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Kukucka T, Ferencova N, Visnovcova Z, Ondrejka I, Hrtanek I, Kovacova V, Macejova A, Mlyncekova Z, Tonhajzerova I. Mechanisms Involved in the Link between Depression, Antidepressant Treatment, and Associated Weight Change. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:4511. [PMID: 38674096 PMCID: PMC11050075 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25084511] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2024] [Revised: 04/17/2024] [Accepted: 04/18/2024] [Indexed: 04/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Major depressive disorder is a severe mood disorder associated with a marked decrease in quality of life and social functioning, accompanied by a risk of suicidal behavior. Therefore, seeking out and adhering to effective treatment is of great personal and society-wide importance. Weight changes associated with antidepressant therapy are often cited as the reason for treatment withdrawal and thus are an important topic of interest. There indeed exists a significant mechanistic overlap between depression, antidepressant treatment, and the regulation of appetite and body weight. The suggested pathomechanisms include the abnormal functioning of the homeostatic (mostly humoral) and hedonic (mostly dopaminergic) circuits of appetite regulation, as well as causing neuromorphological and neurophysiological changes underlying the development of depressive disorder. However, this issue is still extensively discussed. This review aims to summarize mechanisms linked to depression and antidepressant therapy in the context of weight change.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomas Kukucka
- Clinic of Psychiatry, Jessenius Faculty of Medicine in Martin, Comenius University in Bratislava, University Hospital Martin, 03659 Martin, Slovakia; (T.K.); (I.O.); (I.H.); (V.K.); (A.M.); (Z.M.)
| | - Nikola Ferencova
- Biomedical Centre Martin, Jessenius Faculty of Medicine in Martin, Comenius University in Bratislava, 03601 Martin, Slovakia; (N.F.); (Z.V.)
| | - Zuzana Visnovcova
- Biomedical Centre Martin, Jessenius Faculty of Medicine in Martin, Comenius University in Bratislava, 03601 Martin, Slovakia; (N.F.); (Z.V.)
| | - Igor Ondrejka
- Clinic of Psychiatry, Jessenius Faculty of Medicine in Martin, Comenius University in Bratislava, University Hospital Martin, 03659 Martin, Slovakia; (T.K.); (I.O.); (I.H.); (V.K.); (A.M.); (Z.M.)
| | - Igor Hrtanek
- Clinic of Psychiatry, Jessenius Faculty of Medicine in Martin, Comenius University in Bratislava, University Hospital Martin, 03659 Martin, Slovakia; (T.K.); (I.O.); (I.H.); (V.K.); (A.M.); (Z.M.)
| | - Veronika Kovacova
- Clinic of Psychiatry, Jessenius Faculty of Medicine in Martin, Comenius University in Bratislava, University Hospital Martin, 03659 Martin, Slovakia; (T.K.); (I.O.); (I.H.); (V.K.); (A.M.); (Z.M.)
| | - Andrea Macejova
- Clinic of Psychiatry, Jessenius Faculty of Medicine in Martin, Comenius University in Bratislava, University Hospital Martin, 03659 Martin, Slovakia; (T.K.); (I.O.); (I.H.); (V.K.); (A.M.); (Z.M.)
| | - Zuzana Mlyncekova
- Clinic of Psychiatry, Jessenius Faculty of Medicine in Martin, Comenius University in Bratislava, University Hospital Martin, 03659 Martin, Slovakia; (T.K.); (I.O.); (I.H.); (V.K.); (A.M.); (Z.M.)
| | - Ingrid Tonhajzerova
- Department of Physiology, Jessenius Faculty of Medicine in Martin, Comenius University in Bratislava, 03601 Martin, Slovakia
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Niveta JPS, John CM, Arockiasamy S. Monoamine oxidase mediated oxidative stress: a potential molecular and biochemical crux in the pathogenesis of obesity. Mol Biol Rep 2023; 51:29. [PMID: 38142252 DOI: 10.1007/s11033-023-08938-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2023] [Accepted: 11/14/2023] [Indexed: 12/25/2023]
Abstract
Obesity has become a global health concern with an increasing prevalence as years pass by but the researchers have not come to a consensus on the exact pathophysiological mechanism underlying this disease. In the past three decades, Monoamine Oxidases (MAO), has come into limelight for a possible involvement in orchestrating the genesis of obesity but the exact mechanism is not well elucidated. MAO is essentially an enzyme involved in the catabolism of neurotransmitters and other biogenic amines to form a corresponding aldehyde, hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) and ammonia. This review aims to highlight the repercussions of MAO's catabolic activity on the redox balance, carbohydrate metabolism and lipid metabolism of adipocytes which ultimately leads to obesity. The H2O2 produced by these enzymes seems to be the culprit causing oxidative stress in pre-adipocytes and goes on to mimic insulin's activity independent of its presence via the Protein Kinase B Pathway facilitating glucose influx. The H2O2 activates Sterol regulatory-element binding protein-1c and peroxisome proliferator activated receptor gamma crucial for encoding enzymes like fatty acid synthase, acetyl CoA carboxylase 1, Adenosine triphosphate-citrate lyase, phosphoenol pyruvate carboxykinase etc., which helps promoting lipogenesis at the same time inhibits lipolysis. More reactive oxygen species production occurs via NADPH Oxidases enzymes and is also able activate Nuclear Factor kappa B leading to inflammation in the adipocyte microenvironment. This chronic inflammation is the seed for insulin resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- J P Shirley Niveta
- Sri Ramachandra Institute of Higher Education and Research, Chennai, India
| | - Cordelia Mano John
- Sri Ramachandra Institute of Higher Education and Research, Chennai, India
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Miao YD, Quan WX, Dong X, Gan J, Ji CF, Wang JT, Zhang F. Prognosis-related metabolic genes in the development of colorectal cancer progress and perspective. Gene 2023; 862:147263. [PMID: 36758843 DOI: 10.1016/j.gene.2023.147263] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2022] [Revised: 01/30/2023] [Accepted: 02/06/2023] [Indexed: 02/10/2023]
Abstract
Colorectal cancer (CRC) is one of the most commonplace malignant tumors in the world. The occurrence and development of CRC are involved in numerous events. Metabolic reprogramming is one of the hallmarks of cancer and is convoluted and associated with carcinogenesis. Lots of metabolic genes are involved in the occurrence and progression of CRC. Study methods combining tumor genomics and metabolomics are more likely to explore this field in depth. In this mini-review, we make the latest progress and future prospects into the different molecular mechanisms of seven prognosis-related metabolic genes, we screened out in previous research, involved in the occurrence and development of CRC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan-Dong Miao
- The Cancer Center, Yantai Affiliated Hospital of Binzhou Medical University, The 2nd Medical College of Binzhou Medical University, Yantai 264100, China
| | - Wu-Xia Quan
- Yantai Affiliated Hospital of Binzhou Medical University, The 2nd Medical College of Binzhou Medical University, Yantai 264100, China
| | - Xin Dong
- The Cancer Center, Yantai Affiliated Hospital of Binzhou Medical University, The 2nd Medical College of Binzhou Medical University, Yantai 264100, China
| | - Jian Gan
- Department of Gastroenterology, Yantai Affiliated Hospital of Binzhou Medical University, The 2nd Medical College of Binzhou Medical University, Yantai 264100, China
| | - Cui-Feng Ji
- Yantai Affiliated Hospital of Binzhou Medical University, The 2nd Medical College of Binzhou Medical University, Yantai 264100, China
| | - Jiang-Tao Wang
- Department of Thyroid and Breast Surgery, Yantai Affiliated Hospital of Binzhou Medical University, The 2nd Medical College of Binzhou Medical University, Yantai 264100, China
| | - Fang Zhang
- The Cancer Center, Yantai Affiliated Hospital of Binzhou Medical University, The 2nd Medical College of Binzhou Medical University, Yantai 264100, China.
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Hao YF, Qin SW, Yang L, Jiang JG, Zhu W. Marmin from the blossoms of Citrus maxima (Burm.) Merr. exerts lipid-lowering effect via inducing 3T3-L1 preadipocyte apoptosis. J Funct Foods 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jff.2021.104513] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
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Gill H, Gill B, El-Halabi S, Chen-Li D, Lipsitz O, Rosenblat JD, Van Rheenen TE, Rodrigues NB, Mansur RB, Majeed A, Lui LMW, Nasri F, Lee Y, Mcintyre RS. Antidepressant Medications and Weight Change: A Narrative Review. Obesity (Silver Spring) 2020; 28:2064-2072. [PMID: 33022115 DOI: 10.1002/oby.22969] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2020] [Revised: 05/25/2020] [Accepted: 06/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Antidepressant medications are the first-line treatment option for moderate to severe major depressive disorder. However, most antidepressants have numerous documented adverse events, including cardiometabolic effects and weight gain, which are major public health concerns. Antidepressant agents provide varying risk of associated weight gain, including significant within-class differences. Some agents, such as mirtazapine, show significant levels of weight gain, while others, such as bupropion, demonstrate weight-loss effects. Current findings suggest the role of histamine and serotonin off-target appetite-promoting pathways in adverse weight-gain effects. Therefore, controlling for undesired weight effects is an important consideration for the selection of antidepressants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hartej Gill
- Mood Disorders Psychopharmacology Unit, Poul Hansen Family Centre for Depression, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Institute of Medical Science, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Barjot Gill
- Mood Disorders Psychopharmacology Unit, Poul Hansen Family Centre for Depression, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Sabine El-Halabi
- Mood Disorders Psychopharmacology Unit, Poul Hansen Family Centre for Depression, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - David Chen-Li
- Mood Disorders Psychopharmacology Unit, Poul Hansen Family Centre for Depression, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Orly Lipsitz
- Mood Disorders Psychopharmacology Unit, Poul Hansen Family Centre for Depression, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Joshua Daniel Rosenblat
- Mood Disorders Psychopharmacology Unit, Poul Hansen Family Centre for Depression, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Brain and Cognition Discovery Foundation, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Tamsyn E Van Rheenen
- Melbourne Neuropsychiatry Centre, Department of Psychiatry, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
- Centre for Mental Health, Faculty of Health, Arts and Design, School of Health Sciences, Swinburne University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Nelson B Rodrigues
- Mood Disorders Psychopharmacology Unit, Poul Hansen Family Centre for Depression, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Rodrigo B Mansur
- Mood Disorders Psychopharmacology Unit, Poul Hansen Family Centre for Depression, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Amna Majeed
- Mood Disorders Psychopharmacology Unit, Poul Hansen Family Centre for Depression, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Leanna M W Lui
- Mood Disorders Psychopharmacology Unit, Poul Hansen Family Centre for Depression, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Flora Nasri
- Mood Disorders Psychopharmacology Unit, Poul Hansen Family Centre for Depression, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Yena Lee
- Mood Disorders Psychopharmacology Unit, Poul Hansen Family Centre for Depression, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Institute of Medical Science, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Roger S Mcintyre
- Mood Disorders Psychopharmacology Unit, Poul Hansen Family Centre for Depression, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Institute of Medical Science, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Brain and Cognition Discovery Foundation, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
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Jargaud V, Bour S, Tercé F, Collet X, Valet P, Bouloumié A, Guillemot JC, Mauriège P, Jalkanen S, Stolen C, Salmi M, Smith DJ, Carpéné C. Obesity of mice lacking VAP-1/SSAO by Aoc3 gene deletion is reproduced in mice expressing a mutated vascular adhesion protein-1 (VAP-1) devoid of amine oxidase activity. J Physiol Biochem 2020; 77:141-154. [PMID: 32712883 DOI: 10.1007/s13105-020-00756-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2019] [Accepted: 06/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
The product of Aoc3 gene is known as vascular adhesion protein-1 (VAP-1), a glycoprotein contributing to leukocyte extravasation and exhibiting semicarbazide-sensitive amine oxidase activity (SSAO). Regarding the immune functions of VAP-1/SSAO, it is known that mice bearing Aoc3 gene knock-out (AOC3KO) exhibit defects in leukocyte migration similar to those of mice expressing a mutated VAP-1 lacking functional SSAO activity (knock-in, AOC3KI). However, it has not been reported whether these models differ regarding other disturbances. Thus, we further compared endocrine-metabolic phenotypes of AOC3KO and AOC3KI mice to their respective control. Special attention was paid on adiposity, glucose and lipid handling, since VAP-1/SSAO is highly expressed in adipose tissue (AT). In both mouse lines, no tissue SSAO activity was found, while Aoc3 mRNA was absent in AOC3KO only. Although food consumption was unchanged, both AOC3KO and AOC3KI mice were heavier and fatter than their respective controls. Other alterations commonly found in adipocytes from both lines were loss of benzylamine insulin-like action with unchanged insulin lipogenic responsiveness and adiponectin expression. A similar downregulation of inflammatory markers (CD45, IL6) was found in AT. Glucose handling and liver mass remained unchanged, while circulating lipid profile was distinctly altered, with increased cholesterol in AOC3KO only. These results suggest that the lack of oxidase activity found in AOC3KI is sufficient to reproduce the metabolic disturbances observed in AOC3KO mice, save those related with cholesterol transport. Modulation of SSAO activity therefore constitutes a potential target for the treatment of cardiometabolic diseases, especially obesity when complicated by low-grade inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valentin Jargaud
- Institute of Metabolic and Cardiovascular Diseases, INSERM, UMR1048, Toulouse, France.,University of Toulouse, UMR1048, Paul Sabatier University, Toulouse, France.,Sanofi, Translational Sciences Unit, Chilly-Mazarin, France
| | - Sandy Bour
- Institute of Metabolic and Cardiovascular Diseases, INSERM, UMR1048, Toulouse, France.,University of Toulouse, UMR1048, Paul Sabatier University, Toulouse, France
| | - François Tercé
- Institute of Metabolic and Cardiovascular Diseases, INSERM, UMR1048, Toulouse, France.,University of Toulouse, UMR1048, Paul Sabatier University, Toulouse, France
| | - Xavier Collet
- Institute of Metabolic and Cardiovascular Diseases, INSERM, UMR1048, Toulouse, France.,University of Toulouse, UMR1048, Paul Sabatier University, Toulouse, France
| | - Philippe Valet
- Institute of Metabolic and Cardiovascular Diseases, INSERM, UMR1048, Toulouse, France.,University of Toulouse, UMR1048, Paul Sabatier University, Toulouse, France
| | - Anne Bouloumié
- Institute of Metabolic and Cardiovascular Diseases, INSERM, UMR1048, Toulouse, France.,University of Toulouse, UMR1048, Paul Sabatier University, Toulouse, France
| | | | - Pascale Mauriège
- Dept. of Kinesiology, Fac. of Medicine and PEPS, Laval University, Québec, Canada
| | - Sirpa Jalkanen
- MediCity and Institute of Biomedicine, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
| | - Craig Stolen
- MediCity and Biotie Therapies Plc, Turku, Finland
| | - Marko Salmi
- MediCity and Institute of Biomedicine, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
| | | | - Christian Carpéné
- Institute of Metabolic and Cardiovascular Diseases, INSERM, UMR1048, Toulouse, France. .,University of Toulouse, UMR1048, Paul Sabatier University, Toulouse, France.
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Carpéné C, Les F, Mercader J, Gomez-Zorita S, Grolleau JL, Boulet N, Fontaine J, Iglesias-Osma MC, Garcia-Barrado MJ. Opipramol Inhibits Lipolysis in Human Adipocytes without Altering Glucose Uptake and Differently from Antipsychotic and Antidepressant Drugs with Adverse Effects on Body Weight Control. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2020; 13:ph13030041. [PMID: 32151075 PMCID: PMC7151722 DOI: 10.3390/ph13030041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2020] [Revised: 02/27/2020] [Accepted: 03/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Treatment with several antipsychotic drugs exhibits a tendency to induce weight gain and diabetic complications. The proposed mechanisms by which the atypical antipsychotic drug olanzapine increases body weight include central dysregulations leading to hyperphagia and direct peripheral impairment of fat cell lipolysis. Several investigations have reproduced in vitro direct actions of antipsychotics on rodent adipocytes, cultured preadipocytes, or human adipose tissue-derived stem cells. However, to our knowledge, no such direct action has been described in human mature adipocytes. The aim of the present study was to compare in human adipocytes the putative direct alterations of lipolysis by antipsychotics (haloperidol, olanzapine, ziprazidone, risperidone), antidepressants (pargyline, phenelzine), or anxiolytics (opipramol). Lipolytic responses to the tested drugs, and to recognized lipolytic (e.g., isoprenaline) or antilipolytic agents (e.g., insulin) were determined, together with glucose transport and amine oxidase activities in abdominal subcutaneous adipocytes from individuals undergoing plastic surgery. None of the tested drugs were lipolytic. Surprisingly, only opipramol exhibited substantial antilipolytic properties in the micromolar to millimolar range. An opipramol antilipolytic effect was evident against isoprenaline-, forskolin-, or atrial natriuretic peptide-stimulated lipolysis. Opipramol did not impair insulin activation of glucose transport but inhibited monoamine oxidase (MAO) activity to the same extent as antidepressants recognized as MAO inhibitors (pargyline, harmine, or phenelzine), whereas antipsychotics were inefficient. Considering its unique properties, opipramol, which is not associated with weight gain in treated patients, is a good candidate for drug repurposing because it limits exaggerated lipolysis, prevents hydrogen peroxide release by amine oxidases in adipocytes, and is thereby of potential use to limit lipotoxicity and oxidative stress, two deleterious complications of diabetes and obesity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian Carpéné
- Institute of Metabolic and Cardiovascular Diseases, INSERM, UMR1048, Team 1, 31432 Toulouse, France; (N.B.); (J.F.)
- I2MC, University of Toulouse, UMR1048, Paul Sabatier University, 31432 Toulouse, France
- Correspondence:
| | - Francisco Les
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Health Sciences, Universidad San Jorge, 50830 Villanueva de Gállego Zaragoza, Spain;
- Instituto Agroalimentario de Aragón-IA2, CITA-Universidad de Zaragoza, 50013 Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Josep Mercader
- Department of Fundamental Biology and Health Sciences, University of the Balearic Islands, 07122 Palma, Spain;
- Balearic Islands Health Research Institute (IdISBa), 07120 Palma, Spain
| | - Saioa Gomez-Zorita
- Nutrition and Obesity Group, Department of Nutrition and Food Science, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU) and Lucio Lascaray Research Institute, 48940 Vitoria, Spain;
| | | | - Nathalie Boulet
- Institute of Metabolic and Cardiovascular Diseases, INSERM, UMR1048, Team 1, 31432 Toulouse, France; (N.B.); (J.F.)
- I2MC, University of Toulouse, UMR1048, Paul Sabatier University, 31432 Toulouse, France
| | - Jessica Fontaine
- Institute of Metabolic and Cardiovascular Diseases, INSERM, UMR1048, Team 1, 31432 Toulouse, France; (N.B.); (J.F.)
- I2MC, University of Toulouse, UMR1048, Paul Sabatier University, 31432 Toulouse, France
| | - Mari Carmen Iglesias-Osma
- Laboratory of Neuroendocrinology, Institute of Neurosciences of Castilla y León (INCyL), University of Salamanca, 37007 Salamanca, Spain; (M.C.I.-O.); (M.J.G.-B.)
- Laboratory of Neuroendocrinology and Obesity, Institute of Biomedical Research of Salamanca (IBSAL), University of Salamanca, 37007 Salamanca, Spain
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Salamanca, 37007 Salamanca, Spain
| | - Maria José Garcia-Barrado
- Laboratory of Neuroendocrinology, Institute of Neurosciences of Castilla y León (INCyL), University of Salamanca, 37007 Salamanca, Spain; (M.C.I.-O.); (M.J.G.-B.)
- Laboratory of Neuroendocrinology and Obesity, Institute of Biomedical Research of Salamanca (IBSAL), University of Salamanca, 37007 Salamanca, Spain
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Salamanca, 37007 Salamanca, Spain
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Mercader J, Sabater AG, Le Gonidec S, Decaunes P, Chaplin A, Gómez-Zorita S, Milagro FI, Carpéné C. Oral Phenelzine Treatment Mitigates Metabolic Disturbances in Mice Fed a High-Fat Diet. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 2019; 371:555-566. [PMID: 31270215 DOI: 10.1124/jpet.119.259895] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2019] [Accepted: 07/01/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Novel mechanisms and health benefits have been recently suggested for the antidepressant drug phenelzine (PHE), known as a nonselective monoamine oxidase inhibitor. They include an antilipogenic action that could have an impact on excessive fat accumulation and obesity-related metabolic alterations. We evaluated the metabolic effects of an oral PHE treatment on mice fed a high-fat diet (HFD). Eleven-week-old male C57BL/6 mice were fed a HFD and either a 0.028% PHE solution (HFD + PHE) or water to drink for 11 weeks. PHE attenuated the increase in body weight and adiposity without affecting food consumption. Energy efficiency was lower in HFD + PHE mice. Lipid content was reduced in subcutaneous fat pads, liver, and skeletal muscle. In white adipose tissue (WAT), PHE reduced sterol regulatory element-binding protein-1c and phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase mRNA levels, inhibited amine-induced lipogenesis, and did not increase lipolysis. Moreover, HFD + PHE mice presented diminished levels of hydrogen peroxide release in subcutaneous WAT and reduced expression of leukocyte transmigration markers and proinflammatory cytokines in visceral WAT and liver. PHE reduced the circulating levels of glycerol, triacylglycerols, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol, and insulin. Insulin resistance was reduced, without affecting glucose levels and glucose tolerance. In contrast, PHE increased rectal temperature and slightly increased energy expenditure. The mitigation of HFD-induced metabolic disturbances points toward a promising role for PHE in obesity treatment and encourages further research on its mechanisms of action. SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT: Phenelzine reduces body fat, markers of oxidative stress, inflammation, and insulin resistance in high-fat diet mice. Semicarbazide-sensitive amine oxidase, monoamine oxidase, phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase, and sterol regulatory element-binding protein-1c are involved in the metabolic effects of phenelzine. Phenelzine could be potentially used for the treatment of obesity-related complications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Josep Mercader
- Balearic Islands Health Research Institute, Palma de Mallorca, Spain (J.M.); Department of Fundamental Biology and Health Sciences, University of Balearic Islands (UIB), Palma de Mallorca, Spain (J.M.); Alimentómica, S.L., Spin-off from UIB, Palma de Mallorca, Spain (A.G.S.); Institute of Metabolic and Cardiovascular Diseases, INSERM, UMR1048, Teams 1 & 3, Toulouse, France (C.C., S.L.G., P.D.); I2MC, University of Toulouse, UMR1048, Paul Sabatier University, Toulouse Cedex 4, France (C.C., S.L.G., P.D.); Cardiovascular Research Institute, School of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio (A.C.); Nutrition and Obesity Group, Department of Nutrition and Food Science, University of the Basque Country and Lucio Lascaray Research Institute, Vitoria, Spain (S.G.-Z.); CIBERobn Physiopathology of Obesity and Nutrition, Institute of Health Carlos III, Madrid, Spain (S.G.-Z., F.I.M.); Department of Nutrition, Food Science, and Physiology, University of Navarra, Pamplona, Spain (F.I.M.); and Centre for Nutrition Research, University of Navarra, Pamplona, Spain (F.I.M.)
| | - Agustín G Sabater
- Balearic Islands Health Research Institute, Palma de Mallorca, Spain (J.M.); Department of Fundamental Biology and Health Sciences, University of Balearic Islands (UIB), Palma de Mallorca, Spain (J.M.); Alimentómica, S.L., Spin-off from UIB, Palma de Mallorca, Spain (A.G.S.); Institute of Metabolic and Cardiovascular Diseases, INSERM, UMR1048, Teams 1 & 3, Toulouse, France (C.C., S.L.G., P.D.); I2MC, University of Toulouse, UMR1048, Paul Sabatier University, Toulouse Cedex 4, France (C.C., S.L.G., P.D.); Cardiovascular Research Institute, School of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio (A.C.); Nutrition and Obesity Group, Department of Nutrition and Food Science, University of the Basque Country and Lucio Lascaray Research Institute, Vitoria, Spain (S.G.-Z.); CIBERobn Physiopathology of Obesity and Nutrition, Institute of Health Carlos III, Madrid, Spain (S.G.-Z., F.I.M.); Department of Nutrition, Food Science, and Physiology, University of Navarra, Pamplona, Spain (F.I.M.); and Centre for Nutrition Research, University of Navarra, Pamplona, Spain (F.I.M.)
| | - Sophie Le Gonidec
- Balearic Islands Health Research Institute, Palma de Mallorca, Spain (J.M.); Department of Fundamental Biology and Health Sciences, University of Balearic Islands (UIB), Palma de Mallorca, Spain (J.M.); Alimentómica, S.L., Spin-off from UIB, Palma de Mallorca, Spain (A.G.S.); Institute of Metabolic and Cardiovascular Diseases, INSERM, UMR1048, Teams 1 & 3, Toulouse, France (C.C., S.L.G., P.D.); I2MC, University of Toulouse, UMR1048, Paul Sabatier University, Toulouse Cedex 4, France (C.C., S.L.G., P.D.); Cardiovascular Research Institute, School of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio (A.C.); Nutrition and Obesity Group, Department of Nutrition and Food Science, University of the Basque Country and Lucio Lascaray Research Institute, Vitoria, Spain (S.G.-Z.); CIBERobn Physiopathology of Obesity and Nutrition, Institute of Health Carlos III, Madrid, Spain (S.G.-Z., F.I.M.); Department of Nutrition, Food Science, and Physiology, University of Navarra, Pamplona, Spain (F.I.M.); and Centre for Nutrition Research, University of Navarra, Pamplona, Spain (F.I.M.)
| | - Pauline Decaunes
- Balearic Islands Health Research Institute, Palma de Mallorca, Spain (J.M.); Department of Fundamental Biology and Health Sciences, University of Balearic Islands (UIB), Palma de Mallorca, Spain (J.M.); Alimentómica, S.L., Spin-off from UIB, Palma de Mallorca, Spain (A.G.S.); Institute of Metabolic and Cardiovascular Diseases, INSERM, UMR1048, Teams 1 & 3, Toulouse, France (C.C., S.L.G., P.D.); I2MC, University of Toulouse, UMR1048, Paul Sabatier University, Toulouse Cedex 4, France (C.C., S.L.G., P.D.); Cardiovascular Research Institute, School of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio (A.C.); Nutrition and Obesity Group, Department of Nutrition and Food Science, University of the Basque Country and Lucio Lascaray Research Institute, Vitoria, Spain (S.G.-Z.); CIBERobn Physiopathology of Obesity and Nutrition, Institute of Health Carlos III, Madrid, Spain (S.G.-Z., F.I.M.); Department of Nutrition, Food Science, and Physiology, University of Navarra, Pamplona, Spain (F.I.M.); and Centre for Nutrition Research, University of Navarra, Pamplona, Spain (F.I.M.)
| | - Alice Chaplin
- Balearic Islands Health Research Institute, Palma de Mallorca, Spain (J.M.); Department of Fundamental Biology and Health Sciences, University of Balearic Islands (UIB), Palma de Mallorca, Spain (J.M.); Alimentómica, S.L., Spin-off from UIB, Palma de Mallorca, Spain (A.G.S.); Institute of Metabolic and Cardiovascular Diseases, INSERM, UMR1048, Teams 1 & 3, Toulouse, France (C.C., S.L.G., P.D.); I2MC, University of Toulouse, UMR1048, Paul Sabatier University, Toulouse Cedex 4, France (C.C., S.L.G., P.D.); Cardiovascular Research Institute, School of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio (A.C.); Nutrition and Obesity Group, Department of Nutrition and Food Science, University of the Basque Country and Lucio Lascaray Research Institute, Vitoria, Spain (S.G.-Z.); CIBERobn Physiopathology of Obesity and Nutrition, Institute of Health Carlos III, Madrid, Spain (S.G.-Z., F.I.M.); Department of Nutrition, Food Science, and Physiology, University of Navarra, Pamplona, Spain (F.I.M.); and Centre for Nutrition Research, University of Navarra, Pamplona, Spain (F.I.M.)
| | - Saioa Gómez-Zorita
- Balearic Islands Health Research Institute, Palma de Mallorca, Spain (J.M.); Department of Fundamental Biology and Health Sciences, University of Balearic Islands (UIB), Palma de Mallorca, Spain (J.M.); Alimentómica, S.L., Spin-off from UIB, Palma de Mallorca, Spain (A.G.S.); Institute of Metabolic and Cardiovascular Diseases, INSERM, UMR1048, Teams 1 & 3, Toulouse, France (C.C., S.L.G., P.D.); I2MC, University of Toulouse, UMR1048, Paul Sabatier University, Toulouse Cedex 4, France (C.C., S.L.G., P.D.); Cardiovascular Research Institute, School of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio (A.C.); Nutrition and Obesity Group, Department of Nutrition and Food Science, University of the Basque Country and Lucio Lascaray Research Institute, Vitoria, Spain (S.G.-Z.); CIBERobn Physiopathology of Obesity and Nutrition, Institute of Health Carlos III, Madrid, Spain (S.G.-Z., F.I.M.); Department of Nutrition, Food Science, and Physiology, University of Navarra, Pamplona, Spain (F.I.M.); and Centre for Nutrition Research, University of Navarra, Pamplona, Spain (F.I.M.)
| | - Fermín I Milagro
- Balearic Islands Health Research Institute, Palma de Mallorca, Spain (J.M.); Department of Fundamental Biology and Health Sciences, University of Balearic Islands (UIB), Palma de Mallorca, Spain (J.M.); Alimentómica, S.L., Spin-off from UIB, Palma de Mallorca, Spain (A.G.S.); Institute of Metabolic and Cardiovascular Diseases, INSERM, UMR1048, Teams 1 & 3, Toulouse, France (C.C., S.L.G., P.D.); I2MC, University of Toulouse, UMR1048, Paul Sabatier University, Toulouse Cedex 4, France (C.C., S.L.G., P.D.); Cardiovascular Research Institute, School of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio (A.C.); Nutrition and Obesity Group, Department of Nutrition and Food Science, University of the Basque Country and Lucio Lascaray Research Institute, Vitoria, Spain (S.G.-Z.); CIBERobn Physiopathology of Obesity and Nutrition, Institute of Health Carlos III, Madrid, Spain (S.G.-Z., F.I.M.); Department of Nutrition, Food Science, and Physiology, University of Navarra, Pamplona, Spain (F.I.M.); and Centre for Nutrition Research, University of Navarra, Pamplona, Spain (F.I.M.)
| | - Christian Carpéné
- Balearic Islands Health Research Institute, Palma de Mallorca, Spain (J.M.); Department of Fundamental Biology and Health Sciences, University of Balearic Islands (UIB), Palma de Mallorca, Spain (J.M.); Alimentómica, S.L., Spin-off from UIB, Palma de Mallorca, Spain (A.G.S.); Institute of Metabolic and Cardiovascular Diseases, INSERM, UMR1048, Teams 1 & 3, Toulouse, France (C.C., S.L.G., P.D.); I2MC, University of Toulouse, UMR1048, Paul Sabatier University, Toulouse Cedex 4, France (C.C., S.L.G., P.D.); Cardiovascular Research Institute, School of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio (A.C.); Nutrition and Obesity Group, Department of Nutrition and Food Science, University of the Basque Country and Lucio Lascaray Research Institute, Vitoria, Spain (S.G.-Z.); CIBERobn Physiopathology of Obesity and Nutrition, Institute of Health Carlos III, Madrid, Spain (S.G.-Z., F.I.M.); Department of Nutrition, Food Science, and Physiology, University of Navarra, Pamplona, Spain (F.I.M.); and Centre for Nutrition Research, University of Navarra, Pamplona, Spain (F.I.M.)
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9
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Carpéné C, Boulet N, Chaplin A, Mercader J. Past, Present and Future Anti-Obesity Effects of Flavin-Containing and/or Copper-Containing Amine Oxidase Inhibitors. MEDICINES (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2019; 6:E9. [PMID: 30650583 PMCID: PMC6473341 DOI: 10.3390/medicines6010009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2018] [Revised: 01/10/2019] [Accepted: 01/11/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Background: Two classes of amine oxidases are found in mammals: those with a flavin adenine dinucleotide as a cofactor, such as monoamine oxidases (MAO) and lysine-specific demethylases (LSD), and those with copper as a cofactor, including copper-containing amine oxidases (AOC) and lysyl oxidases (LOX). All are expressed in adipose tissue, including a semicarbazide-sensitive amine oxidase/vascular adhesion protein-1 (SSAO/VAP-1) strongly present on the adipocyte surface. Methods: Previously, irreversible MAO inhibitors have been reported to limit food intake and/or fat extension in rodents; however, their use for the treatment of depressed patients has not revealed a clear anti-obesity action. Semicarbazide and other molecules inhibiting SSAO/VAP-1 also reduce adiposity in obese rodents. Results: Recently, a LOX inhibitor and a subtype-selective MAO inhibitor have been shown to limit fattening in high-fat diet-fed rats. Phenelzine, which inhibits MAO and AOC, limits adipogenesis in cultured preadipocytes and impairs lipogenesis in mature adipocytes. When tested in rats or mice, phenelzine reduces food intake and/or fat accumulation without cardiac adverse effects. Novel amine oxidase inhibitors have been recently characterized in a quest for promising anti-inflammatory or anti-cancer approaches; however, their capacity to mitigate obesity has not been studied so far. Conclusions: The present review of the diverse effects of amine oxidase inhibitors impairing adipocyte differentiation or limiting excessive fat accumulation indicates that further studies are needed to reveal their potential anti-obesity properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian Carpéné
- Institute of Metabolic and Cardiovascular Diseases, INSERM, UMR1048, Team 1, 31432 Toulouse, France.
- I2MC, University of Toulouse, UMR1048, Paul Sabatier University, 31432 Toulouse Cedex 4, France.
| | - Nathalie Boulet
- Institute of Metabolic and Cardiovascular Diseases, INSERM, UMR1048, Team 1, 31432 Toulouse, France.
- I2MC, University of Toulouse, UMR1048, Paul Sabatier University, 31432 Toulouse Cedex 4, France.
| | - Alice Chaplin
- Cardiovascular Research Institute, School of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA.
| | - Josep Mercader
- Department of Fundamental Biology and Health Sciences, University of the Balearic Islands, 07122 Palma, Spain.
- Balearic Islands Health Research Institute (IdISBa), 07122 Palma, Spain.
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10
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Metabolic Effects of Oral Phenelzine Treatment on High-Sucrose-Drinking Mice. Int J Mol Sci 2018; 19:ijms19102904. [PMID: 30257452 PMCID: PMC6213466 DOI: 10.3390/ijms19102904] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2018] [Revised: 09/13/2018] [Accepted: 09/20/2018] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Phenelzine has been suggested to have an antiobesity effect by inhibiting de novo lipogenesis, which led us to investigate the metabolic effects of oral chronic phenelzine treatment in high-sucrose-drinking mice. Sucrose-drinking mice presented higher body weight gain and adiposity versus controls. Phenelzine addition did not decrease such parameters, even though fat pad lipid content and weights were not different from controls. In visceral adipocytes, phenelzine did not impair insulin-stimulated de novo lipogenesis and had no effect on lipolysis. However, phenelzine reduced the mRNA levels of glucose transporters 1 and 4 and phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase in inguinal white adipose tissue (iWAT), and altered circulating levels of free fatty acids (FFA) and glycerol. Interestingly, glycemia was restored in phenelzine-treated mice, which also had higher insulinaemia. Phenelzine-treated mice presented higher rectal temperature, which was associated to reduced mRNA levels of uncoupling protein 1 in brown adipose tissue. Furthermore, unlike sucrose-drinking mice, hepatic malondialdehyde levels were not altered. In conclusion, although de novo lipogenesis was not inhibited by phenelzine, the data suggest that the ability to re-esterify FFA is impaired in iWAT. Moreover, the effects on glucose homeostasis and oxidative stress suggest that phenelzine could alleviate obesity-related alterations and deserves further investigation in obesity models.
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11
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Nagy CT, Koncsos G, Varga ZV, Baranyai T, Tuza S, Kassai F, Ernyey AJ, Gyertyán I, Király K, Oláh A, Radovits T, Merkely B, Bukosza N, Szénási G, Hamar P, Mathé D, Szigeti K, Pelyhe C, Jelemenský M, Onódi Z, Helyes Z, Schulz R, Giricz Z, Ferdinandy P. Selegiline reduces adiposity induced by high-fat, high-sucrose diet in male rats. Br J Pharmacol 2018; 175:3713-3726. [PMID: 29971762 DOI: 10.1111/bph.14437] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2017] [Revised: 06/22/2018] [Accepted: 06/25/2018] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE Incidence and severity of obesity are increasing worldwide, however, efficient and safe pharmacological treatments are not yet available. Certain MAO inhibitors reduce body weight, although their effects on metabolic parameters have not been investigated. Here, we have assessed effects of a widely used, selective MAO-B inhibitor, selegiline, on metabolic parameters in a rat model of diet-induced obesity. EXPERIMENTAL APPROACH Male Long-Evans rats were given control (CON) or a high-fat (20%), high-sucrose (15%) diet (HFS) for 25 weeks. From week 16, animals were injected s.c. with 0.25 mg·kg-1 selegiline (CON + S and HFS + S) or vehicle (CON, HFS) once daily. Whole body, subcutaneous and visceral fat was measured by CT, and glucose and insulin tolerance were tested. Expression of glucose transporters and chemokines was assessed by quantitative RT-PCR. KEY RESULTS Selegiline decreased whole body fat, subcutaneous- and visceral adiposity, measured by CT and epididymal fat weight in the HFS group, compared with HFS placebo animals, without influencing body weight. Oral glucose tolerance and insulin tolerance tests showed impaired glucose homeostasis in HFS and HFS + S groups, although insulin levels in plasma and pancreas were unchanged. HFS induced expression of Srebp-1c, Glut1 and Ccl3 in adipose tissue, which were alleviated by selegiline. CONCLUSIONS AND IMPLICATIONS Selegiline reduced adiposity, changes in adipose tissue energy metabolism and adipose inflammation induced by HFS diet without affecting the increased body weight, impairment of glucose homeostasis, or behaviour. These results suggest that selegiline could mitigate harmful effects of visceral adiposity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Csilla Terézia Nagy
- Department of Pharmacology and Pharmacotherapy, Faculty of Medicine, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Gábor Koncsos
- Department of Pharmacology and Pharmacotherapy, Faculty of Medicine, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Zoltán V Varga
- Department of Pharmacology and Pharmacotherapy, Faculty of Medicine, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Tamás Baranyai
- Department of Pharmacology and Pharmacotherapy, Faculty of Medicine, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Sebestyén Tuza
- Department of Pharmacology and Pharmacotherapy, Faculty of Medicine, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Ferenc Kassai
- MTA-SE NAP B Cognitive Translational Behavioural Pharmacology Group, Department of Pharmacology and Pharmacotherapy, Faculty of Medicine, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary.,Institute of Cognitive Neuroscience and Psychology, Research Center for Natural Sciences, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Aliz Judit Ernyey
- MTA-SE NAP B Cognitive Translational Behavioural Pharmacology Group, Department of Pharmacology and Pharmacotherapy, Faculty of Medicine, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary.,Institute of Cognitive Neuroscience and Psychology, Research Center for Natural Sciences, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Budapest, Hungary
| | - István Gyertyán
- MTA-SE NAP B Cognitive Translational Behavioural Pharmacology Group, Department of Pharmacology and Pharmacotherapy, Faculty of Medicine, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary.,Institute of Cognitive Neuroscience and Psychology, Research Center for Natural Sciences, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Kornél Király
- Department of Pharmacology and Pharmacotherapy, Faculty of Medicine, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Attila Oláh
- Heart and Vascular Center, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Tamás Radovits
- Heart and Vascular Center, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Béla Merkely
- Heart and Vascular Center, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Nóra Bukosza
- Institute of Pathophysiology, Faculty of Medicine, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Gábor Szénási
- Institute of Pathophysiology, Faculty of Medicine, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Péter Hamar
- Institute of Pathophysiology, Faculty of Medicine, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary.,Clinical Experimental Research Institute, Faculty of Medicine, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary.,Translational Medicine Institute, Faculty of Medicine, Pécs University, Pécs, Hungary
| | - Domokos Mathé
- Department of Biophysics and Radiation Biology, Faculty of Medicine, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Krisztián Szigeti
- Department of Biophysics and Radiation Biology, Faculty of Medicine, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Csilla Pelyhe
- Department of Pharmacology and Pharmacotherapy, Faculty of Medicine, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Marek Jelemenský
- Institute for Heart Research, Centre of Experimental Medicine, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Zsófia Onódi
- Department of Pharmacology and Pharmacotherapy, Faculty of Medicine, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Zsuzsanna Helyes
- Department of Pharmacology and Pharmacotherapy, Medical School and Szentágothai Research Centre, University of Pécs, Pécs, Hungary
| | - Rainer Schulz
- Institute of Physiology, Justus-Liebig University Giessen, Germany
| | - Zoltán Giricz
- Department of Pharmacology and Pharmacotherapy, Faculty of Medicine, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary.,Pharmahungary Group, Szeged, Hungary
| | - Péter Ferdinandy
- Department of Pharmacology and Pharmacotherapy, Faculty of Medicine, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary.,Pharmahungary Group, Szeged, Hungary
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Carpéné C, Mercader J, Le Gonidec S, Schaak S, Mialet‐Perez J, Zakaroff‐Girard A, Galitzky J. Body fat reduction without cardiovascular changes in mice after oral treatment with the MAO inhibitor phenelzine. Br J Pharmacol 2018; 175:2428-2440. [PMID: 29582416 PMCID: PMC5980542 DOI: 10.1111/bph.14211] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2017] [Revised: 02/28/2018] [Accepted: 03/02/2018] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE Phenelzine is an antidepressant drug known to increase the risk of hypertensive crisis when dietary tyramine is not restricted. However, this MAO inhibitor inhibits other enzymes not limited to the nervous system. Here we investigated if its antiadipogenic and antilipogenic effects in cultured adipocytes could contribute to decreased body fat in vivo, without unwanted hypertensive or cardiovascular effects. EXPERIMENTAL APPROACH Mice were fed a standard chow and given 0.028% phenelzine in drinking water for 12 weeks. Body composition was determined by NMR. Cardiovascular dysfunction was assessed by heart rate variability analyses and by evaluation of cardiac oxidative stress markers. MAO activity, hydrogen peroxide release and triacylglycerol turnover were assayed in white adipose tissue (WAT), alongside determination of glucose and lipid circulating levels. KEY RESULTS Phenelzine-treated mice exhibited lower body fat content, subcutaneous WAT mass and lipid content in skeletal muscles than control, without decreased body weight gain or food consumption. A modest alteration of cardiac sympathovagal balance occurred without depressed aconitase activity. In WAT, phenelzine impaired the lipogenic but not the antilipolytic actions of insulin, MAO activity and hydrogen peroxide release. Phenelzine treatment lowered non-fasting blood glucose and phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase expression. In vitro, high doses of phenelzine decreased both lipolytic and lipogenic responses in mouse adipocytes. CONCLUSION AND IMPLICATIONS As phenelzine reduced body fat content without affecting cardiovascular function in mice, it may be of benefit in the treatment of obesity-associated complications, with the precautions of use recommended for antidepressant therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian Carpéné
- Institut des Maladies Métaboliques et Cardiovasculaires (I2MC), Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM U1048) and Université Paul SabatierToulouse Cedex 4France
| | - Josep Mercader
- Institut des Maladies Métaboliques et Cardiovasculaires (I2MC), Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM U1048) and Université Paul SabatierToulouse Cedex 4France
| | - Sophie Le Gonidec
- Institut des Maladies Métaboliques et Cardiovasculaires (I2MC), Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM U1048) and Université Paul SabatierToulouse Cedex 4France
| | - Stéphane Schaak
- Institut des Maladies Métaboliques et Cardiovasculaires (I2MC), Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM U1048) and Université Paul SabatierToulouse Cedex 4France
| | - Jeanne Mialet‐Perez
- Institut des Maladies Métaboliques et Cardiovasculaires (I2MC), Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM U1048) and Université Paul SabatierToulouse Cedex 4France
| | - Alexia Zakaroff‐Girard
- Institut des Maladies Métaboliques et Cardiovasculaires (I2MC), Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM U1048) and Université Paul SabatierToulouse Cedex 4France
| | - Jean Galitzky
- Institut des Maladies Métaboliques et Cardiovasculaires (I2MC), Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM U1048) and Université Paul SabatierToulouse Cedex 4France
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13
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Dietary Phenolic Compounds Interfere with the Fate of Hydrogen Peroxide in Human Adipose Tissue but Do Not Directly Inhibit Primary Amine Oxidase Activity. OXIDATIVE MEDICINE AND CELLULAR LONGEVITY 2016; 2016:2427618. [PMID: 26881018 PMCID: PMC4736399 DOI: 10.1155/2016/2427618] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2015] [Accepted: 11/12/2015] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Resveratrol has been reported to inhibit monoamine oxidases (MAO). Many substrates or inhibitors of neuronal MAO interact also with other amine oxidases (AO) in peripheral organs, such as semicarbazide-sensitive AO (SSAO), known as primary amine oxidase, absent in neurones, but abundant in adipocytes. We asked whether phenolic compounds (resveratrol, pterostilbene, quercetin, and caffeic acid) behave as MAO and SSAO inhibitors. AO activity was determined in human adipose tissue. Computational docking and glucose uptake assays were performed in 3D models of human AO proteins and in adipocytes, respectively. Phenolic compounds fully inhibited the fluorescent detection of H2O2 generated during MAO and SSAO activation by tyramine and benzylamine. They also quenched H2O2-induced fluorescence in absence of biological material and were unable to abolish the oxidation of radiolabelled tyramine and benzylamine. Thus, phenolic compounds hampered H2O2 detection but did not block AO activity. Only resveratrol and quercetin partially impaired MAO-dependent [(14)C]-tyramine oxidation and behaved as MAO inhibitors. Phenolic compounds counteracted the H2O2-dependent benzylamine-stimulated glucose transport. This indicates that various phenolic compounds block downstream effects of H2O2 produced by biogenic or exogenous amine oxidation without directly inhibiting AO. Phenolic compounds remain of interest regarding their capacity to limit oxidative stress rather than inhibiting AO.
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14
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Modulation of triglyceride accumulation in adipocytes by psychopharmacological agents in vitro. J Psychiatr Res 2016; 72:37-42. [PMID: 26524413 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpsychires.2015.10.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2015] [Revised: 10/06/2015] [Accepted: 10/09/2015] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Weight gain is a major problem during psychopharmacological treatment. Research has concentrated on the appetite inducing properties and mechanisms of these drugs in the central nervous system. The potential contribution of direct effects of drugs on metabolically relevant peripheral cells such as adipocytes is less well understood. We examined the influence of the antidepressant imipramine, the antipsychotic clozapine, and the mood stabilizer lithium on preadipocytes and adipocytes in vitro, using Simpson-Golabi-Behmel syndrome (SGBS) cells, an established human preadipocyte model. Parameters of cell differentiation and signaling, and cell metabolism were measured. We found significantly increased triglyceride accumulation in adipocytes after supplementation with imipramine and lithium at therapeutic concentrations, compared to non-supplemented control samples. However, gene expression levels of an early marker of adipogenesis, the peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma (PPAR-γ) and a late marker of adipogenesis, the fatty acid binding protein 4 (FABP4), as well as expression of adiponectin (ADIPOQ) did not change significantly in the presence of these psychopharmacological agents. The results suggest a direct influence of imipramine and lithium but not clozapine on fat storage of adipocytes. The underlying mechanisms of fatty acid storage and adipocyte differentiation however remain to be elucidated.
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15
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Doh MS, Han DMR, Oh DH, Kim SH, Choi MR, Chai YG. Profiling of Proteins Regulated by Venlafaxine during Neural Differentiation of Human Cells. Psychiatry Investig 2015; 12:81-91. [PMID: 25670950 PMCID: PMC4310925 DOI: 10.4306/pi.2015.12.1.81] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2013] [Revised: 03/07/2014] [Accepted: 03/25/2014] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Antidepressants are known to positively influence several factors in patients with depressive disorders, resulting in increased neurogenesis and subsequent relief of depressive disorders. To study the effects of venlafaxine during neural differentiation at the cellular level, we looked at its effect on protein expression and regulation mechanisms during neural differentiation. METHODS After exposing NCCIT cell-derived EBs to venlafaxine during differentiation (1 day and 7 days), changes in protein expression were analyzed by 2-DE and MALDI-TOF MS analysis. Gene levels of proteins regulated by venlafaxine were analyzed by real-time RT-PCR. RESULTS Treatment with venlafaxine decreased expression of prolyl 4-hydroxylase (P4HB), ubiquitin-conjugating enzyme E2K (HIP2) and plastin 3 (T-plastin), and up-regulated expression of growth factor beta-3 (TGF-β3), dihydropyrimidinase-like 3 (DPYSL3), and pyruvate kinase (PKM) after differentiation for 1 and 7 days. In cells exposed to venlafaxine, the mRNA expression patterns of HIP2 and PKM, which function as negative and positive regulators of differentiation and neuronal survival, respectively, were consistent with the observed changes in protein expression. CONCLUSION Our findings may contribute to improve understanding of molecular mechanism of venlafaxine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mi Sook Doh
- Department of Molecular and Life Sciences, Hanyang University, Ansan, Republic of Korea
| | - Dal Mu Ri Han
- Department of Molecular and Life Sciences, Hanyang University, Ansan, Republic of Korea
| | - Dong Hoon Oh
- Department of Neuropsychiatry, College of Medicine and Institute of Mental Health, Hanyang University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Seok Hyeon Kim
- Department of Neuropsychiatry, College of Medicine and Institute of Mental Health, Hanyang University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Mi Ran Choi
- Department of Molecular and Life Sciences, Hanyang University, Ansan, Republic of Korea
| | - Young Gyu Chai
- Department of Molecular and Life Sciences, Hanyang University, Ansan, Republic of Korea
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16
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Carpéné C, Gomez-Zorita S, Gupta R, Grès S, Rancoule C, Cadoudal T, Mercader J, Gomez A, Bertrand C, Iffiu-Soltész Z. Combination of low dose of the anti-adipogenic agents resveratrol and phenelzine in drinking water is not sufficient to prevent obesity in very-high-fat diet-fed mice. Eur J Nutr 2014; 53:1625-35. [PMID: 24531732 DOI: 10.1007/s00394-014-0668-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2013] [Accepted: 02/05/2014] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE Resveratrol inhibits lipid accumulation but suffers from limited bioavailability. The anti-depressive agent phenelzine limits adipogenesis in various models of cultured preadipocytes, and this hydrazine derivative also inhibits de novo lipogenesis in mature adipocytes. It was therefore tested whether resveratrol effects on adiposity reduction and glucose tolerance improvement could be reinforced by co-administration with phenelzine. METHODS Mice fed a very-high-fat diet (VHFD, 60% calories as fat) were subjected to drinking solution containing low dose of resveratrol (0.003%) and/or 0.02% phenelzine for 12 weeks. Body fat content, glucose tolerance, food and water consumption were checked during treatment while fat depot mass was determined at the end of supplementation. Direct influence of the agents on lipogenesis and glucose uptake was tested in adipocytes. RESULTS Epididymal fat depots were reduced in mice drinking phenelzine alone or with resveratrol. No limitation of body weight gain or body fat content was observed in the groups drinking resveratrol or phenelzine, separately or in combination. The altered glucose tolerance and the increased fat body composition of VHFD-fed mice were not reversed by resveratrol and/or phenelzine. Such lack of potentiation between resveratrol and phenelzine prompted us to verify in vitro their direct effects on mouse adipocytes. Both molecules inhibited de novo lipogenesis, but did not potentiate each other at 10 or 100 μM. Only resveratrol inhibited hexose uptake in a manner that was not improved by phenelzine. CONCLUSIONS Phenelzine has no interest to be combined with low doses of resveratrol for treating/preventing obesity, when considering the VHFD mouse model.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Carpéné
- Institut des Maladies Métaboliques et Cardiovasculaires (I2MC), Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, U 1048, Team 3, CHU Rangueil, Université de Toulouse, UPS, 31432, Toulouse Cedex 4, France,
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Turpin E, Muscat A, Vatier C, Chetrite G, Corruble E, Moldes M, Fève B. Carbamazepine directly inhibits adipocyte differentiation through activation of the ERK 1/2 pathway. Br J Pharmacol 2014; 168:139-50. [PMID: 22889231 DOI: 10.1111/j.1476-5381.2012.02140.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2012] [Revised: 06/03/2012] [Accepted: 06/27/2012] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE Carbamazepine (CBZ), known for its anti-epileptic, analgesic and mood-stabilizing properties, is also known to induce weight gain but the pathophysiology of this adverse effect is still largely unknown. We tested the hypothesis that CBZ could have a direct effect on adipocyte development and metabolism. EXPERIMENTAL RESEARCH: We studied the effects of CBZ on morphological biochemical and molecular markers of adipogenesis, using several pre-adipocyte murine cell lines (3T3-L1, 3T3-F442A and T37i cells) and primary cultures of human pre-adipocytes. To delineate the mechanisms underlying the effect of CBZ, clonal expansion of pre-adipocytes, pro-adipogenic transcription factors, glucose uptake and lipolysis were also examined. KEY RESULTS CBZ strongly inhibited pre-adipocyte differentiation and triglyceride accumulation in a time- and dose-dependent manner in all models. Pleiotropic mechanisms were at the basis of the inhibitory effects of CBZ on adipogenesis and cell lipid accumulation. They included suppression of both clonal expansion and major adipogenic transcription factors such as PPAR-γ and CCAAT/enhancer binding protein-α, activation of basal lipolysis and decrease in insulin-stimulated glucose transport. CONCLUSIONS AND IMPLICATIONS The effect of CBZ on adipogenesis involves activation of the ERK1/2 pathway. Our results show that CBZ acts directly on pre-adipocytes and adipocytes to alter adipose tissue development and metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Turpin
- INSERM, U, Le Kremlin-Bicêtre, France
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Sato T, Morita A, Mori N, Miura S. The role of glycerol-3-phosphate dehydrogenase 1 in the progression of fatty liver after acute ethanol administration in mice. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2014; 444:525-30. [PMID: 24472537 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2014.01.096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2013] [Accepted: 01/19/2014] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Acute ethanol consumption leads to the accumulation of triglycerides (TGs) in hepatocytes. The increase in lipogenesis and reduction of fatty acid oxidation are implicated as the mechanisms underlying ethanol-induced hepatic TG accumulation. Although glycerol-3-phosphate (Gro3P), formed by glycerol kinase (GYK) or glycerol-3-phosphate dehydrogenase 1 (GPD1), is also required for TG synthesis, the roles of GYK and GPD1 have been the subject of some debate. In this study, we examine (1) the expression of genes involved in Gro3P production in the liver of C57BL/6J mice in the context of hepatic TG accumulation after acute ethanol intake, and (2) the role of GPD1 in the progression of ethanol-induced fatty liver using GPD1 null mice. As a result, in C57BL/6J mice, ethanol-induced hepatic TG accumulation began within 2h and was 1.7-fold greater than that observed in the control group after 6h. The up-regulation of GPD1 began 2h after administering ethanol, and significantly increased 6h later with the concomitant escalation in the glycolytic gene expression. The incorporation of (14)C-labelled glucose into TG glycerol moieties increased during the same period. On the other hand, in GPD1 null mice carrying normal GYK activity, no significant increase in hepatic TG level was observed after acute ethanol intake. In conclusion, GPD1 and glycolytic gene expression is up-regulated by ethanol, and GPD1-mediated incorporation of glucose into TG glycerol moieties together with increased lipogenesis, is suggested to play an important role in ethanol-induced hepatic TG accumulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomoki Sato
- Laboratory of Nutritional Biochemistry, Graduate School of Nutritional and Environmental Sciences, University of Shizuoka, 52-1 Yada, Suruga-ku, Shizuoka 422-8526, Japan.
| | - Akihito Morita
- Laboratory of Nutritional Biochemistry, Graduate School of Nutritional and Environmental Sciences, University of Shizuoka, 52-1 Yada, Suruga-ku, Shizuoka 422-8526, Japan.
| | - Nobuko Mori
- Department of Biological Science, Graduate School of Science, Osaka Prefecture University, 1-2 Gakuen-cho, Naka-ku, Sakai 599-8570, Japan.
| | - Shinji Miura
- Laboratory of Nutritional Biochemistry, Graduate School of Nutritional and Environmental Sciences, University of Shizuoka, 52-1 Yada, Suruga-ku, Shizuoka 422-8526, Japan.
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The amine oxidase inhibitor phenelzine limits lipogenesis in adipocytes without inhibiting insulin action on glucose uptake. J Neural Transm (Vienna) 2012; 120:997-1003. [DOI: 10.1007/s00702-012-0951-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2012] [Accepted: 12/04/2012] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
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Phenelzine (monoamine oxidase inhibitor) increases production of nitric oxide and proinflammatory cytokines via the NF-κB pathway in lipopolysaccharide-activated microglia cells. Neurochem Res 2012; 37:2117-24. [PMID: 22763802 DOI: 10.1007/s11064-012-0833-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2012] [Revised: 06/17/2012] [Accepted: 06/20/2012] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
Phenelzine is a potent monoamine oxidase inhibitor that is used in patients with depression. It is also well known that nitric oxide (NO) synthase inhibitors show preclinical antidepressant-like properties, which suggests that NO is involved in the pathogenesis of depression. The purpose of this study was to determine if phenelzine affects the production of NO and tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α) in activated microglia cells. BV-2 microglia cells and primary microglia cells were cultured in DMEM and DMEM/F12 and then cells were treated with LPS or LPS plus phenelzine for 24 h. The culture medium was collected for determination of NO, TNF-α, and IL-6 and cells were harvested by lysis buffer for Western blot analysis. Phenelzine increased the lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced expression of inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS), as well as the release of TNF-α and IL-6 in BV-2 microglia cells. It is also confirmed that phenelzine increased the levels of NO, TNF-α and IL-6 in LPS-activated primary microglia cells. Phenelzine increased nuclear translocation of NF-κB by phosphorylation of IκB-α in LPS-activated microglia cells. These findings suggest that high doses of phenelzine could aggravate inflammatory responses in microglia cells that are mediated by NO and TNF-α.
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Valente S, Tomassi S, Tempera G, Saccoccio S, Agostinelli E, Mai A. Novel reversible monoamine oxidase A inhibitors: highly potent and selective 3-(1H-pyrrol-3-yl)-2-oxazolidinones. J Med Chem 2011; 54:8228-32. [PMID: 22017497 DOI: 10.1021/jm201011x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Monoamine oxidases (MAOs) are involved in various psychiatric and neurodegenerative disorders; hence, MAO inhibitors are useful agents in the therapy of Parkinson's disease, Alzheimer's dementia, and depression syndrome. Herein we report a novel series of 3-(1H-pyrrol-3-yl)-2-oxazolidinones 3-7 as reversible, highly potent and selective anti-MAO-A agents. In particular, 4b, 5b, and 4c showed a K(i-MAO-A) of 0.6, 0.8, and 1 nM, respectively, 4c being 200000-fold selective for MAO-A with respect to MAO-B.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sergio Valente
- Dipartimento di Chimica e Tecnologie del Farmaco, Istituto Pasteur, Fondazione Cenci Bolognetti, Sapienza Università di Roma, Piazzale Aldo Moro 5, 00185 Roma, Italy
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Advances pertaining to the pharmacology and interactions of irreversible nonselective monoamine oxidase inhibitors. J Clin Psychopharmacol 2011; 31:66-74. [PMID: 21192146 DOI: 10.1097/jcp.0b013e31820469ea] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Recent advances clarifying the pharmacology and interactions of irreversible nonselective monoamine oxidase inhibitors that have not been considered in depth lately are discussed. These new data elucidate aspects of enzyme inhibition and pharmacokinetic interactions involving amine oxidases, cytochrome P450 enzymes, aminotransferases (transaminases), and decarboxylases (carboxy-lyases) and the effects of tyramine. Phenelzine and tranylcypromine remain widely available, and many publications have data relevant to this review. Their effect on CYP 450 enzymes is less than many newer drugs. Tranylcypromine only inhibits CYP 450 2A6 (selectively and potently). Phenelzine has no reported interactions, but, like isoniazid, weakly and irreversibly inhibits CYP 450 2C19 and 3A4 in vitro. It might possibly be implicated in interactions (as isoniazid is). Phenelzine has some clinically relevant inhibitory effects on amine oxidases, aminotransferases, and decarboxylases, and it lowers pyridoxal phosphate levels. It commonly causes pyridoxal deficiency, weight gain, sedation, and sexual dysfunction, but only rarely causes hepatic damage and failure, or neurotoxicity. The adverse effects and difficulties with monoamine oxidase inhibitors are less than previously believed or estimated, including a lower risk of hypertension, because the tyramine content in foods is now lower. Potent norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors have a strong protective effect against tyramine-induced hypertension. The newly discovered trace amine-associated receptors probably mediate the pressor response. The therapeutic potential of tranylcypromine and L-dopa in depression and Parkinson disease is worthy of reassessment. Monoamine oxidase inhibitors are not used to an extent proportionate with their benefits; medical texts and doctors' knowledge require a major update to reflect the evidence of recent advances.
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Mercader J, Iffiú-Soltész Z, Bour S, Carpéné C. Oral Administration of Semicarbazide Limits Weight Gain together with Inhibition of Fat Deposition and of Primary Amine Oxidase Activity in Adipose Tissue. J Obes 2011; 2011:475786. [PMID: 21331292 PMCID: PMC3038600 DOI: 10.1155/2011/475786] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2010] [Accepted: 12/22/2010] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
An enzyme hitherto named semicarbazide-sensitive amine oxidase (SSAO), involved in the oxidation of primary amines, is abundantly expressed in adipocytes. Although SSAO physiological functions remain unclear, several molecules inhibiting its activity have been described to limit fat accumulation in preadipocyte cultures or to reduce body weight gain in obese rodents. Here, we studied whether oral administration of semicarbazide, a prototypical SSAO inhibitor, limits fat deposition in mice. Prolonged treatment with semicarbazide at 0.125% in drinking water limited food and water consumption, hampered weight gain, and deeply impaired fat deposition. The adiposomatic index was reduced by 31%, while body mass was reduced by 15%. Such treatment completely inhibited SSAO, but did not alter MAO activity in white adipose tissue. Consequently, the insulin-like action of the SSAO substrate benzylamine on glucose transport was abolished in adipocytes from semicarbazide-drinking mice, while their insulin sensitivity was not altered. Although semicarbazide is currently considered as a food contaminant with deleterious effects, the SSAO inhibition it induces appears as a novel concept to modulate adipose tissue development, which is promising for antiobesity drug discovery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Josep Mercader
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, INSERM U1048, Equipe 3, 12MC, IFR 150, Bat. L4, CHU Rangueil, BP 84225, 31432 Toulouse Cedex 4, France
- Université Paul Sabatier, 12MC, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Rangueil, 31432 Toulouse, France
| | - Zsuzsa Iffiú-Soltész
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, INSERM U1048, Equipe 3, 12MC, IFR 150, Bat. L4, CHU Rangueil, BP 84225, 31432 Toulouse Cedex 4, France
- Université Paul Sabatier, 12MC, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Rangueil, 31432 Toulouse, France
| | - Sandy Bour
- Université Paul Sabatier, 12MC, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Rangueil, 31432 Toulouse, France
| | - Christian Carpéné
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, INSERM U1048, Equipe 3, 12MC, IFR 150, Bat. L4, CHU Rangueil, BP 84225, 31432 Toulouse Cedex 4, France
- Université Paul Sabatier, 12MC, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Rangueil, 31432 Toulouse, France
- *Christian Carpéné:
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Shin J, Li B, Davis ME, Suh Y, Lee K. Comparative analysis of fatty acid-binding protein 4 promoters: Conservation of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor binding sites1. J Anim Sci 2009; 87:3923-34. [DOI: 10.2527/jas.2009-2124] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
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