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Labhade S, Jain S, Chitlange S, Paliwal S, Sharma S. Decalepis hamiltonii root fraction alleviates CCl 4 hepatotoxicity in a rat model. J Ayurveda Integr Med 2023; 14:100818. [PMID: 38011760 PMCID: PMC10785264 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaim.2023.100818] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2023] [Revised: 10/20/2023] [Accepted: 10/21/2023] [Indexed: 11/29/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Decalepis hamiltonii (D. hamiltonii) is Indian folk medicine in herbal preparations, to reduce appetite, and cures dysentery, bronchitis, uterine hemorrhage, and other ailments. OBJECTIVE The current investigation focused on the hepatoprotective effect of D. hamiltonii roots fractions against liver damage. MATERIALS AND METHODS The current research discussed the fraction from D. hamiltonii root extracts was used. Male Wistar rats (albino strain) were grouped into 4 distinct groups of six animals each. Group I: plain water and vehicle whereas Group II (CCl4 control): CCl4 (1 ml/kg, 20 % v/v in olive oil) over 7 days and vehicle; Over 7 days, Group III received Silymarin 100 mg/kg/day and tap water with 20 % v/v of CCl4, whereas Group IV (treatment group) received DHE 50 mg/kg/day, 100 mg/kg/day, and water. Assessment of biochemical parameters, Mitochondrial modulation, gene expression analysis, and RT-PCR, was used to estimate the protective action of DHEF in CCl4-intoxicated rats. RESULTS The administration of CCl4 increased levels of total bilirubin (0.63 ± 0.97 mg/dl) plasma amino transferases (110.36 ± 1.13 U/L, 86.56 ± 2.41 U/L and 1.51 ± 1.36 mg/dl respectively) which were mitigated by D. hamiltonii treatment. Activity like Lipid peroxidation and content of nitric oxide also augmented, while the antioxidant action measured by GSH (9.64 ± 0.18 U/mg protein), SOD (3.69 ± 0.22 U/mg protein), and CAT (1.47 ± 0.01 U/mg protein) was reduced. Decalepis hamiltonii root provided substantial restoration of GSH (14.92 ± 0.04 nmol/gm protein), SOD (4.20 ± 0.18 U/mg protein), and CAT (2.71 ± 0.04 U/mg protein) levels. In addition, the acute phase reactants stimulated by CCl4 administration enhanced mRNA expressions of IL-6, IL-10, TNF-a, NF-κβ, and COX-2, which were enhanced by D. hamiltonii treatment. CONCLUSIONS In summary, DHEF protects the liver against CCl4-induced damage, possibly by mitochondrial modulation mechanism. These findings indicate that D. hamiltonii significantly moderates oxidative stress of CCl4-induced hepatotoxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sonali Labhade
- Banasthali Vidyapith, Rajasthan, India; Dr. D.Y.Patil Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Research, Pimpri, Pune, India.
| | | | - Sohan Chitlange
- Dr. D.Y.Patil Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Research, Pimpri, Pune, India
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Mu L, Xu H, Hong Y, Zhou W, Wang L, Liu P, Chen M, Hu Y. Chemical compositions of Souliea vaginata (Maxim) Franch rhizome and their potential therapeutic effects on collagen-induced arthritis in rats. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2023; 310:116416. [PMID: 36990303 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2023.116416] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2022] [Revised: 03/15/2023] [Accepted: 03/20/2023] [Indexed: 06/19/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL REVEVANCE Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is a global prevalent chronic autoimmune inflammatory disease and acceptable safety drugs are lack for its treatment. The rhizomes of Souliea vaginata (Maxim) Franch (SV) possess anti-inflammatory functions and are used as substitution of Coptis chinensis Franch. SV is also traditional Chinese medicine and Tibetan medicine for the treatment of conjunctivitis, enteritis and rheumatic. For searching complementary and alternative anti-RA drugs, it is necessary to characterize the potential anti-arthritic activity of SV and underlying mechanism involved. AIM OF THE STUDY The aim of the study was to test the chemical compositions, evaluate the anti-arthritic effects and underlying mechanisms of SV. MATERIALS AND METHODS The chemical compositions of SV were analyzed using liquid chromatography-ion trap-time of flight tandem mass spectrometry (LCMS-IT-TOF). From day 11 to day 31, SV (0.5, 1.0 and 1.5 g/kg body weight) and Tripterygium glycosidorum (TG, 10 mg/kg body weight) were administered orally to the CIA model rats once a day. Thickness of paw and body weights were measured once every two days from day 1 to day 31. Histopathological changes were measured using hematoxylin-eosin (HE) staining. Effects of SV on the levels of IL-2, TNF-α, IFN-γ, IL-4 and IL-10 in serum of CIA rats were measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) kits. CD3+, CD4+, CD8+ and CD4+CD25+ T cells populations were measured using flow cytometric analysis. To evaluate the possible hepatotoxicity and nephrotoxicity, the serum levels of alanine aminotransferase (ALT), aspartate aminotransferase (AST), blood urea (UREA) and creatinine (CREA) in CIA rats were also tested using blood auto analyzer. RESULTS 34 compounds were identified from SV based on LCMS-IT-TOF, and triterpenoids are major anti-arthritic compositions. SV significantly relieved CIA rats' paw swelling without obvious influence on the body weight growth. SV decreased the serum levels of IL-2, TNF-α and IFN-γ in CIA rat, and increased the serum levels of IL-4 and IL-10. SV significantly increased and decreased the percentages of CD4+ and CD8+, with no significant effects on CD3+ in lymphocytes of CIA model rats. Moreover, SV simultaneously decreased thymus and spleen indexes and no hepatotoxicity and nephrotoxicity was observed after short-term treatment. CONCLUSION These findings suggest that SV possesses preventive and therapeutic effect on RA by modulating the inflammatory cytokines, T-lymphocyte, thymus and spleen indexes and shows no hepatotoxicity and nephrotoxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- LiHua Mu
- Department of Pharmacy, Medical Supplies Center of Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, 100853, China
| | - HaiYan Xu
- Department of Pharmacy, Medical Supplies Center of Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, 100853, China
| | - Yan Hong
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The First Medical Centre of Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, 100853, China
| | - WenBin Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Ethnomedicine of Ministry of Education, Minzu University of China, Beijing, 100081, China
| | - LiHua Wang
- Department of Pharmacy, Medical Supplies Center of Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, 100853, China
| | - Ping Liu
- Department of Pharmacy, Medical Supplies Center of Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, 100853, China
| | - MengLi Chen
- Department of Pharmacy, Medical Supplies Center of Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, 100853, China.
| | - Yuan Hu
- Department of Pharmacy, Medical Supplies Center of Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, 100853, China.
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Lin J, Li M, Mak W, Shi Y, Zhu X, Tang Z, He Q, Xiang X. Applications of In Silico Models to Predict Drug-Induced Liver Injury. TOXICS 2022; 10:788. [PMID: 36548621 PMCID: PMC9785299 DOI: 10.3390/toxics10120788] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2022] [Revised: 12/09/2022] [Accepted: 12/13/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Drug-induced liver injury (DILI) is a major cause of the withdrawal of pre-marketed drugs, typically attributed to oxidative stress, mitochondrial damage, disrupted bile acid homeostasis, and innate immune-related inflammation. DILI can be divided into intrinsic and idiosyncratic DILI with cholestatic liver injury as an important manifestation. The diagnosis of DILI remains a challenge today and relies on clinical judgment and knowledge of the insulting agent. Early prediction of hepatotoxicity is an important but still unfulfilled component of drug development. In response, in silico modeling has shown good potential to fill the missing puzzle. Computer algorithms, with machine learning and artificial intelligence as a representative, can be established to initiate a reaction on the given condition to predict DILI. DILIsym is a mechanistic approach that integrates physiologically based pharmacokinetic modeling with the mechanisms of hepatoxicity and has gained increasing popularity for DILI prediction. This article reviews existing in silico approaches utilized to predict DILI risks in clinical medication and provides an overview of the underlying principles and related practical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Qingfeng He
- Correspondence: (Q.H.); (X.X.); Tel.: +86-21-51980024 (X.X.)
| | - Xiaoqiang Xiang
- Correspondence: (Q.H.); (X.X.); Tel.: +86-21-51980024 (X.X.)
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Mihajlovic M, Vinken M. Mitochondria as the Target of Hepatotoxicity and Drug-Induced Liver Injury: Molecular Mechanisms and Detection Methods. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23063315. [PMID: 35328737 PMCID: PMC8951158 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23063315] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2022] [Revised: 03/16/2022] [Accepted: 03/17/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
One of the major mechanisms of drug-induced liver injury includes mitochondrial perturbation and dysfunction. This is not a surprise, given that mitochondria are essential organelles in most cells, which are responsible for energy homeostasis and the regulation of cellular metabolism. Drug-induced mitochondrial dysfunction can be influenced by various factors and conditions, such as genetic predisposition, the presence of metabolic disorders and obesity, viral infections, as well as drugs. Despite the fact that many methods have been developed for studying mitochondrial function, there is still a need for advanced and integrative models and approaches more closely resembling liver physiology, which would take into account predisposing factors. This could reduce the costs of drug development by the early prediction of potential mitochondrial toxicity during pre-clinical tests and, especially, prevent serious complications observed in clinical settings.
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Pandita H, Mezey E, Ganapathy-Kanniappan S. Augmented Liver Uptake of the Membrane Voltage Sensor Tetraphenylphosphonium Distinguishes Early Fibrosis in a Mouse Model. Front Physiol 2021; 12:676722. [PMID: 34759830 PMCID: PMC8573124 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2021.676722] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2021] [Accepted: 09/21/2021] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Mitochondrial (mito-) oxidative phosphorylation (OxPhos) is a critical determinant of cellular membrane potential/voltage. Dysregulation of OxPhos is a biochemical signature of advanced liver fibrosis. However, less is known about the net voltage of the liver in fibrosis. In this study, using the radiolabeled [3H] voltage sensor, tetraphenylphosphonium (TPP), which depends on membrane potential for cellular uptake/accumulation, we determined the net voltage of the liver in a mouse model of carbon tetrachloride (CCl4)-induced hepatic fibrosis. We demonstrated that the liver uptake of 3H-TPP significantly increased at 4 weeks of CCl4-administration (6.07 ± 0.69% ID/g, p < 0.05) compared with 6 weeks (4.85 ± 1.47% ID/g) and the control (3.50 ± 0.22% ID/g). Analysis of the fibrosis, collagen synthesis, and deposition showed that the increased 3H-TPP uptake at 4 weeks corresponds to early fibrosis (F1), according to the METAVIR scoring system. Biodistribution data revealed that the 3H-TPP accumulation is significant in the fibrogenic liver but not in other tissues. Mechanistically, the augmentation of the liver uptake of 3H-TPP in early fibrosis concurred with the upregulation of mito-electron transport chain enzymes, a concomitant increase in mito-oxygen consumption, and the activation of the AMPK-signaling pathway. Collectively, our results indicate that mito-metabolic response to hepatic insult may underlie the net increase in the voltage of the liver in early fibrosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Himanshi Pandita
- Division of Interventional Radiology, Russell H. Morgan Department of Radiology and Radiological Science, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - Esteban Mezey
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - Shanmugasundaram Ganapathy-Kanniappan
- Division of Interventional Radiology, Russell H. Morgan Department of Radiology and Radiological Science, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States
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Tabernilla A, dos Santos Rodrigues B, Pieters A, Caufriez A, Leroy K, Van Campenhout R, Cooreman A, Gomes AR, Arnesdotter E, Gijbels E, Vinken M. In Vitro Liver Toxicity Testing of Chemicals: A Pragmatic Approach. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:5038. [PMID: 34068678 PMCID: PMC8126138 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22095038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2021] [Revised: 05/04/2021] [Accepted: 05/05/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The liver is among the most frequently targeted organs by noxious chemicals of diverse nature. Liver toxicity testing using laboratory animals not only raises serious ethical questions, but is also rather poorly predictive of human safety towards chemicals. Increasing attention is, therefore, being paid to the development of non-animal and human-based testing schemes, which rely to a great extent on in vitro methodology. The present paper proposes a rationalized tiered in vitro testing strategy to detect liver toxicity triggered by chemicals, in which the first tier is focused on assessing general cytotoxicity, while the second tier is aimed at identifying liver-specific toxicity as such. A state-of-the-art overview is provided of the most commonly used in vitro assays that can be used in both tiers. Advantages and disadvantages of each assay as well as overall practical considerations are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Mathieu Vinken
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Pharmacological Sciences, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Laarbeeklaan 103, 1090 Brussels, Belgium; (A.T.); (B.d.S.R.); (A.P.); (A.C.); (K.L.); (R.V.C.); (A.C.); (A.R.G.); (E.A.); (E.G.)
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Impaired endoplasmic reticulum-mitochondrial signaling in ataxia-telangiectasia. iScience 2020; 24:101972. [PMID: 33437944 PMCID: PMC7788243 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2020.101972] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2020] [Revised: 11/18/2020] [Accepted: 12/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
There is evidence that ATM mutated in ataxia-telangiectasia (A-T) plays a key role in protecting against mitochondrial dysfunction, the mechanism for which remains unresolved. We demonstrate here that ATM-deficient cells are exquisitely sensitive to nutrient deprivation, which can be explained by defective cross talk between the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) and the mitochondrion. Tethering between these two organelles in response to stress was reduced in cells lacking ATM, and consistent with this, Ca2+ release and transfer between ER and mitochondria was reduced dramatically when compared with control cells. The impact of this on mitochondrial function was evident from an increase in oxygen consumption rates and a defect in mitophagy in ATM-deficient cells. Our findings reveal that ER-mitochondrial connectivity through IP3R1-GRP75-VDAC1, to maintain Ca2+ homeostasis, as well as an abnormality in mitochondrial fusion defective in response to nutrient stress, can account for at least part of the mitochondrial dysfunction observed in A-T cells. Hypersensitivity to glucose deprivation in ATM-deficient cells Defective ER-mitochondrion cross talk after nutrient stress in these cells Markedly reduced Ca2+ transfer between these two organelles in ATM-deficient cells Mitochondrial dysfunction in response to nutrient stress in the absence of ATM
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Ahmad G, Masoodi MH, Tabassum N, Mir SA, Iqbal MJ. Invivo hepatoprotective potential of extracts obtained from floral spikes of Prunella vulgaris L. J Ayurveda Integr Med 2020; 11:502-507. [PMID: 32241633 PMCID: PMC7772513 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaim.2019.08.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2019] [Revised: 07/30/2019] [Accepted: 08/21/2019] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Prunella vulgaris, commonly known as self-heal, has been extensively used in the traditional system of medicines. The plant has been found to contain a number of bioactive molecules including those having radical scavenging property which indicates its potential for the treatment of those diseases which are induced by free radical damage like drug-induced hepatotoxicity. OBJECTIVE The current study was undertaken to investigate the flavonoid and total phenolic content and evaluate the hepatoprotective potential of various extracts obtained from floral spikes of P. vulgaris. MATERIAL AND METHODS Flavonoid and otal phenolic contents were obtained from the standard curves of Gallic acid as per the reported methods. The extent of hepatotoxicity induced by paracetamol (500 mg/kg b.w, p.o daily for 14 days), hepatoprotective potential of extracts (200 mg/kg b.w/day, orally) and standard drug silymarin (50 mg/kg b.w/day, orally) were evaluated by analyzing various biochemical parameters like Serum Glutamic Oxaloacetic Transaminase, Serum Glutamic Pyruvic Transaminase, Alkaline Phosphatase, Total Proteins, Total and Direct Bilirubin and detailed histopathology of rat livers. RESULTS Methanolic extract showed higher quantity of flavonoids and total phenolic content followed by ethanolic, hydroalcoholic and aqueous extracts. Treatment of rats with extracts showed a highly significant reduction in the enzyme activities of Serum Glutamic Oxaloacetic Transaminase, Serum Glutamic Pyruvic Transaminase, Alkaline Phosphatase, and serum levels of Total, Direct Bilirubin (P < 0.01) and highly significant elevation in Total Proteins (P < 0.01) when compared with the toxic control group. This was further confirmed by histopathological evaluation, where almost normal hepatic architecture or very less hepatic damage was observed in groups treated with extracts and silymarin compared to paracetamol treated group. Results from biochemical and histopathological evaluation indicated that among the extracts methanolic extract was most effective. CONCLUSION From the results, it can be concluded that the extracts obtained from floral spikes of P. vulgaris possess highly significant hepatoprotective activity which could be attributed to its radical scavenging potential and hepatic regeneration. This is further authenticated by the presence of phenolic and flavonoids which are known to possess radical scavenging properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gazanfar Ahmad
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Kashmir-Hazratbal Srinagar J&K, India.
| | - Mubashir H Masoodi
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Kashmir-Hazratbal Srinagar J&K, India
| | - Nahida Tabassum
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Kashmir-Hazratbal Srinagar J&K, India
| | | | - Mir Javaid Iqbal
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, King Khalid University, Abha, Saudi Arabia
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Zhang H, Lu S, Ren H, Zhao K, Li Y, Guan Y, Li H, Zheng Y, Hu P, Liu Z. Acute Oral Toxicity and Acute Intraperitoneal Studies of Thermally Treated Ceftiofur. Chem Pharm Bull (Tokyo) 2020; 68:1061-1068. [PMID: 32893223 DOI: 10.1248/cpb.c20-00483] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Ceftiofur (CEF) is a third-generation and the first animal-specific cephalosporin that is widely used in animal husbandry. As a heat-labile antibiotic, the cytotoxicity of CEF after thermal treatment has been reported. This study seeks to investigate the potential toxicity of thermally treated CEF (TTC) in vivo based on acute oral toxicity studies and acute intraperitoneal studies in mice. Our data indicated that TTC exhibited significant increased toxicity in mice compared with CEF. TTC resulted in weight gain, hypercholesterolemia, hepatocyte steatosis and hepatocyte mitochondrial damage, and downregulated β-oxidation-related genes in mice in acute oral toxicity studies. In addition, TTC caused acute pulmonary congestion, increased levels of reactive oxygen species (ROS), prolonged coagulation time, and even death in mice in acute intraperitoneal toxicity studies. Our data showed that thermal treatment enhanced the toxicity of CEF in vivo. Lung and liver are the main target organs in the pathological damage process mediated by TTC. These findings suggested that residual CEF in animal-derived food may represent a potential food safety risk and pose a potential threat to human health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hong Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Research, Ministry of Education, Institute of Zoonosis, College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University
| | - Shiying Lu
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Research, Ministry of Education, Institute of Zoonosis, College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University
| | - Honglin Ren
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Research, Ministry of Education, Institute of Zoonosis, College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University
| | - Ke Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Research, Ministry of Education, Institute of Zoonosis, College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University
| | - Yansong Li
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Research, Ministry of Education, Institute of Zoonosis, College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University
| | - Yuting Guan
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Research, Ministry of Education, Institute of Zoonosis, College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University
| | - Hanxiao Li
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Research, Ministry of Education, Institute of Zoonosis, College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University
| | - Yu Zheng
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Research, Ministry of Education, Institute of Zoonosis, College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University
| | - Pan Hu
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Research, Ministry of Education, Institute of Zoonosis, College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University
| | - Zengshan Liu
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Research, Ministry of Education, Institute of Zoonosis, College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University
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Fadel F, Al-Kandari N, Khashab F, Al-Saleh F, Al-Maghrebi M. JNK inhibition alleviates oxidative DNA damage, germ cell apoptosis, and mitochondrial dysfunction in testicular ischemia reperfusion injury. Acta Biochim Biophys Sin (Shanghai) 2020; 52:891-900. [PMID: 32662511 DOI: 10.1093/abbs/gmaa074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2019] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
The aim of this study is to determine whether the c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK) signaling is a regulator of oxidative DNA damage, germ cell apoptosis (GCA), and mitochondrial dysfunction during testicular ischemia reperfusion injury (tIRI) using the JNK inhibitor SP600125. Male Sprague Dawley rats (n = 36) were equally divided into three groups: sham, tIRI only, and tIRI + SP600125 (15 mg/kg). Testicular ischemia was induced for 1 h followed by 4 h of reperfusion prior to animal sacrifice. Spermatogenesis was evaluated by light microscopy, while expression of oxidative stress and GCA-related mRNAs and proteins were evaluated by real-time polymerase chain reaction and colorimetric assays, respectively. Expressions of JNK, p53, and survivin were detected by immunofluorescence (IF) staining. Indicators of mitochondrial dysfunction were examined by western blot analysis and colorimetric assay. In comparison to sham, the tIRI testes showed a significant increase in lipid and protein oxidation products. Oxidative DNA damage was reflected by a significant increase in the number of DNA strand breaks, increased concentration of 8-OHdG, and elevated poly (ADP-ribose) polymerase activity. Spermatogenic damage was associated with the activation of caspase 3 and elevated Bax to Bcl2 ratio. This was also accompanied by a significantly heightened IF expression of the phosphorylated forms of JNK and p53 paralled with the suppression of survivin. Mitochondrial dysfunction was reflected by NAD+ depletion, overexpression of uncoupling protein 2, and increased level of cytochrome c. Such tIRI-induced modulations were all attenuated by SP600125 treatment prior to reperfusion. In conclusion, JNK signaling regulates oxidative DNA damage, GCA, and mitochondrial dysfunction through activation of p53 and suppression of survivin during tIRI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fatemah Fadel
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Kuwait University, Jabriyah 13110, Kuwait
| | - Nora Al-Kandari
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Kuwait University, Jabriyah 13110, Kuwait
| | - Farah Khashab
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Kuwait University, Jabriyah 13110, Kuwait
| | - Farah Al-Saleh
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Kuwait University, Jabriyah 13110, Kuwait
| | - May Al-Maghrebi
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Kuwait University, Jabriyah 13110, Kuwait
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11
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Zentner I, Back HM, Kagan L, Subbian S, Nagajyothi J, Srivastava S, Pasipanodya J, Gumbo T, Bisson GP, Vinnard C. Redox Imbalance and Oxidative DNA Damage During Isoniazid Treatment of HIV-Associated Tuberculosis: A Clinical and Translational Pharmacokinetic Study. Front Pharmacol 2020; 11:1103. [PMID: 32848735 PMCID: PMC7406860 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2020.01103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2020] [Accepted: 07/07/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The potential for hepatotoxicity during isoniazid-based tuberculosis (TB) treatment presents a major challenge for TB control programs worldwide. We sought to determine whether pharmacokinetic exposures of isoniazid and its metabolites were related to cellular oxidation/reduction status and downstream markers of oxidative DNA damage. METHODS We performed intensive pharmacokinetic sampling among isoniazid-treated patients to determine the relative plasma exposures of isoniazid, acetylisoniazid, hydrazine, and acetylhydrazine. Physiologically-based pharmacokinetic modeling was used to estimate liver tissue exposures during a 24-h dosing interval for each compound. We experimentally treated HepG2 cells with isoniazid and metabolites at equimolar concentrations corresponding to these exposures for 7, 14, and 28-day periods, and performed assays related to redox imbalance and oxidative DNA damage at each timepoint. We related a urine marker of oxidative DNA damage to serum isoniazid pharmacokinetic exposures and pharmacogenetics in a clinical study. RESULTS Among isoniazid-treated patients, serum concentrations of hydrazine and isoniazid concentrations were highly correlated. At equimolar concentrations that approximated hepatic tissue exposures during a 24-h dosing interval, hydrazine demonstrated the highest levels of redox imbalance, mitochondrial injury, and oxidative DNA damage over a 28-day treatment period. In a clinical validation study of isoniazid-treated TB patients, peak isoniazid serum concentrations were positively associated with a urine biomarker of oxidative DNA damage. CONCLUSIONS Isoniazid and its metabolites share the potential for oxidative cellular damage, with the greatest effects observed for hydrazine. Future studies should investigate the clinical consequences of oxidative stress with regards to clinical episodes of drug induced liver injury during isoniazid treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isaac Zentner
- Public Health Research Institute, New Jersey Medical School, Newark, NJ, United States
| | - Hyun-moon Back
- Department of Pharmaceutics and Center of Excellence for Pharmaceutical Translational Research and Education, Ernest Mario School of Pharmacy, Rutgers University, Piscataway, NJ, United States
| | - Leonid Kagan
- Department of Pharmaceutics and Center of Excellence for Pharmaceutical Translational Research and Education, Ernest Mario School of Pharmacy, Rutgers University, Piscataway, NJ, United States
| | - Selvakumar Subbian
- Public Health Research Institute, New Jersey Medical School, Newark, NJ, United States
| | - Jyothi Nagajyothi
- Center for Discovery and Innovation, Hackensack Meridian Health, Nutley, NJ, United States
| | - Shashikant Srivastava
- Department of Pulmonary Immunology, University of Texas Health Science Center at Tyler, Tyler, TX, United States
| | | | | | - Gregory P. Bisson
- Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Christopher Vinnard
- Public Health Research Institute, New Jersey Medical School, Newark, NJ, United States
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Rodríguez-Hernández MA, de la Cruz-Ojeda P, López-Grueso MJ, Navarro-Villarán E, Requejo-Aguilar R, Castejón-Vega B, Negrete M, Gallego P, Vega-Ochoa Á, Victor VM, Cordero MD, Del Campo JA, Bárcena JA, Padilla CA, Muntané J. Integrated molecular signaling involving mitochondrial dysfunction and alteration of cell metabolism induced by tyrosine kinase inhibitors in cancer. Redox Biol 2020; 36:101510. [PMID: 32593127 PMCID: PMC7322178 DOI: 10.1016/j.redox.2020.101510] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2020] [Accepted: 03/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Cancer cells have unlimited replicative potential, insensitivity to growth-inhibitory signals, evasion of apoptosis, cellular stress, and sustained angiogenesis, invasiveness and metastatic potential. Cancer cells adequately adapt cell metabolism and integrate several intracellular and redox signaling to promote cell survival in an inflammatory and hypoxic microenvironment in order to maintain/expand tumor phenotype. The administration of tyrosine kinase inhibitor (TKI) constitutes the recommended therapeutic strategy in different malignancies at advanced stages. There are important interrelationships between cell stress, redox status, mitochondrial function, metabolism and cellular signaling pathways leading to cell survival/death. The induction of apoptosis and cell cycle arrest widely related to the antitumoral properties of TKIs result from tightly controlled events involving different cellular compartments and signaling pathways. The aim of the present review is to update the most relevant studies dealing with the impact of TKI treatment on cell function. The induction of endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress and Ca2+ disturbances, leading to alteration of mitochondrial function, redox status and phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K)-protein kinase B (Akt)-mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) and AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) signaling pathways that involve cell metabolism reprogramming in cancer cells will be covered. Emphasis will be given to studies that identify key components of the integrated molecular pattern including receptor tyrosine kinase (RTK) downstream signaling, cell death and mitochondria-related events that appear to be involved in the resistance of cancer cells to TKI treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- María A Rodríguez-Hernández
- Institute of Biomedicine of Seville (IBiS), IBiS/Hospital University "Virgen del Rocío"/CSIC/University of Seville, Seville, Spain; Centro de Investigación Biomédica en red de Enfermedades Hepáticas y Digestivas (CIBEREHD), Madrid, Spain
| | - P de la Cruz-Ojeda
- Institute of Biomedicine of Seville (IBiS), IBiS/Hospital University "Virgen del Rocío"/CSIC/University of Seville, Seville, Spain
| | - Mª José López-Grueso
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Cordoba, Maimonides Biomedical Research Institute of Cordoba (IMIBIC), Cordoba, Spain
| | - Elena Navarro-Villarán
- Institute of Biomedicine of Seville (IBiS), IBiS/Hospital University "Virgen del Rocío"/CSIC/University of Seville, Seville, Spain; Centro de Investigación Biomédica en red de Enfermedades Hepáticas y Digestivas (CIBEREHD), Madrid, Spain
| | - Raquel Requejo-Aguilar
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Cordoba, Maimonides Biomedical Research Institute of Cordoba (IMIBIC), Cordoba, Spain
| | - Beatriz Castejón-Vega
- Research Laboratory, Oral Medicine Department, University of Seville, Seville, Spain
| | - María Negrete
- Institute of Biomedicine of Seville (IBiS), IBiS/Hospital University "Virgen del Rocío"/CSIC/University of Seville, Seville, Spain
| | - Paloma Gallego
- Unit for the Clinical Management of Digestive Diseases, Hospital University "Nuestra Señora de Valme", Sevilla, Spain
| | - Álvaro Vega-Ochoa
- Institute of Biomedicine of Seville (IBiS), IBiS/Hospital University "Virgen del Rocío"/CSIC/University of Seville, Seville, Spain
| | - Victor M Victor
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en red de Enfermedades Hepáticas y Digestivas (CIBEREHD), Madrid, Spain; Service of Endocrinology and Nutrition, Hospital University "Doctor Peset", Foundation for the Promotion of Health and Biomedical Research in the Valencian Region (FISABIO), Valencia, Spain; Department of Physiology, University of Valencia, Valencia, Spain
| | - Mario D Cordero
- Research Laboratory, Oral Medicine Department, University of Seville, Seville, Spain; Department of Physiology, Institute of Nutrition and Food Technology "José Mataix", Biomedical Research Center (CIBM), University of Granada, Armilla, Spain
| | - José A Del Campo
- Unit for the Clinical Management of Digestive Diseases, Hospital University "Nuestra Señora de Valme", Sevilla, Spain
| | - J Antonio Bárcena
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Cordoba, Maimonides Biomedical Research Institute of Cordoba (IMIBIC), Cordoba, Spain
| | - C Alicia Padilla
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Cordoba, Maimonides Biomedical Research Institute of Cordoba (IMIBIC), Cordoba, Spain
| | - Jordi Muntané
- Institute of Biomedicine of Seville (IBiS), IBiS/Hospital University "Virgen del Rocío"/CSIC/University of Seville, Seville, Spain; Centro de Investigación Biomédica en red de Enfermedades Hepáticas y Digestivas (CIBEREHD), Madrid, Spain; Department of General Surgery, Hospital University "Virgen del Rocío"/IBiS/CSIC/University of Seville, Seville, Spain.
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Samra YA, Hamed MF, El-Sheakh AR. Hepatoprotective effect of allicin against acetaminophen-induced liver injury: Role of inflammasome pathway, apoptosis, and liver regeneration. J Biochem Mol Toxicol 2020; 34:e22470. [PMID: 32040233 DOI: 10.1002/jbt.22470] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2019] [Revised: 11/02/2019] [Accepted: 01/31/2020] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Acetaminophen (APAP) overdose leads to liver injury. NLRP3 inflammasome is a key player in APAP-induced inflammation. Also, apoptosis and liver regeneration play an important role in liver injury. Therefore, we assessed allicin's protective effect on APAP-induced hepatotoxicity and studied its effect on NLRP3 inflammasome and apoptosis. Mice in the APAP group were injected by APAP (250 mg/kg, intraperitoneal). The allicin-treated group received allicin orally (10 mg/kg/d) during 7 days before APAP injection. Serum and hepatic tissues were separated 24 hours after APAP injection. Serum alanine aminotransferase (ALT), aspartate aminotransferase (AST), albumin, alkaline phosphatase (ALP), and hepatic malondialdehyde (MDA) were assessed using the colorimetric method. Hepatic NLRP3 inflammasome, caspase-1, and interleukin-1β (IL-1β) were estimated using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Hepatic Bcl-2 and Ki-67 were investigated by immunohistochemistry. APAP significantly increased AST, ALT, and ALP, whereas allicin significantly decreased their levels. Also, APAP significantly decreased albumin and allicin significantly improved it. APAP produced changes in liver morphology, including inflammation and massive coagulative necrosis. Allicin protected the liver from APAP-induced necrosis, apoptosis, and hepatocellular degeneration via increasing Bcl-2 and Ki-67 levels. APAP significantly increased the hepatic MDA, whereas allicin significantly prevented this increase. APAP markedly activated the NLRP3 inflammasome pathway and consequently increased the production of caspase-1 and IL-1β. Interestingly, we found that allicin significantly inhibited NLRP3 inflammasome activation, which resulted in decreased caspase-1 and IL-1β levels. Allicin has a hepatoprotective effect against APAP-induced liver injury via the decline of oxidative stress and inhibition of the inflammasome pathway and apoptosis. Therefore, allicin might be a novel tool to halt the progression of APAP-stimulated hepatotoxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yara A Samra
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Mansoura University, Mansoura, Egypt
| | - Mohamed F Hamed
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Mansoura University, Mansoura, Egypt
| | - Ahmed R El-Sheakh
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Mansoura University, Mansoura, Egypt
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Bao Y, Sun YW, Ji J, Gan L, Zhang CF, Wang CZ, Yuan CS. Genkwanin ameliorates adjuvant-induced arthritis in rats through inhibiting JAK/STAT and NF-κB signaling pathways. PHYTOMEDICINE : INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PHYTOTHERAPY AND PHYTOPHARMACOLOGY 2019; 63:153036. [PMID: 31401534 DOI: 10.1016/j.phymed.2019.153036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2019] [Revised: 07/10/2019] [Accepted: 07/19/2019] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Genkwanin is a flavone isolated from the traditional Chinese herb Daphne genkwa. Our previous work proved that four flavonoids (including genkwanin) isolated from D. genkwa (FFD) significantly improved the symptoms of arthritis in rat models. Recent studies have revealed that genkwanin exhibited anti-inflammatory and immunomodulatory activities, both of which were closely related to the pathology of rheumatoid arthritis (RA). Therefore, studying the anti-RA effects and mechanisms of genkwanin may give us insight into FFD's therapeutic effects on RA. PURPOSE This study aimed to investigate the anti-rheumatoid arthritis activity of genkwanin on adjuvant-induced arthritis (AIA) model in rats and explore the underlying mechanisms. METHODS The anti-rheumatoid arthritis activity of genkwanin was evaluated on AIA rat model by determining the paw swelling degrees and arthritis index scores, along with histopathological analysis of joint tissues. The serum cytokine levels were measured by ELISA method, and serum NO levels were measured by Griess method. The expression and phosphorylation levels of proteins in JAK/STAT and NF-κB signaling pathways were determined by western blot analysis and immunohistochemistry analysis. RESULTS Genkwanin significantly decreased the paw swelling and arthritis index in AIA rats and also decreased the inflammation and bone destruction in joint tissues. The serum TNF-α, IL-6, and NO concentrations were markedly reduced while the IL-10 concentration was markedly increased with the treatment of genkwanin. Genkwanin inhibited the activation of JAK/STAT and NF-κB signaling pathways in synovial tissues of AIA rats. CONCLUSION Genkwanin exerted anti-rheumatoid arthritis effects on AIA rats through inhibiting the activation of JAK/STAT and NF-κB signaling pathways. The results obtained in this work lead us to suggest that Genkwanin could play a crucial role on the previously demonstrated anti-rheumatoid arthritis activity of flavonoid extract of D. genkwa (namely FFD).
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Affiliation(s)
- Yarigui Bao
- School of Traditional Chinese Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, China
| | - Yue-Wen Sun
- School of Traditional Chinese Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, China
| | - Jun Ji
- School of Traditional Chinese Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, China
| | - Lu Gan
- School of Traditional Chinese Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, China
| | - Chun-Feng Zhang
- School of Traditional Chinese Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, China; Tang Center of Herbal Medicine Research and Department of Anesthesia & Critical Care, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, United States.
| | - Chong-Zhi Wang
- Tang Center of Herbal Medicine Research and Department of Anesthesia & Critical Care, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, United States
| | - Chun-Su Yuan
- Tang Center of Herbal Medicine Research and Department of Anesthesia & Critical Care, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, United States
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Li LZ, Zhao ZM, Zhang L, He J, Zhang TF, Guo JB, Yu L, Zhao J, Yuan XY, Peng SQ. Atorvastatin induces mitochondrial dysfunction and cell apoptosis in HepG2 cells via inhibition of the Nrf2 pathway. J Appl Toxicol 2019; 39:1394-1404. [PMID: 31423616 DOI: 10.1002/jat.3825] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2019] [Revised: 04/30/2019] [Accepted: 04/30/2019] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Atorvastatin (ATO) is a 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-CoA reductase inhibitor widely used to treat hypercholesterolemia. However, clinical application is limited by potential hepatotoxicity. Nuclear factor-erythroid 2-related factor 2 (Nrf2) is a master regulator of cellular antioxidants, and oxidative stress is implicated in statin-induced liver injury. This study investigated mechanisms of ATO-induced hepatotoxicity and potential mitigation by Nrf2 signaling. ATO reduced Nrf2 and antioxidant enzyme superoxide dismutase-2 (SOD2) expression in human hepatocarcinoma HepG2 cells. ATO also induced concentration-dependent HepG2 cell toxicity, reactive oxygen species (ROS) accumulation, and mitochondrial dysfunction as evidenced by decreased mitochondrial membrane potential (MMP) and cellular adenosine triphosphate (ATP). Further, ATO induced mitochondria-dependent apoptosis as indicated by increased Bax/Bcl-2 ratio, cleaved caspase-3, mitochondrial cytochrome c release and Annexin V-fluorescein isothiocyanate/propidium iodide staining. Tert-butylhydroquinone enhanced Nrf2 and SOD2 expression, and partially reversed ATO-induced cytotoxicity, ROS accumulation, MMP reduction, ATP depletion and mitochondria-dependent apoptosis. In conclusion, the present study demonstrates that ATO induces mitochondrial dysfunction and cell apoptosis in HepG2 cells, at least in part, via inhibition of the Nrf2 pathway. Nrf2 pathway activation is a potential prevention for ATO-induced liver injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li-Zhong Li
- Academy of Military Medical Sciences, Beijing, People's Republic of China.,PLA Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Zeng-Ming Zhao
- PLA Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Li Zhang
- PLA Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Jun He
- PLA Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Ting-Fen Zhang
- PLA Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Jia-Bin Guo
- PLA Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Lin Yu
- Academy of Military Medical Sciences, Beijing, People's Republic of China.,PLA Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Jun Zhao
- PLA Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiao-Yan Yuan
- PLA Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Shuang-Qing Peng
- PLA Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, People's Republic of China
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Li L, Bi Z, Wadgaonkar P, Lu Y, Zhang Q, Fu Y, Thakur C, Wang L, Chen F. Metabolic and epigenetic reprogramming in the arsenic-induced cancer stem cells. Semin Cancer Biol 2019; 57:10-18. [PMID: 31009762 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcancer.2019.04.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2018] [Accepted: 04/18/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
At present, the belief that genetic mutations control every aspect of tumorigenesis is still very popular. Even for the highly debated "bad luck" theory of cancers, it ascertained that random mutation of genes during the self-renewal of somatic stem cells is responsible for cancer initiation. Logically, most of the new therapeutic strategies so far, from molecular targeting to precision medicine or personalized medicine, are genome-obsessed and focused on identifying and targeting these mutated genes. Accordingly, a rather simplified therapeutic regimen was formulated: cancers with the same mutations, e.g., lung cancer, pancreatic cancer, breast cancer, ovarian cancer, etc, were managed with the same chemo or targeting medicine, whereas for a particular cancer, such as breast cancer or lung cancer, with different mutational spectrums was treated with different, so-called personalized medicine. The outcomes of this strategy, however, are mixed with encouraging and disappointing findings. In this review article, we will address the importance of non-genetic factors, the metabolic and epigenetic reprogramming, during the induction of cancer stem cells in response to arsenic, a major environmental human carcinogen. The information provided may not only advance our understanding of carcinogenic mechanism to a new level but also help in designing new strategies through targeting the metabolic and epigenetic signaling pathways for cancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lingzhi Li
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Eugene Applebaum College of Pharmacy and Health Sciences, Wayne State University, 259 Mack Avenue, Detroit, MI, 48201, USA; Department of Developmental and Stem Cell Biology, Beckman Research Institute of City of Hope, Duarte, CA, 91010, USA
| | - Zhuoyue Bi
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Eugene Applebaum College of Pharmacy and Health Sciences, Wayne State University, 259 Mack Avenue, Detroit, MI, 48201, USA; School of Health Sciences, Wuhan University, No. 115, Donghu Road, Wuhan, 430071, Hubei, China; Hubei Provincial Key Laboratory of Applied Toxicology, Hubei Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, 8 Zhuodaoquanbei Road, Wuhan, 430079, Hubei, China
| | - Priya Wadgaonkar
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Eugene Applebaum College of Pharmacy and Health Sciences, Wayne State University, 259 Mack Avenue, Detroit, MI, 48201, USA
| | - Yongju Lu
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Eugene Applebaum College of Pharmacy and Health Sciences, Wayne State University, 259 Mack Avenue, Detroit, MI, 48201, USA
| | - Qian Zhang
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Eugene Applebaum College of Pharmacy and Health Sciences, Wayne State University, 259 Mack Avenue, Detroit, MI, 48201, USA
| | - Yao Fu
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Eugene Applebaum College of Pharmacy and Health Sciences, Wayne State University, 259 Mack Avenue, Detroit, MI, 48201, USA
| | - Chitra Thakur
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Eugene Applebaum College of Pharmacy and Health Sciences, Wayne State University, 259 Mack Avenue, Detroit, MI, 48201, USA
| | - Li Wang
- Department of Physiology and Neurobiology and Institute for Systems Genomics, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT, 06269, USA
| | - Fei Chen
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Eugene Applebaum College of Pharmacy and Health Sciences, Wayne State University, 259 Mack Avenue, Detroit, MI, 48201, USA.
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McGreal SR, Bhushan B, Walesky C, McGill MR, Lebofsky M, Kandel SE, Winefield RD, Jaeschke H, Zachara NE, Zhang Z, Tan EP, Slawson C, Apte U. Modulation of O-GlcNAc Levels in the Liver Impacts Acetaminophen-Induced Liver Injury by Affecting Protein Adduct Formation and Glutathione Synthesis. Toxicol Sci 2018; 162:599-610. [PMID: 29325178 PMCID: PMC6012490 DOI: 10.1093/toxsci/kfy002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Overdose of acetaminophen (APAP) results in acute liver failure. We have investigated the role of a posttranslational modification of proteins called O-GlcNAcylation, where the O-GlcNAc transferase (OGT) adds and O-GlcNAcase (OGA) removes a single β-D-N-acetylglucosamine (O-GlcNAc) moiety, in the pathogenesis of APAP-induced liver injury. Hepatocyte-specific OGT knockout mice (OGT KO), which have reduced O-GlcNAcylation, and wild-type (WT) controls were treated with 300 mg/kg APAP and the development of injury was studied over a time course from 0 to 24 h. OGT KO mice developed significantly lower liver injury as compared with WT mice. Hepatic CYP2E1 activity and glutathione (GSH) depletion following APAP treatment were not different between WT and OGT KO mice. However, replenishment of GSH and induction of GSH biosynthesis genes were significantly faster in the OGT KO mice. Next, male C57BL/6 J mice were treated Thiamet-G (TMG), a specific inhibitor of OGA to induce O-GlcNAcylation, 1.5 h after APAP administration and the development of liver injury was studied over a time course of 0-24 h. TMG-treated mice exhibited significantly higher APAP-induced liver injury. Treatment with TMG did not affect hepatic CYP2E1 levels, GSH depletion, APAP-protein adducts, and APAP-induced mitochondrial damage. However, GSH replenishment and GSH biosynthesis genes were lower in TMG-treated mice after APAP overdose. Taken together, these data indicate that induction in cellular O-GlcNAcylation exacerbates APAP-induced liver injury via dysregulation of hepatic GSH replenishment response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steven R McGreal
- The Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology and Therapeutics, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, Kansas 66160
| | - Bharat Bhushan
- The Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology and Therapeutics, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, Kansas 66160
| | - Chad Walesky
- The Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology and Therapeutics, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, Kansas 66160
| | - Mitchell R McGill
- The Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology and Therapeutics, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, Kansas 66160
| | - Margitta Lebofsky
- The Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology and Therapeutics, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, Kansas 66160
| | - Sylvie E Kandel
- The Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology and Therapeutics, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, Kansas 66160
| | - Robert D Winefield
- The Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology and Therapeutics, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, Kansas 66160
| | - Hartmut Jaeschke
- The Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology and Therapeutics, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, Kansas 66160
| | - Natasha E Zachara
- Department of Biological Chemistry, The John Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland 21205
| | - Zhen Zhang
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, The University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, Kansas 66160
| | - Ee Phie Tan
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, The University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, Kansas 66160
| | - Chad Slawson
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, The University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, Kansas 66160
| | - Udayan Apte
- The Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology and Therapeutics, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, Kansas 66160
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González-Ponce HA, Rincón-Sánchez AR, Jaramillo-Juárez F, Moshage H. Natural Dietary Pigments: Potential Mediators against Hepatic Damage Induced by Over-The-Counter Non-Steroidal Anti-Inflammatory and Analgesic Drugs. Nutrients 2018; 10:E117. [PMID: 29364842 PMCID: PMC5852693 DOI: 10.3390/nu10020117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2017] [Revised: 12/14/2017] [Accepted: 12/14/2017] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Over-the-counter (OTC) analgesics are among the most widely prescribed and purchased drugs around the world. Most analgesics, including non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) and acetaminophen, are metabolized in the liver. The hepatocytes are responsible for drug metabolism and detoxification. Cytochrome P450 enzymes are phase I enzymes expressed mainly in hepatocytes and they account for ≈75% of the metabolism of clinically used drugs and other xenobiotics. These metabolic reactions eliminate potentially toxic compounds but, paradoxically, also result in the generation of toxic or carcinogenic metabolites. Cumulative or overdoses of OTC analgesic drugs can induce acute liver failure (ALF) either directly or indirectly after their biotransformation. ALF is the result of massive death of hepatocytes induced by oxidative stress. There is an increased interest in the use of natural dietary products as nutritional supplements and/or medications to prevent or cure many diseases. The therapeutic activity of natural products may be associated with their antioxidant capacity, although additional mechanisms may also play a role (e.g., anti-inflammatory actions). Dietary antioxidants such as flavonoids, betalains and carotenoids play a preventive role against OTC analgesics-induced ALF. In this review, we will summarize the pathobiology of OTC analgesic-induced ALF and the use of natural pigments in its prevention and therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Herson Antonio González-Ponce
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, 9713GZ Groningen, The Netherlands.
| | - Ana Rosa Rincón-Sánchez
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genomics, University Center of Health Sciences, Universidad de Guadalajara, Guadalajara 44340, Mexico.
| | - Fernando Jaramillo-Juárez
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Basic Science Center, Universidad Autónoma de Aguascalientes, Aguascalientes 20131, Mexico.
| | - Han Moshage
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, 9713GZ Groningen, The Netherlands.
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, 9713GZ Groningen, The Netherlands.
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Abd El-Ghffar EA, El-Nashar HA, Eldahshan OA, Singab ANB. GC-MS analysis and hepatoprotective activity of the n-hexane extract of Acrocarpus fraxinifolius leaves against paracetamol-induced hepatotoxicity in male albino rats. PHARMACEUTICAL BIOLOGY 2017; 55:441-449. [PMID: 27937037 PMCID: PMC6130506 DOI: 10.1080/13880209.2016.1246575] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2016] [Revised: 09/09/2016] [Accepted: 09/26/2016] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
CONTEXT In Egypt, the burden of liver diseases is exceptionally high. OBJECTIVE To investigate the components of the n-hexane extract of Acrocarpus fraxinifolius Arn. (Leguminosae) and its hepatoprotective activity against paracetamol (APAP)-induced hepatotoxicity in rats. MATERIAL AND METHODS TRACE GC ultra gas chromatogaphic spectrometry was used for extract analysis. Thirty albino rats were divided into six groups (five rats in each). Group 1 was the healthy control; Groups 2 and 3 were healthy treated groups (250 and 500 mg/kg b.w. of the extract, respectively) for seven days. Group 4 was hepatotoxicity control (APAP intoxicated group). Groups 5 and 6 received APAP + extract 250 and APAP + extract 500, respectively. RESULTS Chromatographic analysis revealed the presence of 36 components. Major compounds were α-tocopherol (18.23%), labda-8 (20)-13-dien-15-oic acid (13.15%), lupeol (11.93%), phytol (10.95%) and squalene (7.19%). In the acute oral toxicity study, the mortality rates and behavioural signs of toxicity were zero in all groups (doses from 0 to 5 g/kg b.w. of A. fraxinifolius). LD50 was found to be greater than 5 g/kg of the extract. Only the high dose (500 mg/kg b.w.) of extract significantly alleviated the liver relative weight (4.01 ± 0.06) and biomarkers, as serum aspartate aminotransferase (62.87 ± 1.41), alanine aminotransferase (46.74 ± 1.45), alkaline phosphatase (65.96 ± 0.74), lipid profiles (180.39 ± 3.51), bilirubin profiles (2.30 ± 0.06) and hepatic lipid peroxidation (114.20 ± 2.06), and increased body weight (11.58 ± 0.20), serum protein profile (11.09 ± 0.46) and hepatic total antioxidant capacity (23.78 ± 0.66) in APAP-induced hepatotoxicity in rats. CONCLUSION Our study proves the antihepatotoxic/antioxidant efficacies of A. fraxinifolius hexane extract.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eman A. Abd El-Ghffar
- Department of Zoology, Faculty of Sciences, Ain Shams University, Abbassia, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Heba A.S. El-Nashar
- Department of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Ain Shams University, Abbassia, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Omayma A. Eldahshan
- Department of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Ain Shams University, Abbassia, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Abdel Nasser B. Singab
- Department of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Ain Shams University, Abbassia, Cairo, Egypt
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Wang WJ, Xu ZL, Yu C, Xu XH. Effects of aflatoxin B1 on mitochondrial respiration, ROS generation and apoptosis in broiler cardiomyocytes. Anim Sci J 2017; 88:1561-1568. [PMID: 28401999 DOI: 10.1111/asj.12796] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2016] [Accepted: 01/12/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Wen-Jun Wang
- College of Life Sciences; South-Central University for Nationalities; Wuhan China
| | - Zhi-Liang Xu
- The People's Hospital of Hanchuan City; Hanchuan China
| | - Cheng Yu
- College of Life Sciences; South-Central University for Nationalities; Wuhan China
| | - Xiao-Hong Xu
- The People's Hospital of Hanchuan City; Hanchuan China
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Vinken M, Blaauboer BJ. In vitro testing of basal cytotoxicity: Establishment of an adverse outcome pathway from chemical insult to cell death. Toxicol In Vitro 2016; 39:104-110. [PMID: 27939612 DOI: 10.1016/j.tiv.2016.12.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2016] [Revised: 11/11/2016] [Accepted: 12/02/2016] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
In this paper, an in vitro basal cytotoxicity testing strategy is described for new chemical entities that lack any pre-existing information on potential toxicity. Special attention is paid to the selection of the cellular system, cytotoxicity assay and exposure conditions. This approach is based on a newly proposed generic adverse outcome pathway from chemical insult to cell death that consists of 3 steps, including initial cell injury, mitochondrial dysfunction and cell demise. The suggested strategy to consider in vitro basal cytotoxicity as a first step in evaluating the toxicity of new chemical entities can be placed in a tiered strategy that could be continued by evaluating more specific types of toxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mathieu Vinken
- Department of In Vitro Toxicology and Dermato-Cosmetology, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Laarbeeklaan 103, 1090 Brussels, Belgium.
| | - Bas J Blaauboer
- Institute for Risk Assessment Sciences, Division of Toxicology, Utrecht University, PO Box 80.177, 3508, TD, Utrecht, The Netherlands
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22
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Kang SWS, Haydar G, Taniane C, Farrell G, Arias IM, Lippincott-Schwartz J, Fu D. AMPK Activation Prevents and Reverses Drug-Induced Mitochondrial and Hepatocyte Injury by Promoting Mitochondrial Fusion and Function. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0165638. [PMID: 27792760 PMCID: PMC5085033 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0165638] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2016] [Accepted: 10/14/2016] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Mitochondrial damage is the major factor underlying drug-induced liver disease but whether conditions that thwart mitochondrial injury can prevent or reverse drug-induced liver damage is unclear. A key molecule regulating mitochondria quality control is AMP activated kinase (AMPK). When activated, AMPK causes mitochondria to elongate/fuse and proliferate, with mitochondria now producing more ATP and less reactive oxygen species. Autophagy is also triggered, a process capable of removing damaged/defective mitochondria. To explore whether AMPK activation could potentially prevent or reverse the effects of drug-induced mitochondrial and hepatocellular damage, we added an AMPK activator to collagen sandwich cultures of rat and human hepatocytes exposed to the hepatotoxic drugs, acetaminophen or diclofenac. In the absence of AMPK activation, the drugs caused hepatocytes to lose polarized morphology and have significantly decreased ATP levels and viability. At the subcellular level, mitochondria underwent fragmentation and had decreased membrane potential due to decreased expression of the mitochondrial fusion proteins Mfn1, 2 and/or Opa1. Adding AICAR, a specific AMPK activator, at the time of drug exposure prevented and reversed these effects. The mitochondria became highly fused and ATP production increased, and hepatocytes maintained polarized morphology. In exploring the mechanism responsible for this preventive and reversal effect, we found that AMPK activation prevented drug-mediated decreases in Mfn1, 2 and Opa1. AMPK activation also stimulated autophagy/mitophagy, most significantly in acetaminophen-treated cells. These results suggest that activation of AMPK prevents/reverses drug-induced mitochondrial and hepatocellular damage through regulation of mitochondrial fusion and autophagy, making it a potentially valuable approach for treatment of drug-induced liver injury.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Ghada Haydar
- Faculty of Pharmacy, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Caitlin Taniane
- Faculty of Pharmacy, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Geoffrey Farrell
- Liver Research Group, Australian National University Medical School, Canberra, Australia
| | - Irwin M. Arias
- National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | | | - Dong Fu
- Faculty of Pharmacy, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
- * E-mail:
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Liu Y, Wang W. Aflatoxin B1 impairs mitochondrial functions, activates ROS generation, induces apoptosis and involves Nrf2 signal pathway in primary broiler hepatocytes. Anim Sci J 2016; 87:1490-1500. [PMID: 26997555 DOI: 10.1111/asj.12550] [Citation(s) in RCA: 97] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2015] [Revised: 08/17/2015] [Accepted: 08/18/2015] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Aflatoxin B1 (AFB1) is known as a mycotoxin that causes various health problems in animals, but the precise mechanism of AFB1 on mitochondrial functions and apoptosis in primary broiler hepatocytes (PBHs) is not clear. The objective of this study was to investigate the effects of AFB1 on the mitochondrial functions, reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation, apoptosis and nuclear factor erythroid 2-like factor 2 (Nrf2)-related signal pathway in PBHs. Here, the mitochondrial membrane potential (MMP), ROS generation, antioxidative genes and apoptosis in PBHs induced by AFB1 were investigated. The results showed that AFB1 evoked mitochondrial ROS generation, decreased MMP and induced apoptosis in PBHs. AFB1 increased the percentage of apoptotic cells, and expression of caspase-9 and caspase-3, upregulated messenger RNA (mRNA) expression of Nrf2 and downregulated mRNA expressions of NAD(P)H: quinine oxidoreductase 1, superoxide dismutase and Heme oxygenase 1 in PBHs. The expression of Bax was also observed in cytoplasm. These findings suggested AFB1 results in a significant impairment of mitochondrial functions, activates ROS generation, induces apoptosis, and is involved in Nrf2 signal pathway through mitochondria ROS-dependent signal pathways in PBHs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Liu
- College of Life Sciences, South-Central University for Nationalities, Wuhan, China
| | - Wenjun Wang
- College of Life Sciences, South-Central University for Nationalities, Wuhan, China
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24
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Ju SM, Jang HJ, Kim KB, Kim J. High-Throughput Cytotoxicity Testing System of Acetaminophen Using a Microfluidic Device (MFD) in HepG2 Cells. JOURNAL OF TOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH. PART A 2015; 78:1063-1072. [PMID: 26241707 DOI: 10.1080/15287394.2015.1068650] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
A lab-on-a-chip (LOC) is a microfluidic device (MFD) that integrates several lab functions into a single chip of only millimeters in size. LOC provides several advantages, such as low fluidic volumes consumption, faster analysis, compactness, and massive parallelization. These properties enable a microfluidic-based high-throughput drug screening (HTDS) system to acquire cell-based abundant cytotoxicity results depending on linear gradient concentration of drug with only few hundreds of microliters of the drug. Therefore, a microfluidic device was developed containing an array of eight separate microchambers for cultivating HepG2 cells to be exposed to eight different concentrations of acetaminophen (APAP) through a diffusive-mixing-based concentration gradient generator. Every chamber array with eight different concentrations (0, 5.7, 11.4, 17.1, 22.8, 28.5, 34.2, or 40 mM) APAP had four replicating cell culture chambers. Consequently, 32 experimental results were acquired with a single microfluidic device experiment. The microfluidic high-throughput cytotoxicity device (μHTCD) and 96-well culture system showed comparable cytotoxicity results with increasing APAP concentration of 0 to 40 mM. The HTDS system yields progressive concentration-dependent cytotoxicity results using minimal reagent and time. Data suggest that the HTDS system may be applicable as alternative method for cytotoxicity screening for new drugs in diverse cell types.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seon Min Ju
- a Department of Biomedical Science , Dankook University Graduate School, Dankook University , Cheonan , Chungnam , Republic of Korea
| | - Hyun-Jun Jang
- b College of Pharmacy , Dankook University, Dankook University , Cheonan , Chungnam , Republic of Korea
| | - Kyu-Bong Kim
- b College of Pharmacy , Dankook University, Dankook University , Cheonan , Chungnam , Republic of Korea
| | - Jeongyun Kim
- a Department of Biomedical Science , Dankook University Graduate School, Dankook University , Cheonan , Chungnam , Republic of Korea
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25
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Panigrahi GK, Yadav A, Srivastava A, Tripathi A, Raisuddin S, Das M. Mechanism of Rhein-Induced Apoptosis in Rat Primary Hepatocytes: Beneficial Effect of Cyclosporine A. Chem Res Toxicol 2015; 28:1133-43. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrestox.5b00063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Gati Krushna Panigrahi
- Food,
Drug and Chemical Toxicology Division, Council of Scientific and Industrial Research—Indian Institute of Toxicology Research (CSIR-IITR), Lucknow 226001, Uttar Pradesh India
- Department
of Medical Elementology and Toxicology, Jamia Hamdard, New Delhi 110062, India
| | - Ashish Yadav
- Food,
Drug and Chemical Toxicology Division, Council of Scientific and Industrial Research—Indian Institute of Toxicology Research (CSIR-IITR), Lucknow 226001, Uttar Pradesh India
| | - Ashish Srivastava
- Food,
Drug and Chemical Toxicology Division, Council of Scientific and Industrial Research—Indian Institute of Toxicology Research (CSIR-IITR), Lucknow 226001, Uttar Pradesh India
| | - Anurag Tripathi
- Food,
Drug and Chemical Toxicology Division, Council of Scientific and Industrial Research—Indian Institute of Toxicology Research (CSIR-IITR), Lucknow 226001, Uttar Pradesh India
| | - S. Raisuddin
- Department
of Medical Elementology and Toxicology, Jamia Hamdard, New Delhi 110062, India
| | - Mukul Das
- Food,
Drug and Chemical Toxicology Division, Council of Scientific and Industrial Research—Indian Institute of Toxicology Research (CSIR-IITR), Lucknow 226001, Uttar Pradesh India
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26
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Weng Z, Luo Y, Yang X, Greenhaw JJ, Li H, Xie L, Mattes WB, Shi Q. Regorafenib impairs mitochondrial functions, activates AMP-activated protein kinase, induces autophagy, and causes rat hepatocyte necrosis. Toxicology 2015; 327:10-21. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tox.2014.11.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2014] [Revised: 10/22/2014] [Accepted: 11/03/2014] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
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Zhu X, Zhang J, Huo R, Lin J, Zhou Z, Sun Y, Wu P, Li H, Zhai T, Shen B, Li N. Evaluation of the efficacy and safety of different Tripterygium preparations on collagen-induced arthritis in rats. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2014; 158 Pt A:283-290. [PMID: 25456434 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2014.10.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2014] [Revised: 09/19/2014] [Accepted: 10/13/2014] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE Tripterygium preparations (TPs), a traditional Chinese Medicines extracted from Tripterygium wilfordii Hook f., are widely used for treatment of rheumatoid arthritis (RA). However, TPs from different Pharmaceutical factory have different efficacy and side effects for RA treatment. AIM OF THE STUDY The purpose of the current study is to evaluate the efficacy and safety of four TPs from different Pharmaceutical factory in china on the treatment of collagen-induced arthritis (CIA) rats and provide a theoretical and experimental basis for the individualized use of TPs. MATERIALS AND METHODS The model of wistar rats of CIA was made, and the rats were perfused a stomach with four TPs for 3 weeks continuously. Then arthritis severity was determined by visual examination of the paws and histopathologic changes of joint, liver, kidney and testis were determined by hematoxylin-eosin (H&E) staining. The expression of inflammatory cytokines (IL-1β, TNF-α, IL-17 and IL-6) in the joint was analyzed by real-time PCR, and the count and motion parameters (sperm motility and progressive sperm) of sperm in cauda epididymis were assessed with computer-assisted sperm analysis (CASA) system. Routine blood tests were conducted using automated hematology analyzer, and the aspartate aminotransferase (AST), alanine aminotransferase (ALT) activities, creatinine (Cr), and blood urea nitrogen (BUN) in serum of CIA rats were measured using a UniCel DxC 880i autoanalyzer. RESULTS All of tested TPs could reduce inflammatory score, histopathological arthritis severity and joint׳s inflammatory cytokines (IL-1β, TNF-α, IL-17 and IL-6) expression in CIA rats, however, TP-D showed stronger inhibitory effect for inflammatory score compared with other three TPs in vivo. All of tested TPs did not show hepatotoxicity and nephrotoxicity and also had little effect for the concentration of hemoglobin (Hb) and the count of white blood cell (WBC). Analysis of red blood cell (RBC) number showed that TP-C and TP-D could reverse lower RBC number in untreated CIA rats to normal level. Interestingly, the results showed TPs named TP-C and TP-D could decrease platelet (PLT) number which significantly increases in untreated CIA rats. Reproductive toxicity, the main side effect of TPs, assay showed that the sperm quality (density, viability, and motility) in four of TPs-treated CIA rats were decreased significantly, consistently with spermatogenic cell density reduced. However parallel analysis showed that in four TPs-treated rats, the number of sperm, motile sperm and progressive sperm were highest in TP-D group, in contrast, were lowest in TP-C group. CONCLUSIONS These findings suggested that four TPs showed significantly therapeutic effect on ameliorating inflammation of CIA rats, with no obvious hepatotoxicity and nephrotoxicity in vivo. TP-D showed advantages with its higher efficacy and less reproductive toxicity as well as increasing RBC number, decreasing PLT number in CIA treatment. Thus, in the development of individualized treatment plan for RA patients, TP-D might be considered preferentially.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xianjin Zhu
- Shanghai Institute of Immunology, Institute of Medical Sciences, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China; Affiliated Union Hospital of Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Jie Zhang
- Shanghai Institute of Immunology, Institute of Medical Sciences, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Rongfen Huo
- Shanghai Institute of Immunology, Institute of Medical Sciences, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Jinpiao Lin
- Shanghai Institute of Immunology, Institute of Medical Sciences, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Zhou Zhou
- Shanghai Institute of Immunology, Institute of Medical Sciences, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Yue Sun
- Shanghai Institute of Immunology, Institute of Medical Sciences, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Pinru Wu
- Shanghai Institute of Immunology, Institute of Medical Sciences, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Huidan Li
- Shanghai Institute of Immunology, Institute of Medical Sciences, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Tianhang Zhai
- Shanghai Institute of Immunology, Institute of Medical Sciences, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Baihua Shen
- Shanghai Institute of Immunology, Institute of Medical Sciences, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Ningli Li
- Shanghai Institute of Immunology, Institute of Medical Sciences, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China.
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28
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Profiling cumulative proportional reporting ratios of drug-induced liver injury in the FDA Adverse Event Reporting System (FAERS) database. Drug Saf 2014; 36:1169-78. [PMID: 24178291 DOI: 10.1007/s40264-013-0116-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Early prediction and accurate characterization of risk for serious liver injury associated with newly marketed drugs remains an important challenge for clinicians, the pharmaceutical industry, and regulators. To date, a biomarker that specifically indicates exposure to a drug as the etiologic cause of liver injury has not been identified. OBJECTIVES Using cumulative proportional reporting ratios (PRRs), we investigated 'real-time' profiles of a set of pharmaceuticals, over the first 3 years of US marketing, for the signaling of clinically serious drug-induced liver injury (DILI) in a large spontaneous-reporting database. METHODS Using report counts of hepatic failure or clinically serious liver injury obtained from the FDA Adverse Events Reporting System (FAERS) database, PRRs of adverse drug event terms were calculated by division of counts of domestic reports of these events by counts of all serious adverse events for each of 13 selected drugs associated with a broad range of hepatotoxic risk (including three linked to only rare instances of clinically apparent liver injury) with reference to all other drugs in the database. Drug-specific cumulative PRRs were measured at successive intervals (calendar quarters) using cumulative tallies of FAERS reports to generate time-based profiles over the initial 3 years of US marketing. RESULTS In the set of drugs analyzed, those with no known hepatotoxic risk demonstrated time-based cumulative PRR profiles that approximate the background rates of hepatic failure and serious liver injury reported in the entire FAERS database. In contrast, those that were removed from marketing or subjected to marketing restrictions due to their potential to cause liver injury were associated with profiles of rapidly rising cumulative PRRs that were greater than 5 within the first 10 million domestic prescriptions or the first four quarters of US marketing. The systematic tracking and identification of rising PRRs for DILI associated with newly marketed pharmaceutical and biological agents is a valuable tool for identification of safety signals within the FAERS database. LIMITATIONS Disproportionality profiling of spontaneous reports in FAERS (e.g., cumulative PRR measurements), which signals an association between a recently marketed drug and liver injury, is not a method to quantitatively measure drug-related risk. Regulatory actions in response to emerging drug safety concerns often depend on an accurate assessment of risks using multiple sources of data and the consideration of overall benefits and risks of the agent. Causality must be determined through analysis of individual cases to exclude other etiologies of liver injury. CONCLUSION The FAERS database can be used to advance empiric hepatotoxicity time-trending reporting levels for newly marketed agents in order to rapidly identify recently launched potential hepatotoxic agents and initiate further evaluation.
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Steinebrunner N, Mogler C, Vittas S, Hoyler B, Sandig C, Stremmel W, Eisenbach C. Pharmacologic cholinesterase inhibition improves survival in acetaminophen-induced acute liver failure in the mouse. BMC Gastroenterol 2014; 14:148. [PMID: 25139304 PMCID: PMC4236504 DOI: 10.1186/1471-230x-14-148] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2013] [Accepted: 08/13/2014] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Acetaminophen (APAP) is one of the most widely used analgesic and antipyretic pharmaceutical substances in the world and accounts for most cases of drug induced liver injury resulting in acute liver failure. Acute liver failure initiates a sterile inflammatory response with release of cytokines and innate immune cell infiltration in the liver. This study investigates, whether pharmacologic acetylcholinesterase inhibition with neostigmine diminishes liver damage in acute liver failure via the cholinergic anti-inflammatory pathway. Methods Acute liver failure was induced in BALB/c mice by a toxic dose of acetaminophen (APAP). Neostigmine and/or N-acetyl-cysteine (NAC) were applied therapeutically at set time points and the survival was investigated. Liver damage was assessed by serum parameters, histopathology and serum cytokine assays 12 h after initiation of acute liver failure. Results Serum parameters, histopathology and serum cytokine assays showed pronounced features of acute liver failure 12 h after application of acetaminophen (APAP). Neostigmine treatment led to significant reduction of serum liver enzymes (LDH (47,147 ± 12,726 IU/l vs. 15,822 ± 10,629 IU/l, p = 0.0014) and ALT (18,048 ± 4,287 IU/l vs. 7,585 ± 5,336 IU/l, p = 0.0013), APAP-alone-treated mice vs. APAP + neostigmine-treated mice), inflammatory cytokine levels (IL-1β (147 ± 19 vs. 110 ± 25, p = 0.0138) and TNF-α (184 ± 23 vs. 130 ± 33, p = 0.0086), APAP-alone-treated mice vs. APAP + neostigmine-treated mice) and histopathological signs of damage. Animals treated with NAC in combination with the peripheral cholinesterase inhibitor neostigmine showed prolonged survival and improved outcome. Conclusions Neostigmine is an acetylcholinesterase inhibitor that ameliorates the effects of APAP-induced acute liver failure in the mouse and therefore may provide new treatment options for affected patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Niels Steinebrunner
- Department of Gastroenterology, Hepatology, Intoxications and Infectious Diseases, Heidelberg University Hospital, Im Neuenheimer Feld 410, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany.
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30
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Rahim SM, Taha EM, Al-janabi MS, Al-douri BI, Simon KD, Mazlan AG. Hepatoprotective effect of Cymbopogon citratus aqueous extract against hydrogen peroxide-induced liver injury in male rats. AFRICAN JOURNAL OF TRADITIONAL, COMPLEMENTARY, AND ALTERNATIVE MEDICINES 2014; 11:447-51. [PMID: 25435631 DOI: 10.4314/ajtcam.v11i2.31] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cymbopogon citratus (Poaceae) a tropical perennial herb plant that is widely cultivated to be eaten either fresh with food or dried in tea or soft drink has been reported to possess a number of medicinal and aromatic properties. This study aimed at evaluating the protective effects of C. citratus aqueous extract against liver injury induced by hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), in male rats. MATERIALS AND METHODS Twenty-five rats were randomly divided into five different groups of five animals in each group; (1) Control. (2) Received H2O2 (0.5%) with drinking water. (3), and (4) received H2O2 and C. citratus (100 mg·kg(-1) b wt), vitamin C (250 mg·kg(-1) b wt) respectively. (5), was given C. citratus alone. The treatments were administered for 30 days. Blood samples were collected and serum was used for biochemical assay including liver enzymes activities, total protein, total bilirubin and malonaldehyde, glutathione in serum and liver homogenates. Liver was excised and routinely processed for histological examinations. RESULTS C. citratus attenuated liver damage due to H2O2 administration as indicated by the significant reduction (p<0.05), in the elevated levels of ALT, AST, ALP, LDH, TB, and MDA in serum and liver homogenates; increase in TP and GSH levels in serum and liver homogenates; and improvement of liver histo-pathological changes. These effects of the extract were similar to that of vitamin C which used as antioxidant reference. CONCLUSION C. citratus could effectively ameliorate H2O2-induced oxidative stress and prevent liver injury in male rats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saleh Muhammad Rahim
- Dept.of Biology, Faculty of Education, University of Tikrit, 34001Tikrit,Salah Aldeen, Iraq ; School of Environmental and Natural Resource Sciences, Faculty of Science and Technology, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, 43600 UKM Bangi, Selangor, D.E., Malaysia
| | - Ekhlass Muhi Taha
- Dept. of Chemistry, Faculty of Science for Women, University of Baghdad, Baghdad, Iraq
| | - Muneef Saeb Al-janabi
- Dept.of Biology, Faculty of Education, University of Tikrit, 34001Tikrit,Salah Aldeen, Iraq
| | - Bushra Ismael Al-douri
- Dept.of Biology, Faculty of Education, University of Tikrit, 34001Tikrit,Salah Aldeen, Iraq
| | - Kumar Das Simon
- School of Environmental and Natural Resource Sciences, Faculty of Science and Technology, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, 43600 UKM Bangi, Selangor, D.E., Malaysia
| | - Abd Gaffar Mazlan
- School of Environmental and Natural Resource Sciences, Faculty of Science and Technology, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, 43600 UKM Bangi, Selangor, D.E., Malaysia
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Abstract
Although acute liver failure caused by drug-induced liver injury comprises a small fraction of overall drug-induced liver injury, these patients require high resource use and have relatively poor outcomes. Drug-induced liver injury caused by idiosyncrasy more often leads to death or transplantation than does acetaminophen acute liver failure, but the number of patients in each category receiving a graft is roughly the same. Efforts in the future to improve outcomes should focus on more effective treatments and better methods to identify those that might experience poor outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- William M. Lee
- UT Southwestern Medical Center at Dallas, Dallas, TX, USA
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Ahuja V, Sharma S. Drug safety testing paradigm, current progress and future challenges: an overview. J Appl Toxicol 2013; 34:576-94. [PMID: 24777877 DOI: 10.1002/jat.2935] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2013] [Revised: 08/08/2013] [Accepted: 08/22/2013] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Early assessment of the toxicity potential of new molecules in pharmaceutical industry is a multi-dimensional task involving predictive systems and screening approaches to aid in the optimization of lead compounds prior to their entry into development phase. Due to the high attrition rate in the pharma industry in last few years, it has become imperative for the nonclinical toxicologist to focus on novel approaches which could be helpful for early screening of drug candidates. The need is that the toxicologists should change their classical approach to a more investigative approach. This review discusses the developments that allow toxicologists to anticipate safety problems and plan ways to address them earlier than ever before. This includes progress in the field of in vitro models, surrogate models, molecular toxicology, 'omics' technologies, translational safety biomarkers, stem-cell based assays and preclinical imaging. The traditional boundaries between teams focusing on efficacy/ safety and preclinical/ clinical aspects in the pharma industry are disappearing, and translational research-centric organizations with a focused vision of bringing drugs forward safely and rapidly are emerging. Today's toxicologist should collaborate with medicinal chemists, pharmacologists, and clinicians and these value-adding contributions will change traditional toxicologists from side-effect identifiers to drug development enablers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Varun Ahuja
- Drug Safety Assessment, Novel Drug Discovery and Development, Lupin Limited (Research Park), 46A/47A, Nande Village, MulshiTaluka, Pune, 412 115, India
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Chen L, Zhang F, Kong D, Zhu X, Chen W, Wang A, Zheng S. Saikosaponin D disrupts platelet-derived growth factor-β receptor/p38 pathway leading to mitochondrial apoptosis in human LO2 hepatocyte cells: A potential mechanism of hepatotoxicity. Chem Biol Interact 2013; 206:76-82. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cbi.2013.08.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2013] [Revised: 07/29/2013] [Accepted: 08/16/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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Role of bile acids in liver injury and regeneration following acetaminophen overdose. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PATHOLOGY 2013; 183:1518-1526. [PMID: 24007882 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajpath.2013.07.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2012] [Revised: 06/24/2013] [Accepted: 07/18/2013] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Bile acids play a critical role in liver injury and regeneration, but their role in acetaminophen (APAP)-induced liver injury is not known. We tested the effect of bile acid modulation on APAP hepatotoxicity using C57BL/6 mice, which were fed a normal diet, a 2% cholestyramine (CSA)-containing diet for bile acid depletion, or a 0.2% cholic acid (CA)-containing diet for 1 week before treatment with 400 mg/kg APAP. CSA-mediated bile acid depletion resulted in significantly higher liver injury and delayed regeneration after APAP treatment. In contrast, 0.2% CA supplementation in the diet resulted in a moderate delay in progression of liver injury and significantly higher liver regeneration after APAP treatment. Either CSA-mediated bile acid depletion or CA supplementation did not affect hepatic CYP2E1 levels or glutathione depletion after APAP treatment. CSA-fed mice exhibited significantly higher activation of c-Jun N-terminal protein kinases and a significant decrease in intestinal fibroblast growth factor 15 mRNA after APAP treatment. In contrast, mice fed a 0.2% CA diet had significantly lower c-Jun N-terminal protein kinase activation and 12-fold higher fibroblast growth factor 15 mRNA in the intestines. Liver regeneration after APAP treatment was significantly faster in CA diet-fed mice after APAP administration secondary to rapid cyclin D1 induction. Taken together, these data indicate that bile acids play a critical role in both initiation and recovery of APAP-induced liver injury.
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Chen X, Qin Q, Zhang W, Zhang Y, Zheng H, Liu C, Yang Y, Xiong W, Yuan J. Activation of the PI3K–AKT–mTOR signaling pathway promotes DEHP-induced Hep3B cell proliferation. Food Chem Toxicol 2013; 59:325-33. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2013.06.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2013] [Revised: 06/06/2013] [Accepted: 06/11/2013] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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Liu CT, Chen TH, Cheng CY. Successful treatment of drug-induced acute liver failure with high-volume plasma exchange. J Clin Apher 2013; 28:430-4. [PMID: 23922237 DOI: 10.1002/jca.21291] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2012] [Revised: 07/02/2013] [Accepted: 07/05/2013] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
We report two patients with drug-induced liver injury (DILI)-related acute liver failure (ALF) who were successfully treated with high-volume plasma exchange without liver transplantation. The first patient was a 66-year-old man admitted because of a perforated duodenal ulcer complicated with peritonitis and septic shock. After treatment with multiple antibiotics, the patient developed DILI and ALF. Grade 3 hepatic encephalopathy and profound jaundice were present. Symptoms and signs of ALF improved dramatically after initiation of plasma exchange. The patient was discharged uneventfully. The second patient was a 94-year-old man admitted for treatment of newly diagnosed pulmonary tuberculosis. DILI and ALF developed 5 days after initiation of anti-tuberculosis treatment. Grade 4 hepatic encephalopathy was present. After plasma exchange, the patient's level of consciousness improved dramatically, and he recovered from ALF. These 2 cases show the potential of plasma exchange in the treatment of DILI despite occurrence acute liver failure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chung-Te Liu
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Internal Medicine, Wan Fang Hospital, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
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Patterson AD, Carlson BA, Li F, Bonzo JA, Yoo MH, Krausz KW, Conrad M, Chen C, Gonzalez FJ, Hatfield DL. Disruption of thioredoxin reductase 1 protects mice from acute acetaminophen-induced hepatotoxicity through enhanced NRF2 activity. Chem Res Toxicol 2013; 26:1088-96. [PMID: 23697945 DOI: 10.1021/tx4001013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
The critical importance of glutathione in mitigating the deleterious effects of electrophile generating drugs such as acetaminophen (APAP) is well established. However, the role of other antioxidant systems, such as that provided by thioredoxin, has not been extensively studied. Selenoprotein thioredoxin reductase 1 (Txnrd1) is important for attenuating activation of the apoptosis signaling-regulating kinase 1 (ASK1) and the c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK) pathway caused by high doses of APAP. Therefore, a detailed investigation of the role of Txnrd1 in APAP-induced hepatotoxicity was conducted. Liver-specific Txnrd1 knockout mice (Txnrd1(ΔLiv)) were generated and treated with a hepatotoxic dose (400 mg/kg) of APAP for 1 or 6 h. Liver toxicity was assessed by measuring the activities of liver enzymes aspartate aminotransferase and alanine aminotransferase in serum, in addition to histopathological analysis of liver sections and analysis of glutathione levels. At 1 h post-APAP treatment, total and mitochondrial glutathione levels in control and Txnrd1(ΔLiv) mice were similarly depleted. However, at 6 h post-APAP treatment, Txnrd1(ΔLiv) mice were resistant to APAP toxicity as liver enzymes and histology were not significantly different from the corresponding untreated mice. Analyses revealed the compensatory up-regulation of many of the nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (NRF2) target genes and proteins in Txnrd1(ΔLiv) mice with and without APAP treatment. Yet, JNK was phosphorylated to a similar extent in APAP-treated control mice. The results suggest that Txnrd1(ΔLiv) mice are primed for xenobiotic detoxication primarily through NRF2 activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew D Patterson
- Laboratory of Metabolism, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health , Bethesda, Maryland 20892, United States
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Clothier R, Gómez-Lechón M, Kinsner-Ovaskainen A, Kopp-Schneider A, O’Connor J, Prieto P, Stanzel S. Comparative analysis of eight cytotoxicity assays evaluated within the ACuteTox Project. Toxicol In Vitro 2013; 27:1347-56. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tiv.2012.08.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2011] [Revised: 08/01/2012] [Accepted: 08/10/2012] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
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39
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Drug-Induced Liver Injury Throughout the Drug Development Life Cycle: Where We Have Been, Where We are Now, and Where We are Headed. Perspectives of a Clinical Hepatologist. Pharmaceut Med 2013. [DOI: 10.1007/s40290-013-0015-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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40
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Sanz-Garcia C, Ferrer-Mayorga G, González-Rodríguez Á, Valverde AM, Martín-Duce A, Velasco-Martín JP, Regadera J, Fernández M, Alemany S. Sterile inflammation in acetaminophen-induced liver injury is mediated by Cot/tpl2. J Biol Chem 2013; 288:15342-51. [PMID: 23572518 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m112.439547] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Cot/tpl2 (MAP3K8) activates MKK1/2-Erk1/2 following stimulation of the Toll-like/IL-1 receptor superfamily. Here, we investigated the role of Cot/tpl2 in sterile inflammation and drug-induced liver toxicity. Cot/tpl2 KO mice exhibited reduced hepatic injury after acetaminophen challenge, as evidenced by decreased serum levels of both alanine and aspartate aminotransferases, decreased hepatic necrosis, and increased survival relative to Wt mice. Serum levels of both alanine and aspartate aminotransferases were also lower after intraperitoneal injection of acetaminophen in mice expressing an inactive form of Cot/tpl2 compared with Wt mice, suggesting that Cot/tpl2 activity contributes to acetaminophen-induced liver injury. Furthermore, Cot/tpl2 deficiency reduced neutrophil and macrophage infiltration in the liver of mice treated with acetaminophen, as well as their hepatic and systemic levels of IL-1α. Intraperitoneal injection of damage-associated molecular patterns from necrotic hepatocytes also impaired the recruitment of leukocytes and decreased the levels of several cytokines in the peritoneal cavity in Cot/tpl2 KO mice compared with Wt counterparts. Moreover, similar activation profiles of intracellular pathways were observed in Wt macrophages stimulated with Wt or Cot/tpl2 KO damage-associated molecular patterns. However, upon stimulation with damage-associated molecular patterns, the activation of Erk1/2 and JNK was deficient in Cot/tpl2 KO macrophages compared with their Wt counterparts; an effect accompanied by weaker release of several cytokines, including IL-1α, an important component in the development of sterile inflammation. Taken together, these findings indicate that Cot/tpl2 contributes to acetaminophen-induced liver injury, providing some insight into the underlying molecular mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlos Sanz-Garcia
- Instituto Investigaciones Biomédicas Alberto Sols, CISC-UAM, 28029 Madrid, Spain
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41
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Abstract
Acetaminophen poisoning remains one of the more common drugs taken in overdose with potentially fatal consequences. Early recognition and prompt treatment with N-acetylcysteine can prevent hepatic injury. With acute overdose, the Rumack-Matthew nomogram is a useful tool to assess risk and guide management. Equally common to acute overdose is the repeated use of excessive amounts of acetaminophen. Simultaneous ingestion of several different acetaminophen-containing products may result in excessive dosage. These patients also benefit from N-acetylcysteine. Standard courses of N-acetylcysteine may need to be extended in patients with persistently elevated plasma concentrations of acetaminophen or with signs of hepatic injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael J Hodgman
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Upstate New York Poison Center, SUNY Upstate Medical University, Suite 202, 250 Harrison Street, Syracuse, NY 13202, USA.
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Han D, Dara L, Win S, Than TA, Yuan L, Abbasi SQ, Liu ZX, Kaplowitz N. Regulation of drug-induced liver injury by signal transduction pathways: critical role of mitochondria. Trends Pharmacol Sci 2013; 34:243-53. [PMID: 23453390 DOI: 10.1016/j.tips.2013.01.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 137] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2012] [Revised: 01/23/2013] [Accepted: 01/30/2013] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Drugs that cause liver injury often 'stress' mitochondria and activate signal transduction pathways important in determining cell survival or death. In most cases, hepatocytes adapt to the drug-induced stress by activating adaptive signaling pathways, such as mitochondrial adaptive responses and nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (Nrf-2), a transcription factor that upregulates antioxidant defenses. Owing to adaptation, drugs alone rarely cause liver injury, with acetaminophen (APAP) being the notable exception. Drug-induced liver injury (DILI) usually involves other extrinsic factors, such as the adaptive immune system, that cause 'stressed' hepatocytes to become injured, leading to idiosyncratic DILI, the rare and unpredictable adverse drug reaction in the liver. Hepatocyte injury, due to drug and extrinsic insult, causes a second wave of signaling changes associated with adaptation, cell death, and repair. If the stress and injury reach a critical threshold, then death signaling pathways such as c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK) become dominant and hepatocytes enter a failsafe mode to undergo self-destruction. DILI can be seen as an active process involving recruitment of death signaling pathways that mediate cell death rather than a passive process due to overwhelming biochemical injury. In this review, we highlight the role of signal transduction pathways, which frequently involve mitochondria, in the development of DILI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Derick Han
- University of Southern California Research Center for Liver Diseases and Southern California Research Center for ALPD, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90089-9121, USA.
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Li J, Mahdi F, Du L, Jekabsons MB, Zhou YD, Nagle DG. Semisynthetic studies identify mitochondria poisons from botanical dietary supplements--geranyloxycoumarins from Aegle marmelos. Bioorg Med Chem 2013; 21:1795-803. [PMID: 23434131 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2013.01.048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2012] [Revised: 01/11/2013] [Accepted: 01/20/2013] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Bioassay-guided isolation and subsequent structure elucidation of a Bael tree Aegle marmelos lipid extract yielded two unstable acylated geranyloxycoumarin mixtures (1-2), six geranyloxycoumarins (3-8), (+)-9'-isovaleroxylariciresinol (9), and dehydromarmeline (10). In a T47D cell-based reporter assay, 1 and 2 potently inhibited hypoxia-induced HIF-1 activation (IC50 values 0.18 and 1.10 μgmL(-1), respectively). Insufficient material and chemical instability prevented full delineation of the fatty acyl side chain olefin substitution patterns in 1 and 2. Therefore, five fatty acyl geranyloxycoumarin ester derivatives (11-15) were prepared from marmin (3) and commercial fatty acyl chlorides by semisynthesis. The unsaturated C-6' linoleic acid ester derivative 14 that was structurally most similar to 1 and 2, inhibited HIF-1 activation with comparable potency (IC50 0.92 μM). The octanoyl (11) and undecanoyl (12) ester derivatives also suppressed HIF-1 activation (IC50 values 3.1 and 0.87 μM, respectively). Mechanistic studies revealed that these geranyloxycoumarin derivatives disrupt mitochondrial respiration, primarily at complex I. Thus, these compounds may inhibit HIF-1 activation by suppressing mitochondria-mediated hypoxic signaling. One surprising observation was that, while less potent, the purported cancer chemopreventive agent auraptene (8) was found to act as a mitochondrial poison that disrupts HIF-1 signaling in tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Li
- Department of Pharmacognosy, School of Pharmacy, University of Mississippi, University, MS 38677, United States
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44
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Somlai C, Correche E, Olivella M, Tolosa L, Lechon MJG, Dombi G, Tóth GK, Penke B, Enriz RD. Synthesis and cytotoxic activity of 4-N-carboxybutyl-5-fluorocytosyl-Arg-Gln-Trp-Arg-Arg-Trp-Trp-Gln-Arg-NH₂. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2012; 22:4233-7. [PMID: 22658365 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2012.05.045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2012] [Revised: 05/07/2012] [Accepted: 05/10/2012] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
The chemical synthesis of 4-N-carboxybutyl-5-fluorocytosine (II) in solution phase starting from 5-fluorocytosine and the solid phase synthesis of Arg-Gln-Trp-Arg-Arg-Trp-Trp-Gln-Arg-NH(2) attached to the 4-N-carboxybutyl-5-fluorocytosine residue at the N-terminus of the peptide (III) via peptide bond formation is reported. The target compound exhibited a significant cytotoxic activity against a culture of HepG2 cells. In addition our results demonstrated that this new compound affect cell viability, produce mitochondrial dysfunction as well as interfere with intracellular calcium homeostasis control; leading to cell malfunction and death.
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Affiliation(s)
- Csaba Somlai
- Department of Medical Chemistry, Faculty of General Medicine, University of Szeged, Dóm tér 8, H-6720 Szeged, Hungary
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Lu S, Jessen B, Strock C, Will Y. The contribution of physicochemical properties to multiple in vitro cytotoxicity endpoints. Toxicol In Vitro 2012; 26:613-20. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tiv.2012.01.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2011] [Revised: 01/28/2012] [Accepted: 01/31/2012] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
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46
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Lewis JH. The adaptive response (drug tolerance) helps to prevent drug-induced liver injury. Gastroenterol Hepatol (N Y) 2012; 8:333-336. [PMID: 22933867 PMCID: PMC3424431] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- James H Lewis
- Hepatology Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine, Georgetown University Hospital, Washington, DC, USA
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47
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Hill A, Mesens N, Steemans M, Xu JJ, Aleo MD. Comparisons between in vitro whole cell imaging and in vivo zebrafish-based approaches for identifying potential human hepatotoxicants earlier in pharmaceutical development. Drug Metab Rev 2012; 44:127-40. [PMID: 22242931 DOI: 10.3109/03602532.2011.645578] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Drug-induced liver injury (DILI) is a major cause of attrition during both the early and later stages of the drug development and marketing process. Reducing or eliminating drug-induced severe liver injury, especially those that lead to liver transplants or death, would be tremendously beneficial for patients. Therefore, developing new pharmaceuticals that have the highest margins and attributes of hepatic safety would be a great accomplishment. Given the current low productivity of pharmaceutical companies and the high costs of bringing new medicines to market, any early screening assay(s) to identify and eliminate pharmaceuticals with the potential to cause severe liver injury in humans would be of economic value as well. The present review discusses the background, proof-of-concept, and validation studies associated with high-content screening (HCS) by two major pharmaceutical companies (Pfizer Inc and Jansen Pharmaceutical Companies of Johnson & Johnson) for detecting compounds with the potential to cause human DILI. These HCS assays use fluorescent-based markers of cell injury in either human hepatocytes or HepG2 cells. In collaboration with Evotec, an independent contract lab, these two companies also independently evaluated larval zebrafish as an early-stage in vivo screen for hepatotoxicity in independently conducted, blinded assessments. Details about this model species, the need for bioanalysis, and, specifically, the outcome of the phenotypic-based zebrafish screens are presented. Comparing outcomes in zebrafish against both HCS assays suggests an enhanced detection for hepatotoxicants of most DILI concern when used in combination with each other, based on the U.S. Food and Drug Administration DILI classification list.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adrian Hill
- Evotec Ltd., Abingdon, Oxford, United Kingdom
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48
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McGill MR, Sharpe MR, Williams CD, Taha M, Curry SC, Jaeschke H. The mechanism underlying acetaminophen-induced hepatotoxicity in humans and mice involves mitochondrial damage and nuclear DNA fragmentation. J Clin Invest 2012; 122:1574-83. [PMID: 22378043 DOI: 10.1172/jci59755] [Citation(s) in RCA: 523] [Impact Index Per Article: 43.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2011] [Accepted: 01/18/2012] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Acetaminophen (APAP) overdose is the predominant cause of acute liver failure in the United States. Toxicity begins with a reactive metabolite that binds to proteins. In rodents, this leads to mitochondrial dysfunction and nuclear DNA fragmentation, resulting in necrotic cell death. While APAP metabolism is similar in humans, the later events resulting in toxicity have not been investigated in patients. In this study, levels of biomarkers of mitochondrial damage (glutamate dehydrogenase [GDH] and mitochondrial DNA [mtDNA]) and nuclear DNA fragments were measured in plasma from APAP-overdose patients. Overdose patients with no or minimal hepatic injury who had normal liver function tests (LTs) (referred to herein as the normal LT group) and healthy volunteers served as controls. Peak GDH activity and mtDNA concentration were increased in plasma from patients with abnormal LT. Peak nuclear DNA fragmentation in the abnormal LT cohort was also increased over that of controls. Parallel studies in mice revealed that these plasma biomarkers correlated well with tissue injury. Caspase-3 activity and cleaved caspase-3 were not detectable in plasma from overdose patients or mice, but were elevated after TNF-induced apoptosis, indicating that APAP overdose does not cause apoptosis. Thus, our results suggest that mitochondrial damage and nuclear DNA fragmentation are likely to be critical events in APAP hepatotoxicity in humans, resulting in necrotic cell death.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mitchell R McGill
- Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology, and Therapeutics, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, Kansas 66160, USA
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Abstract
The liver is necessary for survival. Its strategic localisation, blood flow and prominent role in the metabolism of xenobiotics render this organ particularly susceptible to injury by chemicals to which we are ubiquitously exposed. The pathogenesis of most chemical-induced liver injuries is initiated by the metabolic conversion of chemicals into reactive intermediate species, such as electrophilic compounds or free radicals, which can potentially alter the structure and function of cellular macromolecules. Many reactive intermediate species can produce oxidative stress, which can be equally detrimental to the cell. When protective defences are overwhelmed by excess toxicant insult, the effects of reactive intermediate species lead to deregulation of cell signalling pathways and dysfunction of biomolecules, leading to failure of target organelles and eventual cell death. A myriad of genetic factors determine the susceptibility of specific individuals to chemical-induced liver injury. Environmental factors, lifestyle choices and pre-existing pathological conditions also have roles in the pathogenesis of chemical liver injury. Research aimed at elucidating the molecular mechanism of the pathogenesis of chemical-induced liver diseases is fundamental for preventing or devising new modalities of treatment for liver injury by chemicals.
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50
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Amacher DE. The primary role of hepatic metabolism in idiosyncratic drug-induced liver injury. Expert Opin Drug Metab Toxicol 2012; 8:335-47. [DOI: 10.1517/17425255.2012.658041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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