1
|
Poklepovic AS, Gordon SW, Kothadia S, McGuire WP, Thacker LR, Deng X, Tombes MB, Shrader E, Hudson D, Bandyopadhyay D, Ryan AA, Kmieciak M, Smith S, Dent P. A phase 1 study of regorafenib and sildenafil in adults with advanced solid tumors. Anticancer Drugs 2024; 35:450-458. [PMID: 38452059 PMCID: PMC11168782 DOI: 10.1097/cad.0000000000001584] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2023] [Accepted: 01/25/2024] [Indexed: 03/09/2024]
Abstract
The purpose of this study is to establish the recommended phase 2 dose for regorafenib in combination with sildenafil for patients with advanced solid tumors. Secondary outcomes included identification of antitumor effects of regorafenib and sildenafil, toxicity of the combination, determination of PDE5 expression in tumor samples, and the impact of sildenafil on the pharmacokinetics of regorafenib. This study was a phase 1, open-label single-arm dose-escalation trial using a 3 + 3 design. Additional patients were enrolled at the maximum tolerated dose (MTD) until a total of 12 patients were treated at the MTD. A total of 29 patients were treated in this study. The median duration of treatment was 8 weeks. The recommended phase 2 doses determined in this study are regorafenib 160 mg daily with sildenafil 100 mg daily. The most common toxicities included palmar-plantar erythrodysesthesia syndrome (20 patients, 69%) and hypophosphatemia (18 patients, 62%). Two patients (7%) experienced grade 4 lipase increase. Objective responses were not observed; however, 14 patients (48%) had a period of stable disease during the study. Stable disease for up to 12 months was observed in patients with ovarian cancer as well as up to 20 months for a patient with cervical cancer. The combination of regorafenib and sildenafil at the recommended phase 2 dose is safe and generally well tolerated. Disease control in patients with gynecologic malignancies was especially encouraging. Further evaluation of the combination of regorafenib and sildenafil in gynecologic malignancies is warranted. Clinical Trial Registration Number: NCT02466802.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Paul Dent
- Massey Cancer Center
- Biochemistry, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia, USA
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Halma MTJ, Tuszynski JA, Marik PE. Cancer Metabolism as a Therapeutic Target and Review of Interventions. Nutrients 2023; 15:4245. [PMID: 37836529 PMCID: PMC10574675 DOI: 10.3390/nu15194245] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2023] [Revised: 09/20/2023] [Accepted: 09/26/2023] [Indexed: 10/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Cancer is amenable to low-cost treatments, given that it has a significant metabolic component, which can be affected through diet and lifestyle change at minimal cost. The Warburg hypothesis states that cancer cells have an altered cell metabolism towards anaerobic glycolysis. Given this metabolic reprogramming in cancer cells, it is possible to target cancers metabolically by depriving them of glucose. In addition to dietary and lifestyle modifications which work on tumors metabolically, there are a panoply of nutritional supplements and repurposed drugs associated with cancer prevention and better treatment outcomes. These interventions and their evidentiary basis are covered in the latter half of this review to guide future cancer treatment.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Matthew T. J. Halma
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, 1081 HV Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- EbMC Squared CIC, Bath BA2 4BL, UK
| | - Jack A. Tuszynski
- Department of Physics, University of Alberta, 11335 Saskatchewan Dr NW, Edmonton, AB T6G 2M9, Canada
- Department of Data Science and Engineering, The Silesian University of Technology, 44-100 Gliwice, Poland
- DIMEAS, Politecnico di Torino, Corso Duca degli Abruzzi 24, I-1029 Turin, Italy
| | - Paul E. Marik
- Frontline COVID-19 Critical Care Alliance, Washington, DC 20036, USA
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
ElHady AK, El-Gamil DS, Abdel-Halim M, Abadi AH. Advancements in Phosphodiesterase 5 Inhibitors: Unveiling Present and Future Perspectives. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2023; 16:1266. [PMID: 37765073 PMCID: PMC10536424 DOI: 10.3390/ph16091266] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2023] [Revised: 08/25/2023] [Accepted: 09/05/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Phosphodiesterase 5 (PDE5) inhibitors presented themselves as important players in the nitric oxide/cGMP pathway, thus exerting a profound impact on various physiological and pathological processes. Beyond their well-known efficacy in treating male erectile dysfunction (ED) and pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH), a plethora of studies have unveiled their significance in the treatment of a myriad of other diseases, including cognitive functions, heart failure, multiple drug resistance in cancer therapy, immune diseases, systemic sclerosis and others. This comprehensive review aims to provide an updated assessment of the crucial role played by PDE5 inhibitors (PDE5-Is) as disease-modifying agents taking their limiting side effects into consideration. From a medicinal chemistry and drug discovery perspective, the published PDE5-Is over the last 10 years and their binding characteristics are systemically discussed, and advancement in properties is exposed. A persistent challenge encountered with these agents lies in their limited isozyme selectivity; considering this obstacle, this review also highlights the breakthrough development of the recently reported PDE5 allosteric inhibitors, which exhibit an unparalleled level of selectivity that was rarely achievable by competitive inhibitors. The implications and potential impact of these novel allosteric inhibitors are meticulously explored. Additionally, the concept of multi-targeted ligands is critically evaluated in relation to PDE5-Is by inspecting the broader spectrum of their molecular interactions and effects. The objective of this review is to provide insight into the design of potent, selective PDE5-Is and an overview of their biological function, limitations, challenges, therapeutic potentials, undergoing clinical trials, future prospects and emerging uses, thus guiding upcoming endeavors in both academia and industry within this domain.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ahmed K. ElHady
- School of Life and Medical Sciences, University of Hertfordshire Hosted by Global Academic Foundation, New Administrative Capital, Cairo 11865, Egypt;
| | - Dalia S. El-Gamil
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Ahram Canadian University, Cairo 12451, Egypt;
| | - Mohammad Abdel-Halim
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy and Biotechnology, German University in Cairo, Cairo 11835, Egypt;
| | - Ashraf H. Abadi
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy and Biotechnology, German University in Cairo, Cairo 11835, Egypt;
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Ren R, Xiong C, Ma R, Wang Y, Yue T, Yu J, Shao B. The recent progress of myeloid-derived suppressor cell and its targeted therapies in cancers. MedComm (Beijing) 2023; 4:e323. [PMID: 37547175 PMCID: PMC10397484 DOI: 10.1002/mco2.323] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2023] [Revised: 05/09/2023] [Accepted: 05/24/2023] [Indexed: 08/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Myeloid-derived suppressor cells (MDSCs) are an immature group of myeloid-derived cells generated from myeloid cell precursors in the bone marrow. MDSCs appear almost exclusively in pathological conditions, such as tumor progression and various inflammatory diseases. The leading function of MDSCs is their immunosuppressive ability, which plays a crucial role in tumor progression and metastasis through their immunosuppressive effects. Since MDSCs have specific molecular features, and only a tiny amount exists in physiological conditions, MDSC-targeted therapy has become a promising research direction for tumor treatment with minimal side effects. In this review, we briefly introduce the classification, generation and maturation process, and features of MDSCs, and detail their functions under various circumstances. The present review specifically demonstrates the environmental specificity of MDSCs, highlighting the differences between MDSCs from cancer and healthy individuals, as well as tumor-infiltrating MDSCs and circulating MDSCs. Then, we further describe recent advances in MDSC-targeted therapies. The existing and potential targeted drugs are divided into three categories, monoclonal antibodies, small-molecular inhibitors, and peptides. Their targeting mechanisms and characteristics have been summarized respectively. We believe that a comprehensive in-depth understanding of MDSC-targeted therapy could provide more possibilities for the treatment of cancer.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ruiyang Ren
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases & National Clinical Research Center for Oral DiseasesDepartment of OrthodonticsWest China Hospital of StomatologySichuan UniversityChengduSichuanChina
| | - Chenyi Xiong
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases & National Clinical Research Center for Oral DiseasesWest China Hospital of StomatologySichuan UniversityChengduSichuanChina
| | - Runyu Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases & National Clinical Research Center for Oral DiseasesWest China Hospital of StomatologySichuan UniversityChengduSichuanChina
| | - Yixuan Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases & National Clinical Research Center for Oral DiseasesWest China Hospital of StomatologySichuan UniversityChengduSichuanChina
| | - Tianyang Yue
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases & National Clinical Research Center for Oral DiseasesWest China Hospital of StomatologySichuan UniversityChengduSichuanChina
| | - Jiayun Yu
- Department of RadiotherapyCancer Center and State Key Laboratory of BiotherapyWest China HospitalSichuan UniversityChengduChina
| | - Bin Shao
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases & National Clinical Research Center for Oral DiseasesWest China Hospital of StomatologySichuan UniversityChengduSichuanChina
- State Key Laboratory of BiotherapyWest China HospitalSichuan UniversityChengduSichuanChina
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Morsi DS, Barnawi IO, Ibrahim HM, El-Morsy AM, El Hassab MA, Abd El Latif HM. Immunomodulatory, apoptotic and anti-proliferative potentials of sildenafil in Ehrlich ascites carcinoma murine model: In vivo and in silico insights. Int Immunopharmacol 2023; 119:110135. [PMID: 37080065 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2023.110135] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2023] [Revised: 03/23/2023] [Accepted: 03/31/2023] [Indexed: 04/22/2023]
Abstract
Sildenafil is a potent phosphodiesterase-5 (PDE5) inhibitor that effectively inhibits cGMP and increases the strength of nitric oxide. PDE5 was overexpressed in several carcinomas, including breast cancer, which inhibited tumor growth and cell division. The current research aims to investigate the in vivo sildenafil's immunomodulatory and antineoplastic potentials against Ehrlich Ascites Carcinoma. This study looked at the effects of sildenafil mono-treatment and co-treatment with cisplatin; tumor cell count, viability and the inhibition rate were determined. Apoptosis, cell cycle distribution, alterations in tumor cells and splenocytes proliferation, changes in splenocytes immunophenotyping using flowcytometry, plasma levels of malondialdehyde (MDA), reduced glutathione (GSH), interferone (IFN)-γ, granzyme B, alanine aminotransferase (ALT), aspartate aminotransferase (AST), urea, creatinine and hematological alterations were detected. Additionally, docking study was conducted to get further insights on how Sildenafil exerts its activity. Sildenafil mono-treatment and co-treatment with cisplatin markedly reduced tumor cell count, viability, growth rate and proliferative capability accompanied by apoptosis enhancement and G0/G1 and sub G1 cells cycle arrest. Fortunately, sildenafil evoked efficient cellular immune response by increasing plasma levels of granzyme B and IFN-γ, proportion of splenic T cytotoxic (CD3+CD8+) and T helper (CD3+CD4+), accompanied by decrease in the proportion of splenic regulatory T cells. . Moreover, in silico data suggest LcK and MAPKs as the potential targets of sildenafil. Furthermore, sildenafil rebalanced the oxidant-antioxidant status by decreasing MDA and increasing GSH plasma levels. Sildenafil successfully retrieved various hematological values besides renal and hepatic functions in EAC-bearing animals. In conclusion, our results suggest that sildenafil could be potential safe anti-tumor agent with immuno-modulatory properties against Ehrlich ascites carcinoma.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Dalia S Morsi
- Zoology Department, Faculty of Science, Menoufia University, Shibin El Kom 32511, Egypt.
| | - Ibrahim O Barnawi
- Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, Taibah University, Al-Madinah Al-Munawwarah 41321, Saudi Arabia
| | - Hany M Ibrahim
- Zoology Department, Faculty of Science, Menoufia University, Shibin El Kom 32511, Egypt
| | - Asmaa M El-Morsy
- Zoology Department, Faculty of Science, Menoufia University, Shibin El Kom 32511, Egypt
| | - Mahmoud A El Hassab
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, Badr University in Cairo (BUC), Cairo 11829, Egypt
| | - Heba M Abd El Latif
- Zoology Department, Faculty of Science, Menoufia University, Shibin El Kom 32511, Egypt
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Ribeiro E, Costa B, Vasques-Nóvoa F, Vale N. In Vitro Drug Repurposing: Focus on Vasodilators. Cells 2023; 12:cells12040671. [PMID: 36831338 PMCID: PMC9954697 DOI: 10.3390/cells12040671] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2023] [Revised: 02/10/2023] [Accepted: 02/16/2023] [Indexed: 02/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Drug repurposing aims to identify new therapeutic uses for drugs that have already been approved for other conditions. This approach can save time and resources compared to traditional drug development, as the safety and efficacy of the repurposed drug have already been established. In the context of cancer, drug repurposing can lead to the discovery of new treatments that can target specific cancer cell lines and improve patient outcomes. Vasodilators are a class of drugs that have been shown to have the potential to influence various types of cancer. These medications work by relaxing the smooth muscle of blood vessels, increasing blood flow to tumors, and improving the delivery of chemotherapy drugs. Additionally, vasodilators have been found to have antiproliferative and proapoptotic effects on cancer cells, making them a promising target for drug repurposing. Research on vasodilators for cancer treatment has already shown promising results in preclinical and clinical studies. However, additionally research is needed to fully understand the mechanisms of action of vasodilators in cancer and determine the optimal dosing and combination therapy for patients. In this review, we aim to explore the molecular mechanisms of action of vasodilators in cancer cell lines and the current state of research on their repurposing as a treatment option. With the goal of minimizing the effort and resources required for traditional drug development, we hope to shed light on the potential of vasodilators as a viable therapeutic strategy for cancer patients.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Eduarda Ribeiro
- OncoPharma Research Group, Center for Health Technology and Services Research (CINTESIS), Rua Doutor Plácido da Costa, 4200-450 Porto, Portugal
- CINTESIS@RISE, Faculty of Medicine, University of Porto, Alameda Professor Hernâni Monteiro, 4200-319 Porto, Portugal
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences Abel Salazar (ICBAS), University of Porto, Rua de Jorge Viterbo Ferreira 228, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal
| | - Bárbara Costa
- OncoPharma Research Group, Center for Health Technology and Services Research (CINTESIS), Rua Doutor Plácido da Costa, 4200-450 Porto, Portugal
- CINTESIS@RISE, Faculty of Medicine, University of Porto, Alameda Professor Hernâni Monteiro, 4200-319 Porto, Portugal
| | - Francisco Vasques-Nóvoa
- Cardiovascular R&D Center, Faculty of Medicine, University of Porto, Rua Doutor Plácido da Costa, 4200-450 Porto, Portugal
- Department of Surgery and Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Porto, Rua Doutor Plácido da Costa, 4200-450 Porto, Portugal
| | - Nuno Vale
- OncoPharma Research Group, Center for Health Technology and Services Research (CINTESIS), Rua Doutor Plácido da Costa, 4200-450 Porto, Portugal
- CINTESIS@RISE, Faculty of Medicine, University of Porto, Alameda Professor Hernâni Monteiro, 4200-319 Porto, Portugal
- Department of Community Medicine, Information and Health Decision Sciences (MEDCIDS), Faculty of Medicine, University of Porto, Rua Doutor Plácido da Costa, 4200-450 Porto, Portugal
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +351-220426537
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Samidurai A, Xi L, Das A, Kukreja RC. Beyond Erectile Dysfunction: cGMP-Specific Phosphodiesterase 5 Inhibitors for Other Clinical Disorders. Annu Rev Pharmacol Toxicol 2023; 63:585-615. [PMID: 36206989 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-pharmtox-040122-034745] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Cyclic guanosine monophosphate (cGMP), an important intracellular second messenger, mediates cellular functional responses in all vital organs. Phosphodiesterase 5 (PDE5) is one of the 11 members of the cyclic nucleotide phosphodiesterase (PDE) family that specifically targets cGMP generated by nitric oxide-driven activation of the soluble guanylyl cyclase. PDE5 inhibitors, including sildenafil and tadalafil, are widely used for the treatment of erectile dysfunction, pulmonary arterial hypertension, and certain urological disorders. Preclinical studies have shown promising effects of PDE5 inhibitors in the treatment of myocardial infarction, cardiac hypertrophy, heart failure, cancer and anticancer-drug-associated cardiotoxicity, diabetes, Duchenne muscular dystrophy, Alzheimer's disease, and other aging-related conditions. Many clinical trials with PDE5 inhibitors have focused on the potential cardiovascular, anticancer, and neurological benefits. In this review, we provide an overview of the current state of knowledge on PDE5 inhibitors and their potential therapeutic indications for various clinical disorders beyond erectile dysfunction.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Arun Samidurai
- Division of Cardiology, Pauley Heart Center, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia, USA;
| | - Lei Xi
- Division of Cardiology, Pauley Heart Center, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia, USA;
| | - Anindita Das
- Division of Cardiology, Pauley Heart Center, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia, USA;
| | - Rakesh C Kukreja
- Division of Cardiology, Pauley Heart Center, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia, USA;
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Rawat SG, Tiwari RK, Jaiswara PK, Gupta VK, Sonker P, Vishvakarma NK, Kumar S, Pathak C, Gautam V, Kumar A. Phosphodiesterase 5 inhibitor sildenafil potentiates the antitumor activity of cisplatin by ROS-mediated apoptosis: a role of deregulated glucose metabolism. Apoptosis 2022; 27:606-618. [PMID: 35725975 DOI: 10.1007/s10495-022-01741-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/30/2022] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
Cyclic nucleotide phosphodiesterase 5 (PDE5) has been recently identified to play a crucial role in the progression of many cancers. PDE5 promotes tumorigenesis by dysregulating various cellular processes such as proliferation, apoptosis, angiogenesis, and invasion and migration. Interestingly, multiple studies have reported the promising chemosensitizing potential of PDE5 inhibitor sildenafil in breast, colon, prostate, glioma, and lung cancers. However, to date, the chemosensitizing action of sildenafil is not evaluated in T cell lymphoma, a rare and challenging neoplastic disorder. Hence, the present investigation was undertaken to examine the chemosensitizing potential of sildenafil against T cell lymphoma along with elucidation of possible involvement of altered apoptosis and glucose metabolism. The experimental findings of this study showed that sildenafil enhances the cytotoxic ability of cisplatin by apoptosis induction through altering the levels of apoptosis regulatory molecules: Bcl-2, Bax, cytochrome c (Cyt c), cleaved caspase-3, and poly (ADP-ribose) polymerase (PARP). These molecular alterations were possibly driven by sildenafil through reactive oxygen species (ROS). Sildenafil deregulates glucose metabolism by markedly lowering the expression of glycolysis regulatory molecules, namely glucose transporter 1 (GLUT1), lactate dehydrogenase A (LDHA), hexokinase II (HKII), pyruvate kinase M2 (PKM2), and pyruvate dehydrogenase kinase 1 (PDK1) via suppressing hypoxia-inducible factor 1-alpha (HIF-1α) expression. Hence, sildenafil potentiates the tumor cell killing ability of cisplatin by augmenting ROS production through switching the glucose metabolism from glycolysis to oxidative phosphorylation (OXPHOS). Overall, our study demonstrates that sildenafil might be a promising adjunct therapeutic candidate in designing novel combinatorial chemotherapeutic regimens against T cell lymphoma.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shiv Govind Rawat
- Department of Zoology, Institute of Science, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, Uttar Pradesh, 221005, India
| | - Rajan Kumar Tiwari
- Department of Zoology, Institute of Science, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, Uttar Pradesh, 221005, India
| | - Pradip Kumar Jaiswara
- Department of Zoology, Institute of Science, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, Uttar Pradesh, 221005, India
| | - Vishal Kumar Gupta
- Department of Zoology, Institute of Science, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, Uttar Pradesh, 221005, India
| | - Pratishtha Sonker
- Department of Zoology, Institute of Science, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, Uttar Pradesh, 221005, India
| | | | - Santosh Kumar
- Department of Life Science, National Institute of Technology Rourkela, Rourkela, Odisha, India
| | - Chandramani Pathak
- Amity Institute of Biotechnology, Amity University, Amity Education Valley, Gurgaon, Haryana, India
| | - Vibhav Gautam
- Centre of Experimental Medicine and Surgery, Institute of Medical Sciences, Banaras Hindu University, 221005, Varanasi, India
| | - Ajay Kumar
- Department of Zoology, Institute of Science, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, Uttar Pradesh, 221005, India.
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Zhao P, Shen Y, Li M, Dan H, Zhao Z, Zhang J. Integration of Transcriptomics and Metabolomics Reveals the Antitumor Mechanism Underlying Tadalafil in Colorectal Cancer. Front Pharmacol 2022; 13:793499. [PMID: 35694253 PMCID: PMC9184725 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2022.793499] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2021] [Accepted: 04/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The potential role of tadalafil, a PDE5 inhibitor, in anticancer activity and prolonged survival has been proposed. However, the systematic effects of tadalafil in colorectal cancer were not fully understood. In this study, we assessed the anti-tumor activity of tadalafil in human colorectal cancer cells. A systematic perspective of the tadalafil-induced anti-tumor mechanism was provided by the integration of transcriptomics and metabolomics. We found that differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were mainly involved in microRNAs in cancer, purine metabolism, glycosphingolipid biosynthesis, arginine biosynthesis, and amino acid metabolism. Amino acid metabolism, especially alanine, aspartate, and glutamate metabolism was the most of the differentially accumulated metabolites (DAMs) through the analysis of metabolomics. The conjoint analysis of DEGs and DAMs presented that they were also mainly involved in alanine, aspartate, and glutamate metabolism. Amino acid metabolism-related genes, GPT, GGT5, and TAT, were significantly decreased after tadalafil treatment. In particular, the disturbance of alanine, aspartate, and glutamate metabolism may be the explanation for the major mechanism resulting from tadalafil anti-tumor activity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Pan Zhao
- The State Key Laboratory of Cancer Biology, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi’an, China
| | - Yao Shen
- The State Key Laboratory of Cancer Biology, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi’an, China
| | - Mengyang Li
- The Faculty of Hepatopancreatobiliary Surgery, The First Medical Center, Chinese People’s Liberation Army General Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Hanjun Dan
- The State Key Laboratory of Cancer Biology, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi’an, China
| | - Zhiming Zhao
- The Faculty of Hepatopancreatobiliary Surgery, The First Medical Center, Chinese People’s Liberation Army General Hospital, Beijing, China
- *Correspondence: Zhiming Zhao, ; Jian Zhang,
| | - Jian Zhang
- The State Key Laboratory of Cancer Biology, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi’an, China
- *Correspondence: Zhiming Zhao, ; Jian Zhang,
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Hou Y, Wren A, Mylarapu N, Browning K, Islam BN, Wang R, Vega KJ, Browning DD. Inhibition of Colon Cancer Cell Growth by Phosphodiesterase Inhibitors Is Independent of cGMP Signaling. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 2022; 381:42-53. [PMID: 35110391 PMCID: PMC8998686 DOI: 10.1124/jpet.121.001075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2021] [Accepted: 12/29/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
There is growing interest in the potential use of phosphodiesterase (PDE) inhibitors for colorectal cancer (CRC) prevention and treatment. The present study has tested the idea that PDE inhibitors inhibit growth and viability of CRC cell lines by increasing cyclic guanosine monophosphate (cGMP) and activating cGMP-dependent protein kinase (PKG). Colon cancer cell lines and those with ectopic PKG2 expression were treated with membrane-permeable 8Br-cGMP or inhibitors of PDE5, PDE9, and PDE10a. Levels of cGMP capable of activating PKG were measured by immunoblotting for phosphorylation of vasodilator-stimulated phosphoprotein (VASP). The effects of treatment on CRC cell proliferation and death were measured using hemocytometry with trypan blue. Treatment with 8Br-cGMP had no effect on CRC cell proliferation or death. Endogenous PKG activity was undetectable in any of the CRC cells, but expression of ectopic PKG2 conferred modest inhibition of proliferation but did not affect cell death. Extremely high concentrations of all the PDE inhibitors reduced proliferation in CRC cell lines, but none of them increased cGMP levels, and the effect was independent of PKG expression. The inability of the PDE inhibitors to increase cGMP was due to the lack of endogenous cGMP generating machinery. In conclusion, PDE inhibitors that target cGMP only reduce CRC growth at clinically unachievable concentrations, and do so independent of cGMP signaling through PKG. SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT: A large number of in vitro studies have reported that PDE inhibitors block growth of colon cancer cells by activating cGMP signaling, and that these drugs might be useful for cancer treatment. Our results show that these drugs do not activate cGMP signaling in colon cancer cells due to a lack of endogenous guanylyl cyclase activity, and that growth inhibition is due to toxic effects of clinically unobtainable drug concentrations.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yali Hou
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology (Y.H., A.W., N.M., K.B., D.D.B.) and Department of Medicine, Section of Gastroenterology and Hepatology (K.J.V.), Augusta University, Augusta, Georgia; and Department of Internal Medicine (B.N.I.) and Department of Surgery (R.W.), Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio
| | - Alexis Wren
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology (Y.H., A.W., N.M., K.B., D.D.B.) and Department of Medicine, Section of Gastroenterology and Hepatology (K.J.V.), Augusta University, Augusta, Georgia; and Department of Internal Medicine (B.N.I.) and Department of Surgery (R.W.), Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio
| | - Namratha Mylarapu
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology (Y.H., A.W., N.M., K.B., D.D.B.) and Department of Medicine, Section of Gastroenterology and Hepatology (K.J.V.), Augusta University, Augusta, Georgia; and Department of Internal Medicine (B.N.I.) and Department of Surgery (R.W.), Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio
| | - Kaylin Browning
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology (Y.H., A.W., N.M., K.B., D.D.B.) and Department of Medicine, Section of Gastroenterology and Hepatology (K.J.V.), Augusta University, Augusta, Georgia; and Department of Internal Medicine (B.N.I.) and Department of Surgery (R.W.), Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio
| | - Bianca N Islam
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology (Y.H., A.W., N.M., K.B., D.D.B.) and Department of Medicine, Section of Gastroenterology and Hepatology (K.J.V.), Augusta University, Augusta, Georgia; and Department of Internal Medicine (B.N.I.) and Department of Surgery (R.W.), Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio
| | - Rui Wang
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology (Y.H., A.W., N.M., K.B., D.D.B.) and Department of Medicine, Section of Gastroenterology and Hepatology (K.J.V.), Augusta University, Augusta, Georgia; and Department of Internal Medicine (B.N.I.) and Department of Surgery (R.W.), Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio
| | - Kenneth J Vega
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology (Y.H., A.W., N.M., K.B., D.D.B.) and Department of Medicine, Section of Gastroenterology and Hepatology (K.J.V.), Augusta University, Augusta, Georgia; and Department of Internal Medicine (B.N.I.) and Department of Surgery (R.W.), Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio
| | - Darren D Browning
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology (Y.H., A.W., N.M., K.B., D.D.B.) and Department of Medicine, Section of Gastroenterology and Hepatology (K.J.V.), Augusta University, Augusta, Georgia; and Department of Internal Medicine (B.N.I.) and Department of Surgery (R.W.), Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Chen DS, Yan J, Yang PZ. Cardiomyocyte Atrophy, an Underestimated Contributor in Doxorubicin-Induced Cardiotoxicity. Front Cardiovasc Med 2022; 9:812578. [PMID: 35282350 PMCID: PMC8913904 DOI: 10.3389/fcvm.2022.812578] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2021] [Accepted: 01/11/2022] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Left ventricular (LV) mass loss is prevalent in doxorubicin (DOX)-induced cardiotoxicity and is responsible for the progressive decline of cardiac function. Comparing with the well-studied role of cell death, the part of cardiomyocyte atrophy (CMA) playing in the LV mass loss is underestimated and the knowledge of the underlying mechanism is still limited. In this review, we summarized the recent advances in the DOX-induced CMA. We found that the CMA caused by DOX is associated with the upregulation of FOXOs and “atrogenes,” the activation of transient receptor potential canonical 3-NADPH oxidase 2 (TRPC3-Nox2) axis, and the suppression of IGF-1-PI3K signaling pathway. The imbalance of anabolic and catabolic process may be the common final pathway of these mechanisms. At last, we provided some strategies that have been demonstrated to alleviate the DOX-induced CMA in animal models.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- De-Shu Chen
- Department of Cardiology, Laboratory of Heart Center, Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
- Heart Center of Zhujiang Hospital, Guangdong Provincial Biomedical Engineering Technology Research Center for Cardiovascular Disease, Guangzhou, China
- Heart Center of Zhujiang Hospital, Sino-Japanese Cooperation Platform for Translational Research in Heart Failure, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jing Yan
- Department of Cardiology, Laboratory of Heart Center, Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
- Heart Center of Zhujiang Hospital, Guangdong Provincial Biomedical Engineering Technology Research Center for Cardiovascular Disease, Guangzhou, China
- Heart Center of Zhujiang Hospital, Sino-Japanese Cooperation Platform for Translational Research in Heart Failure, Guangzhou, China
- Jing Yan
| | - Ping-Zhen Yang
- Department of Cardiology, Laboratory of Heart Center, Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
- Heart Center of Zhujiang Hospital, Guangdong Provincial Biomedical Engineering Technology Research Center for Cardiovascular Disease, Guangzhou, China
- Heart Center of Zhujiang Hospital, Sino-Japanese Cooperation Platform for Translational Research in Heart Failure, Guangzhou, China
- *Correspondence: Ping-Zhen Yang
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Sanati M, Aminyavari S, Mollazadeh H, Bibak B, Mohtashami E, Afshari AR. How do phosphodiesterase-5 inhibitors affect cancer? A focus on glioblastoma multiforme. Pharmacol Rep 2022; 74:323-339. [PMID: 35050491 DOI: 10.1007/s43440-021-00349-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2021] [Revised: 12/10/2021] [Accepted: 12/13/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Since the discovery of phosphodiesterase-5 (PDE5) enzyme overexpression in the central nervous system (CNS) malignancies, investigations have explored the potential capacity of current PDE5 inhibitor drugs for repositioning in the treatment of brain tumors, notably glioblastoma multiforme (GBM). It has now been recognized that these drugs increase brain tumors permeability and enhance standard chemotherapeutics effectiveness. More importantly, studies have highlighted the promising antitumor functions of PDE5 inhibitors, e.g., triggering apoptosis, suppressing tumor cell growth and invasion, and reversing tumor microenvironment (TME) immunosuppression in the brain. However, contradictory reports have suggested a pro-oncogenic role for neuronal cyclic guanosine monophosphate (cGMP), indicating the beneficial function of PDE5 in the brain of GBM patients. Unfortunately, due to the inconsistent preclinical findings, only a few clinical trials are evaluating the therapeutic value of PDE5 inhibitors in GBM treatment. Accordingly, additional studies should be conducted to shed light on the precise effect of PDE5 inhibitors in GBM biology regarding the existing molecular heterogeneities among individuals. Here, we highlighted and discussed the previously investigated mechanisms underlying the impacts of PDE5 inhibitors in cancers, focusing on GBM to provide an overview of current knowledge necessary for future studies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mehdi Sanati
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Birjand University of Medical Sciences, Birjand, Iran
| | - Samaneh Aminyavari
- Department of Neuroscience and Addiction Studies, School of Advanced Technologies in Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Hamid Mollazadeh
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, North Khorasan University of Medical Sciences, Bojnurd, Iran
| | - Bahram Bibak
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, North Khorasan University of Medical Sciences, Bojnurd, Iran
| | - Elmira Mohtashami
- Pharmacological Research Center of Medicinal Plants, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Amir R Afshari
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, North Khorasan University of Medical Sciences, Bojnurd, Iran.
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Kong D, Jiang Y, Miao X, Wu Z, Liu H, Gong W. Tadalafil enhances the therapeutic efficacy of BET inhibitors in hepatocellular carcinoma through activating Hippo pathway. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Basis Dis 2021; 1867:166267. [PMID: 34508829 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbadis.2021.166267] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2021] [Revised: 09/02/2021] [Accepted: 09/02/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Bromodomain and extraterminal (BET) proteins are promising therapeutic targets for hematological and solid tumors. However, BET inhibitor monotherapy did not show a significant therapeutic benefit for hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) in preclinical trials. Here, we identified YAP/TAZ genes, as determinants for sensitivity to BET inhibitors. YAP/TAZ expression, especially TAZ, promote resistance to BET inhibitor. In addition, we analyzed that the mRNA level of PDE5 was positively correlated with YAP/TAZ based on TCGA database and demonstrated tadalafil, a PDE5 inhibitor, could block YAP/TAZ protein expression by activating Hippo pathway. Cotreatment with tadalafil and JQ-1 synergistically reduced YAP/TAZ protein expression, suppressed proliferation and induced G0-G1 arrest of cultured HCC cells. JQ-1 alone does not show significant benefits in a mouse model of HCC induced by c-Myc/N-Ras plasmids. In contrast, the combination, tadalafil and JQ-1, successfully suppressed tumor progression, enhanced antitumor immunity by improving the ratio of activated CD8 and extended the survival time of mice. Our data define the key role of YAP/TAZ in mediating resistance to BET inhibitor, described the PDE5/PKG/Hippo/YAP/TAZ axis and identified a common clinical drug that can be developed as an effective combined strategy to overcome BET inhibitor resistance in MYC/Ras-driven HCC.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Deqiang Kong
- Department of Surgery, Second Affiliated Hospital of School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310009, China; Cancer Center of Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Yuancong Jiang
- Department of Surgery, Second Affiliated Hospital of School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310009, China; Cancer Center of Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Xiaolong Miao
- Department of Surgery, Second Affiliated Hospital of School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310009, China; Cancer Center of Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Zelai Wu
- Department of Surgery, Second Affiliated Hospital of School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310009, China; Cancer Center of Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Han Liu
- Department of Surgery, Second Affiliated Hospital of School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310009, China; Cancer Center of Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Weihua Gong
- Department of Surgery, Second Affiliated Hospital of School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310009, China; Cancer Center of Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China.
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Nandi S, Kumar P, Amin SA, Jha T, Gayen S. First molecular modelling report on tri-substituted pyrazolines as phosphodiesterase 5 (PDE5) inhibitors through classical and machine learning based multi-QSAR analysis. SAR AND QSAR IN ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2021; 32:917-939. [PMID: 34727793 DOI: 10.1080/1062936x.2021.1989721] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2021] [Accepted: 10/03/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Phosphodiesterase 5 (PDE5) falls under a broad category of metallohydrolase enzymes responsible for the catalysis of the phosphodiesterase bond, and thus it can terminate the action of cyclic guanosine monophosphate (cGMP). Overexpression of this enzyme leads to development of a number of pathological conditions. Thus, targeting the enzyme to develop inhibitors could be useful for the treatment of erectile dysfunction as well as pulmonary hypertension. In the current study, several molecular modelling techniques were utilized including Bayesian classification, single tree and forest tree recursive partitioning, and genetic function approximation to identify crucial structural fingerprints important for optimization of tri-substituted pyrazoline derivatives as PDE5 inhibitors. Later, various machine learning models were also developed that could be utilized to predict and screen PDE5 inhibitors in the future.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- S Nandi
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Dr. Harisingh Gour University, Sagar, India
| | - P Kumar
- Department of Computer Science, Institute of Science, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, India
| | - S A Amin
- Natural Science Laboratory, Division of Medicinal and Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Jadavpur University, Kolkata, India
| | - T Jha
- Natural Science Laboratory, Division of Medicinal and Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Jadavpur University, Kolkata, India
| | - S Gayen
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Dr. Harisingh Gour University, Sagar, India
- Laboratory of Drug Design and Discovery, Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Jadavpur University, Kolkata, India
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Abstract
Pancreatic cancer is an almost incurable malignancy whose incidence has increased over the past 30 years. Instead of pursuing the development of modalities utilizing 'traditional' cytotoxic chemotherapeutic agents, we have explored the possibilities of developing novel multi-kinase inhibitor drug combinations to kill this tumor type. Several approaches using the multi-kinase inhibitors sorafenib, regorafenib, and neratinib have been safely translated from the bench to the bedside, with objective anti-tumor responses. This review will discuss our prior preclinical and clinical studies and discuss future clinical opportunities in this disease.
Collapse
|
16
|
Chen L, Liu Y, Becher A, Diepold K, Schmid E, Fehn A, Brunner C, Rouhi A, Chiosis G, Cronauer M, Seufferlein T, Azoitei N. Sildenafil triggers tumor lethality through altered expression of HSP90 and degradation of PKD2. Carcinogenesis 2021; 41:1421-1431. [PMID: 31917403 DOI: 10.1093/carcin/bgaa001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2019] [Revised: 12/13/2019] [Accepted: 01/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The repurposing of existing drugs has emerged as an attractive additional strategy to the development of novel compounds in the fight against cancerous diseases. Inhibition of phosphodiesterase 5 (PDE5) has been claimed as a potential approach to target various cancer subtypes in recent years. However, data on the treatment of tumors with PDE5 inhibitors as well as the underlying mechanisms are as yet very scarce. Here, we report that treatment of tumor cells with low concentrations of Sildenafil was associated with decreased cancer cell proliferation and augmented apoptosis in vitro and resulted in impaired tumor growth in vivo. Notably, incubation of cancer cells with Sildenafil was associated with altered expression of HSP90 chaperone followed by degradation of protein kinase D2, a client protein previously reported to be involved in tumor growth. Furthermore, the involvement of low doses of PU-H71, an HSP90 inhibitor currently under clinical evaluation, in combination with low concentrations of Sildenafil, synergistically and negatively impacted on the viability of cancer cells in vivo. Taken together, our study suggests that repurposing of already approved drugs, alone or in combination with oncology-dedicated compounds, may represent a novel cancer therapeutic strategy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lu Chen
- Department of Internal Medicine I, University Hospital Ulm, Ulm, Germany.,Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Zhongda Hospital, Southeast University, Nanjing, China
| | - Yang Liu
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Zhongda Hospital, Southeast University, Nanjing, China
| | - Alexander Becher
- Department of Internal Medicine I, University Hospital Ulm, Ulm, Germany
| | - Kristina Diepold
- Department of Internal Medicine I, University Hospital Ulm, Ulm, Germany
| | - Evi Schmid
- Department of Pediatric Surgery and Pediatric Urology, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Adrian Fehn
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, University Hospital Ulm, Ulm, Germany
| | - Cornelia Brunner
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, University Hospital Ulm, Ulm, Germany
| | | | - Gabriela Chiosis
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology and Chemistry, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Institute, New York, NY, USA
| | - Marcus Cronauer
- Department of Urology, University Hospital Schleswig-Holstein, Campus Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany
| | - Thomas Seufferlein
- Department of Internal Medicine I, University Hospital Ulm, Ulm, Germany
| | - Ninel Azoitei
- Department of Internal Medicine I, University Hospital Ulm, Ulm, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Iratni R, Ayoub MA. Sildenafil in Combination Therapy against Cancer: A Literature Review. Curr Med Chem 2021; 28:2248-2259. [PMID: 32744956 DOI: 10.2174/0929867327666200730165338] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2020] [Revised: 06/13/2020] [Accepted: 06/22/2020] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The concepts of drug repurposing and Sildenafil or blue pill are tightly linked over the years. Indeed, in addition to its initial clinical application as an anti-hypertensive drug in the pulmonary system, Sildenafil is also known for its beneficial effects in erectile dysfunction. Moreover, evidence has been accumulated to support its value in anti-cancer therapy, either alone or in combination with other clinically efficient chemotherapy drugs. In this review, we focused on the old and recent in vitro and in vivo studies demonstrating the cellular and molecular rationale for the application of Sildenafil in combination therapy in various types of cancer. We emphasized on the different molecular targets as well as the different signaling pathways involved in cancer cells. The pro-apoptotic effect of Sildenafil through nitric oxide (NO)/ phosphodiesterase type 5 (PDE5)-dependent manner seems to be one of the most common mechanisms. However, the activation of autophagy, as well as the modulation of the anti-tumor immunity, constitutes the other pathways triggered by Sildenafil. Overall, the studies converged to reveal the complexity of the anti-cancer potential of Sildenafil. Thus, through our review, we aimed to present an updated and simplified picture of such repurposing of Sildenafil in the field of oncology.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rabah Iratni
- Department of Biology, College of Science, United Arab Emirates University, P.O. Box: 15551, Al Ain, United Arab Emirates
| | - Mohammed Akli Ayoub
- Department of Biology, College of Science, United Arab Emirates University, P.O. Box: 15551, Al Ain, United Arab Emirates
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Samidurai A, Xi L, Das A, Iness AN, Vigneshwar NG, Li PL, Singla DK, Muniyan S, Batra SK, Kukreja RC. Role of phosphodiesterase 1 in the pathophysiology of diseases and potential therapeutic opportunities. Pharmacol Ther 2021; 226:107858. [PMID: 33895190 DOI: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2021.107858] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2020] [Revised: 03/17/2021] [Accepted: 04/14/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Cyclic nucleotide phosphodiesterases (PDEs) are superfamily of enzymes that regulate the spatial and temporal relationship of second messenger signaling in the cellular system. Among the 11 different families of PDEs, phosphodiesterase 1 (PDE1) sub-family of enzymes hydrolyze both 3',5'-cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP) and 3',5'-cyclic guanosine monophosphate (cGMP) in a mutually competitive manner. The catalytic activity of PDE1 is stimulated by their binding to Ca2+/calmodulin (CaM), resulting in the integration of Ca2+ and cyclic nucleotide-mediated signaling in various diseases. The PDE1 family includes three subtypes, PDE1A, PDE1B and PDE1C, which differ for their relative affinities for cAMP and cGMP. These isoforms are differentially expressed throughout the body, including the cardiovascular, central nervous system and other organs. Thus, PDE1 enzymes play a critical role in the pathophysiology of diseases through the fundamental regulation of cAMP and cGMP signaling. This comprehensive review provides the current research on PDE1 and its potential utility as a therapeutic target in diseases including the cardiovascular, pulmonary, metabolic, neurocognitive, renal, cancers and possibly others.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Arun Samidurai
- Division of Cardiology, Pauley Heart Center, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA 23298-0204, USA
| | - Lei Xi
- Division of Cardiology, Pauley Heart Center, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA 23298-0204, USA
| | - Anindita Das
- Division of Cardiology, Pauley Heart Center, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA 23298-0204, USA
| | - Audra N Iness
- Division of Cardiology, Pauley Heart Center, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA 23298-0204, USA
| | - Navin G Vigneshwar
- Division of Cardiology, Pauley Heart Center, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA 23298-0204, USA
| | - Pin-Lan Li
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA 23298-0613, USA
| | - Dinender K Singla
- Division of Metabolic and Cardiovascular Sciences, Burnett School of Biomedical Sciences, College of Medicine, University of Central Florida, Orlando, FL 32816, USA
| | - Sakthivel Muniyan
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198-5870, USA
| | - Surinder K Batra
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198-5870, USA
| | - Rakesh C Kukreja
- Division of Cardiology, Pauley Heart Center, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA 23298-0204, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Ouranidis A, Tsiaxerli A, Vardaka E, Markopoulou CK, Zacharis CK, Nicolaou I, Hatzichristou D, Haidich AB, Kostomitsopoulos N, Kachrimanis K. Sildenafil 4.0-Integrated Synthetic Chemistry, Formulation and Analytical Strategies Effecting Immense Therapeutic and Societal Impact in the Fourth Industrial Era. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2021; 14:365. [PMID: 33920975 PMCID: PMC8071249 DOI: 10.3390/ph14040365] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2021] [Revised: 04/08/2021] [Accepted: 04/09/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Sildenafil is a potent selective, reversible inhibitor of phosphodiesterase type 5 (PDE5) approved for the treatment of erectile dysfunction and pulmonary arterial hypertension. Whilst twenty years have passed since its original approval by the US Food and Drug Administration (USFDA), sildenafil enters the fourth industrial era catalyzing the treatment advances against erectile dysfunction and pulmonary hypertension. The plethora of detailed clinical data accumulated and the two sildenafil analogues marketed, namely tadalafil and vardenafil, signify the relevant therapeutic and commercial achievements. The pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic behavior of the drug appears complex, interdependent and of critical importance whereas the treatment of special population cohorts is considered. The diversity of the available formulation strategies and their compatible administration routes, extend from tablets to bolus suspensions and from per os to intravenous, respectively, inheriting the associated strengths and weaknesses. In this comprehensive review, we attempt to elucidate the multi-disciplinary elements spanning the knowledge fields of chemical synthesis, physicochemical properties, pharmacology, clinical applications, biopharmaceutical profile, formulation approaches for different routes of administration and analytical strategies, currently employed to guide the development of sildenafil-based compositions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Andreas Ouranidis
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, School of Pharmacy, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 54124 Thessaloniki, Greece; (A.T.); (E.V.)
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 54124 Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Anastasia Tsiaxerli
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, School of Pharmacy, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 54124 Thessaloniki, Greece; (A.T.); (E.V.)
| | - Elisavet Vardaka
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, School of Pharmacy, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 54124 Thessaloniki, Greece; (A.T.); (E.V.)
| | - Catherine K. Markopoulou
- Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Analysis, Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, School of Pharmacy, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 54124 Thessaloniki, Greece; (C.K.M.); (C.K.Z.)
| | - Constantinos K. Zacharis
- Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Analysis, Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, School of Pharmacy, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 54124 Thessaloniki, Greece; (C.K.M.); (C.K.Z.)
| | - Ioannis Nicolaou
- Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 54124 Thessaloniki, Greece;
| | - Dimitris Hatzichristou
- Department of Urology, Medical School, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 54635 Thessaloniki, Greece;
| | - Anna-Bettina Haidich
- Department of Hygiene, Social-Preventive Medicine and Medical Statistics, Medical School, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 54124 Thessaloniki, Greece;
| | - Nikolaos Kostomitsopoulos
- Center of Clinical, Experimental Surgery and Translational Research, Biomedical Research Foundation of the Academy of Athens, 11527 Athens, Greece;
| | - Kyriakos Kachrimanis
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, School of Pharmacy, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 54124 Thessaloniki, Greece; (A.T.); (E.V.)
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
AboYoussef AM, Khalaf MM, Malak MN, Hamzawy MA. Repurposing of sildenafil as antitumour; induction of cyclic guanosine monophosphate/protein kinase G pathway, caspase-dependent apoptosis and pivotal reduction of Nuclear factor kappa light chain enhancer of activated B cells in lung cancer. J Pharm Pharmacol 2021; 73:1080-1091. [PMID: 33856030 DOI: 10.1093/jpp/rgab049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2020] [Accepted: 02/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Lung cancer is one of the most frequent types of cancers that lead to death. Sildenafil is a potent inhibitor of phosphodiesterase-5 and showed potential anticancer effects, which has not yet been fully evaluated. Thus, this study aims to investigate the potential anticancer effect of sildenafil in urethane-induced lung cancer in BALB/c mice. METHODS Five-week-old male BALB/c mice were treated with either (i) normal saline only, (ii) sildenafil only 50 mg kg-1/ P.O every other day for the last four successive weeks, (iii) urethane 1.5 gm kg-1 i.p (at day 1 and day 60), (iv) carboplatin after urethane induction, or (v) sildenafil after urethane induction. KEY FINDINGS It was shown that sildenafil significantly increased the levels of cGMP and Caspase-3 with a reduction of NF-κB, Bcl-2, Cyclin D1, intercellular adhesion molecule 1, matrix metalloproteinase-2 levels and normalisation of Nrf2 along with pronounced improvement in the histological patterns. CONCLUSIONS These results indicated that sildenafil markedly induces cell cycle arrest, apoptosis and inhibits the metastatic activity through activation of cyclic guanosine monophosphate/protein kinase G pathway and down-regulation of cyclin D1 and nuclear factor kappa light chain enhancer of activated B cells with downstream anti-apoptotic gene Bcl-2, which underscores the critical importance of future using sildenafil in the treatment of lung cancer.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Amira M AboYoussef
- Pharmacology and Toxicology Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Beni-Suef University, Beni-Suef, Egypt
| | - Marwa M Khalaf
- Pharmacology and Toxicology Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Beni-Suef University, Beni-Suef, Egypt
| | - Marina N Malak
- Pharmacology and Toxicology Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Beni-Suef University, Beni-Suef, Egypt
| | - Mohamed A Hamzawy
- Pharmacology and Toxicology Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Fayoum University, Fayoum, Egypt
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Sargazi S, Shahraki S, Shahraki O, Zargari F, Sheervalilou R, Maghsoudi S, Soltani Rad MN, Saravani R. 8-Alkylmercaptocaffeine derivatives: antioxidant, molecular docking, and in-vitro cytotoxicity studies. Bioorg Chem 2021; 111:104900. [PMID: 33894429 DOI: 10.1016/j.bioorg.2021.104900] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2020] [Revised: 04/01/2021] [Accepted: 04/06/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Due to their unique pharmacological characteristics, methylxanthines are known as therapeutic agents in a fascinating range of medicinal scopes. In this report, we aimed to examine some biological effects of previously synthesized 8-alkylmercaptocaffeine derivatives. Cytotoxic and antioxidative activity of 8-alkylmercaptocaffeine derivatives were measured in malignant A549, MCF7, and C152 cell lines. Assessment of cGMP levels and caspase-3 activity were carried out using a colorimetric competitive ELISA kit. Computational approaches were employed to discover the inhibitory mechanism of synthesized compounds. Among the twelve synthesized derivatives, three compounds (C1, C5, and C7) bearing propyl, heptyl, and 3-methyl-butyl moieties showed higher and more desirable cytotoxic activity against all the studied cell lines (IC50 < 100 µM). Furthermore, C5 synergistically enhanced cisplatin-induced cytotoxicity in MCF-7 cells (CI < 1). Both C5 and C7 significantly increased caspase-3 activity and intracellular cGMP levels at specific time intervals in all studied cell lines (P < 0.05). However, these derivatives did not elevate LDH leakage (P > 0.05) and exhibited no marked ameliorating effects on oxidative damage (P > 0.05). Computational studies showed that H-bond formation between the nitrogen atom in pyrazolo[4,3-D] pyrimidine moiety with Gln817 and creating a hydrophobic cavity result in the stability of the alkyl group in the PDE5A active site. We found that synthesized 8-alkylmercaptocaffeine derivatives induced cell death in different cancer cells through the cGMP pathway. These findings will help us to get a deeper insight into the role of methylxanthines as useful alternatives to conventional cancer therapeutics.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Saman Sargazi
- Cellular and Molecular Research Center, Resistant Tuberculosis Institute, Zahedan University of Medical Sciences, Zahedan, Iran.
| | - Sheida Shahraki
- Cellular and Molecular Research Center, Resistant Tuberculosis Institute, Zahedan University of Medical Sciences, Zahedan, Iran
| | - Omolbanin Shahraki
- Pharmacology Research Center, Zahedan University of Medical Sciences, Zahedan, Iran.
| | - Farshid Zargari
- Pharmacology Research Center, Zahedan University of Medical Sciences, Zahedan, Iran; Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Sistan and balouchestan, Zahedan, Iran
| | | | - Saeid Maghsoudi
- Medicinal Chemistry Research Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, Shiraz University of Technology, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Mohammad Navid Soltani Rad
- Medicinal Chemistry Research Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, Shiraz University of Technology, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Ramin Saravani
- Cellular and Molecular Research Center, Resistant Tuberculosis Institute, Zahedan University of Medical Sciences, Zahedan, Iran; Department of Clinical Biochemistry, School of Medicine, Zahedan University of Medical Sciences, Zahedan, Iran
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
Muniyan S, Rachagani S, Parte S, Halder S, Seshacharyulu P, Kshirsagar P, Siddiqui JA, Vengoji R, Rauth S, Islam R, Mallya K, Datta K, Xi L, Das A, Teply BA, Kukreja RC, Batra SK. Sildenafil Potentiates the Therapeutic Efficacy of Docetaxel in Advanced Prostate Cancer by Stimulating NO-cGMP Signaling. Clin Cancer Res 2020; 26:5720-5734. [PMID: 32847934 DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-20-1569] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2020] [Revised: 07/22/2020] [Accepted: 08/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Docetaxel plays an indispensable role in the management of advanced prostate cancer. However, more than half of patients do not respond to docetaxel, and those good responders frequently experience significant cumulative toxicity, which limits its dose duration and intensity. Hence, a second agent that could increase the initial efficacy of docetaxel and maintain tolerability at biologically effective doses may improve outcomes for patients. EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN We determined phosphodiesterase 5 (PDE5) expression levels in human and genetically engineered mouse (GEM) prostate tissues and tumor-derived cell lines. Furthermore, we investigated the therapeutic benefits and underlying mechanism of PDE5 inhibitor sildenafil in combination with docetaxel using in vitro, Pten conditional knockout (cKO), derived tumoroid and xenograft prostate cancer models. RESULTS PDE5 expression was higher in both human and mouse prostate tumors and cancer cell lines compared with normal tissues/cells. In GEM prostate-derived cell lines, PDE5 expression increased from normal prostate (wild-type) epithelial cells to androgen-dependent and castrated prostate-derived cell lines. The addition of physiologically achievable concentrations of sildenafil enhanced docetaxel-induced prostate cancer cell growth inhibition and apoptosis in vitro, reduced murine 3D tumoroid growth, and in vivo tumorigenicity as compared with docetaxel alone. Furthermore, sildenafil enhanced docetaxel-induced NO and cGMP levels thereby augmenting antitumor activity. CONCLUSIONS Our results demonstrate that sildenafil's addition could sensitize docetaxel chemotherapy in prostate cancer cells at much lesser concentration than needed for inducing cell death. Thus, the combinatorial treatment of sildenafil and docetaxel may improve anticancer efficacy and reduce chemotherapy-induced side-effects among patients with advanced prostate cancer.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sakthivel Muniyan
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, Nebraska.
| | - Satyanarayana Rachagani
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, Nebraska
| | - Seema Parte
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, Nebraska
| | - Sushanta Halder
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, Nebraska
| | | | - Prakash Kshirsagar
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, Nebraska
| | - Jawed A Siddiqui
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, Nebraska
| | - Raghupathy Vengoji
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, Nebraska
| | - Sanchita Rauth
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, Nebraska
| | - Ridwan Islam
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, Nebraska
| | - Kavita Mallya
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, Nebraska
| | - Kaustubh Datta
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, Nebraska.,Fred and Pamela Buffett Cancer Center, Eppley Institute for Research in Cancer and Allied Diseases, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, Nebraska
| | - Lei Xi
- Pauley Heart Center, Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Cardiology, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia
| | - Anindita Das
- Pauley Heart Center, Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Cardiology, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia
| | - Benjamin A Teply
- Fred and Pamela Buffett Cancer Center, Eppley Institute for Research in Cancer and Allied Diseases, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, Nebraska.,Department of Internal Medicine, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, Nebraska
| | - Rakesh C Kukreja
- Pauley Heart Center, Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Cardiology, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia
| | - Surinder K Batra
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, Nebraska. .,Fred and Pamela Buffett Cancer Center, Eppley Institute for Research in Cancer and Allied Diseases, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, Nebraska.,Department of Pathology and Microbiology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, Nebraska
| |
Collapse
|
23
|
Kirtonia A, Gala K, Fernandes SG, Pandya G, Pandey AK, Sethi G, Khattar E, Garg M. Repurposing of drugs: An attractive pharmacological strategy for cancer therapeutics. Semin Cancer Biol 2020; 68:258-278. [PMID: 32380233 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcancer.2020.04.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2020] [Revised: 03/20/2020] [Accepted: 04/22/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Human malignancies are one of the major health-related issues though out the world and anticipated to rise in the future. The development of novel drugs/agents requires a huge amount of cost and time that represents a major challenge for drug discovery. In the last three decades, the number of FDA approved drugs has dropped down and this led to increasing interest in drug reposition or repurposing. The present review focuses on recent concepts and therapeutic opportunities for the utilization of antidiabetics, antibiotics, antifungal, anti-inflammatory, antipsychotic, PDE inhibitors and estrogen receptor antagonist, Antabuse, antiparasitic and cardiovascular agents/drugs as an alternative approach against human malignancies. The repurposing of approved non-cancerous drugs is an effective strategy to develop new therapeutic options for the treatment of cancer patients at an affordable cost in clinics. In the current scenario, most of the countries throughout the globe are unable to meet the medical needs of cancer patients because of the high cost of the available cancerous drugs. Some of these drugs displayed potential anti-cancer activity in preclinic and clinical studies by regulating several key molecular mechanisms and oncogenic pathways in human malignancies. The emerging pieces of evidence indicate that repurposing of drugs is crucial to the faster and cheaper discovery of anti-cancerous drugs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Anuradha Kirtonia
- Amity Institute of Molecular Medicine and Stem cell Research (AIMMSCR), Amity University Uttar Pradesh, Noida, 201313, India; Equal contribution
| | - Kavita Gala
- Sunandan Divatia School of Science, SVKM's NMIMS (Deemed to be University), Vile Parle West, Mumbai, 400056, India; Equal contribution
| | - Stina George Fernandes
- Sunandan Divatia School of Science, SVKM's NMIMS (Deemed to be University), Vile Parle West, Mumbai, 400056, India; Equal contribution
| | - Gouri Pandya
- Amity Institute of Molecular Medicine and Stem cell Research (AIMMSCR), Amity University Uttar Pradesh, Noida, 201313, India; Equal contribution
| | - Amit Kumar Pandey
- Amity Institute of Biotechnology, Amity University Haryana, Manesar, Haryana, 122413, India
| | - Gautam Sethi
- Department of Pharmacology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, 117600, Singapore
| | - Ekta Khattar
- Sunandan Divatia School of Science, SVKM's NMIMS (Deemed to be University), Vile Parle West, Mumbai, 400056, India.
| | - Manoj Garg
- Amity Institute of Molecular Medicine and Stem cell Research (AIMMSCR), Amity University Uttar Pradesh, Noida, 201313, India.
| |
Collapse
|
24
|
Booth L, Roberts JL, West C, Von Hoff D, Dent P. GZ17-6.02 initiates DNA damage causing autophagosome-dependent HDAC degradation resulting in enhanced anti-PD1 checkpoint inhibitory antibody efficacy. J Cell Physiol 2020; 235:8098-8113. [PMID: 31951027 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.29464] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2019] [Accepted: 01/08/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Our studies examined the molecular mechanisms by which the novel cancer therapeutic GZ17-6.02 (NCT03775525) killed GI tumor cells. TZ17-6.02 activated ATM which was responsible for increased phosphorylation of nuclear γH2AX and AMPKα T172. ATM-AMPK signaling was responsible for the subsequent inactivation of mTORC1 and mTORC2, dephosphorylation of ULK1 S757, and increased phosphorylation of ULK1 S317 and of ATG13 S318, which collectively caused enhanced autophagosome formation. GZ17-6.02 interacted with 5-fluorouracil in an additive to greater than additive fashion to kill all of the tested GI tumor cell types. This was associated with greater ATM activation and a greater mammalian target of rapamycin inactivation and autophagosome induction. As a result, autophagy-dependent degradation of multiple histone deacetylase (HDAC) proteins and chaperone proteins occurred. Loss of HDAC expression was causal in reduced expression of programed death ligand 1 (PD-L1), ornithine decarboxylase, and indole amine 2,3-dioxygenase (IDO1) and in the elevated expression of major histocompatibility complex Class IA (MHCA). Treatment with GZ17-6.02 also resulted in enhanced efficacy of a subsequently administered anti-PD1 checkpoint inhibitory antibody. Thus, the primary mode of GZ17-6.02 action is to induce a DNA damage response concomitant with ATM activation, that triggers a series of interconnected molecular events that result in tumor cell death and enhanced immunogenicity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Laurence Booth
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia
| | - Jane L Roberts
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia
| | | | - Daniel Von Hoff
- Translational Genomics Research Institute (TGEN), Phoenix, Arizona
| | - Paul Dent
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia
| |
Collapse
|
25
|
Antinozzi C, Sgrò P, Di Luigi L. Advantages of Phosphodiesterase Type 5 Inhibitors in the Management of Glucose Metabolism Disorders: A Clinical and Translational Issue. Int J Endocrinol 2020; 2020:7078108. [PMID: 32774364 PMCID: PMC7407035 DOI: 10.1155/2020/7078108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2020] [Revised: 07/06/2020] [Accepted: 07/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Among metabolic diseases, carbohydrate metabolism disorders are the most widespread. The most common glucose pathological conditions are acquired and may increase the risk of type 2 diabetes, obesity, heart diseases, stroke, and kidney insufficiency. Phosphodiesterase type 5 inhibitors (PDE5i) have long been used as an effective therapeutic option for the treatment of erectile dysfunction (ED). Different studies have demonstrated that PDE5i, by sensitizing insulin target tissues to insulin, play an important role in controlling the action of insulin and glucose metabolism, highlighting the protective action of these drugs against metabolic diseases. In this review, we report the latest knowledge about the role of PDE5i in the metabolic diseases of insulin resistance and type 2 diabetes, highlighting clinical aspects and potential treatment approaches. Although various encouraging data are available, further in vivo and in vitro studies are required to elucidate the mechanism of action and their clinical application in humans.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Cristina Antinozzi
- Unit of Endocrinology, Department of Movement, Human and Health Sciences, University of Rome “Foro Italico”, 00135 Rome, Italy
| | - Paolo Sgrò
- Unit of Endocrinology, Department of Movement, Human and Health Sciences, University of Rome “Foro Italico”, 00135 Rome, Italy
| | - Luigi Di Luigi
- Unit of Endocrinology, Department of Movement, Human and Health Sciences, University of Rome “Foro Italico”, 00135 Rome, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
26
|
Nam SM, Jeon YJ. Proteostasis In The Endoplasmic Reticulum: Road to Cure. Cancers (Basel) 2019; 11:E1793. [PMID: 31739582 PMCID: PMC6895847 DOI: 10.3390/cancers11111793] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2019] [Revised: 11/04/2019] [Accepted: 11/12/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The endoplasmic reticulum (ER) is an interconnected organelle that is responsible for the biosynthesis, folding, maturation, stabilization, and trafficking of transmembrane and secretory proteins. Therefore, cells evolve protein quality-control equipment of the ER to ensure protein homeostasis, also termed proteostasis. However, disruption in the folding capacity of the ER caused by a large variety of pathophysiological insults leads to the accumulation of unfolded or misfolded proteins in this organelle, known as ER stress. Upon ER stress, unfolded protein response (UPR) of the ER is activated, integrates ER stress signals, and transduces the integrated signals to relive ER stress, thereby leading to the re-establishment of proteostasis. Intriguingly, severe and persistent ER stress and the subsequently sustained unfolded protein response (UPR) are closely associated with tumor development, angiogenesis, aggressiveness, immunosuppression, and therapeutic response of cancer. Additionally, the UPR interconnects various processes in and around the tumor microenvironment. Therefore, it has begun to be delineated that pharmacologically and genetically manipulating strategies directed to target the UPR of the ER might exhibit positive clinical outcome in cancer. In the present review, we summarize recent advances in our understanding of the UPR of the ER and the UPR of the ER-mitochondria interconnection. We also highlight new insights into how the UPR of the ER in response to pathophysiological perturbations is implicated in the pathogenesis of cancer. We provide the concept to target the UPR of the ER, eventually discussing the potential of therapeutic interventions for targeting the UPR of the ER for cancer treatment.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Su Min Nam
- Department of Biochemistry, Chungnam National University College of Medicine, Daejeon 35015, Korea;
- Department of Medical Science, Chungnam National University College of Medicine, Daejeon 35015, Korea
| | - Young Joo Jeon
- Department of Biochemistry, Chungnam National University College of Medicine, Daejeon 35015, Korea;
- Department of Medical Science, Chungnam National University College of Medicine, Daejeon 35015, Korea
| |
Collapse
|
27
|
Simic D, Spasic A, Jovanovic M, Maric P, Milosevic R, Srejovic I. The Phosphodiesterase-5 Inhibitors and Prostate Cancer – What We Rely Know About It? SERBIAN JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL AND CLINICAL RESEARCH 2019. [DOI: 10.1515/sjecr-2017-0073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract
Phosphodiesterase-5 inhibitors (PDE5Is) represent a group of drugs that are registered for the treatment of erectile dysfunctions predominantly, but recently also for treatment of pulmonary hypertension and benign prostatic hypertrophy. However, more and more research deals with possible antitumor potential of PDE5Is in different types of cancers, including prostate cancer. Prostate cancer represents the one of the most common carcinoma in the male population, whose incidence is continuously increasing. Early detection combined with radical prostatectomy increases the survival rate, but also it is necessary to keep in mind the quality of life of patients undergoing prostatectomy in light of bladder control and erectile function. Authors of various clinical studies presented the results that often lead to totally opposing conclusions. For example, Chavez and colleagues have shown that use of PDE5Is in men with erectile dysfunction decreases the risk of developing prostate cancer, while, on the other hand, Michl and colleagues pointed out the adversely effect of PDE5Is on biochemical recurrence after bilateral nerve sparing radical prostatectomy. In that sense, the aim of this review was to present as many as possible of existing results dealing with of action of PDE5Is in the field of prostatic carcinoma. Taking into account all presented data, it can be concluded that eff ect of PDE5Is on formation, development and outcome of treatment in patients with prostate carcinoma is very intriguing question, whose response requires additional both experimental and clinical research.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Dejan Simic
- Clinic of Urology, Military Medical Academy , Belgrade , Serbia
| | | | - Mirko Jovanovic
- Clinic of Urology, Military Medical Academy , Belgrade , Serbia
| | - Predrag Maric
- Clinic of Urology, Military Medical Academy , Belgrade , Serbia
| | | | - Ivan Srejovic
- University of Kragujevac , Faculty of Medical Sciences, Department of Physiology , Kragujevac , Serbia
| |
Collapse
|
28
|
Baechler BL, Bloemberg D, Quadrilatero J. Mitophagy regulates mitochondrial network signaling, oxidative stress, and apoptosis during myoblast differentiation. Autophagy 2019; 15:1606-1619. [PMID: 30859901 DOI: 10.1080/15548627.2019.1591672] [Citation(s) in RCA: 147] [Impact Index Per Article: 29.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Macroautophagy/autophagy is a degradative process essential for various cellular processes. We previously demonstrated that autophagy-deficiency causes myoblast apoptosis and impairs myotube formation. In this study, we continued this work with particular emphasis on mitochondrial remodelling and stress/apoptotic signaling. We found increased (p < 0.05) autophagic (e.g., altered LC3B levels, increased ATG7, decreased SQSTM1) and mitophagic (e.g., BNIP3 upregulation, mitochondrial localized GFP-LC3 puncta, and elevated mitochondrial LC3B-II) signaling during myoblast differentiation. shRNA-mediated knockdown of ATG7 (shAtg7) decreased these autophagic and mitophagic responses, while increasing CASP3 activity and ANXA5/annexin V staining in differentiating myoblasts; ultimately resulting in dramatically impaired myogenesis. Further confirming the importance of mitophagy in these responses, CRISPR-Cas9-mediated knockout of Bnip3 (bnip3-/-) resulted in increased CASP3 activity and DNA fragmentation as well as impaired myoblast differentiation. In addition, shAtg7 myoblasts displayed greater endoplasmic reticulum (e.g., increased CAPN activity and HSPA) and mitochondrial (e.g., mPTP formation, reduced mitochondrial membrane potential, elevated mitochondrial 4-HNE) stress. shAtg7 and bnip3-/- myoblasts also displayed altered mitochondria-associated signaling (e.g., PPARGC1A, DNM1L, OPA1) and protein content (e.g., SLC25A4, VDAC1, CYCS). Moreover, shAtg7 myoblasts displayed CYCS and AIFM1 release from mitochondria, and CASP9 activation. Similarly, bnip3-/- myoblasts had significantly higher CASP9 activation during differentiation. Importantly, administration of a chemical inhibitor of CASP9 (Ac-LEHD-CHO) or dominant-negative CASP9 (ad-DNCASP9) partially recovered differentiation and myogenesis in shAtg7 myoblasts. Together, these data demonstrate an essential role for autophagy in protecting myoblasts from mitochondrial oxidative stress and apoptotic signaling during differentiation, as well as in the regulation of mitochondrial network remodelling and myogenesis. Abbreviations: 3MA: 3-methyladenine; 4-HNE: 4-hydroxynonenal; ACT: actin; AIFM1/AIF: apoptosis-inducing factor, mitochondrion-associated 1; ANXA5: annexin V; ATG7: autophagy related 7; AU: arbitrary units; BAX: BCL2-associated X protein; BCL2: B cell leukemia/lymphoma 2; BECN1: beclin 1, autophagy related; BNIP3: BCL2/adenovirus E1B interacting protein 3; CAPN: calpain; CASP: caspase; CASP3: caspase 3; CASP8: caspase 8; CASP9: caspase 9; CASP12: caspase 12; CAT: catalase; CQ: chloroquine; CYCS: cytochrome c, somatic; DCF; 2',7'-dichlorofluorescein; DNM1L/DRP1: dynamin 1-like; DM: differentiation media; DMEM: Dulbecco's modified Eagle's medium; ER: endoplasmic reticulum; GAPDH: glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase; GFP: green fluorescent protein; GM: growth media; p-H2AFX: phosphorylated H2A histone family, member X; H2BFM: H2B histone family, member M; HBSS: Hanks balanced salt solution; HSPA/HSP70: heat shock protein family A; JC-1: tetraethylbenzimidazolylcarbocyanine iodide; MAP1LC3B/LC3B: microtubule-associated protein 1 light chain 3 beta; mPTP: mitochondrial permeability transition pore; MYH: myosin heavy chain; MYOG: myogenin; OPA1: OPA1, mitochondrial dynamin like GTPase; PI: propidium iodide; PINK1: PTEN induced putative kinase 1; PPARGC1A/PGC1α: peroxisome proliferative activated receptor, gamma, coactivator 1 alpha; ROS: reactive oxygen species; SLC25A4/ANT1: solute carrier family 25 (mitochondrial carrier, adenine nucleotide translocator), member 4; SOD1: superoxide dismutase 1, soluble; SOD2: superoxide dismutase 2, mitochondrial; SQSTM1/p62: sequestosome 1; VDAC1: voltage-dependent anion channel 1.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Brittany L Baechler
- a Department of Kinesiology, University of Waterloo , Waterloo , Ontario , Canada
| | - Darin Bloemberg
- a Department of Kinesiology, University of Waterloo , Waterloo , Ontario , Canada
| | - Joe Quadrilatero
- a Department of Kinesiology, University of Waterloo , Waterloo , Ontario , Canada
| |
Collapse
|
29
|
Chang JF, Hsu JL, Sheng YH, Leu WJ, Yu CC, Chan SH, Chan ML, Hsu LC, Liu SP, Guh JH. Phosphodiesterase Type 5 (PDE5) Inhibitors Sensitize Topoisomerase II Inhibitors in Killing Prostate Cancer Through PDE5-Independent Impairment of HR and NHEJ DNA Repair Systems. Front Oncol 2019; 8:681. [PMID: 30705876 PMCID: PMC6344441 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2018.00681] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2018] [Accepted: 12/27/2018] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Human castration-resistant prostate cancer (CRPC) is a significant target of clinical research. The use of DNA-damaging agents has a long history in cancer chemotherapy but is limited by their toxicities. The combination with a safer drug can be a strategy in reducing dosage and toxicity while increasing anticancer activity in CRPC treatment. Phosphodiesterase type 5 (PDE5) inhibitors are used to treat erectile dysfunction through the selective inhibition of PDE5 that is responsible for cGMP degradation in the corpus cavernosum. Several studies have reported that PDE5 inhibitors display protective effect against doxorubicin-induced cardiotoxicity. The combinatory treatment of CRPC with doxorubicin and PDE5 inhibitors has been studied accordingly. The data demonstrated that sildenafil or vardenafil (two structure-related PDE5 inhibitors) but not tadalafil (structure-unrelated to sildenafil) sensitized doxorubicin-induced apoptosis in CRPC cells with deteriorating the down-regulation of anti-apoptotic Bcl-2 family members, including Bcl-xL and Mcl-1, and amplifying caspase activation. Homologous recombination (HR) and non-homologous end joining (NHEJ) DNA repair systems were inhibited in the apoptotic sensitization through detection of nuclear foci formation of Rad51 and DNA end-binding of Ku80. PDE5 knockdown to mimic the exposure to PDE5 inhibitors did not reproduce apoptotic sensitization, suggesting a PDE5-independent mechanism. Not only doxorubicin, sildenafil combined with other inhibitors of topoisomerase II but not topoisomerase I also triggered apoptotic sensitization. In conclusion, the data suggest that sildenafil and vardenafil induce PDE5-independent apoptotic sensitization to doxorubicin (or other topoisomerase II inhibitors) through impairment of both HR and NHEJ repair systems that are evident by a decrease of nuclear Rad51 levels and their foci formation in the nucleus, and an inhibition of Ku80 DNA end-binding capability. The combinatory treatment may enable an important strategy for anti-CRPC development.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jo-Fan Chang
- School of Pharmacy, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Jui-Ling Hsu
- School of Pharmacy, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Yi-Hua Sheng
- School of Pharmacy, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Wohn-Jenn Leu
- School of Pharmacy, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Chia-Chun Yu
- School of Pharmacy, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - She-Hung Chan
- School of Pharmacy, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan.,Department of Cosmetic Science, Providence University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Mei-Ling Chan
- School of Pharmacy, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Lih-Ching Hsu
- School of Pharmacy, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Shih-Ping Liu
- Department of Urology, National Taiwan University Hospital and College of Medicine, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Jih-Hwa Guh
- School of Pharmacy, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| |
Collapse
|
30
|
Booth L, Roberts JL, Rais R, Cutler RE, Diala I, Lalani AS, Hancock JF, Poklepovic A, Dent P. Neratinib augments the lethality of [regorafenib + sildenafil]. J Cell Physiol 2018; 234:4874-4887. [PMID: 30203445 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.27276] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2018] [Accepted: 07/27/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Regorafenib is approved for the treatment of colorectal cancer and hepatocellular carcinoma. In the trial NCT02466802, we have discovered that regorafenib can be safely combined with the phosphodiesterase 5 inhibitor sildenafil in advanced solid tumor patients. The present studies determined whether the approved ERBB1/2/4 and RAS downregulating drug neratinib, could enhance the lethality of [regorafenib + sildenafil]. Neratinib enhanced [regorafenib + sildenafil] lethality in a greater than additive fashion in colon cancer cells. The drug combination reduced the expression of mutant K-RAS and of multiple histone deacetylase (HDAC) proteins that required autophagosome formation. It caused green fluorescent protein or red fluorescent protein-tagged forms of K-RAS V12 to localize into large intracellular vesicles. Compared with [regorafenib + sildenafil], the three-drug combination caused greater and more prolonged activation of the ATM-AMPK-ULK-1 pathway and caused a greater suppression and prolonged inactivation of mammalian target of rapamycin, AKT, and p70 S6K. Approximately 70% of enhanced lethality caused by neratinib required ataxia-telangiectasia-mutated (ATM)-AMP-dependent protein kinase (AMPK) signaling whereas knockdown of Beclin1, ATG5, FADD, and CD95 completely prevented the elevated killing effect. Exposure of cells to [regorafenib + sildenafil] reduced the expression of the checkpoint immunotherapy biomarkers programmed death-ligand 1, ornithine decarboxylase, and indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase-1 and increased the expression of major histocompatibility complex A (MHCA), which also required autophagosome formation. Knockdown of specific HDAC proteins recapitulated the effects observed using chemical agents. In vivo, using mouse cancer models, neratinib significantly enhanced the antitumor efficacy of [regorafenib + sildenafil]. Our data support performing a new three drug Phase I trial combining regorafenib, sildenafil, and neratinib.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Laurence Booth
- Departments of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Massey Cancer Center, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia
| | - Jane L Roberts
- Departments of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Massey Cancer Center, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia
| | - Rumeesa Rais
- Departments of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Massey Cancer Center, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia
| | - Richard E Cutler
- Puma Biotechnology Inc., Los Angeles, California, University of Texas Health Science Center, Houston, Texas
| | - Irmina Diala
- Puma Biotechnology Inc., Los Angeles, California, University of Texas Health Science Center, Houston, Texas
| | - Alshad S Lalani
- Puma Biotechnology Inc., Los Angeles, California, University of Texas Health Science Center, Houston, Texas
| | - John F Hancock
- Department of Integrative Biology and Pharmacology, University of Texas Health Science Center, Houston, Texas
| | | | - Paul Dent
- Departments of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Massey Cancer Center, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia
| |
Collapse
|
31
|
Aoun F, Slaoui A, Walid AHO, Albisinni S, Assenmacher G, de Plaen E, Azzo JM, Peltier A, Roumeguère T. Association between phosphodiesterase type 5 inhibitors and prostate cancer: A systematic review. Prog Urol 2018; 28:560-566. [PMID: 30201551 DOI: 10.1016/j.purol.2018.07.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2018] [Revised: 05/28/2018] [Accepted: 07/17/2018] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION We aim to assess the effect of phosphodiesterase type 5 inhibitors (PDE5I) on prostate cancer risk as well on biochemical recurrence after radical prostatectomy. METHOD We performed a research using the following keywords "Phosphodiesterase type 5 inhibitors" and "Prostate cancer". Only trials examining the effect of PDE5I on prostate cancer risk and recurrence after radical prostatectomy were included. RESULTS Seventeen preclinical trials and seven clinical trials were included. Preclinical studies demonstrate a pivotal role for PDE5I as a modulator of apoptosis preventing prostate carcinogenesis. The clinical benefit of PDE5I was not demonstrated. PDE5I use was not associated with decreased prostate cancer diagnosis in two retrospective cohort studies. Biochemical recurrence after radical prostatectomy was not lower (nor higher) in patients taking PDE5I in three retrospective case match studies. CONCLUSION Based on this review, a change in our practice regarding pharmacological reeducation after radical prostatectomy is not justified.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Fouad Aoun
- Service d'urologie, institut Jules-Bordet, université Libre de Bruxelles, Bruxelles, Belgique; Service d'urologie, hôtel Dieu-de-France, université Saint-Joseph, Beyrouth, Liban.
| | - Amine Slaoui
- Service d'urologie, institut Jules-Bordet, université Libre de Bruxelles, Bruxelles, Belgique; Service urologie B hôpital avicenne, université Mohamed-V, Rabat, Maroc
| | - Al Hajj Obeid Walid
- Service d'urologie, cliniques universitaires de Bruxelles, hôpital Erasme, université Libre-de-Bruxelles, Bruxelles, Belgique
| | - Simone Albisinni
- Service d'urologie, cliniques universitaires de Bruxelles, hôpital Erasme, université Libre-de-Bruxelles, Bruxelles, Belgique
| | - Grégoire Assenmacher
- Service d'urologie, institut Jules-Bordet, université Libre de Bruxelles, Bruxelles, Belgique
| | - Elea de Plaen
- Service d'urologie, institut Jules-Bordet, université Libre de Bruxelles, Bruxelles, Belgique; Service d'urologie, cliniques universitaires de Bruxelles, hôpital Erasme, université Libre-de-Bruxelles, Bruxelles, Belgique
| | - Jean-Michel Azzo
- Service d'urologie, hôpital Mont-Liban, université Libano-Américaine, Beyrouth, Liban
| | - Alexandre Peltier
- Service d'urologie, institut Jules-Bordet, université Libre de Bruxelles, Bruxelles, Belgique
| | - Thierry Roumeguère
- Service d'urologie, cliniques universitaires de Bruxelles, hôpital Erasme, université Libre-de-Bruxelles, Bruxelles, Belgique
| |
Collapse
|
32
|
Shen K, Johnson DW, Vesey DA, McGuckin MA, Gobe GC. Role of the unfolded protein response in determining the fate of tumor cells and the promise of multi-targeted therapies. Cell Stress Chaperones 2018; 23:317-334. [PMID: 28952072 PMCID: PMC5904077 DOI: 10.1007/s12192-017-0844-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2017] [Accepted: 09/13/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Although there have been advances in our understanding of carcinogenesis and development of new treatments, cancer remains a common cause of death. Many regulatory pathways are incompletely understood in cancer development and progression, with a prime example being those related to the endoplasmic reticulum (ER). The pathological sequelae that arise from disruption of ER homeostasis are not well defined. The ER is an organelle that is responsible for secretory protein biosynthesis and the quality control of protein folding. The ER triggers an unfolded protein response (UPR) when misfolded proteins accumulate, and while the UPR acts to restore protein folding and ER homeostasis, this response can work as a switch to determine the death or survival of cells. The treatment of cancer with agents that target the UPR has shown promising outcomes. The UPR has wide crosstalk with other signaling pathways. Multi-targeted cancer therapies which target the intersections within signaling networks have shown synergistic tumoricidal effects. In the present review, the basic cellular and signaling pathways of the ER and UPR are introduced; then the crosstalk between the ER and other signaling pathways is summarized; and ultimately, the evidence that the UPR is a potential target for cancer therapy is discussed. Regulation of the UPR downstream signaling is a common therapeutic target for different tumor types. Tumoricidal effects achieved from modulating the UPR downstream signaling could be enhanced by phosphodiesterase 5 (PDE5) inhibitors. Largely untapped by Western medicine for cancer therapies are Chinese herbal medicines. This review explores and discusses the value of some Chinese herbal extracts as PDE5 inhibitors.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kunyu Shen
- Kidney Disease Research Group, UQ Diamantina Institute, Translational Research Institute, The University of Queensland, 37 Kent Street, Woolloongabba, Brisbane, 4102, Australia
| | - David W Johnson
- Kidney Disease Research Group, UQ Diamantina Institute, Translational Research Institute, The University of Queensland, 37 Kent Street, Woolloongabba, Brisbane, 4102, Australia
- Department of Nephrology, Princess Alexandra Hospital, Woolloongabba, Brisbane, Australia
- Centre for Health Services Research, Faculty of Medicine, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia
| | - David A Vesey
- Department of Nephrology, Princess Alexandra Hospital, Woolloongabba, Brisbane, Australia
- Centre for Health Services Research, Faculty of Medicine, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Michael A McGuckin
- Mucosal Disease Inflammatory Disease Biology and Therapeutics Group, UQ Mater Research Institute, Translational Research Institute, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Glenda C Gobe
- Kidney Disease Research Group, UQ Diamantina Institute, Translational Research Institute, The University of Queensland, 37 Kent Street, Woolloongabba, Brisbane, 4102, Australia.
- Centre for Health Services Research, Faculty of Medicine, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia.
| |
Collapse
|
33
|
Pantziarka P, Sukhatme V, Crispino S, Bouche G, Meheus L, Sukhatme VP. Repurposing drugs in oncology (ReDO)-selective PDE5 inhibitors as anti-cancer agents. Ecancermedicalscience 2018; 12:824. [PMID: 29743944 PMCID: PMC5931815 DOI: 10.3332/ecancer.2018.824] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2018] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Selective phosphodiesterase 5 inhibitors, including sildenafil, tadalafil and vardenafil, are widely-used in the treatment of erectile dysfunction and pulmonary arterial hypertension. They are also well-known as examples of successful drug repurposing in that they were initially developed for angina and only later developed for erectile dysfunction. However, these drugs may also be effective cancer treatments. A range of evidentiary sources are assessed in this paper and the case made that there is pre-clinical and clinical evidence that these drugs may offer clinical benefit in a range of cancers. In particular, evidence is presented that these drugs have potent immunomodulatory activity that warrants clinical study in combination with check-point inhibition.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Pan Pantziarka
- Anticancer Fund, Brussels, Strombeek-Bever 1853, Belgium.,The George Pantziarka TP53 Trust, London KT1 2JP, UK
| | | | | | | | - Lydie Meheus
- Anticancer Fund, Brussels, Strombeek-Bever 1853, Belgium
| | - Vikas P Sukhatme
- GlobalCures Inc., Newton, MA 02459, USA.,Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
| |
Collapse
|
34
|
Booth L, Roberts JL, Poklepovic A, Gordon S, Dent P. PDE5 inhibitors enhance the lethality of pemetrexed through inhibition of multiple chaperone proteins and via the actions of cyclic GMP and nitric oxide. Oncotarget 2018; 8:1449-1468. [PMID: 27903966 PMCID: PMC5352068 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.13640] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2016] [Accepted: 11/15/2016] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Phosphodiesterase 5 (PDE5) inhibitors prevent the breakdown of cGMP that results in prolonged protein kinase G activation and the generation of nitric oxide. PDE5 inhibitors enhanced the anti-NSCLC cell effects of the NSCLC therapeutic pemetrexed. [Pemetrexed + sildenafil] activated an eIF2α – ATF4 – CHOP – Beclin1 pathway causing formation of toxic autophagosomes; activated a protective IRE1 – XBP-1 – chaperone induction pathway; and activated a toxic eIF2α – CHOP – DR4 / DR5 / CD95 induction pathway. [Pemetrexed + sildenafil] reduced the expression of c-FLIP-s, MCL-1 and BCL-XL that was blocked in a cell-type -dependent fashion by either over-expression of HSP90 / GRP78 / HSP70 / HSP27 or by blockade of eIF2α-CHOP signaling. Knock down of PKGI/II abolished the ability of sildenafil to enhance pemetrexed toxicity whereas pan-inhibition of NOS using L-NAME or knock down of [iNOS + eNOS] only partially reduced the lethal drug interaction. Pemetrexed reduced the ATPase activities of HSP90 and HSP70 in an ATM-AMPK-dependent fashion that was enhanced by sildenafil signaling via PKGI/II. The drug combination activated an ATM-AMPK-TSC2 pathway that was associated with reduced mTOR S2448 and ULK-1 S757 phosphorylation and increased ULK-1 S317 and ATG13 S318 phosphorylation. These effects were prevented by chaperone over-expression or by expression of an activated form of mTOR that prevented autophagosome formation and reduced cell killing. In two models of NSCLC, sildenafil enhanced the ability of pemetrexed to suppress tumor growth. Collectively we argue that the combination of [pemetrexed + PDE5 inhibitor] should be explored in a new NSCLC phase I trial.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Laurence Booth
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA 23298-0035, USA
| | - Jane L Roberts
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA 23298-0035, USA
| | - Andrew Poklepovic
- Department of Medicine, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA 23298-0035, USA
| | - Sarah Gordon
- Department of Medicine, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA 23298-0035, USA
| | - Paul Dent
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA 23298-0035, USA
| |
Collapse
|
35
|
Peng T, Gong J, Jin Y, Zhou Y, Tong R, Wei X, Bai L, Shi J. Inhibitors of phosphodiesterase as cancer therapeutics. Eur J Med Chem 2018; 150:742-756. [PMID: 29574203 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2018.03.046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2018] [Revised: 02/26/2018] [Accepted: 03/16/2018] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Phosphodiesterases (PDEs) are a class of enzymes that hydrolyze cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP) and cyclic guanosine monophosphate (cGMP) which is involved in many physiological processes including visual transduction, cell proliferation and differentiation, cell-cycle regulation, gene expression, inflammation, apoptosis, and metabolic function. PDEs are composed of 11 different families and each family contains different subtypes. The distribution, expression, regulation mode and sensitivity to inhibitors of each subtype are different, and they are involved in cancer, inflammation, asthma, depression, erectile dysfunction and other pathological processes of development. A large number of studies have shown that PDEs play an important role in the development of tumors by affecting the intracellular level of cAMP and/or cGMP and PDEs could become diagnostic markers or therapeutic targets. This review will give a brief overview of the expression and regulation of PDE families in the process of tumorigenesis and their anti-tumor inhibitors, which may guide the design of novel therapeutic drugs targeting PDEs for anticancer agent.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ting Peng
- Personalized Drug Therapy Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Academy of Medical Science & Sichuan Provincial People's Hospital, School of Medicine of University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, 610072, China
| | - Jun Gong
- Personalized Drug Therapy Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Academy of Medical Science & Sichuan Provincial People's Hospital, School of Medicine of University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, 610072, China
| | - Yongzhe Jin
- Personalized Drug Therapy Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Academy of Medical Science & Sichuan Provincial People's Hospital, School of Medicine of University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, 610072, China
| | - Yanping Zhou
- Personalized Drug Therapy Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Academy of Medical Science & Sichuan Provincial People's Hospital, School of Medicine of University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, 610072, China
| | - Rongsheng Tong
- Personalized Drug Therapy Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Academy of Medical Science & Sichuan Provincial People's Hospital, School of Medicine of University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, 610072, China
| | - Xin Wei
- Personalized Drug Therapy Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Academy of Medical Science & Sichuan Provincial People's Hospital, School of Medicine of University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, 610072, China
| | - Lan Bai
- Personalized Drug Therapy Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Academy of Medical Science & Sichuan Provincial People's Hospital, School of Medicine of University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, 610072, China.
| | - Jianyou Shi
- Personalized Drug Therapy Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Academy of Medical Science & Sichuan Provincial People's Hospital, School of Medicine of University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, 610072, China.
| |
Collapse
|
36
|
Kiełbus M, Czapiński J, Odrzywolski A, Stasiak G, Szymańska K, Kałafut J, Kos M, Giannopoulos K, Stepulak A, Rivero-Müller A. Optogenetics in cancer drug discovery. Expert Opin Drug Discov 2018; 13:459-472. [DOI: 10.1080/17460441.2018.1437138] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Michał Kiełbus
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Medical University of Lublin, Lublin, Poland
| | - Jakub Czapiński
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Medical University of Lublin, Lublin, Poland
- Postgraduate School of Molecular Medicine, Medical University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Adrian Odrzywolski
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Medical University of Lublin, Lublin, Poland
| | - Grażyna Stasiak
- Department of Experimental Haematooncology, Medical University of Lublin, Lublin, Poland
| | - Kamila Szymańska
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Medical University of Lublin, Lublin, Poland
| | - Joanna Kałafut
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Medical University of Lublin, Lublin, Poland
| | - Michał Kos
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Medical University of Lublin, Lublin, Poland
| | - Krzysztof Giannopoulos
- Department of Experimental Haematooncology, Medical University of Lublin, Lublin, Poland
- Department of Hematology, St. John’s Cancer Center, Lublin, Poland
| | - Andrzej Stepulak
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Medical University of Lublin, Lublin, Poland
| | - Adolfo Rivero-Müller
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Medical University of Lublin, Lublin, Poland
- Cell Biology, Faculty of Science and Engineering, Åbo Akademi University, Turku, Finland
| |
Collapse
|
37
|
Elaskalani O, Falasca M, Moran N, Berndt MC, Metharom P. The Role of Platelet-Derived ADP and ATP in Promoting Pancreatic Cancer Cell Survival and Gemcitabine Resistance. Cancers (Basel) 2017; 9:cancers9100142. [PMID: 29064388 PMCID: PMC5664081 DOI: 10.3390/cancers9100142] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2017] [Revised: 10/18/2017] [Accepted: 10/19/2017] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Platelets have been demonstrated to be vital in cancer epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT), an important step in metastasis. Markers of EMT are associated with chemotherapy resistance. However, the association between the development of chemoresistance, EMT, and the contribution of platelets to the process, is still unclear. Here we report that platelets regulate the expression of (1) human equilibrative nucleoside transporter 1 (hENT1) and (2) cytidine deaminase (CDD), markers of gemcitabine resistance in pancreatic cancer. Human ENT1 (hENT1) is known to enable cellular uptake of gemcitabine while CDD deactivates gemcitabine. Knockdown experiments demonstrate that Slug, a mesenchymal transcriptional factor known to be upregulated during EMT, regulates the expression of hENT1 and CDD. Furthermore, we demonstrate that platelet-derived ADP and ATP regulate Slug and CDD expression in pancreatic cancer cells. Finally, we demonstrate that pancreatic cancer cells express the purinergic receptor P2Y12, an ADP receptor found mainly on platelets. Thus ticagrelor, a P2Y12 inhibitor, was used to examine the potential therapeutic effect of an ADP receptor antagonist on cancer cells. Our data indicate that ticagrelor negated the survival signals initiated in cancer cells by platelet-derived ADP and ATP. In conclusion, our results demonstrate a novel role of platelets in modulating chemoresistance in pancreatic cancer. Moreover, we propose ADP/ATP receptors as additional potential drug targets for treatment of pancreatic cancer.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Omar Elaskalani
- Platelet Research Laboratory, School of Biomedical Sciences, Curtin Health and Innovation Research Institute, Faculty of Health Sciences, Curtin University, Bentley, WA 6102, Australia.
| | - Marco Falasca
- Metabolic Signalling Group, School of Biomedical Sciences, Curtin Health Innovation Research Institute, Curtin University, Bentley, WA 6102, Australia.
| | - Niamh Moran
- Molecular and Cellular Therapeutics, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, Dublin 2, Ireland.
| | - Michael C Berndt
- Faculty of Health Sciences, Curtin University, Bentley, WA 6102, Australia.
| | - Pat Metharom
- Platelet Research Laboratory, Curtin Health and Innovation Research Institute, Faculty of Health Sciences, Curtin University, Bentley, WA 6102, Australia.
| |
Collapse
|
38
|
Barone I, Giordano C, Bonofiglio D, Andò S, Catalano S. Phosphodiesterase type 5 and cancers: progress and challenges. Oncotarget 2017; 8:99179-99202. [PMID: 29228762 PMCID: PMC5716802 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.21837] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2017] [Accepted: 09/23/2017] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Cancers are an extraordinarily heterogeneous collection of diseases with distinct genetic profiles and biological features that directly influence response patterns to various treatment strategies as well as clinical outcomes. Nevertheless, our growing understanding of cancer cell biology and tumor progression is gradually leading towards rational, tailored medical treatments designed to destroy cancer cells by exploiting the unique cellular pathways that distinguish them from normal healthy counterparts. Recently, inhibition of the activity of phosphodiesterase type 5 (PDE5) is emerging as a promising approach to restore normal intracellular cyclic guanosine monophosphate (cGMP) signalling, and thereby resulting into the activation of various downstream molecules to inhibit proliferation, motility and invasion of certain cancer cells. In this review, we present an overview of the experimental and clinical evidences highlighting the role of PDE5 in the pathogenesis and prevention of various malignancies. Current data are still not sufficient to draw conclusive statements for cancer patient management, but could provide further rational for testing PDE5-targeting drugs as anticancer agents in clinical settings.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ines Barone
- Department of Pharmacy, Health and Nutritional Sciences, University of Calabria, Arcavacata di Rende, Italy
| | - Cinzia Giordano
- Centro Sanitario, University of Calabria, Arcavacata di Rende, CS, Italy
| | - Daniela Bonofiglio
- Department of Pharmacy, Health and Nutritional Sciences, University of Calabria, Arcavacata di Rende, Italy
| | - Sebastiano Andò
- Department of Pharmacy, Health and Nutritional Sciences, University of Calabria, Arcavacata di Rende, Italy
| | - Stefania Catalano
- Department of Pharmacy, Health and Nutritional Sciences, University of Calabria, Arcavacata di Rende, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
39
|
Booth L, Roberts JL, Poklepovic A, Dent P. PDE5 inhibitors enhance the lethality of [pemetrexed + sorafenib]. Oncotarget 2017; 8:13464-13475. [PMID: 28088782 PMCID: PMC5355112 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.14562] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2016] [Accepted: 01/02/2017] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
The combination of pemetrexed and sorafenib has significant clinical activity against a wide variety of tumor types in patients and the present studies were performed to determine whether sildenafil enhances the killing potential of [pemetrexed + sorafenib]. In multiple genetically diverse lung cancer cell lines, sildenafil enhanced the lethality of [pemetrexed + sorafenib]. The three-drug combination reduced the activities of AKT, mTOR and STAT transcription factors; increased the activities of eIF2α and ULK-1; lowered the expression of MCL-1, BCL-XL, thioredoxin and SOD2; and increased the expression of Beclin1. Enhanced cell killing by sildenafil was blocked by inhibition of death receptor signaling and autophagosome formation. Enforced activation of STAT3 and AKT or inhibition of JNK significantly reduced cell killing. The enhanced cell killing caused by sildenafil was more reliant on increased PKG signaling than on the generation of nitric oxide. In vivo sildenafil enhanced the anti-tumor properties of [pemetrexed + sorafenib]. Based on our data we argue that additional clinical studies combining pemetrexed, sorafenib and sildenafil are warranted.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Laurence Booth
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA 23298-0035, USA
| | - Jane L Roberts
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA 23298-0035, USA
| | - Andrew Poklepovic
- Department of Biochemistry and Medicine, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA 23298-0035, USA
| | - Paul Dent
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA 23298-0035, USA
| |
Collapse
|
40
|
|
41
|
Tuttle TR, Takiar V, Kumar B, Kumar P, Ben-Jonathan N. Soluble guanylate cyclase stimulators increase sensitivity to cisplatin in head and neck squamous cell carcinoma cells. Cancer Lett 2016; 389:33-40. [PMID: 28025101 DOI: 10.1016/j.canlet.2016.12.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2016] [Revised: 12/16/2016] [Accepted: 12/16/2016] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC) is an aggressive and often fatal disease. Cisplatin is the most common chemotherapeutic drug in the treatment of HNSCC, but intrinsic and acquired resistance are frequent, and severe side effects occur at high doses. The second messenger cyclic GMP (cGMP) is produced by soluble guanylate cyclase (sGC). We previously reported that activation of the cGMP signaling cascade caused apoptosis in HNSCC cells, while others found that this pathway enhances cisplatin efficacy in some cell types. Here we found that sGC stimulators reduced HNSCC cell viability synergistically with cisplatin, and enhanced apoptosis by cisplatin. Moreover, the sGC stimulators effectively reduced viability in cells with acquired cisplatin resistance, and were synergistic with cisplatin. The sGC stimulator BAY 41-2272 reduced expression of the survival proteins EGFR and β-catenin, and increased pro-apoptotic Bax, suggesting a potential mechanism for the anti-tumorigenic effects of these drugs. The sGC stimulator Riociguat is FDA-approved to treat pulmonary hypertension, and others are being studied for therapeutic use in several diseases. These drugs could provide valuable addition or alternative to cisplatin in the treatment of HNSCC.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Traci R Tuttle
- Department of Cancer Biology, University of Cincinnati School of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH 45267, USA
| | - Vinita Takiar
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Cincinnati School of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH 45267, USA
| | - Bhavna Kumar
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Comprehensive Cancer Center, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
| | - Pawan Kumar
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Comprehensive Cancer Center, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
| | - Nira Ben-Jonathan
- Department of Cancer Biology, University of Cincinnati School of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH 45267, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
42
|
Archbold J. Recent Developments in Regorafenib Treatment for Gastrointestinal Cancers: Presentations at the Meeting of the European Society for Medical Oncology (ESMO) Congress 2016. EUROPEAN MEDICAL JOURNAL 2016. [DOI: 10.33590/emj/10311298] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/23/2023] Open
Abstract
The European Society for Medical Oncology (ESMO) Congress was held in Copenhagen, Denmark from 7th–11th October 2016. The use of the promiscuous multikinase inhibitor regorafenib (Stivarga®, BAY 73-4506) in the treatment of cancers of the gastrointestinal (GI) tract was strongly featured at this meeting. Regorafenib targets multiple kinases involved in oncogenesis and angiogenesis, and is US Food and Drug Administration (FDA)-approved for the treatment of advanced metastatic colorectal cancer and GI stromal tumours, following progression on standard therapies. In this review, we summarise the results of completed clinical trials on the use of regorafenib alone or in combination with other therapies for the treatment of GI cancers. We highlight the results of the Phase III RESORCE study which demonstrated the efficacy of regorafenib as a second-line therapy in patients with advanced hepatocellular carcinoma who have progressed on sorafenib. We review some promising preliminary data on the use of regorafenib in other GI cancers, such as gastric cancer, oesophageal cancer, pancreatic cancer, and soft tissue carcinomas, and provide a brief overview of ongoing and planned trials. Finally, we discuss the incidence and management of regorafenib-related toxicities and summarise attempts to identify predictive biomarkers of regorafenib sensitivity.
Collapse
|
43
|
Shen K, Johnson DW, Gobe GC. The role of cGMP and its signaling pathways in kidney disease. Am J Physiol Renal Physiol 2016; 311:F671-F681. [PMID: 27413196 DOI: 10.1152/ajprenal.00042.2016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2016] [Accepted: 07/10/2016] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Cyclic nucleotide signal transduction pathways are an emerging research field in kidney disease. Activated cell surface receptors transduce their signals via intracellular second messengers such as cAMP and cGMP. There is increasing evidence that regulation of the cGMP-cGMP-dependent protein kinase 1-phosphodiesterase (cGMP-cGK1-PDE) signaling pathway may be renoprotective. Selective PDE5 inhibitors have shown potential in treating kidney fibrosis in patients with chronic kidney disease (CKD), via their downstream signaling, and these inhibitors also have known activity as antithrombotic and anticancer agents. This review gives an outline of the cGMP-cGK1-PDE signaling pathways and details the downstream signaling and regulatory functions that are modulated by cGK1 and PDE inhibitors with regard to antifibrotic, antithrombotic, and antitumor activity. Current evidence that supports the renoprotective effects of regulating cGMP-cGK1-PDE signaling is also summarized. Finally, the effects of icariin, a natural plant extract with PDE5 inhibitory function, are discussed. We conclude that regulation of cGMP-cGK1-PDE signaling might provide novel, therapeutic strategies for the worsening global public health problem of CKD.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kunyu Shen
- Centre for Kidney Disease Research, School of Medicine, Translational Research Institute, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia; Second School of Clinical Medicine, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China; and
| | - David W Johnson
- Centre for Kidney Disease Research, School of Medicine, Translational Research Institute, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia; Department of Nephrology, Princess Alexandra Hospital, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Glenda C Gobe
- Centre for Kidney Disease Research, School of Medicine, Translational Research Institute, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia;
| |
Collapse
|
44
|
Prieto-Domínguez N, Ordóñez R, Fernández A, García-Palomo A, Muntané J, González-Gallego J, Mauriz JL. Modulation of Autophagy by Sorafenib: Effects on Treatment Response. Front Pharmacol 2016; 7:151. [PMID: 27375485 PMCID: PMC4896953 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2016.00151] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2016] [Accepted: 05/26/2016] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The multikinase inhibitor sorafenib is, at present, the only drug approved for the treatment of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), one of the most lethal types of cancer worldwide. However, the increase in the number of sorafenib tumor resistant cells reduces efficiency. A better knowledge of the intracellular mechanism of the drug leading to reduced cell survival could help to improve the benefits of sorafenib therapy. Autophagy is a bulk cellular degradation process activated in a broad range of stress situations, which allows cells to degrade misfolded proteins or dysfunctional organelles. This cellular route can induce survival or death, depending on cell status and media signals. Sorafenib, alone or in combination with other drugs is able to induce autophagy, but cell response to the drug depends on the complex integrative crosstalk of different intracellular signals. In cancerous cells, autophagy can be regulated by different cellular pathways (Akt-related mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) inhibition, 5′ AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) induction, dissociation of B-cell lymphoma 2 (Bcl-2) family proteins from Beclin-1), or effects of some miRNAs. Inhibition of mTOR signaling by sorafenib and diminished interaction between Beclin-1 and myeloid cell leukemia 1 (Mcl-1) have been related to induction of autophagy in HCC. Furthermore, changes in some miRNAs, such as miR-30α, are able to modulate autophagy and modify sensitivity in sorafenib-resistant cells. However, although AMPK phosphorylation by sorafenib seems to play a role in the antiproliferative action of the drug, it does not relate with modulation of autophagy. In this review, we present an updated overview of the effects of sorafenib on autophagy and its related activation pathways, analyzing in detail the involvement of autophagy on sorafenib sensitivity and resistance.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nestor Prieto-Domínguez
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Hepáticas y Digestivas (CIBERehd)León, Spain; Institute of Biomedicine (IBIOMED), University of LeónLeón, Spain
| | - Raquel Ordóñez
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Hepáticas y Digestivas (CIBERehd)León, Spain; Institute of Biomedicine (IBIOMED), University of LeónLeón, Spain
| | - Anna Fernández
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Hepáticas y Digestivas (CIBERehd)León, Spain; Institute of Biomedicine (IBIOMED), University of LeónLeón, Spain
| | - Andres García-Palomo
- Service of Clinical Oncology, Complejo Asistencial Universitario de León (Hospital of León) León, Spain
| | - Jordi Muntané
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Hepáticas y Digestivas (CIBERehd)León, Spain; Department of General Surgery"Virgen del Rocío"-"Virgen Macarena" University Hospital/IBiS/CSIC/Universidad de Sevilla, Spain
| | - Javier González-Gallego
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Hepáticas y Digestivas (CIBERehd)León, Spain; Institute of Biomedicine (IBIOMED), University of LeónLeón, Spain
| | - José L Mauriz
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Hepáticas y Digestivas (CIBERehd)León, Spain; Institute of Biomedicine (IBIOMED), University of LeónLeón, Spain
| |
Collapse
|
45
|
Wu X, Liu D, Tao D, Xiang W, Xiao X, Wang M, Wang L, Luo G, Li Y, Zeng F, Jiang G. BRD4 Regulates EZH2 Transcription through Upregulation of C-MYC and Represents a Novel Therapeutic Target in Bladder Cancer. Mol Cancer Ther 2016; 15:1029-42. [PMID: 26939702 DOI: 10.1158/1535-7163.mct-15-0750] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2015] [Accepted: 02/09/2016] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
People who develop bladder cancer frequently succumb to the intractable disease. Current treatment strategies are limited presumably due to the underlying molecular complexity and insufficient comprehension. Therefore, exploration of new therapeutic targets in bladder cancer remains necessary. Here, we identify that bromodomain-4 protein (BRD4), an important epigenome reader of bromodomain and extraterminal domain (BET) family member, is a key upstream regulator of enhancer of zeste homologue 2 (EZH2), and represents a novel therapeutic target in bladder cancer. We found that BRD4 was significantly overexpressed in bladder cancer cells and tissues. Inhibition of BRD4 decreased bladder cancer cell proliferation concomitantly with the accumulation of cell apoptosis in vitro and suppressed tumor growth in vivo We further found that suppression of BRD4 decreased the mRNA and protein levels of EZH2, which was reversed by ectopic expression of C-MYC In particular, individual silencing of BRD4 using shRNA or the BET inhibitor JQ1 strikingly diminished the recruitment of C-MYC to EZH2 promoter in bladder cancer. Briefly, our research reveals that BRD4 positively regulates EZH2 transcription through upregulation of C-MYC, and is a novel promising target for pharmacologic treatment in transcriptional program intervention against this intractable disease. Mol Cancer Ther; 15(5); 1029-42. ©2016 AACR.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xinchao Wu
- Department of Urology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Hubei Province, Wuhan, China
| | - Dong Liu
- Department of Urology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Hubei Province, Wuhan, China
| | - Dan Tao
- Department of Oncology, The Fifth Hospital of Wuhan, Hubei Province, Wuhan, China
| | - Wei Xiang
- Department of Urology, The First Hospital of Wuhan, Hubei Province, Wuhan, China
| | - Xingyuan Xiao
- Department of Urology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Hubei Province, Wuhan, China
| | - Miao Wang
- Department of Urology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Hubei Province, Wuhan, China
| | - Liang Wang
- Department of Urology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Hubei Province, Wuhan, China
| | - Gang Luo
- Department of Urology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Hubei Province, Wuhan, China
| | - Yawei Li
- Department of Urology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Hubei Province, Wuhan, China
| | - Fuqing Zeng
- Department of Urology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Hubei Province, Wuhan, China.
| | - Guosong Jiang
- Department of Urology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Hubei Province, Wuhan, China.
| |
Collapse
|
46
|
Das A, Durrant D, Mitchell C, Dent P, Batra SK, Kukreja RC. Sildenafil (Viagra) sensitizes prostate cancer cells to doxorubicin-mediated apoptosis through CD95. Oncotarget 2016; 7:4399-413. [PMID: 26716643 PMCID: PMC4826214 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.6749] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2015] [Accepted: 11/26/2015] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
We previously reported that Sildenafil enhances apoptosis and antitumor efficacy of doxorubicin (DOX) while attenuating its cardiotoxic effect in prostate cancer. In the present study, we investigated the mechanism by which sildenafil sensitizes DOX in killing of prostate cancer (PCa) cells, DU145. The death receptor Fas (APO-1 or CD95) induces apoptosis in many carcinoma cells, which is negatively regulated by anti-apoptotic molecules such as FLIP (Fas-associated death domain (FADD) interleukin-1-converting enzyme (FLICE)-like inhibitory protein). Co-treatment of PCa cells with sildenafil and DOX for 48 hours showed reduced expression of both long and short forms of FLIP (FLIP-L and -S) as compared to individual drug treatment. Over-expression of FLIP-s with an adenoviral vector attentuated the enhanced cell-killing effect of DOX and sildenafil. Colony formation assays also confirmed that FLIP-S over-expression inhibited the DOX and sildenafil-induced synergistic killing effect as compared to the cells infected with an empty vector. Moreover, siRNA knock-down of CD95 abolished the effect of sildenafil in enhancing DOX lethality in cells, but had no effect on cell killing after treatment with a single agent. Sildenafil co-treatment with DOX inhibited DOX-induced NF-κB activity by reducing phosphorylation of IκB and nuclear translocation of the p65 subunit, in addition to down regulation of FAP-1 (Fas associated phosphatase-1, a known inhibitor of CD95-mediated apoptosis) expression. This data provides evidence that the CD95 is a key regulator of sildenafil and DOX mediated enhanced cell death in prostate cancer.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Anindita Das
- Department of Internal Medicine, Pauley Heart Center, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, USA
| | - David Durrant
- Department of Internal Medicine, Pauley Heart Center, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, USA
| | - Clint Mitchell
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, USA
| | - Paul Dent
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, USA
| | - Surinder K. Batra
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Buffett Cancer Center, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, USA
| | - Rakesh C. Kukreja
- Department of Internal Medicine, Pauley Heart Center, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, USA
| |
Collapse
|
47
|
Peak TC, Richman A, Gur S, Yafi FA, Hellstrom WJG. The Role of PDE5 Inhibitors and the NO/cGMP Pathway in Cancer. Sex Med Rev 2016; 4:74-84. [PMID: 27872007 DOI: 10.1016/j.sxmr.2015.10.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2015] [Accepted: 07/28/2015] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Phosphodiesterase 5 (PDE5) inhibitors (PDE5i) have been used clinically for the treatment of erectile dysfunction, acting on the nitric oxide/cyclic guanosine monophosphate (NO/cGMP) signaling pathway. Simultaneously, researchers have elucidated the roles that this pathway plays in the regulation of cell proliferation, tumor development, and progression. As a result, our knowledge of PDE5i and cancer biology has expanded and provides an integration that holds great promise for some, but concern for others. AIM This review evaluates the role of PDE5i and the NO/cGMP signaling pathway in the pathogenesis and prevention of various malignancies. METHODS A literature review was performed with regard to the role of NO/cGMP pathway in tumor formation and prevention in preclinical and clinical studies. Studies that utilized PDE5i to further explore the involvement of this pathway also were included. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES To evaluate whether PDE5i provide a potential benefit for treating and/or preventing malignancies; or if they create potential harm leading to the development of these malignancies. RESULTS The best available data suggest that the interactions between PDE5i and cancer are tumor- and tissue-specific. Currently, the effect of PDE5i use on melanoma development is being debated. Further clinical controversy lies in PDE5i use for penile rehabilitation after nerve-sparing prostate cancer surgery. Preclinical studies suggest that PDE5 inhibition could lead to a decreased risk of developing colorectal and breast cancer, leukemia, and myeloma. PDE5i also may provide an additional antitumor immune response. Finally, researchers have demonstrated a synergistic effect from combining PDE5i with current chemotherapeutic regimens. CONCLUSION Currently, there are inadequate data to make any conclusive statements regarding the role of PDE5i in cancer pathogenesis and how to alter clinical management. In order to create appropriate clinical guidelines, further experimental and clinical evidence is required.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Taylor C Peak
- Department of Urology, Tulane University Health Sciences Center, New Orleans, LA, USA
| | - Ashley Richman
- Department of Urology, Tulane University Health Sciences Center, New Orleans, LA, USA
| | - Serap Gur
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Ankara University, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Faysal A Yafi
- Department of Urology, Tulane University Health Sciences Center, New Orleans, LA, USA
| | - Wayne J G Hellstrom
- Department of Urology, Tulane University Health Sciences Center, New Orleans, LA, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
48
|
Re: Use of Phosphodiesterase Type 5 Inhibitors May Adversely Impact Biochemical Recurrence after Radical Prostatectomy: U. Michl, F. Molfenter, M. Graefen, P. Tennstedt, S. Ahyai, B. Beyer, L. Budäus, A. Haese, H. Heinzer, S. J. Oh, G. Salomon, T. Schlomm, T. Steuber, I. Thederan, H. Huland and D. Tilki J Urol 2015;193:479-483. J Urol 2015; 195:804; discussion 804-5. [PMID: 26627733 DOI: 10.1016/j.juro.2015.08.103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/13/2015] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
|
49
|
Mei XL, Yang Y, Zhang YJ, Li Y, Zhao JM, Qiu JG, Zhang WJ, Jiang QW, Xue YQ, Zheng DW, Chen Y, Qin WM, Wei MN, Shi Z. Sildenafil inhibits the growth of human colorectal cancer in vitro and in vivo. Am J Cancer Res 2015; 5:3311-3324. [PMID: 26807313 PMCID: PMC4697679] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2015] [Accepted: 09/16/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Colorectal cancer is the third most common human cancer with frequent overexpression of the cGMP-specific phosphodiesterase 5 (PDE5). In the present study, we investigated that the anticancer effect of sildenafil on human colorectal cancer in vitro and in vivo, which is a potent and selective inhibitor of PDE5 for the treatment of erectile dysfunction and pulmonary arterial hypertension in the clinic. Sildenafil significantly induced cell growth inhibition, cell cycle arrest and apoptosis of human colorectal cancer with increased intracellular reactive oxidative specie (ROS) levels, which were accompanied by obvious alterations of related proteins such as CDKs, Cyclins and PARP etc. Pretreatment with ROS scavenger N-acetyl-L-cysteine could reverse sildenafil-induced ROS accumulation and cell apoptosis. Inhibition of the activity of protein kinase G with KT-5823 could enhance sildenafil-induced apoptosis. Furthermore, sildenafil caused the reduction of xenograft models of human colorectal cancer in nude mice. Overall, these findings suggest that sildenafil has the potential to be used for treatment of human colorectal cancer.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xiao-Long Mei
- Department of Cell Biology and Institute of Biomedicine, College of Life Science and Technology, Jinan University, National Engineering Research Center of Genetic Medicine, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Bioengineering MedicineGuangzhou 510632, Guangdong, China
| | - Yang Yang
- Department of Cell Biology and Institute of Biomedicine, College of Life Science and Technology, Jinan University, National Engineering Research Center of Genetic Medicine, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Bioengineering MedicineGuangzhou 510632, Guangdong, China
| | - Yao-Jun Zhang
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, Cancer Center, Sun Yat-sen UniversityGuangzhou 510060, Guangdong, China
| | - Yong Li
- Department of Gastrointertinal Surgery and General Surgery, Guangdong General Hospital, Guangdong Academy of Medical SciencesGuangzhou 510080, Guangdong, China
| | - Jin-Ming Zhao
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, The Sixth Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen UniversityGuangzhou 510060, Guangdong, China
| | - Jian-Ge Qiu
- Department of Cell Biology and Institute of Biomedicine, College of Life Science and Technology, Jinan University, National Engineering Research Center of Genetic Medicine, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Bioengineering MedicineGuangzhou 510632, Guangdong, China
| | - Wen-Ji Zhang
- Department of Cell Biology and Institute of Biomedicine, College of Life Science and Technology, Jinan University, National Engineering Research Center of Genetic Medicine, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Bioengineering MedicineGuangzhou 510632, Guangdong, China
| | - Qi-Wei Jiang
- Department of Cell Biology and Institute of Biomedicine, College of Life Science and Technology, Jinan University, National Engineering Research Center of Genetic Medicine, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Bioengineering MedicineGuangzhou 510632, Guangdong, China
| | - You-Qiu Xue
- Department of Cell Biology and Institute of Biomedicine, College of Life Science and Technology, Jinan University, National Engineering Research Center of Genetic Medicine, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Bioengineering MedicineGuangzhou 510632, Guangdong, China
| | - Di-Wei Zheng
- Department of Cell Biology and Institute of Biomedicine, College of Life Science and Technology, Jinan University, National Engineering Research Center of Genetic Medicine, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Bioengineering MedicineGuangzhou 510632, Guangdong, China
| | - Yao Chen
- Department of Cell Biology and Institute of Biomedicine, College of Life Science and Technology, Jinan University, National Engineering Research Center of Genetic Medicine, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Bioengineering MedicineGuangzhou 510632, Guangdong, China
| | - Wu-Ming Qin
- Department of Cell Biology and Institute of Biomedicine, College of Life Science and Technology, Jinan University, National Engineering Research Center of Genetic Medicine, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Bioengineering MedicineGuangzhou 510632, Guangdong, China
| | - Meng-Ning Wei
- Department of Cell Biology and Institute of Biomedicine, College of Life Science and Technology, Jinan University, National Engineering Research Center of Genetic Medicine, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Bioengineering MedicineGuangzhou 510632, Guangdong, China
| | - Zhi Shi
- Department of Cell Biology and Institute of Biomedicine, College of Life Science and Technology, Jinan University, National Engineering Research Center of Genetic Medicine, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Bioengineering MedicineGuangzhou 510632, Guangdong, China
| |
Collapse
|
50
|
Webb T, Carter J, Roberts JL, Poklepovic A, McGuire WP, Booth L, Dent P. Celecoxib enhances [sorafenib + sildenafil] lethality in cancer cells and reverts platinum chemotherapy resistance. Cancer Biol Ther 2015; 16:1660-70. [PMID: 26417912 DOI: 10.1080/15384047.2015.1099769] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The present studies sought to determine whether the lethality of the drug combination [sorafenib + sildenafil] could be enhanced by the anti-inflammatory agent celecoxib, using ovarian cancer and other tumor cell lines as models. Also, in a dose dependent fashion celecoxib enhanced [sorafenib + sildenafil] lethality in multiple ovarian cancer cell lines. In a dose dependent fashion celecoxib enhanced the ability of [sorafenib + sildenafil] to reduce expression of multiple chaperone proteins in parallel with lower levels of the drug efflux pumps ABCB1 and ABCG2. Over-expression of GRP78 and HSP27 maintained pump expression in the presence of drugs. Cell killing by the 3 drug combination was mediated by mitochondrial / caspase 9 -dependent apoptotic signaling and by RIP-1 / caspases 2 and 4 / AIF -dependent necroptotic signaling. Pre-treatment of intrinsically resistant primary ovarian cancer cells with [celecoxib + sorafenib + sildenafil] significantly enhanced tumor cell killing by a subsequent cisplatin exposure. Similar data were obtained in some cancer cell lines, but not all, using the related platinum containing drugs, oxaliplatin and carboplatin. As our prior publications have also validated in vivo the combinations of [celecoxib + sildenafil] and [sorafenib + sildenafil] as cytotoxic to multiple tumor cell types, combined with the present findings, we would argue that the combination of celecoxib/sorafenib/sildenafil should be explored in a new phase I trial in ovarian cancer.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Timothy Webb
- a Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology ; Virginia Commonwealth University ; Richmond , VA USA
| | - Jori Carter
- b Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics ; Virginia Commonwealth University ; Richmond , VA USA
| | - Jane L Roberts
- a Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology ; Virginia Commonwealth University ; Richmond , VA USA
| | - Andrew Poklepovic
- c Department of Medicine ; Virginia Commonwealth University ; Richmond , VA USA
| | - William P McGuire
- c Department of Medicine ; Virginia Commonwealth University ; Richmond , VA USA
| | - Laurence Booth
- a Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology ; Virginia Commonwealth University ; Richmond , VA USA
| | - Paul Dent
- a Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology ; Virginia Commonwealth University ; Richmond , VA USA
| |
Collapse
|