1
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Stevers LM, Wolter M, Carlile GW, Macdonald D, Richard L, Gielkens F, Hanrahan JW, Thomas DY, Chakka SK, Peterson ML, Thomas H, Brunsveld L, Ottmann C. Macrocycle-stabilization of its interaction with 14-3-3 increases plasma membrane localization and activity of CFTR. Nat Commun 2022; 13:3586. [PMID: 35739107 PMCID: PMC9226124 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-022-31206-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2021] [Accepted: 06/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Impaired activity of the chloride channel CFTR is the cause of cystic fibrosis. 14-3-3 proteins have been shown to stabilize CFTR and increase its biogenesis and activity. Here, we report the identification and mechanism of action of a macrocycle stabilizing the 14-3-3/CFTR complex. This molecule rescues plasma membrane localization and chloride transport of F508del-CFTR and works additively with the CFTR pharmacological chaperone corrector lumacaftor (VX-809) and the triple combination Trikafta®. This macrocycle is a useful tool to study the CFTR/14-3-3 interaction and the potential of molecular glues in cystic fibrosis therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Loes M Stevers
- Laboratory of Chemical Biology, Department of Biomedical Engineering and Institute for Complex Molecular Systems, Eindhoven University of Technology, Eindhoven, The Netherlands
| | - Madita Wolter
- Laboratory of Chemical Biology, Department of Biomedical Engineering and Institute for Complex Molecular Systems, Eindhoven University of Technology, Eindhoven, The Netherlands
| | - Graeme W Carlile
- Cystic Fibrosis Translational Research Centre, Department of Biochemistry and Physiology, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Dwight Macdonald
- Cyclenium Pharma Inc., 7171 rue Frederick Banting, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Luc Richard
- Cyclenium Pharma Inc., 7171 rue Frederick Banting, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Frank Gielkens
- Laboratory of Chemical Biology, Department of Biomedical Engineering and Institute for Complex Molecular Systems, Eindhoven University of Technology, Eindhoven, The Netherlands
| | - John W Hanrahan
- Cystic Fibrosis Translational Research Centre, Department of Biochemistry and Physiology, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - David Y Thomas
- Cystic Fibrosis Translational Research Centre, Department of Biochemistry and Physiology, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Sai Kumar Chakka
- Cyclenium Pharma Inc., 7171 rue Frederick Banting, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Mark L Peterson
- Cyclenium Pharma Inc., 7171 rue Frederick Banting, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Helmut Thomas
- Cyclenium Pharma Inc., 7171 rue Frederick Banting, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Luc Brunsveld
- Laboratory of Chemical Biology, Department of Biomedical Engineering and Institute for Complex Molecular Systems, Eindhoven University of Technology, Eindhoven, The Netherlands
| | - Christian Ottmann
- Laboratory of Chemical Biology, Department of Biomedical Engineering and Institute for Complex Molecular Systems, Eindhoven University of Technology, Eindhoven, The Netherlands.
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2
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Nizi M, Maksimainen MM, Lehtiö L, Tabarrini O. Medicinal Chemistry Perspective on Targeting Mono-ADP-Ribosylating PARPs with Small Molecules. J Med Chem 2022; 65:7532-7560. [PMID: 35608571 PMCID: PMC9189837 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.2c00281] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Major advances have recently defined functions for human mono-ADP-ribosylating PARP enzymes (mono-ARTs), also opening up potential applications for targeting them to treat diseases. Structural biology combined with medicinal chemistry has allowed the design of potent small molecule inhibitors which typically bind to the catalytic domain. Most of these inhibitors are at the early stages, but some have already a suitable profile to be used as chemical tools. One compound targeting PARP7 has even progressed to clinical trials. In this review, we collect inhibitors of mono-ARTs with a typical "H-Y-Φ" motif (Φ = hydrophobic residue) and focus on compounds that have been reported as active against one or a restricted number of enzymes. We discuss them from a medicinal chemistry point of view and include an analysis of the available crystal structures, allowing us to craft a pharmacophore model that lays the foundation for obtaining new potent and more specific inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria
Giulia Nizi
- Department
of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of
Perugia, 06123 Perugia, Italy
| | - Mirko M. Maksimainen
- Faculty
of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine & Biocenter Oulu, University of Oulu, 5400 Oulu, Finland
| | - Lari Lehtiö
- Faculty
of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine & Biocenter Oulu, University of Oulu, 5400 Oulu, Finland
| | - Oriana Tabarrini
- Department
of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of
Perugia, 06123 Perugia, Italy
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3
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Ensinck MM, Carlon MS. One Size Does Not Fit All: The Past, Present and Future of Cystic Fibrosis Causal Therapies. Cells 2022; 11:cells11121868. [PMID: 35740997 PMCID: PMC9220995 DOI: 10.3390/cells11121868] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2022] [Revised: 05/25/2022] [Accepted: 05/28/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Cystic fibrosis (CF) is the most common monogenic disorder, caused by mutations in the CF transmembrane conductance regulator (CFTR) gene. Over the last 30 years, tremendous progress has been made in understanding the molecular basis of CF and the development of treatments that target the underlying defects in CF. Currently, a highly effective CFTR modulator treatment (Kalydeco™/Trikafta™) is available for 90% of people with CF. In this review, we will give an extensive overview of past and ongoing efforts in the development of therapies targeting the molecular defects in CF. We will discuss strategies targeting the CFTR protein (i.e., CFTR modulators such as correctors and potentiators), its cellular environment (i.e., proteostasis modulation, stabilization at the plasma membrane), the CFTR mRNA (i.e., amplifiers, nonsense mediated mRNA decay suppressors, translational readthrough inducing drugs) or the CFTR gene (gene therapies). Finally, we will focus on how these efforts can be applied to the 15% of people with CF for whom no causal therapy is available yet.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marjolein M. Ensinck
- Molecular Virology and Gene Therapy, Department of Pharmaceutical and Pharmacological Sciences, KU Leuven, 3000 Leuven, Flanders, Belgium;
| | - Marianne S. Carlon
- Molecular Virology and Gene Therapy, Department of Pharmaceutical and Pharmacological Sciences, KU Leuven, 3000 Leuven, Flanders, Belgium;
- Laboratory of Respiratory Diseases and Thoracic Surgery (BREATHE), Department of Chronic Diseases and Metabolism, KU Leuven, 3000 Leuven, Flanders, Belgium
- Correspondence:
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4
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Brusa I, Sondo E, Falchi F, Pedemonte N, Roberti M, Cavalli A. Proteostasis Regulators in Cystic Fibrosis: Current Development and Future Perspectives. J Med Chem 2022; 65:5212-5243. [PMID: 35377645 PMCID: PMC9014417 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.1c01897] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
In cystic fibrosis (CF), the deletion of phenylalanine 508 (F508del) in the CF transmembrane conductance regulator (CFTR) leads to misfolding and premature degradation of the mutant protein. These defects can be targeted with pharmacological agents named potentiators and correctors. During the past years, several efforts have been devoted to develop and approve new effective molecules. However, their clinical use remains limited, as they fail to fully restore F508del-CFTR biological function. Indeed, the search for CFTR correctors with different and additive mechanisms has recently increased. Among them, drugs that modulate the CFTR proteostasis environment are particularly attractive to enhance therapy effectiveness further. This Perspective focuses on reviewing the recent progress in discovering CFTR proteostasis regulators, mainly describing the design, chemical structure, and structure-activity relationships. The opportunities, challenges, and future directions in this emerging and promising field of research are discussed, as well.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irene Brusa
- Department of Pharmacy and Biotechnology, University of Bologna, 40126 Bologna, Italy.,Computational & Chemical Biology, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, 16163 Genova, Italy
| | - Elvira Sondo
- UOC Genetica Medica, IRCCS Istituto Giannina Gaslini, 16147 Genova, Italy
| | | | | | - Marinella Roberti
- Department of Pharmacy and Biotechnology, University of Bologna, 40126 Bologna, Italy
| | - Andrea Cavalli
- Department of Pharmacy and Biotechnology, University of Bologna, 40126 Bologna, Italy.,Computational & Chemical Biology, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, 16163 Genova, Italy
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5
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The NSAID glafenine rescues class 2 CFTR mutants via cyclooxygenase 2 inhibition of the arachidonic acid pathway. Sci Rep 2022; 12:4595. [PMID: 35302062 PMCID: PMC8930988 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-08661-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2021] [Accepted: 03/09/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Most cases of cystic fibrosis (CF) are caused by class 2 mutations in the cystic fibrosis transmembrane regulator (CFTR). These proteins preserve some channel function but are retained in the endoplasmic reticulum (ER). Partial rescue of the most common CFTR class 2 mutant, F508del-CFTR, has been achieved through the development of pharmacological chaperones (Tezacaftor and Elexacaftor) that bind CFTR directly. However, it is not clear whether these drugs will rescue all class 2 CFTR mutants to a medically relevant level. We have previously shown that the nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID) ibuprofen can correct F508del-CFTR trafficking. Here, we utilized RNAi and pharmacological inhibitors to determine the mechanism of action of the NSAID glafenine. Using cellular thermal stability assays (CETSAs), we show that it is a proteostasis modulator. Using medicinal chemistry, we identified a derivative with a fourfold increase in CFTR corrector potency. Furthermore, we show that these novel arachidonic acid pathway inhibitors can rescue difficult-to-correct class 2 mutants, such as G85E-CFTR > 13%, that of non-CF cells in well-differentiated HBE cells. Thus, the results suggest that targeting the arachidonic acid pathway may be a profitable way of developing correctors of certain previously hard-to-correct class 2 CFTR mutations.
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6
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Shen H, Zhang N, Liu Y, Yang X, He Y, Li Q, Shen X, Zhu Y, Yang Y. The Interaction Between Pulmonary Fibrosis and COVID-19 and the Application of Related Anti-Fibrotic Drugs. Front Pharmacol 2022; 12:805535. [PMID: 35069217 PMCID: PMC8766975 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2021.805535] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2021] [Accepted: 12/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
COVID-19 is a highly contagious respiratory disease, which mainly affects the lungs. Critically ill patients are easily complicated by cytokine storms, acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS), and respiratory failure, which seriously threaten their lives. Pulmonary fibrosis (PF) is a common interstitial lung disease, and its pathogenesis may involve the participation of a variety of immune cells and inflammatory factors. Current studies have shown that patients with COVID-19 may be complicated by pulmonary fibrosis, and patients with pulmonary fibrosis may also be at higher risk of contracting COVID-19 than healthy people. Pulmonary fibrosis is an important risk factor leading to the aggravation of COVID-19 disease. COVID-19 complicated by cytokine storm and ARDS mechanism pathways are similar to the pathogenesis of pulmonary fibrosis. The potential interaction between pulmonary fibrosis and COVID-19 can cause acute exacerbation of the patient’s condition, but the potential mechanism between the two has not been fully elucidated. Most of the drug treatment programs for COVID-19-related pulmonary fibrosis are currently formulated about the relevant guidelines for idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF), and there is no clear drug treatment program recommendation. This article aims to summarize the relevant mechanism pathways of COVID-19 and pulmonary fibrosis, explore the interrelationships and possible mechanisms, and discuss the value and risks of existing and potential COVID-19-related pulmonary fibrosis treatment drugs, to provide reference for anti-fibrosis treatment for patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hao Shen
- Department of Pharmacy, Sichuan Academy of Medical Sciences and Sichuan Provincial People's Hospital, School of Medicine, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, China.,Personalized Drug Therapy Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, School of Medicine, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, China
| | - Nu Zhang
- Department of Pharmacy, People's Hospital of Fushun County, Fushun, China
| | - Yuqing Liu
- School of Basic Medicine and Clinical Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Xuerong Yang
- Department of Pharmacy, Sichuan Academy of Medical Sciences and Sichuan Provincial People's Hospital, School of Medicine, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, China.,Personalized Drug Therapy Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, School of Medicine, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, China
| | - Yuanyuan He
- Department of Pharmacy, Sichuan Academy of Medical Sciences and Sichuan Provincial People's Hospital, School of Medicine, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, China.,Personalized Drug Therapy Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, School of Medicine, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, China
| | - Qi Li
- Department of Pharmacy, Sichuan Academy of Medical Sciences and Sichuan Provincial People's Hospital, School of Medicine, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, China.,Personalized Drug Therapy Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, School of Medicine, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, China
| | - Xiaoyan Shen
- Department of Pharmacy, Sichuan Academy of Medical Sciences and Sichuan Provincial People's Hospital, School of Medicine, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, China.,Personalized Drug Therapy Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, School of Medicine, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, China
| | - Yulian Zhu
- Department of Pharmacy, Ziyang People's Hospital, Ziyang, China
| | - Yong Yang
- Department of Pharmacy, Sichuan Academy of Medical Sciences and Sichuan Provincial People's Hospital, School of Medicine, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, China.,Personalized Drug Therapy Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, School of Medicine, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, China
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7
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Poltronieri P, Miwa M, Masutani M. ADP-Ribosylation as Post-Translational Modification of Proteins: Use of Inhibitors in Cancer Control. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:10829. [PMID: 34639169 PMCID: PMC8509805 DOI: 10.3390/ijms221910829] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2021] [Revised: 10/02/2021] [Accepted: 10/05/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Among the post-translational modifications of proteins, ADP-ribosylation has been studied for over fifty years, and a large set of functions, including DNA repair, transcription, and cell signaling, have been assigned to this post-translational modification (PTM). This review presents an update on the function of a large set of enzyme writers, the readers that are recruited by the modified targets, and the erasers that reverse the modification to the original amino acid residue, removing the covalent bonds formed. In particular, the review provides details on the involvement of the enzymes performing monoADP-ribosylation/polyADP-ribosylation (MAR/PAR) cycling in cancers. Of note, there is potential for the application of the inhibitors developed for cancer also in the therapy of non-oncological diseases such as the protection against oxidative stress, the suppression of inflammatory responses, and the treatment of neurodegenerative diseases. This field of studies is not concluded, since novel enzymes are being discovered at a rapid pace.
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Affiliation(s)
- Palmiro Poltronieri
- Institute of Sciences of Food Productions, National Research Council of Italy, CNR-ISPA, Via Monteroni, 73100 Lecce, Italy
| | - Masanao Miwa
- Nagahama Institute of Bio-Science and Technology, Nagahama 526-0829, Japan;
| | - Mitsuko Masutani
- Department of Molecular and Genomic Biomedicine, CBMM, Nagasaki University Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Nagasaki 852-8523, Japan
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8
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NBD2 Is Required for the Rescue of Mutant F508del CFTR by a Thiazole-Based Molecule: A Class II Corrector for the Multi-Drug Therapy of Cystic Fibrosis. Biomolecules 2021; 11:biom11101417. [PMID: 34680050 PMCID: PMC8533355 DOI: 10.3390/biom11101417] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2021] [Revised: 09/14/2021] [Accepted: 09/21/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Cystic fibrosis (CF) is caused by loss-of-function mutations in the CF transmembrane conductance regulator (CFTR) protein, an anion channel that regulates epithelial surface fluid secretion. The deletion of phenylalanine at position 508 (F508del) is the most common CFTR mutation. F508del CFTR is characterized by folding and trafficking defects, resulting in decreased functional expression of the protein on the plasma membrane. Several classes of small molecules, named correctors, have been developed to rescue defective F508del CFTR. Although individual correctors failed to improve the clinical status of CF patients carrying the F508del mutation, better results were obtained using correctors combinations. These results were obtained according to the premise that the administration of correctors having different sites of action should enhance F508del CFTR rescue. We investigated the putative site of action of an aminoarylthiazole 4-(3-chlorophenyl)-N-(3-(methylthio)phenyl)thiazol-2-amine, named FCG, with proven CFTR corrector activity, and its synergistic effect with the corrector VX809. We found that neither the total expression nor the maturation of WT CFTR transiently expressed in human embryonic kidney 293 cells was influenced by FCG, administrated alone or in combination with VX809. On the contrary, FCG was able to enhance F508del CFTR total expression, and its combination with VX809 provided a further effect, being able to increase not only the total expression but also the maturation of the mutant protein. Analyses on different CFTR domains and groups of domains, heterologously expressed in HEK293 cells, show that NBD2 is necessary for FCG corrector activity. Molecular modelling analyses suggest that FCG interacts with a putative region located into the NBD2, ascribing this molecule to class II correctors. Our study indicates that the continuous development and testing of combinations of correctors targeting different structural and functional defects of mutant CFTR is the best strategy to ensure a valuable therapeutic perspective to a larger cohort of CF patients.
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9
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Wigle TJ, Blackwell DJ, Schenkel LB, Ren Y, Church WD, Desai HJ, Swinger KK, Santospago AG, Majer CR, Lu AZ, Niepel M, Perl NR, Vasbinder MM, Keilhack H, Kuntz KW. In Vitro and Cellular Probes to Study PARP Enzyme Target Engagement. Cell Chem Biol 2021; 27:877-887.e14. [PMID: 32679093 DOI: 10.1016/j.chembiol.2020.06.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2020] [Revised: 05/18/2020] [Accepted: 06/15/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase (PARP) enzymes use nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD+) to modify up to seven different amino acids with a single mono(ADP-ribose) unit (MARylation deposited by PARP monoenzymes) or branched poly(ADP-ribose) polymers (PARylation deposited by PARP polyenzymes). To enable the development of tool compounds for PARP monoenzymes and polyenzymes, we have developed active site probes for use in in vitro and cellular biophysical assays to characterize active site-directed inhibitors that compete for NAD+ binding. These assays are agnostic of the protein substrate for each PARP, overcoming a general lack of knowledge around the substrates for these enzymes. The in vitro assays use less enzyme than previously described activity assays, enabling discrimination of inhibitor potencies in the single-digit nanomolar range, and the cell-based assays can differentiate compounds with sub-nanomolar potencies and measure inhibitor residence time in live cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tim J Wigle
- Ribon Therapeutics, 35 Cambridgepark Drive, Suite 300, Cambridge, MA 02140, USA.
| | | | - Laurie B Schenkel
- Ribon Therapeutics, 35 Cambridgepark Drive, Suite 300, Cambridge, MA 02140, USA
| | - Yue Ren
- Ribon Therapeutics, 35 Cambridgepark Drive, Suite 300, Cambridge, MA 02140, USA
| | - W David Church
- Ribon Therapeutics, 35 Cambridgepark Drive, Suite 300, Cambridge, MA 02140, USA
| | - Hetvi J Desai
- Ribon Therapeutics, 35 Cambridgepark Drive, Suite 300, Cambridge, MA 02140, USA
| | - Kerren K Swinger
- Ribon Therapeutics, 35 Cambridgepark Drive, Suite 300, Cambridge, MA 02140, USA
| | - Andrew G Santospago
- Ribon Therapeutics, 35 Cambridgepark Drive, Suite 300, Cambridge, MA 02140, USA
| | - Christina R Majer
- Ribon Therapeutics, 35 Cambridgepark Drive, Suite 300, Cambridge, MA 02140, USA
| | - Alvin Z Lu
- Ribon Therapeutics, 35 Cambridgepark Drive, Suite 300, Cambridge, MA 02140, USA
| | - Mario Niepel
- Ribon Therapeutics, 35 Cambridgepark Drive, Suite 300, Cambridge, MA 02140, USA
| | - Nicholas R Perl
- Ribon Therapeutics, 35 Cambridgepark Drive, Suite 300, Cambridge, MA 02140, USA
| | - Melissa M Vasbinder
- Ribon Therapeutics, 35 Cambridgepark Drive, Suite 300, Cambridge, MA 02140, USA
| | - Heike Keilhack
- Ribon Therapeutics, 35 Cambridgepark Drive, Suite 300, Cambridge, MA 02140, USA
| | - Kevin W Kuntz
- Ribon Therapeutics, 35 Cambridgepark Drive, Suite 300, Cambridge, MA 02140, USA
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10
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Yim J, Lim HH, Kwon Y. COVID-19 and pulmonary fibrosis: therapeutics in clinical trials, repurposing, and potential development. Arch Pharm Res 2021; 44:499-513. [PMID: 34047940 PMCID: PMC8161353 DOI: 10.1007/s12272-021-01331-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2021] [Accepted: 05/04/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
In 2019, an unprecedented disease named coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) emerged and spread across the globe. Although the rapid transmission of COVID-19 has resulted in thousands of deaths and severe lung damage, conclusive treatment is not available. However, three COVID-19 vaccines have been authorized, and two more will be approved soon, according to a World Health Organization report on December 12, 2020. Many COVID-19 patients show symptoms of acute lung injury that eventually leads to pulmonary fibrosis. Our aim in this article is to present the relationship between pulmonary fibrosis and COVID-19, with a focus on angiotensin converting enzyme-2. We also evaluate the radiological imaging methods computed tomography (CT) and chest X-ray (CXR) for visualization of patient lung condition. Moreover, we review possible therapeutics for COVID-19 using four categories: treatments related and unrelated to lung disease and treatments that have and have not entered clinical trials. Although many treatments have started clinical trials, they have some drawbacks, such as short-term and small-group testing, that need to be addressed as soon as possible.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joowon Yim
- College of Pharmacy, Ewha Womans University, 120-750, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Hee Hyun Lim
- College of Pharmacy, Ewha Womans University, 120-750, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Youngjoo Kwon
- College of Pharmacy, Ewha Womans University, 120-750, Seoul, Republic of Korea.
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11
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Mayer AMS, Guerrero AJ, Rodríguez AD, Taglialatela-Scafati O, Nakamura F, Fusetani N. Marine Pharmacology in 2016-2017: Marine Compounds with Antibacterial, Antidiabetic, Antifungal, Anti-Inflammatory, Antiprotozoal, Antituberculosis and Antiviral Activities; Affecting the Immune and Nervous Systems, and Other Miscellaneous Mechanisms of Action. Mar Drugs 2021; 19:49. [PMID: 33494402 PMCID: PMC7910995 DOI: 10.3390/md19020049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2020] [Revised: 01/13/2021] [Accepted: 01/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The review of the 2016-2017 marine pharmacology literature was prepared in a manner similar as the 10 prior reviews of this series. Preclinical marine pharmacology research during 2016-2017 assessed 313 marine compounds with novel pharmacology reported by a growing number of investigators from 54 countries. The peer-reviewed literature reported antibacterial, antifungal, antiprotozoal, antituberculosis, and antiviral activities for 123 marine natural products, 111 marine compounds with antidiabetic and anti-inflammatory activities as well as affecting the immune and nervous system, while in contrast 79 marine compounds displayed miscellaneous mechanisms of action which upon further investigation may contribute to several pharmacological classes. Therefore, in 2016-2017, the preclinical marine natural product pharmacology pipeline generated both novel pharmacology as well as potentially new lead compounds for the growing clinical marine pharmaceutical pipeline, and thus sustained with its contributions the global research for novel and effective therapeutic strategies for multiple disease categories.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alejandro M. S. Mayer
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Graduate Studies, Midwestern University, 555 31st Street, Downers Grove, IL 60515, USA;
| | - Aimee J. Guerrero
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Graduate Studies, Midwestern University, 555 31st Street, Downers Grove, IL 60515, USA;
| | - Abimael D. Rodríguez
- Molecular Sciences Research Center, University of Puerto Rico, 1390 Ponce de León Avenue, San Juan, PR 00926, USA;
| | | | - Fumiaki Nakamura
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Graduate School of Advanced Science and Engineering, Waseda University, 3-4-1 Okubo, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 169-8555, Japan;
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12
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Centko RM, Carlile GW, Barne I, Patrick BO, Blagojevic P, Thomas DY, Andersen RJ. Combination of Selective PARP3 and PARP16 Inhibitory Analogues of Latonduine A Corrects F508del-CFTR Trafficking. ACS OMEGA 2020; 5:25593-25604. [PMID: 33073085 PMCID: PMC7557227 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.0c02467] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2020] [Accepted: 09/15/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
The marine natural product latonduine A (1) shows F508del-cystic fibrosis transmembrane regulator (CFTR) corrector activity in cell-based assays. Pull-down experiments, enzyme inhibition assays, and siRNA knockdown experiments suggest that the F508del-CFTR corrector activities of latonduine A and a synthetic analogue MCG315 (4) result from simultaneous inhibition of PARP3 and PARP16. A library of synthetic latonduine A analogs has been prepared in an attempt to separate the PARP3 and PARP16 inhibitory properties of latonduine A with the goal of discovering selective small-molecule PARP3 and PARP16 inhibitory cell biology tools that could confirm the proposed dual-target F508del-CFTR corrector mechanism of action. The structure activity relationship (SAR) study reported herein has resulted in the discovery of the modestly potent (IC50 3.1 μM) PARP3 selective inhibitor (±)-5-hydroxy-4-phenyl-2,3,4,5-tetrahydro-1H-benzo[c]azepin-1-one (5) that shows 96-fold greater potency for inhibition of PARP3 compared with its inhibition of PARP16 in vitro and the potent (IC50 0.362 μM) PARP16 selective inhibitor (±)-7,8-dichloro-5-hydroxy-4-(pyridin-2-yl)-2,3,4,5-tetrahydro-1H-benzo[c]azepin-1-one (6) that shows 205-fold selectivity for PARP16 compared with PARP3 in vitro. At 1 or 10 μM, neither 5 or 6 alone showed F508del-CFTR corrector activity, but when added together at 1 or 10 μM each, the combination exhibited F508del-CFTR corrector activity identical to 1 or 10 μM latonduine A (1), respectively, supporting its novel dual PARP target mechanism of action. Latonduine A (1) showed additive in vitro corrector activity in combination with the clinically approved corrector VX809, making it a potential new partner for cystic fibrosis combination drug therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryan M. Centko
- Department
of Chemistry and Department of Earth, Ocean & Atmospheric
Sciences, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada V6T1Z1
| | - Graeme W. Carlile
- Departments
of Biochemistry and Human Genetics and The Cystic Fibrosis Translational
Research Centre, McGill University, Montréal, Québec, Canada H3G 1Y6
| | - Isabel Barne
- Department
of Chemistry and Department of Earth, Ocean & Atmospheric
Sciences, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada V6T1Z1
| | - Brian O. Patrick
- Department
of Chemistry and Department of Earth, Ocean & Atmospheric
Sciences, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada V6T1Z1
| | - Polina Blagojevic
- Department
of Chemistry and Department of Earth, Ocean & Atmospheric
Sciences, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada V6T1Z1
| | - David Y. Thomas
- Departments
of Biochemistry and Human Genetics and The Cystic Fibrosis Translational
Research Centre, McGill University, Montréal, Québec, Canada H3G 1Y6
| | - Raymond J. Andersen
- Department
of Chemistry and Department of Earth, Ocean & Atmospheric
Sciences, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada V6T1Z1
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13
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Curtin N, Bányai K, Thaventhiran J, Le Quesne J, Helyes Z, Bai P. Repositioning PARP inhibitors for SARS-CoV-2 infection(COVID-19); a new multi-pronged therapy for acute respiratory distress syndrome? Br J Pharmacol 2020; 177:3635-3645. [PMID: 32441764 PMCID: PMC7280733 DOI: 10.1111/bph.15137] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2020] [Revised: 05/11/2020] [Accepted: 05/14/2020] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Clinically approved PARP inhibitors (PARPi) have a mild adverse effect profile and are well tolerated as continuous daily oral therapy. We review the evidence that justifies the repurposing of PARPi to block the proliferation of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) and combat the life-threatening sequelae of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) by several mechanisms. PARPi can effectively decrease IL-6, IL-1 and TNF-α levels (key interleukins in SARS-CoV-2-induced cytokine storm) and can alleviate subsequent lung fibrosis, as demonstrated in murine experiments and clinical trials. PARPi can tune macrophages towards a tolerogenic phenotype. PARPi may also counteract SARS-CoV-2-induced and inflammation-induced cell death and support cell survival. PARPi is effective in animal models of acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS), asthma and ventilator-induced lung injury. PARPi may potentiate the effectiveness of tocilizumab, anakinra, sarilumab, adalimumab, canakinumab or siltuximab therapy. The evidence suggests that PARPi would benefit COVID-19 patients and trials should be undertaken.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicola Curtin
- Translational and Clinical Research Institute, Newcastle University Centre for Cancer, Faculty of Medical SciencesNewcastle UniversityNewcastle upon TyneUK
| | - Krisztián Bányai
- Institute for Veterinary Medical ResearchCentre for Agricultural ResearchBudapestHungary
| | | | - John Le Quesne
- MRC Toxicology UnitUniversity of CambridgeLeicesterUK
- Leicester Cancer Research CentreUniversity of Leicester, Leicester Royal InfirmaryLeicesterUK
- Glenfield HospitalUniversity Hospitals Leicester NHS TrustLeicesterUK
| | - Zsuzsanna Helyes
- Department of Pharmacology and Pharmacotherapy, Medical School; Centre for Neuroscience and János Szentágothai Research CentreUniversity of PécsPécsHungary
| | - Péter Bai
- Department of Medical Chemistry, Faculty of MedicineUniversity of DebrecenDebrecenHungary
- MTA‐DE Lendület Laboratory of Cellular MetabolismDebrecenHungary
- Research Center for Molecular Medicine, Faculty of MedicineUniversity of DebrecenDebrecenHungary
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14
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A New Pathway Promotes Adaptation of Human Glioblastoma Cells to Glucose Starvation. Cells 2020; 9:cells9051249. [PMID: 32443613 PMCID: PMC7290719 DOI: 10.3390/cells9051249] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2020] [Revised: 05/11/2020] [Accepted: 05/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Adaptation of glioblastoma to caloric restriction induces compensatory changes in tumor metabolism that are incompletely known. Here we show that in human glioblastoma cells maintained in exhausted medium, SHC adaptor protein 3 (SHC3) increases due to down-regulation of SHC3 protein degradation. This effect is reversed by glucose addition and is not present in normal astrocytes. Increased SHC3 levels are associated to increased glucose uptake mediated by changes in membrane trafficking of glucose transporters of the solute carrier 2A superfamily (GLUT/SLC2A). We found that the effects on vesicle trafficking are mediated by SHC3 interactions with adaptor protein complex 1 and 2 (AP), BMP-2-inducible protein kinase and a fraction of poly ADP-ribose polymerase 1 (PARP1) associated to vesicles containing GLUT/SLC2As. In glioblastoma cells, PARP1 inhibitor veliparib mimics glucose starvation in enhancing glucose uptake. Furthermore, cytosol extracted from glioblastoma cells inhibits PARP1 enzymatic activity in vitro while immunodepletion of SHC3 from the cytosol significantly relieves this inhibition. The identification of a new pathway controlling glucose uptake in high grade gliomas represents an opportunity for repositioning existing drugs and designing new ones.
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15
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Williams DE, Andersen RJ. Biologically active marine natural products and their molecular targets discovered using a chemical genetics approach. Nat Prod Rep 2020; 37:617-633. [PMID: 31750842 PMCID: PMC7874888 DOI: 10.1039/c9np00054b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Covering: 2000 to 2019The discovery of new natural products that have some combination of unprecedented chemical structures, biological activities of therapeutic interest for urgent medical needs, and new molecular targets provides the fuel that sustains the vitality of natural products chemistry research. Unfortunately, finding these important new compounds is neither routine or trivial and a major challenge is finding effective discovery paradigms. This review presents examples that illustrate the effectiveness of a chemical genetics approach to marine natural product (MNP) discovery that intertwines compound discovery, molecular target identification, and phenotypic response/biological activity. The examples include MNPs that have complex unprecedented structures, new or understudied molecular targets, and potent biological activities of therapeutic interest. A variety of methods to identify molecular targets are also featured.
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Affiliation(s)
- David E Williams
- Departments of Chemistry and Earth, Ocean & Atmospheric Science, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia V6T 1Z1, Canada.
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16
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Wigle TJ, Church WD, Majer CR, Swinger KK, Aybar D, Schenkel LB, Vasbinder MM, Brendes A, Beck C, Prahm M, Wegener D, Chang P, Kuntz KW. Forced Self-Modification Assays as a Strategy to Screen MonoPARP Enzymes. SLAS DISCOVERY 2019; 25:241-252. [PMID: 31855104 PMCID: PMC7036481 DOI: 10.1177/2472555219883623] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Mono(ADP-ribosylation) (MARylation) and poly(ADP-ribosylation) (PARylation) are
posttranslational modifications found on multiple amino acids. There are 12
enzymatically active mono(ADP-ribose) polymerase (monoPARP) enzymes and 4
enzymatically active poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase (polyPARP) enzymes that use
nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD+) as the ADP-ribose donating
substrate to generate these modifications. While there are approved drugs and
clinical trials ongoing for the enzymes that perform PARylation, MARylation is
gaining recognition for its role in immune function, inflammation, and cancer.
However, there is a lack of chemical probes to study the function of monoPARPs
in cells and in vivo. An important first step to generating chemical probes for
monoPARPs is to develop biochemical assays to enable hit finding, and
determination of the potency and selectivity of inhibitors. Complicating the
development of enzymatic assays is that it is poorly understood how monoPARPs
engage their substrates. To overcome this, we have developed a family-wide
approach to developing robust high-throughput monoPARP assays where the enzymes
are immobilized and forced to self-modify using biotinylated-NAD+,
which is detected using a dissociation-enhanced lanthanide fluorescence
immunoassay (DELFIA) readout. Herein we describe the development of assays for
12 monoPARPs and 3 polyPARPs and apply them to understand the potency and
selectivity of a focused library of inhibitors across this family.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Paul Chang
- Ribon Therapeutics Inc., Cambridge, MA, USA
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17
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Hanrahan JW, Sato Y, Carlile GW, Jansen G, Young JC, Thomas DY. Cystic Fibrosis: Proteostatic correctors of CFTR trafficking and alternative therapeutic targets. Expert Opin Ther Targets 2019; 23:711-724. [PMID: 31169041 DOI: 10.1080/14728222.2019.1628948] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Introduction: Cystic fibrosis (CF) is the most frequent lethal orphan disease and is caused by mutations in the CFTR gene. The most frequent mutation F508del-CFTR affects multiple organs; infections and subsequent infections and complications in the lung lead to death. Areas covered: This review focuses on new targets and mechanisms that are attracting interest for the development of CF therapies. The F508del-CFTR protein is retained in the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) but has some function if it can traffic to the plasma membrane. Cell-based assays have been used to screen chemical libraries for small molecule correctors that restore its trafficking. Pharmacological chaperones are correctors that bind directly to the F508del-CFTR mutant and promote its folding and trafficking. Other correctors fall into a heterogeneous class of proteostasis modulators that act indirectly by altering cellular homeostasis. Expert opinion: Pharmacological chaperones have so far been the most successful correctors of F508del-CFTR trafficking, but their level of correction means that more than one corrector is required. Proteostasis modulators have low levels of correction but hold promise because some can correct several different CFTR mutations. Identification of their cellular targets and the potential for development may lead to new therapies for CF.
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Affiliation(s)
- John W Hanrahan
- a Department of Physiology , McGill University , Montréal , QC , Canada.,c Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre , McGill University , Montréal , QC , Canada
| | - Yukiko Sato
- a Department of Physiology , McGill University , Montréal , QC , Canada.,b Cystic Fibrosis Translational Research centre , McGill University , Montréal , QC , Canada
| | - Graeme W Carlile
- b Cystic Fibrosis Translational Research centre , McGill University , Montréal , QC , Canada.,d Department of Biochemistry , McGill University , Montréal , QC , Canada
| | - Gregor Jansen
- d Department of Biochemistry , McGill University , Montréal , QC , Canada
| | - Jason C Young
- b Cystic Fibrosis Translational Research centre , McGill University , Montréal , QC , Canada.,d Department of Biochemistry , McGill University , Montréal , QC , Canada
| | - David Y Thomas
- b Cystic Fibrosis Translational Research centre , McGill University , Montréal , QC , Canada.,d Department of Biochemistry , McGill University , Montréal , QC , Canada.,e Department of Human Genetics , McGill University , Montréal , QC , Canada
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18
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de Wilde G, Gees M, Musch S, Verdonck K, Jans M, Wesse AS, Singh AK, Hwang TC, Christophe T, Pizzonero M, Van der Plas S, Desroy N, Cowart M, Stouten P, Nelles L, Conrath K. Identification of GLPG/ABBV-2737, a Novel Class of Corrector, Which Exerts Functional Synergy With Other CFTR Modulators. Front Pharmacol 2019; 10:514. [PMID: 31143125 PMCID: PMC6521598 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2019.00514] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2019] [Accepted: 04/24/2019] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
The deletion of phenylalanine at position 508 (F508del) in cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator (CFTR) causes a severe defect in folding and trafficking of the chloride channel resulting in its absence at the plasma membrane of epithelial cells leading to cystic fibrosis. Progress in the understanding of the disease increased over the past decades and led to the awareness that combinations of mechanistically different CFTR modulators are required to obtain meaningful clinical benefit. Today, there remains an unmet need for identification and development of more effective CFTR modulator combinations to improve existing therapies for patients carrying the F508del mutation. Here, we describe the identification of a novel F508del corrector using functional assays. We provide experimental evidence that the clinical candidate GLPG/ABBV-2737 represents a novel class of corrector exerting activity both on its own and in combination with VX809 or GLPG/ABBV-2222.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Tzyh-Chang Hwang
- Department of Medical Pharmacology and Physiology, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, United States
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19
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Carlile GW, Yang Q, Matthes E, Liao J, Radinovic S, Miyamoto C, Robert R, Hanrahan JW, Thomas DY. A novel triple combination of pharmacological chaperones improves F508del-CFTR correction. Sci Rep 2018; 8:11404. [PMID: 30061653 PMCID: PMC6065411 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-29276-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2018] [Accepted: 07/09/2018] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Pharmacological chaperones (e.g. VX-809, lumacaftor) that bind directly to F508del-CFTR and correct its mislocalization are promising therapeutics for Cystic Fibrosis (CF). However to date, individual correctors provide only ~4% improvement in lung function measured as FEV1, suggesting that multiple drugs will be needed to achieve substantial clinical benefit. Here we examine if multiple sites for pharmacological chaperones exist and can be targeted to enhance the rescue of F508del-CFTR with the premise that additive or synergistic rescue by multiple pharmacological chaperones compared to single correctors indicates that they have different sites of action. First, we found that a combination of the pharmacological chaperones VX-809 and RDR1 provide additive correction of F508del-CFTR. Then using cellular thermal stability assays (CETSA) we demonstrated the possibility of a third pharmacologically important site using the novel pharmacological chaperone tool compound 4-methyl-N-[3-(morpholin-4-yl) quinoxalin-2-yl] benzenesulfonamide (MCG1516A). All three pharmacological chaperones appear to interact with the first nucleotide-binding domain (NBD1). The triple combination of MCG1516A, RDR1, and VX-809 restored CFTR function to >20% that of non-CF cells in well differentiated HBE cells and to much higher levels in other cell types. Thus the results suggest the presence of at least three distinct sites for pharmacological chaperones on F508del-CFTR NBD1, encouraging the development of triple corrector combinations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Graeme W Carlile
- Cystic Fibrosis Translational Research Center, Department of Biochemistry McGill University Montreal Quebec Canada, H3G 1Y6, Montreal, Quebec, Canada.
| | - Qi Yang
- Cystic Fibrosis Translational Research Center, Department of Biochemistry McGill University Montreal Quebec Canada, H3G 1Y6, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Elizabeth Matthes
- Cystic Fibrosis Translational Research Center, Department of Physiology McGill University Montreal Quebec Canada, H3G 1Y6, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Jie Liao
- Cystic Fibrosis Translational Research Center, Department of Physiology McGill University Montreal Quebec Canada, H3G 1Y6, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Stevo Radinovic
- Cystic Fibrosis Translational Research Center, Department of Biochemistry McGill University Montreal Quebec Canada, H3G 1Y6, Montreal, Quebec, Canada.,National Research Council, Biotechnology Research Institute, 6100 Royalmount Ave, H4P 2R2, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Carol Miyamoto
- Cystic Fibrosis Translational Research Center, Department of Biochemistry McGill University Montreal Quebec Canada, H3G 1Y6, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Renaud Robert
- Cystic Fibrosis Translational Research Center, Department of Physiology McGill University Montreal Quebec Canada, H3G 1Y6, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - John W Hanrahan
- Cystic Fibrosis Translational Research Center, Department of Physiology McGill University Montreal Quebec Canada, H3G 1Y6, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - David Y Thomas
- Cystic Fibrosis Translational Research Center, Department of Biochemistry McGill University Montreal Quebec Canada, H3G 1Y6, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
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20
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Chirila PG, Adams J, Dirjal A, Hamilton A, Whiteoak CJ. Cp*Co(III)-Catalyzed Coupling of Benzamides with α,β-Unsaturated Carbonyl Compounds: Preparation of Aliphatic Ketones and Azepinones. Chemistry 2018; 24:3584-3589. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.201705785] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2017] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Paula G. Chirila
- Department of Biosciences and Chemistry and the, Biomolecular Sciences Research Centre (BMRC); Sheffield Hallam University; Sheffield S1 1WB UK
| | - Joshua Adams
- Department of Biosciences and Chemistry and the, Biomolecular Sciences Research Centre (BMRC); Sheffield Hallam University; Sheffield S1 1WB UK
| | - Amir Dirjal
- Department of Biosciences and Chemistry and the, Biomolecular Sciences Research Centre (BMRC); Sheffield Hallam University; Sheffield S1 1WB UK
| | - Alex Hamilton
- Department of Biosciences and Chemistry and the, Biomolecular Sciences Research Centre (BMRC); Sheffield Hallam University; Sheffield S1 1WB UK
| | - Christopher J. Whiteoak
- Department of Biosciences and Chemistry and the, Biomolecular Sciences Research Centre (BMRC); Sheffield Hallam University; Sheffield S1 1WB UK
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21
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Abstract
CFTR protein is an ion channel regulated by cAMP-dependent phosphorylation and expressed in many types of epithelial cells. CFTR-mediated chloride and bicarbonate secretion play an important role in the respiratory and gastrointestinal systems. Pharmacological modulators of CFTR represent promising drugs for a variety of diseases. In particular, correctors and potentiators may restore the activity of CFTR in cystic fibrosis patients. Potentiators are also potentially useful to improve mucociliary clearance in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. On the other hand, CFTR inhibitors may be useful to block fluid and electrolyte loss in secretory diarrhea and slow down the progression of polycystic kidney disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olga Zegarra-Moran
- U.O.C. Genetica Medica, Istituto Giannina Gaslini, Via Gerolamo Gaslini 5, 16147, Genoa, Italy
| | - Luis J V Galietta
- U.O.C. Genetica Medica, Istituto Giannina Gaslini, Via Gerolamo Gaslini 5, 16147, Genoa, Italy.
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22
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Lopes-Pacheco M. CFTR Modulators: Shedding Light on Precision Medicine for Cystic Fibrosis. Front Pharmacol 2016; 7:275. [PMID: 27656143 PMCID: PMC5011145 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2016.00275] [Citation(s) in RCA: 95] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2016] [Accepted: 08/11/2016] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Cystic fibrosis (CF) is the most common life-threatening monogenic disease afflicting Caucasian people. It affects the respiratory, gastrointestinal, glandular and reproductive systems. The major cause of morbidity and mortality in CF is the respiratory disorder caused by a vicious cycle of obstruction of the airways, inflammation and infection that leads to epithelial damage, tissue remodeling and end-stage lung disease. Over the past decades, life expectancy of CF patients has increased due to early diagnosis and improved treatments; however, these patients still present limited quality of life. Many attempts have been made to rescue CF transmembrane conductance regulator (CFTR) expression, function and stability, thereby overcoming the molecular basis of CF. Gene and protein variances caused by CFTR mutants lead to different CF phenotypes, which then require different treatments to quell the patients' debilitating symptoms. In order to seek better approaches to treat CF patients and maximize therapeutic effects, CFTR mutants have been stratified into six groups (although several of these mutations present pleiotropic defects). The research with CFTR modulators (read-through agents, correctors, potentiators, stabilizers and amplifiers) has achieved remarkable progress, and these drugs are translating into pharmaceuticals and personalized treatments for CF patients. This review summarizes the main molecular and clinical features of CF, emphasizes the latest clinical trials using CFTR modulators, sheds light on the molecular mechanisms underlying these new and emerging treatments, and discusses the major breakthroughs and challenges to treating all CF patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miquéias Lopes-Pacheco
- Institute of Biophysics Carlos Chagas Filho, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
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