagnostics, prognosis, and personalized medicine due to their significant role in gene expression regulation. Salivary miRNA, in particular, stands out for its non-invasive collection method and ease of accessibility, offering promising avenues for the development of point-of-care diagnostics for a spectrum of diseases, including cancer, neurodegenerative disorders, and infectious diseases. Such development promises rapid and precise diagnosis, enabling timely treatment. Despite significant advancements in salivary miRNA-based testing, challenges persist in the quantification, multiplexing, sensitivity, and specificity, particularly for miRNA at low concentrations in complex biological mixtures. This work delves into these challenges, focusing on the development and application of salivary miRNA tests for point-of-care use. We explore the biogenesis of salivary miRNA and analyze their quantitative expression and their disease relevance in cancer, infection, and neurodegenerative disorders. We also examined recent progress in miRNA extraction, amplification, and multiplexed detection methods. This study offers a comprehensive view of the development of salivary miRNA-based point-of-care testing (POCT). Its successful advancement could revolutionize the early detection, monitoring, and management of various conditions, enhancing healthcare outcomes. This article is categorized under: Diagnostic Tools > Biosensing Diagnostic Tools > Diagnostic Nanodevices.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zhikun Zhang
- Department of Electrical Engineering, Pennsylvania State University, University Park 16802, USA
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Pennsylvania State University, University Park 16802, USA
| | - Tianyi Liu
- Department of Electrical Engineering, Pennsylvania State University, University Park 16802, USA
| | - Ming Dong
- Department of Electrical Engineering, Pennsylvania State University, University Park 16802, USA
| | - Md. Ahasan Ahamed
- Department of Electrical Engineering, Pennsylvania State University, University Park 16802, USA
| | - Weihua Guan
- Department of Electrical Engineering, Pennsylvania State University, University Park 16802, USA
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Pennsylvania State University, University Park 16802, USA
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Chia SPS, Pang JKS, Soh BS. Current RNA strategies in treating cardiovascular diseases. Mol Ther 2024; 32:580-608. [PMID: 38291757 PMCID: PMC10928165 DOI: 10.1016/j.ymthe.2024.01.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2023] [Revised: 12/22/2023] [Accepted: 01/23/2024] [Indexed: 02/01/2024] Open
Abstract
Cardiovascular disease (CVD) continues to impose a significant global health burden, necessitating the exploration of innovative treatment strategies. Ribonucleic acid (RNA)-based therapeutics have emerged as a promising avenue to address the complex molecular mechanisms underlying CVD pathogenesis. We present a comprehensive review of the current state of RNA therapeutics in the context of CVD, focusing on the diverse modalities that bring about transient or permanent modifications by targeting the different stages of the molecular biology central dogma. Considering the immense potential of RNA therapeutics, we have identified common gene targets that could serve as potential interventions for prevalent Mendelian CVD caused by single gene mutations, as well as acquired CVDs developed over time due to various factors. These gene targets offer opportunities to develop RNA-based treatments tailored to specific genetic and molecular pathways, presenting a novel and precise approach to address the complex pathogenesis of both types of cardiovascular conditions. Additionally, we discuss the challenges and opportunities associated with delivery strategies to achieve targeted delivery of RNA therapeutics to the cardiovascular system. This review highlights the immense potential of RNA-based interventions as a novel and precise approach to combat CVD, paving the way for future advancements in cardiovascular therapeutics.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shirley Pei Shan Chia
- Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology (IMCB), Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A∗STAR), 61 Biopolis Drive, Proteos, Singapore 138673, Singapore; Department of Biological Sciences, National University of Singapore, 16 Science Drive 4, Singapore 117558, Singapore
| | - Jeremy Kah Sheng Pang
- Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology (IMCB), Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A∗STAR), 61 Biopolis Drive, Proteos, Singapore 138673, Singapore
| | - Boon-Seng Soh
- Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology (IMCB), Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A∗STAR), 61 Biopolis Drive, Proteos, Singapore 138673, Singapore; Department of Biological Sciences, National University of Singapore, 16 Science Drive 4, Singapore 117558, Singapore.
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Nasser JS, Altahoo N, Almosawi S, Alhermi A, Butler AE. The Role of MicroRNA, Long Non-Coding RNA and Circular RNA in the Pathogenesis of Polycystic Ovary Syndrome: A Literature Review. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:903. [PMID: 38255975 PMCID: PMC10815174 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25020903] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2023] [Revised: 01/04/2024] [Accepted: 01/06/2024] [Indexed: 01/24/2024] Open
Abstract
Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) is the most common endocrine-metabolic disease in females of reproductive age, affecting 4-20% of pre-menopausal women worldwide. MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are endogenous, single-stranded, non-coding, regulatory ribonucleic acid molecules found in eukaryotic cells. Abnormal miRNA expression has been associated with several diseases and could possibly explain their underlying pathophysiology. MiRNAs have been extensively studied for their potential diagnostic, prognostic, and therapeutic uses in many diseases, such as type 2 diabetes, obesity, cardiovascular disease, PCOS, and endometriosis. In women with PCOS, miRNAs were found to be abnormally expressed in theca cells, follicular fluid, granulosa cells, peripheral blood leukocytes, serum, and adipose tissue when compared to those without PCOS, making miRNAs a useful potential biomarker for the disease. Key pathways involved in PCOS, such as folliculogenesis, steroidogenesis, and cellular adhesion, are regulated by miRNA. This also highlights their importance as potential prognostic markers. In addition, recent evidence suggests a role for miRNAs in regulating the circadian rhythm (CR). CR is crucial for regulating reproduction through the various functions of the hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal (HPG) axis and the ovaries. A disordered CR affects reproductive outcomes by inducing insulin resistance, oxidative stress, and systemic inflammation. Moreover, miRNAs were demonstrated to interact with lncRNA and circRNAs, which are thought to play a role in the pathogenesis of PCOS. This review discusses what is currently understood about miRNAs in PCOS, the cellular pathways involved, and their potential role as biomarkers and therapeutic targets.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jenan Sh. Nasser
- School of Medicine, Royal College of Surgeons of Ireland, Busaiteen, Adliya 15503, Bahrain; (J.S.N.); (N.A.); (S.A.); (A.A.)
| | - Noor Altahoo
- School of Medicine, Royal College of Surgeons of Ireland, Busaiteen, Adliya 15503, Bahrain; (J.S.N.); (N.A.); (S.A.); (A.A.)
| | - Sayed Almosawi
- School of Medicine, Royal College of Surgeons of Ireland, Busaiteen, Adliya 15503, Bahrain; (J.S.N.); (N.A.); (S.A.); (A.A.)
| | - Abrar Alhermi
- School of Medicine, Royal College of Surgeons of Ireland, Busaiteen, Adliya 15503, Bahrain; (J.S.N.); (N.A.); (S.A.); (A.A.)
| | - Alexandra E. Butler
- Research Department, Royal College of Surgeons of Ireland, Busaiteen, Adliya 15503, Bahrain
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Van Meerveld BG, Levi R, Gross ER, Blumer J, Wood S. Moving the Journal of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics Forward to Address the Needs of Our Authors and Editors-Editorial. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 2024; 388:1-5. [PMID: 38169449 DOI: 10.1124/jpet.123.001988] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2023] [Accepted: 10/25/2023] [Indexed: 01/05/2024] Open
|
8
|
Antonietti L, Mariani J, Martínez MJ, Santalla M, Vensentini N, Kyle DA, de Abreu M, Tajer C, Lacunza E, Ferrero P. Circulating microRNAs as biomarkers of Chagas cardiomyopathy. Front Cardiovasc Med 2023; 10:1250029. [PMID: 38173812 PMCID: PMC10762800 DOI: 10.3389/fcvm.2023.1250029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2023] [Accepted: 11/28/2023] [Indexed: 01/05/2024] Open
Abstract
Background Chagas cardiomyopathy (CHCM) is the most important clinical manifestation of Chagas disease. The analysis of cardiac miRNAs may contribute to predicting the progression to CHCM in Chagas indeterminate phase and/or to the differential diagnosis for cardiomyopathy. Methods We carried out a case-control study to identify circulating miRNAs associated with CHCM. We assigned 104 participants to four groups: healthy controls (HC), Chagas non-cardiomyopathy controls, CHCM cases, and ischemic cardiomyopathy controls. We performed a clinical, echocardiographic, and laboratory evaluation and profiled circulating miRNA in the serum samples. Results Differences between groups were observed in clinical variables and in the analysis of miRNAs. Compared to HC, CHCM participants had 4 over-expressed and 6 under-expressed miRNAs; miR-95-3p and miR-130b-3p were upregulated in CHCM compared with controls, Chagas non-cardiomyopathy and ischemic cardiomyopathy participants, suggesting that might be a hallmark of CHCM. Analysis of gene targets associated with cardiac injury yielded results of genes involved in arrhythmia generation, cardiomegaly, and hypertrophy. Conclusions Our data suggest that the expression of circulating miRNAs identified by deep sequencing in CHCM could be associated with different cardiac phenotypes in CHCM subjects, compared with Chagas non-CHCM, ischemic cardiomyopathy controls, and healthy controls.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Laura Antonietti
- Department of Cardiology, El Cruce Hospital, Florencio Varela, Buenos Aires, Argentina
- Health Sciences Institute, Arturo Jauretche National University, Florencio Varela, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Javier Mariani
- Department of Cardiology, El Cruce Hospital, Florencio Varela, Buenos Aires, Argentina
- Health Sciences Institute, Arturo Jauretche National University, Florencio Varela, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - María Jose Martínez
- Department of Cardiology, El Cruce Hospital, Florencio Varela, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Manuela Santalla
- Cardiovascular Research Center Dr. Horacio Cingolani, Faculty of Medical Sciences, La Plata National University, La Plata, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Natalia Vensentini
- Department of Cardiology, El Cruce Hospital, Florencio Varela, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Diego Alfredo Kyle
- Department of Cardiology, El Cruce Hospital, Florencio Varela, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Maximiliano de Abreu
- Department of Cardiology, El Cruce Hospital, Florencio Varela, Buenos Aires, Argentina
- Health Sciences Institute, Arturo Jauretche National University, Florencio Varela, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Carlos Tajer
- Department of Cardiology, El Cruce Hospital, Florencio Varela, Buenos Aires, Argentina
- Health Sciences Institute, Arturo Jauretche National University, Florencio Varela, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Ezequiel Lacunza
- Basic and Applied Inmunological Research, Faculty of Medical Sciences, La Plata National University, La Plata, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Paola Ferrero
- Cardiovascular Research Center Dr. Horacio Cingolani, Faculty of Medical Sciences, La Plata National University, La Plata, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Zalivina I, Barwari T, Yin X, Langley SR, Barallobre-Barreiro J, Wakimoto H, Zampetaki A, Mayr M, Avkiran M, Eminaga S. Inhibition of miR-199a-3p in a murine hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (HCM) model attenuates fibrotic remodeling. JOURNAL OF MOLECULAR AND CELLULAR CARDIOLOGY PLUS 2023; 6:100056. [PMID: 38143961 PMCID: PMC10739604 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmccpl.2023.100056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2023] [Revised: 11/13/2023] [Accepted: 11/20/2023] [Indexed: 12/26/2023]
Abstract
Background Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (HCM) is an autosomal dominant genetic disorder, characterized by cardiomyocyte hypertrophy, cardiomyocyte disarray and fibrosis, which has a prevalence of ∼1: 200-500 and predisposes individuals to heart failure and sudden death. The mechanisms through which diverse HCM-causing mutations cause cardiac dysfunction remain mostly unknown and their identification may reveal new therapeutic avenues. MicroRNAs (miRNAs) have emerged as critical regulators of gene expression and disease phenotype in various pathologies. We explored whether miRNAs could play a role in HCM pathogenesis and offer potential therapeutic targets. Methods and results Using high-throughput miRNA expression profiling and qPCR analysis in two distinct mouse models of HCM, we found that miR-199a-3p expression levels are upregulated in mutant mice compared to age- and treatment-matched wild-type mice. We also found that miR-199a-3p expression is enriched in cardiac non-myocytes compared to cardiomyocytes. When we expressed miR-199a-3p mimic in cultured murine primary cardiac fibroblasts and analyzed the conditioned media by proteomics, we found that several extracellular matrix (ECM) proteins (e.g., TSP2, FBLN3, COL11A1, LYOX) were differentially secreted (data are available via ProteomeXchange with identifier PXD042904). We confirmed our proteomics findings by qPCR analysis of selected mRNAs and demonstrated that miR-199a-3p mimic expression in cardiac fibroblasts drives upregulation of ECM gene expression, including Tsp2, Fbln3, Pcoc1, Col1a1 and Col3a1. To examine the role of miR-199a-3p in vivo, we inhibited its function using lock-nucleic acid (LNA)-based inhibitors (antimiR-199a-3p) in an HCM mouse model. Our results revealed that progression of cardiac fibrosis is attenuated when miR-199a-3p function is inhibited in mild-to-moderate HCM. Finally, guided by computational target prediction algorithms, we identified mRNAs Cd151 and Itga3 as direct targets of miR-199a-3p and have shown that miR-199a-3p mimic expression negatively regulates AKT activation in cardiac fibroblasts. Conclusions Altogether, our results suggest that miR-199a-3p may contribute to cardiac fibrosis in HCM through its actions in cardiac fibroblasts. Thus, inhibition of miR-199a-3p in mild-to-moderate HCM may offer therapeutic benefit in combination with complementary approaches that target the primary defect in cardiac myocytes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Irina Zalivina
- King's College London, British Heart Foundation Centre of Research Excellence, London, United Kingdom
| | - Temo Barwari
- King's College London, British Heart Foundation Centre of Research Excellence, London, United Kingdom
| | - Xiaoke Yin
- King's College London, British Heart Foundation Centre of Research Excellence, London, United Kingdom
| | - Sarah R. Langley
- King's College London, British Heart Foundation Centre of Research Excellence, London, United Kingdom
- Lee Kong Chian School of Medicine, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore
| | | | - Hiroko Wakimoto
- Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Anna Zampetaki
- King's College London, British Heart Foundation Centre of Research Excellence, London, United Kingdom
| | - Manuel Mayr
- King's College London, British Heart Foundation Centre of Research Excellence, London, United Kingdom
| | - Metin Avkiran
- King's College London, British Heart Foundation Centre of Research Excellence, London, United Kingdom
| | - Seda Eminaga
- King's College London, British Heart Foundation Centre of Research Excellence, London, United Kingdom
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Jafari N, Shahabi Rabori V, Zolfi Gol A, Saberiyan M. Crosstalk of NLRP3 inflammasome and noncoding RNAs in cardiomyopathies. Cell Biochem Funct 2023; 41:1060-1075. [PMID: 37916887 DOI: 10.1002/cbf.3882] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2023] [Revised: 10/21/2023] [Accepted: 10/24/2023] [Indexed: 11/03/2023]
Abstract
Cardiovascular diseases (CVDs) identified as a serious public health problem. Although there is a lot of evidence that inflammatory processes play a significant role in the progression of CVDs, however, the precise mechanism is not fully understood. Nevertheless, recent studies have focused on inflammation and its related agents. Nucleotide oligomerization domain-, leucine-rich repeat-, and pyrin domain-containing protein 3 (NLRP3) is a type of pattern recognition receptor (PRR) that can recognize pathogen-associated molecular patterns and trigger innate immune response. NLRP3 is a component of the NOD-like receptor (NLR) family and have a pivotal role in detecting damage to cardiovascular tissue. It is suggested that activation of NLRP3 inflammasome leads to initiating and propagating the inflammatory response in cardiomyopathy. So, late investigations have highlighted the NLRP3 inflammasome activation in various forms of cardiomyopathy. On the other side, it was shown that noncoding RNAs (ncRNAs), particularly, microRNAs, lncRNAs, and circRNAs possess a regulatory function in the immune system's inflammatory response, implicating their involvement in various inflammatory disorders. In addition, their role in different cardiomyopathies was indicated in recent studies. This review article provides a summary of recent advancements focusing on the function of the NLRP3 inflammasome in common CVDs, especially cardiomyopathy, while also discussing the therapeutic potential of inhibiting the NLRP3 inflammasome regulated by ncRNAs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Negar Jafari
- Department of Cardiology, Urmia University of Medical Sciences, Urmia, Iran
| | | | - Ali Zolfi Gol
- Department of Pediatrics Cardiology, Shahid Motahari Hospital, Urmia University of Medical Sciences, Urmia, Iran
| | - Mohammadreza Saberiyan
- Department of Medical Genetics, Faculty of Medicine, Hormozgan University of Medical Sciences, Bandar Abbas, Iran
- Cellular and Molecular Research Center, Shahrekord University of Medical Sciences, Shahrekord, Iran
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Zhang M, Chen Y, Niu F, Luo X, Li J, Hu W. MicroRNA-30a-3p: a potential noncoding RNA target for the treatment of arteriosclerosis obliterans. Aging (Albany NY) 2023; 15:11875-11890. [PMID: 37899171 PMCID: PMC10683622 DOI: 10.18632/aging.205154] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2023] [Accepted: 09/25/2023] [Indexed: 10/31/2023]
Abstract
An increasing number of studies have shown that noncoding RNAs are involved in cardiovascular diseases. Our study shows that the expression of microRNA-30a-3p (miR-30a-3p) in patients with arteriosclerosis obliterans (ASO) of the lower extremities is significantly decreased after endovascular treatment, but its role is unclear. This study aims to explore the role of microRNA-30a-3p in ASO and its related mechanisms. Immunofluorescence and in situ hybridization costaining indicated that microRNA-30a-3p mostly exists in vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs). Furthermore, after transfection into VSMCs, microRNA-30a-3p inhibited VSMC proliferation, migration and phenotype switching. In addition, luciferase reporter and western blot analyses indicated that ROCK2 (Rho-related spiral coil 2 containing protein kinase) is a microRNA-30a-3p target gene, and participates in the microRNA-30a-3p mediated cell inhibitory effect. At last, the rat carotid artery was infected by lentivirus after balloon injury, which increased microRNA-30a-3p levels and apparently suppressed the formation of neointima in vivo. Overall, exogenous introduction of microRNA-30a-3p, a noncoding RNA with unlimited potential, may be a new approach to treat ASO.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mao Zhang
- Department of Vascular Surgery, Sichuan Provincial People’s Hospital, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, China
| | - Yu Chen
- Department of Cardiology, Sichuan Provincial People’s Hospital, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, China
| | - Fang Niu
- Department of Vascular Surgery, Sichuan Provincial People’s Hospital, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, China
| | - Xiaohui Luo
- Department of Gynaecology and Obstetrics, Sichuan Provincial People’s Hospital, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, China
| | - Jiangping Li
- Department of Oncological Radiotherapy, Cancer Center and State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Wei Hu
- Department of Vascular Surgery, Sichuan Provincial People’s Hospital, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, China
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Kabzinski J, Kucharska-Lusina A, Majsterek I. RNA-Based Liquid Biopsy in Head and Neck Cancer. Cells 2023; 12:1916. [PMID: 37508579 PMCID: PMC10377854 DOI: 10.3390/cells12141916] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2023] [Revised: 07/17/2023] [Accepted: 07/21/2023] [Indexed: 07/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Head and neck cancer (HNC) is a prevalent and diverse group of malignancies with substantial morbidity and mortality rates. Early detection and monitoring of HNC are crucial for improving patient outcomes. Liquid biopsy, a non-invasive diagnostic approach, has emerged as a promising tool for cancer detection and monitoring. In this article, we review the application of RNA-based liquid biopsy in HNC. Various types of RNA, including messenger RNA (mRNA), microRNA (miRNA), long non-coding RNA (lncRNA), small nuclear RNA (snRNA), small nucleolar RNA (snoRNA), circular RNA (circRNA) and PIWI-interacting RNA (piRNA), are explored as potential biomarkers in HNC liquid-based diagnostics. The roles of RNAs in HNC diagnosis, metastasis, tumor resistance to radio and chemotherapy, and overall prognosis are discussed. RNA-based liquid biopsy holds great promise for the early detection, prognosis, and personalized treatment of HNC. Further research and validation are necessary to translate these findings into clinical practice and improve patient outcomes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jacek Kabzinski
- Department of Clinical Chemistry and Biochemistry, Medical University of Lodz, MolecoLAB A6, Mazowiecka 5, 92-215 Lodz, Poland
| | - Aleksandra Kucharska-Lusina
- Department of Clinical Chemistry and Biochemistry, Medical University of Lodz, MolecoLAB A6, Mazowiecka 5, 92-215 Lodz, Poland
| | - Ireneusz Majsterek
- Department of Clinical Chemistry and Biochemistry, Medical University of Lodz, MolecoLAB A6, Mazowiecka 5, 92-215 Lodz, Poland
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Sæther JC, Vesterbekkmo EK, Taraldsen MD, Gigante B, Follestad T, Røsjø HR, Omland T, Wiseth R, Madssen E, Bye A. Associations between circulating microRNAs and lipid-rich coronary plaques measured with near-infrared spectroscopy. Sci Rep 2023; 13:7580. [PMID: 37165064 PMCID: PMC10172303 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-34642-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2023] [Accepted: 05/04/2023] [Indexed: 05/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Lipid-rich coronary atherosclerotic plaques often cause myocardial infarction (MI), and circulating biomarkers that reflect lipid content may predict risk of MI. We investigated the association between circulating microRNAs (miRs) are lipid-rich coronary plaques in 47 statin-treated patients (44 males) with stable coronary artery disease undergoing percutaneous coronary intervention. We assessed lipid content in non-culprit coronary artery lesions with near-infrared spectroscopy and selected the 4 mm segment with the highest measured lipid core burden index (maxLCBI4mm). Lipid-rich plaques were predefined as a lesion with maxLCBI4mm ≥ 324.7. We analyzed 177 circulating miRs with quantitative polymerase chain reaction in plasma samples. The associations between miRs and lipid-rich plaques were analyzed with elastic net. miR-133b was the miR most strongly associated with lipid-rich coronary plaques, with an estimated 18% increase in odds of lipid-rich plaques per unit increase in miR-133b. Assessing the uncertainty by bootstrapping, miR-133b was present in 82.6% of the resampled dataset. Inclusion of established cardiovascular risk factors did not attenuate the association. No evidence was found for an association between the other analyzed miRs and lipid-rich coronary plaques. Even though the evidence for an association was modest, miR-133b could be a potential biomarker of vulnerable coronary plaques and risk of future MI. However, the prognostic value and clinical relevance of miR-133b needs to be assessed in larger cohorts.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Julie Caroline Sæther
- Department of Circulation and Medical Imaging, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway.
- Department of Cardiology, St. Olavs Hospital, Trondheim, Norway.
| | - Elisabeth Kleivhaug Vesterbekkmo
- Department of Circulation and Medical Imaging, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway
- Department of Cardiology, St. Olavs Hospital, Trondheim, Norway
- National Advisory Unit on Exercise Training as Medicine for Cardiopulmonary Conditions, Trondheim, Norway
| | - Maria Dalen Taraldsen
- Department of Circulation and Medical Imaging, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway
| | - Bruna Gigante
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Turid Follestad
- Department of Clinical and Molecular Medicine, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway
- Clinical Research Unit Central Norway, St. Olavs Hospital, Trondheim, Norway
| | - Helge Rørvik Røsjø
- Division of Research and Innovation, Akershus University Hospital, Lørenskog, Norway
- K. G. Jebsen Center for Cardiac Biomarkers, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Torbjørn Omland
- Division of Research and Innovation, Akershus University Hospital, Lørenskog, Norway
- K. G. Jebsen Center for Cardiac Biomarkers, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
- Department of Cardiology, Division of Medicine, Akershus University Hospital, Lørenskog, Norway
| | - Rune Wiseth
- Department of Circulation and Medical Imaging, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway
- Department of Cardiology, St. Olavs Hospital, Trondheim, Norway
| | - Erik Madssen
- Department of Circulation and Medical Imaging, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway
- Department of Cardiology, St. Olavs Hospital, Trondheim, Norway
| | - Anja Bye
- Department of Circulation and Medical Imaging, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway
- Department of Cardiology, St. Olavs Hospital, Trondheim, Norway
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Jankauskas SS, Mone P, Avvisato R, Varzideh F, De Gennaro S, Salemme L, Macina G, Kansakar U, Cioppa A, Frullone S, Gambardella J, Di Mauro M, Tesorio T, Santulli G. miR-181c targets Parkin and SMAD7 in human cardiac fibroblasts: Validation of differential microRNA expression in patients with diabetes and heart failure with preserved ejection fraction. Mech Ageing Dev 2023; 212:111818. [PMID: 37116731 DOI: 10.1016/j.mad.2023.111818] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2022] [Revised: 04/15/2023] [Accepted: 04/19/2023] [Indexed: 04/30/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cardiac fibrosis represents a key feature in the pathophysiology of heart failure with preserved ejection fraction (HFpEF), a condition highly prevalent amongst geriatric patients, especially if diabetic. The microRNA miR-181c has been shown to be associated with the response to exercise training in HFpEF patients and has been also linked to diabetic cardiovascular complications. However, the underlying mechanisms have not been fully elucidated. OBJECTIVE To measure circulating miR-181c in elderly patients with HFpEF and DM and identify gene targets pathophysiologically relevant in HFpEF. METHODS We quantified circulating miR-181c in frail older adults with a confirmed diagnosis of HFpEF and diabetes, and, as control, we enrolled age-matched subjects without HFpEF and without diabetes. We validated in human cardiac fibroblasts the molecular mechanisms linking miR-181c to a pro-fibrotic response. RESULTS 51 frail patients were included (34 patients with diabetes and HFpEF and 17 age-matched controls. We observed that miR-181c was significantly upregulated (p<0.0001) in HFpEF patients vs controls. We confirmed in vitro that miR-181c is targeting PRKN and SMAD7. CONCLUSIONS We demonstrate that miR-181c levels are significantly increased in frail elderly adults with diabetes and HFpEF and that miR-181c targets PRKN and SMAD7 in human cardiac fibroblasts.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Stanislovas S Jankauskas
- Department of Medicine, Einstein Institute for Aging Research, Wilf Family Cardiovascular Research Institute, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, New York, NY 10461, USA
| | - Pasquale Mone
- Department of Medicine, Einstein Institute for Aging Research, Wilf Family Cardiovascular Research Institute, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, New York, NY 10461, USA; ASL Avellino, Avellino, 83100, Italy
| | - Roberta Avvisato
- Department of Medicine, Einstein Institute for Aging Research, Wilf Family Cardiovascular Research Institute, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, New York, NY 10461, USA
| | - Fahimeh Varzideh
- Department of Medicine, Einstein Institute for Aging Research, Wilf Family Cardiovascular Research Institute, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, New York, NY 10461, USA
| | | | - Luigi Salemme
- Casa di Cura "Montevergine", Mercogliano (Avellino), 83013, Italy
| | | | - Urna Kansakar
- Department of Medicine, Einstein Institute for Aging Research, Wilf Family Cardiovascular Research Institute, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, New York, NY 10461, USA
| | - Angelo Cioppa
- Casa di Cura "Montevergine", Mercogliano (Avellino), 83013, Italy
| | | | - Jessica Gambardella
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology, Fleischer Institute for Diabetes and Metabolism (FIDAM), Einstein-Mount Sinai Diabetes Research Center (ES-DRC), Einstein Institute for Neuroimmunology and Inflammation (INI), Albert Einstein College of Medicine, New York, NY 10461, USA
| | | | - Tullio Tesorio
- Casa di Cura "Montevergine", Mercogliano (Avellino), 83013, Italy
| | - Gaetano Santulli
- Department of Medicine, Einstein Institute for Aging Research, Wilf Family Cardiovascular Research Institute, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, New York, NY 10461, USA; Department of Molecular Pharmacology, Fleischer Institute for Diabetes and Metabolism (FIDAM), Einstein-Mount Sinai Diabetes Research Center (ES-DRC), Einstein Institute for Neuroimmunology and Inflammation (INI), Albert Einstein College of Medicine, New York, NY 10461, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
The Function and Therapeutic Potential of lncRNAs in Cardiac Fibrosis. BIOLOGY 2023; 12:biology12020154. [PMID: 36829433 PMCID: PMC9952806 DOI: 10.3390/biology12020154] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2022] [Revised: 01/17/2023] [Accepted: 01/18/2023] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Cardiac fibrosis remains an unresolved problem in cardiovascular diseases. Fibrosis of the myocardium plays a key role in the clinical outcomes of patients with heart injuries. Moderate fibrosis is favorable for cardiac structure maintaining and contractile force transmission, whereas adverse fibrosis generally progresses to ventricular remodeling and cardiac systolic or diastolic dysfunction. The molecular mechanisms involved in these processes are multifactorial and complex. Several molecular mechanisms, such as TGF-β signaling pathway, extracellular matrix (ECM) synthesis and degradation, and non-coding RNAs, positively or negatively regulate myocardial fibrosis. Long noncoding RNAs (lncRNAs) have emerged as significant mediators in gene regulation in cardiovascular diseases. Recent studies have demonstrated that lncRNAs are crucial in genetic programming and gene expression during myocardial fibrosis. We summarize the function of lncRNAs in cardiac fibrosis and their contributions to miRNA expression, TGF-β signaling, and ECMs synthesis, with a particular attention on the exosome-derived lncRNAs in the regulation of adverse fibrosis as well as the mode of action of lncRNAs secreted into exosomes. We also discuss how the current knowledge on lncRNAs can be applied to develop novel therapeutic strategies to prevent or reverse cardiac fibrosis.
Collapse
|
16
|
Liu N, Fan Y, Li Y, Zhang Y, Li J, Wang Y, Wang Z, Liu Y, Li Y, Kang Z, Peng Y, Ru Z, Yang M, Feng C, Wang Y, Yang X. OL-FS13 Alleviates Cerebral Ischemia-reperfusion Injury by Inhibiting miR-21-3p Expression. Curr Neuropharmacol 2023; 21:2550-2562. [PMID: 37132110 PMCID: PMC10616927 DOI: 10.2174/1570159x21666230502111013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2022] [Revised: 11/14/2022] [Accepted: 12/12/2022] [Indexed: 05/04/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND OL-FS13, a neuroprotective peptide derived from Odorrana livida, can alleviate cerebral ischemia-reperfusion (CI/R) injury, although the specific underlying mechanism remains to be further explored. OBJECTIVE The effect of miR-21-3p on the neural-protective effects of OL-FS13 was examined. METHODS In this study, the multiple genome sequencing analysis, double luciferase experiment, RT-qPCR, and Western blotting were used to explore the mechanism of OL-FS13. RESULTS Showed that over-expression of miR-21-3p against the protective effects of OL-FS13 on oxygen- glucose deprivation/re-oxygenation (OGD/R)-damaged pheochromocytoma (PC12) cells and in CI/R-injured rats. miR-21-3p was then found to target calcium/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase 2 (CAMKK2), and its overexpression inhibited the expression of CAMKK2 and phosphorylation of its downstream adenosine 5'-monophosphate (AMP)-activated protein kinase (AMPK), thereby inhibiting the therapeutic effects of OL-FS13 on OGD/R and CI/R. Inhibition of CAMKK2 also antagonized up-regulated of nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (Nrf-2) by OL-FS13, thereby abolishing the antioxidant activity of the peptide. CONCLUSION Our results showed that OL-FS13 alleviated OGD/R and CI/R by inhibiting miR-21-3p to activate the CAMKK2/AMPK/Nrf-2 axis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Naixin Liu
- Department of Anatomy and Histology & Embryology, Faculty of Basic Medical Science, Kunming Medical University, Kunming, 650500, Yunnan, China
| | - Yan Fan
- Department of Anatomy and Histology & Embryology, Faculty of Basic Medical Science, Kunming Medical University, Kunming, 650500, Yunnan, China
| | - Yilin Li
- Department of Anatomy and Histology & Embryology, Faculty of Basic Medical Science, Kunming Medical University, Kunming, 650500, Yunnan, China
| | - Yingxuan Zhang
- Department of Anatomy and Histology & Embryology, Faculty of Basic Medical Science, Kunming Medical University, Kunming, 650500, Yunnan, China
| | - Jiayi Li
- Department of Anatomy and Histology & Embryology, Faculty of Basic Medical Science, Kunming Medical University, Kunming, 650500, Yunnan, China
| | - Yinglei Wang
- Department of Anatomy and Histology & Embryology, Faculty of Basic Medical Science, Kunming Medical University, Kunming, 650500, Yunnan, China
| | - Zhuo Wang
- Department of Anatomy and Histology & Embryology, Faculty of Basic Medical Science, Kunming Medical University, Kunming, 650500, Yunnan, China
| | - Yixiang Liu
- Key Laboratory of Chemistry in Ethnic Medicinal Resources & Key Laboratory of Natural Products Synthetic Biology of Ethnic Medicinal Endophytes, School of Ethnic Medicine, Yunnan Minzu University, State Ethnic Affairs Commission & Ministry of Education, Kunming, Yunnan, 650504, China
| | - Yuansheng Li
- Department of Anatomy and Histology & Embryology, Faculty of Basic Medical Science, Kunming Medical University, Kunming, 650500, Yunnan, China
| | - Zijian Kang
- Department of Anatomy and Histology & Embryology, Faculty of Basic Medical Science, Kunming Medical University, Kunming, 650500, Yunnan, China
| | - Ying Peng
- Department of Anatomy and Histology & Embryology, Faculty of Basic Medical Science, Kunming Medical University, Kunming, 650500, Yunnan, China
| | - Zeqiong Ru
- Department of Anatomy and Histology & Embryology, Faculty of Basic Medical Science, Kunming Medical University, Kunming, 650500, Yunnan, China
| | - Meifeng Yang
- Department of Anatomy and Histology & Embryology, Faculty of Basic Medical Science, Kunming Medical University, Kunming, 650500, Yunnan, China
| | - Chengan Feng
- Department of Anatomy and Histology & Embryology, Faculty of Basic Medical Science, Kunming Medical University, Kunming, 650500, Yunnan, China
| | - Ying Wang
- Key Laboratory of Chemistry in Ethnic Medicinal Resources & Key Laboratory of Natural Products Synthetic Biology of Ethnic Medicinal Endophytes, School of Ethnic Medicine, Yunnan Minzu University, State Ethnic Affairs Commission & Ministry of Education, Kunming, Yunnan, 650504, China
| | - Xinwang Yang
- Department of Anatomy and Histology & Embryology, Faculty of Basic Medical Science, Kunming Medical University, Kunming, 650500, Yunnan, China
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Santulli G. Non-Coding RNAs in Clinical Practice: From Biomarkers to Therapeutic Tools. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 2023; 384:225-226. [PMID: 36581351 PMCID: PMC9827510 DOI: 10.1124/jpet.122.001457] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2022] [Accepted: 10/17/2022] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Gaetano Santulli
- Department of Medicine (Division of Cardiology), and Department of Molecular Pharmacology, Wilf Family Cardiovascular Research Institute, Einstein Institute for Aging Research, Einstein Institute for Neuroimmunology and Inflammation (INI), Fleischer Institute for Diabetes and Metabolism (FIDAM), Einstein-Mount Sinai Diabetes Research Center (ES-DRC), Albert Einstein College of Medicine, New York, New York
| |
Collapse
|