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Laulhé M, Kuhn E, Bouligand J, Amazit L, Perrot J, Lebigot E, Kamenickỷ P, Lombès M, Fagart J, Viengchareun S, Martinerie L. A novel mutation in the NR3C1 gene associated with reversible glucocorticoid resistance. Eur J Endocrinol 2024; 190:284-295. [PMID: 38584335 DOI: 10.1093/ejendo/lvae031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2023] [Revised: 02/02/2024] [Accepted: 03/04/2024] [Indexed: 04/09/2024]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Glucocorticoid resistance is a rare endocrine disease caused by variants of the NR3C1 gene encoding the glucocorticoid receptor (GR). We identified a novel heterozygous variant (GRR569Q) in a patient with uncommon reversible glucocorticoid resistance syndrome. METHODS We performed ex vivo functional characterization of the variant in patient fibroblasts and in vitro through transient transfection in undifferentiated HEK 293T cells to assess transcriptional activity, affinity, and nuclear translocation. We studied the impact of the variant on the tertiary structure of the ligand-binding domain through 3D modeling. RESULTS The patient presented initially with an adrenal adenoma with mild autonomous cortisol secretion and undetectable adrenocorticotropin hormone (ACTH) levels. Six months after surgery, biological investigations showed elevated cortisol and ACTH (urinary free cortisol 114 µg/24 h, ACTH 10.9 pmol/L) without clinical symptoms, evoking glucocorticoid resistance syndrome. Functional characterization of the GRR569Q showed decreased expression of target genes (in response to 100 nM cortisol: SGK1 control +97% vs patient +20%, P < .0001) and impaired nuclear translocation in patient fibroblasts compared to control. Similar observations were made in transiently transfected cells, but higher cortisol concentrations overcame glucocorticoid resistance. GRR569Q showed lower ligand affinity (Kd GRWT: 1.73 nM vs GRR569Q: 4.61 nM). Tertiary structure modeling suggested a loss of hydrogen bonds between H3 and the H1-H3 loop. CONCLUSION This is the first description of a reversible glucocorticoid resistance syndrome with effective negative feedback on corticotroph cells regarding increased plasma cortisol concentrations due to the development of mild autonomous cortisol secretion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Margaux Laulhé
- Université Paris-Saclay, Inserm, Physiologie et Physiopathologie Endocriniennes, 94276 Le Kremlin-Bicêtre, France
| | - Emmanuelle Kuhn
- Unité Hypophyse, Hôpital Pitié-Salpêtrière, AP-HP, Paris 75013, France
| | - Jérôme Bouligand
- Université Paris-Saclay, Inserm, Physiologie et Physiopathologie Endocriniennes, 94276 Le Kremlin-Bicêtre, France
- Service de Génétique Moléculaire, Pharmacogénétique et Hormonologie, Hôpital Bicêtre APHP Paris Saclay, Le Kremlin Bicêtre 94270, France
| | - Larbi Amazit
- UMS 44/Institut Biomédical du Val de Bièvre, Université Paris-Saclay, Le Kremlin Bicêtre 94276, France
| | - Julie Perrot
- Université Paris-Saclay, Inserm, Physiologie et Physiopathologie Endocriniennes, 94276 Le Kremlin-Bicêtre, France
| | - Elise Lebigot
- Service de Biochimie, Hôpital Bicêtre APHP Paris Saclay, Le Kremlin Bicêtre 94270, France
| | - Peter Kamenickỷ
- Université Paris-Saclay, Inserm, Physiologie et Physiopathologie Endocriniennes, 94276 Le Kremlin-Bicêtre, France
- Service d'Endocrinologie et des Maladies de la Reproduction, Hôpital Bicêtre APHP Paris Saclay, Le Kremlin-Bicêtre 94270, France
| | - Marc Lombès
- Université Paris-Saclay, Inserm, Physiologie et Physiopathologie Endocriniennes, 94276 Le Kremlin-Bicêtre, France
| | - Jérôme Fagart
- Laboratoire de Biologie Structurale de la Cellule, BIOC, Ecole Polytechnique, CNRS, Institut Polytechnique de Paris, 91128 Palaiseau cedex, France
| | - Say Viengchareun
- Université Paris-Saclay, Inserm, Physiologie et Physiopathologie Endocriniennes, 94276 Le Kremlin-Bicêtre, France
| | - Laetitia Martinerie
- Université Paris-Saclay, Inserm, Physiologie et Physiopathologie Endocriniennes, 94276 Le Kremlin-Bicêtre, France
- Endocrinologie Pédiatrique, Centre de Référence Maladies Endocriniennes Rares de la Croissance et du Développement, Hôpital Universitaire Robert-Debré APHP Nord, Paris 75019, France
- Faculté de Santé, Université Paris Cité, UFR de Médecine, Paris 75006, France
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2
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Ren J, Jin T, Li R, Zhong YY, Xuan YX, Wang YL, Yao W, Yu SL, Yuan JT. Priority list of potential endocrine-disrupting chemicals in food chemical contaminants: a docking study and in vitro/epidemiological evidence integration. SAR AND QSAR IN ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2023; 34:847-866. [PMID: 37920972 DOI: 10.1080/1062936x.2023.2269855] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2023] [Accepted: 10/05/2023] [Indexed: 11/04/2023]
Abstract
Diet is an important exposure route of endocrine-disrupting chemicals (EDCs), but many unfiltered potential EDCs remain in food. The in silico prediction of EDCs is a popular method for preliminary screening. Potential EDCs in food were screened using Endocrine Disruptome, an open-source platform for inverse docking, to predict the binding probabilities of 587 food chemical contaminants with 18 human nuclear hormone receptor (NHR) conformations. In total, 25 contaminants were bound to multiple NHRs such as oestrogen receptor α/β and androgen receptor. These 25 compounds mainly include pesticides and per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFASs). The prediction results were validated with the in vitro data. The structural features and the crucial amino acid residues of the four NHRs were also validated based on previous literature. The findings indicate that the screening has good prediction efficiency. In addition, the epidemic evidence about endocrine interference of PFASs in food on children was further validated through this screening. This study provides preliminary screening results for EDCs in food and a priority list for in vitro and in vivo research.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Ren
- College of Public Health, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, P. R. China
| | - T Jin
- College of Public Health, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, P. R. China
| | - R Li
- College of Public Health, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, P. R. China
| | - Y Y Zhong
- College of Public Health, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, P. R. China
| | - Y X Xuan
- College of Public Health, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, P. R. China
| | - Y L Wang
- College of Public Health, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, P. R. China
| | - W Yao
- College of Public Health, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, P. R. China
| | - S L Yu
- Key Laboratory of Natural Medicine and Immune-Engineering of Henan Province, Henan University, Kaifeng, Henan, P. R. China
| | - J T Yuan
- College of Public Health, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, P. R. China
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3
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Yu S, Ren J, Lv Z, Li R, Zhong Y, Yao W, Yuan J. Prediction of the endocrine-disrupting ability of 49 per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances: In silico and epidemiological evidence. CHEMOSPHERE 2022; 290:133366. [PMID: 34933031 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2021.133366] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2021] [Revised: 12/16/2021] [Accepted: 12/17/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
The toxic effects of per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFASs) on humans are mediated by nuclear hormone receptors (NHRs). However, data on the interaction of PFASs and NHRs is limited. Endocrine Disruptome, an inverse docking tool, was used in this study to simulate the docking of 49 common PFASs with 14 different types of human NHRs. According to the findings, 25 PFASs have a high or moderately high probability of binding to more than five NHRs, with androgen receptor (AR) and mineralocorticoid receptor (MR) being the most likely target NHRs. Molecular docking analyses revealed that the binding modes of PFASs with the two NHRs were similar to those of their corresponding co-crystallized ligands. PFASs, in particular, may disrupt the endocrine system by binding to MR. This finding is consistent with epidemiological research that has linked PFASs to MR-related diseases. Our findings may contribute to a better understanding of the health risks posed by PFASs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuling Yu
- Key Laboratory of Natural Medicine and Immune-Engineering of Henan Province, Henan University, Kaifeng, Henan, 475004, PR China
| | - Jing Ren
- College of Public Health, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450001, PR China
| | - Zhenxia Lv
- College of Public Health, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450001, PR China
| | - Rui Li
- College of Public Health, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450001, PR China
| | - Yuyan Zhong
- College of Public Health, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450001, PR China
| | - Wu Yao
- College of Public Health, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450001, PR China
| | - Jintao Yuan
- College of Public Health, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450001, PR China.
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4
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Abdel Ghafar MT. An overview of the classical and tissue-derived renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system and its genetic polymorphisms in essential hypertension. Steroids 2020; 163:108701. [PMID: 32717198 DOI: 10.1016/j.steroids.2020.108701] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2020] [Revised: 07/05/2020] [Accepted: 07/19/2020] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
The renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS) is a specific hormonal cascade implicated in the blood pressure control and sodium balance regulation. Several components of this pathway have been identified including renin, angiotensinogen, angiotensin-converting enzyme, angiotensins with a wide range of distinct subtypes and receptors, and aldosterone. The RAAS is not only confined to the systemic circulation but also exists locally in specific tissues such as the heart, brain, and blood vessels with a particular paracrine action. Alteration of RAAS function can contribute to the development of hypertension and the emergence of its associated end-organ damage. Genotypic variations of the different genes of RAAS cascade have been linked to the susceptibility to essential hypertension. Accordingly, to understand the pathogenesis of essential hypertension and its related complications, deep insight into the physiological and genetic aspects of RAAS with its different components and pathways is necessary. In this review, we aimed to illustrate the physiological and genetic aspects of RAAS and the underlying mechanisms which link this system to the predisposition to essential hypertension.
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5
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Fuller PJ, Yao YZ, Jin R, He S, Martín-Fernández B, Young MJ, Smith BJ. Molecular evolution of the switch for progesterone and spironolactone from mineralocorticoid receptor agonist to antagonist. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2019; 116:18578-18583. [PMID: 31439819 PMCID: PMC6744879 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1903172116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
The mineralocorticoid receptor (MR) is highly conserved across vertebrate evolution. In terrestrial vertebrates, the MR mediates sodium homeostasis by aldosterone and also acts as a receptor for cortisol. Although the MR is present in fish, they lack aldosterone. The MR binds progesterone and spironolactone as antagonists in human MR but as agonists in zebrafish MR. We have defined the molecular basis of these divergent responses using MR chimeras between the zebrafish and human MR coupled with reciprocal site-directed mutagenesis and molecular dynamic (MD) simulation based on the crystal structures of the MR ligand-binding domain. Substitution of a leucine by threonine in helix 8 of the ligand-binding domain of the zebrafish MR confers the antagonist response. This leucine is conserved across fish species, whereas threonine (serine in rodents) is conserved in terrestrial vertebrate MR. MD identified an interaction of the leucine in helix 8 with a highly conserved leucine in helix 1 that stabilizes the agonist conformation including the interaction between helices 3 and 5, an interaction which has previously been characterized. This switch in the MR coincides with the evolution of terrestrial vertebrates and of aldosterone synthesis. It was perhaps mandatory if the appearance of aldosterone as a specific mediator of the homeostatic salt retention was to be tolerated. The conformational changes also provide insights into the structural basis of agonism versus antagonism in steroid receptors with potential implications for drug design in this important therapeutic target.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter J Fuller
- Centre for Endocrinology and Metabolism, Hudson Institute of Medical Research, Clayton, VIC 3168, Australia;
- Department of Molecular Translational Science, Monash University, Clayton, VIC 3168, Australia
| | - Yi-Zhou Yao
- Centre for Endocrinology and Metabolism, Hudson Institute of Medical Research, Clayton, VIC 3168, Australia
- Department of Molecular Translational Science, Monash University, Clayton, VIC 3168, Australia
| | - Ruitao Jin
- La Trobe Institute for Molecular Science, La Trobe University, Melbourne, VIC 3086, Australia
| | - Sitong He
- La Trobe Institute for Molecular Science, La Trobe University, Melbourne, VIC 3086, Australia
| | - Beatriz Martín-Fernández
- Centre for Endocrinology and Metabolism, Hudson Institute of Medical Research, Clayton, VIC 3168, Australia
- Department of Molecular Translational Science, Monash University, Clayton, VIC 3168, Australia
| | - Morag J Young
- Centre for Endocrinology and Metabolism, Hudson Institute of Medical Research, Clayton, VIC 3168, Australia
- Department of Molecular Translational Science, Monash University, Clayton, VIC 3168, Australia
| | - Brian J Smith
- La Trobe Institute for Molecular Science, La Trobe University, Melbourne, VIC 3086, Australia
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6
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Le Billan F, Amazit L, Bleakley K, Xue QY, Pussard E, Lhadj C, Kolkhof P, Viengchareun S, Fagart J, Lombès M. Corticosteroid receptors adopt distinct cyclical transcriptional signatures. FASEB J 2018; 32:5626-5639. [PMID: 29733691 DOI: 10.1096/fj.201800391rr] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Mineralocorticoid receptors (MRs) and glucocorticoid receptors (GRs) are two closely related hormone-activated transcription factors that regulate major pathophysiologic functions. High homology between these receptors accounts for the crossbinding of their corresponding ligands, MR being activated by both aldosterone and cortisol and GR essentially activated by cortisol. Their coexpression and ability to bind similar DNA motifs highlight the need to investigate their respective contributions to overall corticosteroid signaling. Here, we decipher the transcriptional regulatory mechanisms that underlie selective effects of MRs and GRs on shared genomic targets in a human renal cellular model. Kinetic, serial, and sequential chromatin immunoprecipitation approaches were performed on the period circadian protein 1 ( PER1) target gene, providing evidence that both receptors dynamically and cyclically interact at the same target promoter in a specific and distinct transcriptional signature. During this process, both receptors regulate PER1 gene by binding as homo- or heterodimers to the same promoter region. Our results suggest a novel level of MR-GR target gene regulation, which should be considered for a better and integrated understanding of corticosteroid-related pathophysiology.-Le Billan, F., Amazit, L., Bleakley, K., Xue, Q.-Y., Pussard, E., Lhadj, C., Kolkhof, P., Viengchareun, S., Fagart, J., Lombès, M. Corticosteroid receptors adopt distinct cyclical transcriptional signatures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Florian Le Billan
- INSERM, U1185, Le Kremlin-Bicêtre, France.,Université Paris-Sud, Université Paris-Saclay, Faculté de Médecine Paris-Sud, Unité Mixte de Recherche S1185, Le Kremlin-Bicêtre, France
| | - Larbi Amazit
- INSERM, U1185, Le Kremlin-Bicêtre, France.,Université Paris-Sud, Université Paris-Saclay, Faculté de Médecine Paris-Sud, Unité Mixte de Recherche S1185, Le Kremlin-Bicêtre, France.,Unité Mixte de Service 32, Institut Biomédical de Bicêtre, Le Kremlin-Bicêtre, France
| | - Kevin Bleakley
- Institut National de Recherche en Informatique et Automatique-Saclay, Palaiseau, France.,Département de Mathématiques d'Orsay, Orsay, France
| | - Qiong-Yao Xue
- INSERM, U1185, Le Kremlin-Bicêtre, France.,Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris (AP-HP), Hôpital de Bicêtre, Service de Génétique Moléculaire, Pharmacogénomique et Hormonologie, Le Kremlin Bicêtre, France
| | - Eric Pussard
- INSERM, U1185, Le Kremlin-Bicêtre, France.,Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris (AP-HP), Hôpital de Bicêtre, Service de Génétique Moléculaire, Pharmacogénomique et Hormonologie, Le Kremlin Bicêtre, France
| | - Christophe Lhadj
- INSERM, U1185, Le Kremlin-Bicêtre, France.,Université Paris-Sud, Université Paris-Saclay, Faculté de Médecine Paris-Sud, Unité Mixte de Recherche S1185, Le Kremlin-Bicêtre, France
| | - Peter Kolkhof
- Department of Cardiology Research, Bayer AG, Global Drug Discovery, Wuppertal, Germany
| | - Say Viengchareun
- INSERM, U1185, Le Kremlin-Bicêtre, France.,Université Paris-Sud, Université Paris-Saclay, Faculté de Médecine Paris-Sud, Unité Mixte de Recherche S1185, Le Kremlin-Bicêtre, France
| | - Jérôme Fagart
- INSERM, U1185, Le Kremlin-Bicêtre, France.,Université Paris-Sud, Université Paris-Saclay, Faculté de Médecine Paris-Sud, Unité Mixte de Recherche S1185, Le Kremlin-Bicêtre, France
| | - Marc Lombès
- INSERM, U1185, Le Kremlin-Bicêtre, France.,Université Paris-Sud, Université Paris-Saclay, Faculté de Médecine Paris-Sud, Unité Mixte de Recherche S1185, Le Kremlin-Bicêtre, France.,(AP-HP), Hôpital de Bicêtre, Service d'Endocrinologie et des Maladies de la Reproduction, Le Kremlin Bicêtre, France
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7
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Amazit L, Le Billan F, Kolkhof P, Lamribet K, Viengchareun S, Fay MR, Khan JA, Hillisch A, Lombès M, Rafestin-Oblin ME, Fagart J. Finerenone Impedes Aldosterone-dependent Nuclear Import of the Mineralocorticoid Receptor and Prevents Genomic Recruitment of Steroid Receptor Coactivator-1. J Biol Chem 2015. [PMID: 26203193 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m115.657957] [Citation(s) in RCA: 108] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Aldosterone regulates sodium homeostasis by activating the mineralocorticoid receptor (MR), a member of the nuclear receptor superfamily. Hyperaldosteronism leads todeleterious effects on the kidney, blood vessels, and heart. Although steroidal antagonists such as spironolactone and eplerenone are clinically useful for the treatment of cardiovascular diseases, they are associated with several side effects. Finerenone, a novel nonsteroidal MR antagonist, is presently being evaluated in two clinical phase IIb trials. Here, we characterized the molecular mechanisms of action of finerenone and spironolactone at several key steps of the MR signaling pathway. Molecular modeling and mutagenesis approaches allowed identification of Ser-810 and Ala-773 as key residues for the high MR selectivity of finerenone. Moreover, we showed that, in contrast to spironolactone, which activates the S810L mutant MR responsible for a severe form of early onset hypertension, finerenone displays strict antagonistic properties. Aldosterone-dependent phosphorylation and degradation of MR are inhibited by both finerenone and spironolactone. However, automated quantification of MR subcellular distribution demonstrated that finerenone delays aldosterone-induced nuclear accumulation of MR more efficiently than spironolactone. Finally, chromatin immunoprecipitation assays revealed that, as opposed to spironolactone, finerenone inhibits MR, steroid receptor coactivator-1, and RNA polymerase II binding at the regulatory sequence of the SCNN1A gene and also remarkably reduces basal MR and steroid receptor coactivator-1 recruitment, unraveling a specific and unrecognized inactivating mechanism on MR signaling. Overall, our data demonstrate that the highly potent and selective MR antagonist finerenone specifically impairs several critical steps of the MR signaling pathway and therefore represents a promising new generation MR antagonist.
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Affiliation(s)
- Larbi Amazit
- From the INSERM, UMR-S 1185, Le Kremlin-Bicêtre F-94276, France, the Faculté de Médecine Paris-Sud, Université Paris-Sud, UMR-S 1185, Le Kremlin-Bicêtre F-94276, France, UMS 32, Institut Biomédical de Bicêtre, Le Kremlin-Bicêtre F-94276, France
| | - Florian Le Billan
- From the INSERM, UMR-S 1185, Le Kremlin-Bicêtre F-94276, France, the Faculté de Médecine Paris-Sud, Université Paris-Sud, UMR-S 1185, Le Kremlin-Bicêtre F-94276, France
| | | | - Khadija Lamribet
- From the INSERM, UMR-S 1185, Le Kremlin-Bicêtre F-94276, France, the Faculté de Médecine Paris-Sud, Université Paris-Sud, UMR-S 1185, Le Kremlin-Bicêtre F-94276, France
| | - Say Viengchareun
- From the INSERM, UMR-S 1185, Le Kremlin-Bicêtre F-94276, France, the Faculté de Médecine Paris-Sud, Université Paris-Sud, UMR-S 1185, Le Kremlin-Bicêtre F-94276, France
| | - Michel R Fay
- INSERM U773, Centre de Recherche Biomédicale Bichat-Beaujon, CRB3, 75890 Paris, France, and the Université Paris-Denis Diderot, Site Bichat, Paris, France
| | - Junaid A Khan
- From the INSERM, UMR-S 1185, Le Kremlin-Bicêtre F-94276, France, the Faculté de Médecine Paris-Sud, Université Paris-Sud, UMR-S 1185, Le Kremlin-Bicêtre F-94276, France
| | - Alexander Hillisch
- Medicinal Chemistry, Bayer Pharma AG, Global Drug Discovery, 42113 Wuppertal, Germany
| | - Marc Lombès
- From the INSERM, UMR-S 1185, Le Kremlin-Bicêtre F-94276, France, the Faculté de Médecine Paris-Sud, Université Paris-Sud, UMR-S 1185, Le Kremlin-Bicêtre F-94276, France
| | - Marie-Edith Rafestin-Oblin
- INSERM U773, Centre de Recherche Biomédicale Bichat-Beaujon, CRB3, 75890 Paris, France, and the Université Paris-Denis Diderot, Site Bichat, Paris, France
| | - Jérôme Fagart
- From the INSERM, UMR-S 1185, Le Kremlin-Bicêtre F-94276, France, the Faculté de Médecine Paris-Sud, Université Paris-Sud, UMR-S 1185, Le Kremlin-Bicêtre F-94276, France, INSERM U773, Centre de Recherche Biomédicale Bichat-Beaujon, CRB3, 75890 Paris, France, and the Université Paris-Denis Diderot, Site Bichat, Paris, France
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Aldosterone and the mineralocorticoid receptor contribute to resistant hypertension and cardiovascular mortality, and mineralocorticoid receptor antagonists effectively reduce these complications. Their use is limited in certain populations with a higher risk of hyperkalemia or renal dysfunction. This review will highlight recent developments in extra-renal mineralocorticoid receptor research and the development of novel mineralocorticoid receptor antagonists. RECENT FINDINGS Tissue-specific knockout-out models provide definitive evidence that the vascular mineralocorticoid receptor directly contributes to hypertension and vascular remodeling, independent of renal effects. Several nonsteroidal mineralocorticoid receptor antagonists are in preclinical development or early-stage clinical trials. Several nonsteroidal mineralocorticoid receptor antagonists have demonstrated preserved cardiovascular benefit with a reduced incidence of hyperkalemia in preclinical studies. SUMMARY Novel, potent nonsteroidal mineralocorticoid receptor antagonists are in development, although their effect on cardiovascular and adverse drug events requires further investigation.
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9
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Huyet J, Pinon GM, Fay MR, Rafestin-Oblin ME, Fagart J. Structural determinants of ligand binding to the mineralocorticoid receptor. Mol Cell Endocrinol 2012; 350:187-95. [PMID: 21820032 DOI: 10.1016/j.mce.2011.07.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2011] [Revised: 07/15/2011] [Accepted: 07/17/2011] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
The first and critical step in the mechanism of aldosterone action is its binding to the mineralocorticoid receptor (MR), a member of the nuclear receptor superfamily. Over the last 40 years, numerous studies have attempted to determine the structural determinants of ligand-binding to MR. An initial set of data showed that hsp90 is bound to the receptor via specific regions and maintains it in a ligand-binding competent state. Site-directed mutagenesis and functional studies guided by a 3D model of the MR ligand-binding domain (LBD) made it possible to identify the residues responsible for the high affinity and selectivity for aldosterone, and to characterize the mechanisms of MR activation and inactivation. The recent determination of the X-ray crystal structures of the LBD of the wild-type MR and MR(S810L), which is responsible for a familial form of hypertension, has made it possible to elucidate the peculiar mechanism of activation of MR(S810L) and established a clear structure/activity relationship for steroidal and non-steroidal MR antagonists.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica Huyet
- INSERM U773, Centre de Recherche Biomédicale Bichat-Beaujon, CRB3, Paris, France
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Keller-Wood M, Wood CE, McCartney J, Jesse NM, Perrone D. A role for mineralocorticoid receptors in the physiology of the ovine fetus: effects on ACTH and lung liquid composition. Pediatr Res 2011; 69:491-6. [PMID: 21378597 PMCID: PMC3132803 DOI: 10.1203/pdr.0b013e318217f4cf] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
In the human and ovine fetus, the presence of 11β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase 1 allows cortisol and other corticosteroids to act at mineralocorticoid receptors (MRs) in lung and brain. To test the physiologic role of MRs in the late gestation fetus, fetal lambs were infused with a specific MR antagonist for 12 h. Infusion of the MR antagonist significantly increased plasma ACTH and cortisol concentrations. Infusion of the MR antagonist also significantly increased fetal Pco2 and hematocrit, and decreased fetal pH, but did not alter fetal heart rate or blood pressure. Infusion of the MR antagonist altered the ratio of Na⁺ to K⁺ in lung fluid but did not alter the rate of production of lung liquid or the expression of the epithelial sodium channel α or of the Na,K ATPaseα1 in lung. These results suggest that corticosteroids act at MR to regulate ACTH and blood volume and modulate lung fluid composition in the fetus, but basal levels of corticosteroids do not alter lung liquid production rate through effects on MR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maureen Keller-Wood
- Department of Pharmacodynamics, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida 32610, USA.
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11
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Fagart J, Hillisch A, Huyet J, Bärfacker L, Fay M, Pleiss U, Pook E, Schäfer S, Rafestin-Oblin ME, Kolkhof P. A new mode of mineralocorticoid receptor antagonism by a potent and selective nonsteroidal molecule. J Biol Chem 2010; 285:29932-40. [PMID: 20650892 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m110.131342] [Citation(s) in RCA: 142] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Limitations of current steroidal mineralocorticoid receptor (MR) antagonists have stimulated the search for a new generation of molecules. We screened for novel nonsteroidal compounds and identified MR antagonists derived from the chemical class of dihydropyridines. Chemical optimization resulted in BR-4628, which displays high in vitro and in vivo MR potency as well as selectivity with respect to the other steroid hormone receptors and the L-type calcium channel. Biochemical studies demonstrated that BR-4628 forms complexes with MR that do not promote the recruitment of transcriptional co-regulators. Docking experiments, using the crystal structure of the MR ligand-binding domain in an agonist conformation, revealed that BR-4628 accommodates in the MR ligand-binding cavity differently in comparison with the classical steroidal MR antagonists. An alanine scanning mutagenesis approach, based on BR-4628 docking, allowed identifying its anchoring mode within the ligand-binding cavity. Altogether, we propose that BR-4628 is a bulky antagonist that inactivates MR through a passive mechanism. It represents the prototype of a new class of MR antagonists.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jérôme Fagart
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Bayer Schering Pharma AG, Global Drug Discovery, 42096 Wuppertal, Germany
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Association of a mineralocorticoid receptor gene polymorphism with hypertension in a Spanish population. Am J Hypertens 2009; 22:649-55. [PMID: 19325532 DOI: 10.1038/ajh.2009.39] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND To assess the association of polymorphisms and haplotypes of the mineralocorticoid receptor (MR) (NR3C2) gene to the risk of essential hypertension (HTN) in a Spanish population. METHODS This is a population-based study which included 1,502 subjects (748 women) >18 years old. Twenty-four polymorphisms of NR3C2 gene were analyzed by using SNPlex (Genotyping System based on OLA/PCR technology). RESULTS Alleles of the single-nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) rs5522 were significantly associated with the risk of HTN, both in the recessive and codominant models adjusted by age, gender, and body mass index (BMI). Genotype GG of the rs5522 showed to be protective against HTN odds ratio (OR) 0.10 (0.02-0.56), P < 0.01. One haplotype, which included the G allele of the rs5522, was also associated with reduced risk of HTN and four haplotypes which included the A allele were associated with increased risk of HTN. When the 24-h urinary sodium excretion and the estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) were added, they did not reduce the significance level. Interaction between genotypes of the rs5522 and quartiles of 24-h sodium excretion has been observed. In subjects with the AA genotype, those with higher urinary sodium excretion had the lowest risk to be hypertensive. CONCLUSION A functional polymorphism of the NR3C2 gene was associated with risk of HTN. The data provided in this study seems to give credit to the hypothesis of the participation of MR gene in the development of HTN, although further studies are necessary to better assess its real impact.
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Huyet J, Pinon GM, Fay MR, Fagart J, Rafestin-Oblin ME. Structural Basis of Spirolactone Recognition by the Mineralocorticoid Receptor. Mol Pharmacol 2007; 72:563-71. [PMID: 17569793 DOI: 10.1124/mol.107.036459] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Spirolactones are potent antagonists of the mineralocorticoid receptor (MR), a ligand-induced transcription factor belonging to the nuclear receptor superfamily. Spirolactones are synthetic molecules characterized by the presence of a C17 gamma-lactone, which is responsible for their antagonist character. They harbor various substituents at several positions of the steroid skeleton that modulate their potency in ways that remain to be determined. This is particularly obvious for C7 substituents. The instability of antagonist-MR complexes makes them difficult to crystallize. We took advantage of the S810L activating mutation in MR (MR(S810L)), which increases the stability of ligand-MR complexes to crystallize the ligand-binding domain (LBD) of MR(S810L) associated with 7alpha-acetylthio-17beta-hydroxy-3-oxopregn-4-en-21-carboxylic acid gamma-lactone (SC9420), a spirolactone with a C7 thioacetyl group. The crystal structure makes it possible to identify the contacts between SC9420 and MR and to elucidate the role of Met852 in the mode of accommodation of the C7 substituent of SC9420. The transactivation activities of MR(S810L/Q776A), MR(S810L/R817A), and MR(S810L/N770A) reveal that the contacts between SC9420 and the Gln776 and Arg817 residues are crucial to maintaining MR(S810L) in its active state, whereas the contact between SC9420 and the Asn770 residue contributes only to the high affinity of SC9420 for MR. Moreover, docking experiments with other C7-substituted spirolactones revealed that the MR(S810L)-activating potency of spirolactones is linked to the ability of their C7 substituent to be accommodated in LBD. It is remarkable that the MR(S810L)-activating and MR(WT)-inactivating potencies of the C7-substituted spirolactones follow the same order, suggesting that the C7 substituent is accommodated in the same way in MR(S810L) and MR(WT). Thus, the MR(S810L) structure may provide a powerful tool for designing new, more effective, MR antagonists.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica Huyet
- INSERM U773, Centre de Recherche Biomédicale Bichat-Beaujon, Paris, France
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