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Holbrook OT, Molligoda B, Bushell KN, Gobrogge KL. Behavioral consequences of the downstream products of ethanol metabolism involved in alcohol use disorder. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2021; 133:104501. [PMID: 34942269 DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2021.12.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2021] [Revised: 12/08/2021] [Accepted: 12/12/2021] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Research concerning Alcohol Use Disorder (AUD) has previously focused primarily on either the behavioral or chemical consequences experienced following ethanol intake, but these areas of research have rarely been considered in tandem. Compared with other drugs of abuse, ethanol has been shown to have a unique metabolic pathway once it enters the body, which leads to the formation of downstream metabolites which can go on to form biologically active products. These metabolites can mediate a variety of behavioral responses that are commonly observed with AUD, such as ethanol intake, reinforcement, and vulnerability to relapse. The following review considers the preclinical and chemical research implicating these downstream products in AUD and proposes a chemobehavioral model of AUD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Otto T Holbrook
- Program in Neuroscience, Boston University, Boston, MA, 02215-2425, USA.
| | - Brandon Molligoda
- Program in Neuroscience, Boston University, Boston, MA, 02215-2425, USA.
| | - Kristen N Bushell
- Program in Neuroscience, Boston University, Boston, MA, 02215-2425, USA
| | - Kyle L Gobrogge
- Program in Neuroscience, Boston University, Boston, MA, 02215-2425, USA
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Benítez-Rangel E, Olguín-Albuerne M, López-Méndez MC, Domínguez-Macouzet G, Guerrero-Hernández A, Morán J. Caspase-3 Activation Correlates With the Initial Mitochondrial Membrane Depolarization in Neonatal Cerebellar Granule Neurons. Front Cell Dev Biol 2020; 8:544. [PMID: 32714930 PMCID: PMC7343937 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2020.00544] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2020] [Accepted: 06/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
In this study we evaluated the effect of the reduction in the endoplasmic reticulum calcium concentration ([Ca2+]ER), changes in the cytoplasmic calcium concentration ([Ca2+]i), alteration of the mitochondrial membrane potential, and the ER stress in the activation of caspase-3 in neonatal cerebellar granule cells (CGN). The cells were loaded with Fura-2 to detect changes in the [Ca2+]i and with Mag-fluo-4 to measure variations in the [Ca2+]ER or with TMRE to follow modifications in the mitochondrial membrane potential in response to five different inducers of CGN cell death. These inducers were staurosporine, thapsigargin, tunicamycin, nifedipine and plasma membrane repolarization by switching culture medium from 25 mM KCl (K25) to 5 mM KCl (K5). Additionally, different markers of ER stress were determined and all these parameters were correlated with the activation of caspase-3. The different inducers of cell death in CGN resulted in three different levels of activation of caspase-3. The highest caspase-3 activity occurred in response to K5. At the same time, staurosporine, nifedipine, and tunicamycin elicited an intermediate activation of caspase-3. Importantly, thapsigargin did not activate caspase-3 at any time. Both K5 and nifedipine rapidly decreased the [Ca2+]i, but only K5 immediately reduced the [Ca2+]ER and the mitochondrial membrane potential. Staurosporine and tunicamycin increased the [Ca2+]i and they decreased both the [Ca2+]ER and mitochondrial membrane potential, but at a much lower rate than K5. Thapsigargin strongly increased the [Ca2+]i, but it took 10 min to observe any decrease in the mitochondrial membrane potential. Three cell death inducers -K5, staurosporine, and thapsigargin- elicited ER stress, but they took 30 min to have any effect. Thapsigargin, as expected, displayed the highest efficacy activating PERK. Moreover, a specific PERK inhibitor did not have any impact on cell death triggered by these cell death inducers. Our data suggest that voltage-gated Ca2+ channels, that are not dihydropyridine-sensitive, load the ER with Ca2+ and this Ca2+ flux plays a critical role in keeping the mitochondrial membrane potential polarized. A rapid decrease in the [Ca2+]ER resulted in rapid mitochondrial membrane depolarization and strong activation of caspase-3 without the intervention of the ER stress in CGN.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edaena Benítez-Rangel
- Departamento de Bioquímica, CINVESTAV-IPN, Mexico City, Mexico.,División de Neurociencias, Instituto de Fisiología Celular, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Mauricio Olguín-Albuerne
- División de Neurociencias, Instituto de Fisiología Celular, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Mexico City, Mexico
| | | | - Guadalupe Domínguez-Macouzet
- División de Neurociencias, Instituto de Fisiología Celular, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Mexico City, Mexico
| | | | - Julio Morán
- División de Neurociencias, Instituto de Fisiología Celular, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Mexico City, Mexico
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Abstract
In the past decade, the field of the cellular microbiology of group A Streptococcus (S. pyogenes) infection has made tremendous advances and touched upon several important aspects of pathogenesis, including receptor biology, invasive and evasive phenomena, inflammasome activation, strain-specific autophagic bacterial killing, and virulence factor-mediated programmed cell death. The noteworthy aspect of S. pyogenes-mediated cell signaling is the recognition of the role of M protein in a variety of signaling events, starting with the targeting of specific receptors on the cell surface and on through the induction and evasion of NETosis, inflammasome, and autophagy/xenophagy to pyroptosis and apoptosis. Variations in reports on S. pyogenes-mediated signaling events highlight the complex mechanism of pathogenesis and underscore the importance of the host cell and S. pyogenes strain specificity, as well as in vitro/in vivo experimental parameters. The severity of S. pyogenes infection is, therefore, dependent on the virulence gene expression repertoire in the host environment and on host-specific dynamic signaling events in response to infection. Commonly known as an extracellular pathogen, S. pyogenes finds host macrophages as safe havens wherein it survives and even multiplies. The fact that endothelial cells are inherently deficient in autophagic machinery compared to epithelial cells and macrophages underscores the invasive nature of S. pyogenes and its ability to cause severe systemic diseases. S. pyogenes is still one of the top 10 causes of infectious mortality. Understanding the orchestration of dynamic host signaling networks will provide a better understanding of the increasingly complex mechanism of S. pyogenes diseases and novel ways of therapeutically intervening to thwart severe and often fatal infections.
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Roth Z. Stress-induced alterations in oocyte transcripts are further expressed in the developing blastocyst. Mol Reprod Dev 2018; 85:821-835. [DOI: 10.1002/mrd.23045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2017] [Accepted: 07/18/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Zvi Roth
- Department of Animal Sciences; Faculty of Agriculture, Food and Environment, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem; Rehovot Israel
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Abstract
Deprenyl, a monoamine oxidase inhibitor used in the treatment of Parkinson's disease, along with its primary metabolite desmethyldeprenyl (DES) have been shown to reduce neuronal apoptosis by a mechanism that requires gene transcription and involves the maintenance of mitochondrial membrane potential. This review article explores the mechanisms by which DES maintains mitochondrial membrane potential. Mediated by GAPDH binding, DES increases mitochondrial BCL-2 and BCL-xL levels and decreases BAX levels thereby preventing the permeability transition pore (PTP) form opening and preventing apoptotic degradation. The favorable effects of deprenyl on neuronal apoptosis suggests the therapeutic potential of designing compounds with the capacity to alter the configurations of pro-apoptosis or anti-apoptotic proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- W G Tatton
- Department of Neurology, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA.
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Abstract
Aside from its well-established role in glycolysis, glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (GAPDH) has been shown to possess many key functions in cells. These functions are regulated by protein oligomerization , biomolecular interactions, post-translational modifications , and variations in subcellular localization . Several GAPDH functions and regulatory mechanisms overlap with one another and converge around its role in intermediary metabolism. Several structural determinants of the protein dictate its function and regulation. GAPDH is ubiquitously expressed and is found in all domains of life. GAPDH has been implicated in many diseases, including those of pathogenic, cardiovascular, degenerative, diabetic, and tumorigenic origins. Understanding the mechanisms by which GAPDH can switch between its functions and how these functions are regulated can provide insights into ways the protein can be modulated for therapeutic outcomes.
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Konieczna A, Szczepańska A, Sawiuk K, Łyżeń R, Węgrzyn G. Enzymes of the central carbon metabolism: Are they linkers between transcription, DNA replication, and carcinogenesis? Med Hypotheses 2015; 84:58-67. [DOI: 10.1016/j.mehy.2014.11.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2014] [Revised: 11/05/2014] [Accepted: 11/21/2014] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
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Bui-Nguyen TM, Dennis WE, Jackson DA, Stallings JD, Lewis JA. Detection of Dichlorvos Adducts in a Hepatocyte Cell Line. J Proteome Res 2014; 13:3583-95. [DOI: 10.1021/pr5000076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Tri M. Bui-Nguyen
- Oak Ridge Institute
for Science and Education (ORISE) Postdoctoral Researcher, U.S. Army
Center for Environmental Health Research, 568 Doughten Drive, Fort Detrick, Maryland 21702, United States
| | - William E. Dennis
- U.S. Army Center for Environmental Health Research, 568 Doughten Drive, Fort
Detrick, Maryland 21702, United States
| | - David A. Jackson
- U.S. Army Center for Environmental Health Research, 568 Doughten Drive, Fort
Detrick, Maryland 21702, United States
| | - Jonathan D. Stallings
- U.S. Army Center for Environmental Health Research, 568 Doughten Drive, Fort
Detrick, Maryland 21702, United States
| | - John A. Lewis
- U.S. Army Center for Environmental Health Research, 568 Doughten Drive, Fort
Detrick, Maryland 21702, United States
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Hu SQ, Cui W, Xu DP, Mak SH, Tang J, Choi CL, Pang YP, Han YF. Substantial neuroprotection against K+ deprivation-induced apoptosis in primary cerebellar granule neurons by novel dimer bis(propyl)-cognitin via the activation of VEGFR-2 signaling pathway. CNS Neurosci Ther 2013; 19:764-72. [PMID: 23826635 DOI: 10.1111/cns.12141] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2013] [Revised: 05/09/2013] [Accepted: 05/10/2013] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Neuronal loss via apoptosis in CNS is the fundamental mechanism underlying various neurodegenerative diseases. Compounds with antiapoptotic property might have therapeutic effects for these diseases. In this study, bis(propyl)-cognitin (B3C), a novel dimer that possesses anti-AChE and anti-N-methyl-d-aspartate receptor activities, was investigated for its neuroprotective effect on K(+) deprivation-induced apoptosis in cerebellar granule neurons (CGNs). METHODS Cerebellar granule neurons were switched to K(+) deprived medium with or without B3C. 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium assay, fluorescein diacetate (FDA)/propidium iodide (PI) staining, Hoechst staining, and DNA laddering assays were applied to detect cytotoxicity and apoptosis. Additionally, the expression of p-VEGFR-2, p-Akt, p-glycogen synthase kinase 3β (GSK3β), and p-extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) was examined in CGNs. RESULTS Switching CGNs to K(+) deprived medium resulted in remarkable apoptosis, which could be substantially blocked by B3C treatment (IC50 , 0.37 μM). Moreover, a rapid decrease in p-Tyr1054-VEGFR-2 was observed after the switch. B3C significantly reversed the inhibition of p-Tyr1054-VEGFR-2 as well as Akt and ERK pathways. VEGFR-2 inhibitor PTK787/ZK222584, as well as PI3-K inhibitor LY294002 and MEK inhibitor PD98059, each abolished the neuroprotective effect of B3C. CONCLUSIONS Our results demonstrate that B3C blocks K(+) deprivation-induced apoptosis in CGNs through regulating VEGFR-2/Akt/GSK3β and VEGFR-2/ERK signaling pathways, providing a molecular insight into the therapeutic potential of B3C for the treatment of neurodegenerative diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sheng-Quan Hu
- Department of Applied Biology and Chemical Technology, Institute of Modern Chinese Medicine, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hung Hom, Hong Kong, China; The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Shenzhen Research Institute, Shenzhen, China
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Abstract
The concept of the cytosol as a space that contains discrete zones of metabolites is discussed relative to the contribution of GAPDH. GAPDH is directed to very specific cell compartments. This chapter describes the utilization of GAPDH's enzymatic function for focal demands (i.e. ATP/ADP and NAD(+)/NADH), and offers a speculative role for GAPDH as perhaps moderating local concentrations of inorganic phosphate and hydrogen ions (i.e. co-substrate and co-product of the glycolytic reaction, respectively). Where known, the structural features of the binding between GAPDH and the compartment components are discussed. The nuances, which are associated with the intracellular distribution of GAPDH, appear to be specific to the cell-type, particularly with regards to the various plasma membrane proteins to which GAPDH binds. The chapter includes discussion on the curious observation of GAPDH being localized to the external surface of the plasma membrane in a human cell type. The default perspective has been that GAPDH localization is synonymous with compartmentation of glycolytic energy. The chapter discusses GAPDH translocation to the nucleus and to non-nuclear cellular structures, emphasizing its glycolytic function. Nevertheless, it is becoming clear that alternate functions of GAPDH play a role in compartmentation, particularly in the translocation to the nucleus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Norbert W Seidler
- Department of Biochemistry, Kansas City University of Medicine and Biosciences, Kansas City, MO, USA
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Gendelman M, Roth Z. In vivo vs. in vitro models for studying the effects of elevated temperature on the GV-stage oocyte, subsequent developmental competence and gene expression. Anim Reprod Sci 2012; 134:125-34. [DOI: 10.1016/j.anireprosci.2012.07.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2012] [Revised: 06/12/2012] [Accepted: 07/13/2012] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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Gendelman M, Roth Z. Seasonal Effect on Germinal Vesicle-Stage Bovine Oocytes Is Further Expressed by Alterations in Transcript Levels in the Developing Embryos Associated with Reduced Developmental Competence1. Biol Reprod 2012; 86:1-9. [DOI: 10.1095/biolreprod.111.092882] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
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Huang J, Xiong N, Chen C, Xiong J, Jia M, Zhang Z, Cao X, Liang Z, Sun S, Lin Z, Wang T. Glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase: activity inhibition and protein overexpression in rotenone models for Parkinson's disease. Neuroscience 2011; 192:598-608. [PMID: 21736921 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2011.06.050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2011] [Revised: 06/13/2011] [Accepted: 06/17/2011] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Rotenone, a widely used pesticide and an environmental risk factor for Parkinson's disease (PD), induces nigrostriatal injury, Lewy body-like inclusions, and Parkinsonian symptoms in rat models for PD. Our previous data indicated that glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (GAPDH) overexpression and glycolytic inhibition were co-current in rotenone-induced PC12 (rat adrenal pheochromocytoma cells) cell death. However, whether GAPDH overexpression plays any role in dopaminergic neurodegeneration in vivo remains unknown. In this study, we have found that GAPDH overexpression and GAPDH-positive Lewy body-like aggregates in nigral dopaminergic neurons while nigral GAPDH glycolytic activity decreases in rotenone-based PD animal models. Furthermore, GAPDH knockdown reduces rotenone toxicity significantly in PC12. These in vitro and in vivo data suggest that GAPDH contributes to the pathogenesis of Parkinson's disease, possibly representing a new molecular target for neuroprotective strategies and alternative therapies for PD.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Huang
- Department of Neurology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, China
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Gendelman M, Aroyo A, Yavin S, Roth Z. Seasonal effects on gene expression, cleavage timing, and developmental competence of bovine preimplantation embryos. Reproduction 2010; 140:73-82. [DOI: 10.1530/rep-10-0055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
We examined the association between season and expression of genes involved in early embryonic development with an emphasis on cleavage rate and timing of the first embryonic cleavage. In Exp. 1, oocytes were aspirated during the cold (Dec–Apr) and hot (May–Nov) seasons. Matured oocytes were chemically activated and culturedin vitro. The developmental peak to the two- and four-cell stages occurred earlier, with a higher proportion of first-cleaved embryos, during the cold season relative to the hot season (P<0.01). In Exp. 2, a time-lapse system was employed to characterize the delayed cleavage noted for the hot season. Cleavage to the two-cell stage occurred in two distinct waves: early cleavage occurred between 18 and 25 h post activation, and late cleavage occurred between 27 and 40 h post activation. In Exp. 3, oocytes were aspirated during the cold and hot seasons, maturedin vitro, fertilized, and cultured for 8 days. In each season, early- and late-cleaved two-cell stage embryos were collected. Total RNA was isolated, and semi-quantitative and real-time PCRs were carried out with primers forGDF9,POU5F1, andGAPDHusing18S rRNAas the reference gene. In both seasons, the expression of all examined genes was higher (P<0.05) in early- versus late-cleaved embryos.POU5F1expression was higher (P<0.05) in early-cleaved embryos developed in the cold season versus the hot season counterparts. The findings suggest a deleterious seasonal effect on oocyte developmental competence with delayed cleavage and variation in gene expression.
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Colell A, Green DR, Ricci JE. Novel roles for GAPDH in cell death and carcinogenesis. Cell Death Differ 2009; 16:1573-81. [PMID: 19779498 DOI: 10.1038/cdd.2009.137] [Citation(s) in RCA: 182] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Growing evidence points to the fact that glucose metabolism has a central role in carcinogenesis. Among the enzymes controlling this energy production pathway, glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (GAPDH) is of particular interest. Initially identified as a glycolytic enzyme and considered as a housekeeping gene, this enzyme is actually tightly regulated and is involved in numerous cellular functions. Particularly intriguing are recent reports describing GAPDH as a regulator of cell death. However, its role in cell death is unclear; whereas some studies point toward a proapoptotic function, others describe a protective role and suggest its participation in tumor progression. In this study, we highlight recent findings and discuss potential mechanisms through which cells regulate GAPDH to fulfill its diverse functions to influence cell fate.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Colell
- Department of Cell Death and Proliferation, Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques de Barcelona, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas and Liver Unit, Hospital Clinic i Provincial, Centro de Investigaciones Biomédicas Esther Koplowitz, and CIBEREHD, IDIBAPS, 08036-Barcelona, Spain.
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Involvement of glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase in rotenone-induced cell apoptosis: Relevance to protein misfolding and aggregation. Brain Res 2009; 1279:1-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2009.05.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2008] [Revised: 04/05/2009] [Accepted: 05/02/2009] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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Tseng KW, Chau YP, Yang MF, Lu KS, Chien CL. Abnormal cellular translocation of alpha-internexin in spinal motor neurons of Dystonia musculorum mice. J Comp Neurol 2008; 507:1053-64. [PMID: 18092335 DOI: 10.1002/cne.21606] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Dystonia musculorum (dt) is a mutant mouse with hereditary neuropathy where the dysfunction is mainly found in the dorsal root ganglia (DRG) neurons but not in the spinal motor neurons. However, the accumulation of intermediate filament (IF) proteins in the swelling axons of spinal motor neurons could be found in dt/dt mice. In order to understand the pathological role of neuronal IFs in the swelling axons of spinal motor neurons from dt/dt mice, we extensively examined the distribution of neuronal IF proteins. By immunofluorescence staining, our results indicated that alpha-internexin was a major component in the swelling axon and showed abnormal translocation in the nuclei of spinal motor neurons in dt/dt mice. This abnormal translocation of alpha-internexin in the nuclei of spinal motor neurons was also confirmed by Western blotting and immunoelectron microscopy. Instead of the 10-nm filamentous structure, a diffuse immunopositive pattern of alpha-internexin was observed in the nucleus of spinal motor neurons in dt/dt mutants. We further examined the cell death of spinal motor neurons by TUNEL assay, and no TUNEL-positive cells could be identified from spinal motor neurons in dt/dt mice. From these observations we suggest that abnormal accumulation of neuronal IFs in the swelling axons and abnormal translocation of alpha-internexin in the nuclei of the spinal motor neurons from dt/dt mice may not directly cause cell death of the spinal motor neurons.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kuang-Wen Tseng
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
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Fourrat L, Iddar A, Valverde F, Serrano A, Soukri A. Effects of oxidative and nitrosative stress on Tetrahymena pyriformis glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase. J Eukaryot Microbiol 2008; 54:338-46. [PMID: 17669159 DOI: 10.1111/j.1550-7408.2007.00275.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Previous reports showed that hydrogen peroxide and the NO-generating reagent sodium nitroprusside (SNP)-modulated enzymatic activity of animal glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (GAPDH, EC 1.2.1.12). These modifications are suggested to have a physiological regulatory role. To gain further insight into this regulatory process the model ciliated protozoan Tetrahymena pyriformis was chosen. Both reagents inhibited growth of T. pyriformis cultures and produced a specific increase of GAPDH protein but only NO seemed to reduce GAPDH activity in cell-free extracts. Both specific activity and pI were found to be altered in the in vivo NO-treated purified enzyme, but no effect was detected by the in vivo H(2)O(2) treatment. Analytical chromatofocusing showed a single basic isoform (pI 8.8) in enzyme preparations from control and H(2)O(2)-treated cells. In contrast to this, three more acidic isoforms (pIs, 8.6, 8.0 and 7.3) were resolved in purified fractions from SNP-treated cells, suggesting post-translational modification of the enzyme by NO. Nevertheless, a decrease of GAPDH activity by H(2)O(2) and NO, mainly due to a decrease in its V(max) without apparent change in substrate affinity, was observed in vitro in the whole enzyme population. The increase of GAPDH protein level found in vivo suggests a cell response in order to compensate for the inhibitory effect on activity observed in the purified enzyme. This is the first report of NO- and H(2)O(2)-dependent effects on GAPDH of T. pyriformis, and identifies this key protein of central carbon metabolism as a physiological target of oxidative and nitrosative stress in this ciliated protozoan.
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Affiliation(s)
- Latifa Fourrat
- Laboratoire de Physiologie et Génétique moléculaire, Département de Biologie, Faculté des Sciences Aïn-Chock, Université Hassan-II, Km 8 route d'El Jadida, B.P. 5366 Mâarif, Casablanca, Morocco
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Kuravsky ML, Muronetz VI. Somatic and sperm-specific isoenzymes of glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase: comparative analysis of primary structures and functional features. BIOCHEMISTRY (MOSCOW) 2007; 72:744-9. [PMID: 17680766 DOI: 10.1134/s0006297907070085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The elucidation of the interdependence between structural features and functions of somatic and sperm-specific isoenzymes of glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (GAPD and GAPDS, respectively) was the goal of comparative analysis of their primary structures. GAPDS was shown to lack the sequence similar to the atypical nuclear export signal motif (NES) of the somatic isoenzyme GAPD. This finding is confirmed by experimental data on the absence of interaction between GAPDS and antibodies 6C5 recognizing the NES motif in the sequence of GAPD. The lack of NES correlates with functional peculiarities of the sperm-specific enzyme that is tightly bound to the fibrous sheath of the sperm flagellum. The sequences of the two isoenzymes were examined for the short motifs that might participate in apoptosis, endocytosis, and DNA repair. Sites of phosphorylation by different protein kinases have been revealed in both isoenzymes, and their characteristic features are discussed. These observations can serve as the basis for subsequent search for new ways of regulating the two isoenzymes.
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Affiliation(s)
- M L Kuravsky
- Faculty of Bioengineering and Bioinformatics and Belozersky Institute of Physico-Chemical Biology, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, 119992, Russia
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Du ZX, Wang HQ, Zhang HY, Gao DX. Involvement of glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase in tumor necrosis factor-related apoptosis-inducing ligand-mediated death of thyroid cancer cells. Endocrinology 2007; 148:4352-61. [PMID: 17540725 DOI: 10.1210/en.2006-1511] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
TNF-related apoptosis-inducing ligand (TRAIL) is cytotoxic to most thyroid cancer cell lines, including those originating from anaplastic carcinomas, implying TRAIL as a promising therapeutic agent against thyroid cancers. However, signal transduction in TRAIL-mediated apoptosis is not clearly understood. In addition to its well-known glycolytic functions, glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (GAPDH) is a multifunctional protein, including its surprising role as a mediator for cell death. In this study we explored the involvement of GAPDH in TRAIL-mediated thyroid cancer cell death. In follicular undifferentiated thyroid cells, S-nitrosylation and nuclear translocation of GAPDH appear to mediate TRAIL-induced cell death at least partially, as evidenced by pretreatment with N-nitro-L-arginine methyl ester, a competitive nitric oxide synthase inhibitor that partially but significantly attenuated TRAIL-induced apoptosis through the reduction of S-nitrosylation and nuclear translocation of GAPDH. In addition, GAPDH small interfering RNA partially prevented the apoptotic effect of TRAIL, although TRAIL-induced nitric oxide synthase stimulation and production of nitric oxide were not attenuated. Furthermore, nuclear localization of GAPDH was observed in another thyroid cancer cell line, KTC2, which is also sensitive to TRAIL, but not in those TRAIL insensitive cell lines: ARO, KTC1, and KTC3. These data indicate that nitric oxide-mediated S-nitrosylation of GAPDH and subsequent nuclear translocation of GAPDH might function as a mediator of TRAIL-induced cell death in thyroid cancer cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhen-Xian Du
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, the 1st Affiliated Hospital, China Medical University, Shenyang 110001, China.
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Kim S, Lee J, Kim J. Regulation of oncogenic transcription factor hTAF(II)68-TEC activity by human glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (GAPDH). Biochem J 2007; 404:197-206. [PMID: 17302560 PMCID: PMC1868794 DOI: 10.1042/bj20061297] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
Tumour-specific chromosomal rearrangements are known to create chimaeric products with the ability to generate many human cancers. hTAF(II)68-TEC (where hTAF(II)68 is human TATA-binding protein-associated factor II 68 and TEC is translocated in extraskeletal chondrosarcoma) is such a fusion product, resulting from a t(9;17) chromosomal translocation found in extraskeletal myxoid chondrosarcomas, where the hTAF(II)68 NTD (N-terminal domain) is fused to TEC protein. To identify proteins that control hTAF(II)68-TEC function, we used affinity chromatography on immobilized hTAF(II)68 (NTD) and MALDI-TOF (matrix-assisted laser-desorption ionization-time-of-flight) MS and isolated a novel hTAF(II)68-TEC-interacting protein, GAPDH (glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase). GAPDH is a glycolytic enzyme that is also involved in the early steps of apoptosis, nuclear tRNA export, DNA replication, DNA repair and transcription. hTAF(II)68-TEC and GAPDH were co-immunoprecipitated from cell extracts, and glutathione S-transferase pull-down assays revealed that the C-terminus of hTAF(II)68 (NTD) was required for interaction with GAPDH. In addition, three independent regions of GAPDH (amino acids 1-66, 67-160 and 160-248) were involved in binding to hTAF(II)68 (NTD). hTAF(II)68-TEC-dependent transcription was enhanced by GAPDH, but not by a GAPDH mutant defective in hTAF(II)68-TEC binding. Moreover, a fusion of GAPDH with the GAL4 DNA-binding domain increased the promoter activity of a reporter containing GAL4 DNA-binding sites, demonstrating the presence of a transactivation domain(s) in GAPDH. The results of the present study suggest that the transactivation potential of the hTAF(II)68-TEC oncogene product is positively modulated by GAPDH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sol Kim
- Department of Life Science, Sogang University, Seoul 121-742, Korea
| | - Jungwoon Lee
- Department of Life Science, Sogang University, Seoul 121-742, Korea
| | - Jungho Kim
- Department of Life Science, Sogang University, Seoul 121-742, Korea
- To whom correspondence should be addressed (email )
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22
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Barbini L, Rodríguez J, Dominguez F, Vega F. Glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase exerts different biologic activities in apoptotic and proliferating hepatocytes according to its subcellular localization. Mol Cell Biochem 2007; 300:19-28. [PMID: 17426931 DOI: 10.1007/s11010-006-9341-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2006] [Accepted: 09/28/2006] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
Recent evidences indicate new roles for the glycolytic protein glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (GAPDH) in essential mammalian cell processes, such as apoptosis and proliferation. To clarify the involvement of this protein in growth and programmed cell death in the liver, cell models of hepatocytes in culture were used to study GAPDH expression, localization and enzymatic activity in hepatocyte proliferation and apoptosis. GAPDH expression in cell compartments was studied by Western blot. Nuclear expression of GAPDH increased in apoptosis, and cytoplasmic expression was elevated in apoptosis and proliferation. Subcellular localization was determined by GAPDH immunostaining and confocal microscopic analysis. Quiescent and proliferating hepatocytes showed cytoplasmic GAPDH, while apoptotic cells showed cytoplasmic but also some nuclear staining. The glycolytic activity of GAPDH was studied in nuclear and cytoplasmic cell compartments. GAPDH enzymatic activity increased in the nucleus of apoptotic cells and in cytoplasms of apoptotic and proliferating hepatocytes. Our observations indicate that during hepatocyte apoptosis GAPDH translocates to the nucleus, maintaining in part its dehydrogenase activity, and suggest that this translocation may play a role in programmed hepatocyte death. GAPDH over-expression and the increased enzymatic activity in proliferating cells, with preservation of its cytoplasmic localization, would occur in response to the elevated energy requirements of dividing hepatocytes. In conclusion, GAPDH plays different roles or biological activities in proliferating and apoptotic hepatocytes, according to its subcellular localization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luciana Barbini
- Departamento de Fisiologia, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad de Santiago de Compostela, Campus Universitario, 27002 Lugo, Spain.
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23
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Katsube N, Ishitani R. A Review of the Neurotrophic and Neuroprotective Properties of ONO-1603: Comparison with Those of Tetrahydroaminoacridine, an Antidementia Drug. CNS DRUG REVIEWS 2006. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1527-3458.2000.tb00135.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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24
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Hara MR, Cascio MB, Sawa A. GAPDH as a sensor of NO stress. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Basis Dis 2006; 1762:502-9. [PMID: 16574384 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbadis.2006.01.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 148] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2005] [Revised: 12/20/2005] [Accepted: 01/24/2006] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (GAPDH) is a classic glycolytic enzyme, and accumulating evidence has suggested that GAPDH is a multi-functional protein. In particular, its role as a mediator for cell death has been highlighted. For the last decade, many groups reported that a pool of GAPDH translocates to the nucleus under a variety of stressors, most of which are associated with oxidative stress. At the molecular level, sequential steps lead to nuclear translocation of GAPDH during cell death as follows: first, a catalytic cysteine in GAPDH (C150 in rat GAPDH) is S-nitrosylated by nitric oxide (NO) that is generated from inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) and/or neuronal NOS (nNOS); second, the modified GAPDH becomes capable of binding with Siah1, an E3 ubiquitin ligase, and stabilizes it; third, the GAPDH-Siah protein complex translocates to the nucleus, dependent on Siah1's nuclear localization signal, and degrades Siah1's substrates in the nucleus, which results in cytotoxicity. A recent report suggests that GAPDH may be genetically associated with late-onset of Alzheimer's disease. (-)-deprenyl, which has originally been used as a monoamine oxidase inhibitor for Parkinson's disease, binds to GAPDH and displays neuroprotective actions, but its molecular mechanism is still unclear. The NO/GAPDH/Siah1 death cascade will contribute to the molecular understanding of a role of GAPDH in neurodegenerative disorders and help to establish novel therapeutic strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Makoto R Hara
- Department of Neuroscience, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, 600 North Wolfe street, Baltimore, MD 21287, USA
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25
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Kodama R, Kondo T, Yokote H, Jing X, Sawada T, Hironishi M, Sakaguchi K. Nuclear localization of glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase is not involved in the initiation of apoptosis induced by 1-Methyl-4-phenyl-pyridium iodide (MPP+). Genes Cells 2005; 10:1211-9. [PMID: 16324157 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2443.2005.00911.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Nuclear localization of glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (GAPDH) is implicated in the process of apoptosis. To study the function of GAPDH, we expressed GAPDH C-terminally fused with or without nuclear localization signal (NLS) in SH-SY5Y and NB41A3 cells using a retrovirus expression system. GAPDH carrying NLS (GAPDH-NLS) was expressed mainly in the nucleus. However, expression of GAPDH-NLS did not cause any difference in cell survival rate as compared to that of the vector alone or GAPDH without NLS. Treatment with 1-Methyl-4-phenyl-pyridium iodide (MPP+) caused no difference in the cell survival rate or in the pattern or extent of apoptosis among the three transductants. In the cells expressing GAPDH without NLS, MPP+ did not cause visible translocation of GAPDH into nucleus before the onset of apoptosis. Since GAPDH is known to comprise a CRM1-mediated nuclear export signal, we blocked the nuclear export of GAPDH by treatment with leptomycin B, an inhibitor of CRM1-mediated nuclear export. The treatment did not cause any difference in apoptosis among the three transductants. An additional treatment with MPP+ induced no apoptotic difference in these cells. Thus, we have concluded that a simple nuclear localization of GAPDH does not induce apoptosis, and that MPP+-induced apoptosis is not caused by nuclear translocation of GAPDH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rieko Kodama
- Department of Neurology, Institute of Advanced Medicine, Wakayama Medical University, Japan
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26
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Apoptosis in neurodegenerative diseases. NEURODEGENER DIS 2005. [DOI: 10.1017/cbo9780511544873.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
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27
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Sriram G, Martinez JA, McCabe ERB, Liao JC, Dipple KM. Single-gene disorders: what role could moonlighting enzymes play? Am J Hum Genet 2005; 76:911-24. [PMID: 15877277 PMCID: PMC1196451 DOI: 10.1086/430799] [Citation(s) in RCA: 154] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2005] [Accepted: 04/05/2005] [Indexed: 11/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Single-gene disorders with "simple" Mendelian inheritance do not always imply that there will be an easy prediction of the phenotype from the genotype, which has been shown for a number of metabolic disorders. We propose that moonlighting enzymes (i.e., metabolic enzymes with additional functional activities) could contribute to the complexity of such disorders. The lack of knowledge about the additional functional activities of proteins could result in a lack of correlation between genotype and phenotype. In this review, we highlight some notable and recent examples of moonlighting enzymes and their possible contributions to human disease. Because knowledge and cataloging of the moonlighting activities of proteins are essential for the study of cellular function and human physiology, we also review recently reported and recommended methods for the discovery of moonlighting activities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ganesh Sriram
- Department of Human Genetics and Division of Medical Genetics, Department of Pediatrics, David Geffen School of Medicine, Department of Chemical Engineering, Henry Samueli School of Engineering and Applied Science, and Mattel Children’s Hospital, University of California–Los Angeles, Los Angeles
| | - Julian A. Martinez
- Department of Human Genetics and Division of Medical Genetics, Department of Pediatrics, David Geffen School of Medicine, Department of Chemical Engineering, Henry Samueli School of Engineering and Applied Science, and Mattel Children’s Hospital, University of California–Los Angeles, Los Angeles
| | - Edward R. B. McCabe
- Department of Human Genetics and Division of Medical Genetics, Department of Pediatrics, David Geffen School of Medicine, Department of Chemical Engineering, Henry Samueli School of Engineering and Applied Science, and Mattel Children’s Hospital, University of California–Los Angeles, Los Angeles
| | - James C. Liao
- Department of Human Genetics and Division of Medical Genetics, Department of Pediatrics, David Geffen School of Medicine, Department of Chemical Engineering, Henry Samueli School of Engineering and Applied Science, and Mattel Children’s Hospital, University of California–Los Angeles, Los Angeles
| | - Katrina M. Dipple
- Department of Human Genetics and Division of Medical Genetics, Department of Pediatrics, David Geffen School of Medicine, Department of Chemical Engineering, Henry Samueli School of Engineering and Applied Science, and Mattel Children’s Hospital, University of California–Los Angeles, Los Angeles
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28
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Chuang DM, Hough C, Senatorov VV. Glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase, apoptosis, and neurodegenerative diseases. Annu Rev Pharmacol Toxicol 2005; 45:269-90. [PMID: 15822178 DOI: 10.1146/annurev.pharmtox.45.120403.095902] [Citation(s) in RCA: 230] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Increasing evidence supports the notion that glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (GAPDH) is a protein with multiple functions, including its surprising role in apoptosis. GAPDH is overexpressed and accumulates in the nucleus during apoptosis induced by a variety of insults in diverse cell types. Knockdown of GAPDH using an antisense strategy demonstrates its involvement in the apoptotic cascade in which GAPDH nuclear translocation appears essential. Knowledge concerning the mechanisms underlying GAPDH nuclear translocation and subsequent cell death is growing. Additional evidence suggests that GAPDH may be an intracellular sensor of oxidative stress during early apoptosis. Abnormal expression, nuclear accumulation, changes in physical properties, and loss of glycolytic activity of GAPDH have been found in cellular and transgenic models as well as postmortem tissues of several neurodegenerative diseases. The interaction of GAPDH with disease-related proteins as well as drugs used to treat these diseases suggests that it is a potential molecular target for drug development.
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Affiliation(s)
- De-Maw Chuang
- Molecular Neurobiology Section, Mood and Anxiety Disorders Program, National Institute of Mental Health, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892-1363, USA.
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29
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Tsuchiya K, Tajima H, Kuwae T, Takeshima T, Nakano T, Tanaka M, Sunaga K, Fukuhara Y, Nakashima K, Ohama E, Mochizuki H, Mizuno Y, Katsube N, Ishitani R. Pro-apoptotic protein glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase promotes the formation of Lewy body-like inclusions. Eur J Neurosci 2005; 21:317-26. [PMID: 15673432 DOI: 10.1111/j.1460-9568.2005.03870.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (GAPDH) has long been recognized as a classical glycolytic protein; however, previous studies by our group and others have demonstrated that GAPDH is a general mediator initiating one or more apoptotic cascades. Our most recent findings have elucidated that an expression of a pro-apoptotic protein GAPDH is critically regulated at the promoter region of the gene. Apoptotic signals for its subsequent aggregate formation and nuclear translocation are controlled by the respective functional domains harboured within its cDNA component. In this study, coexpression of GAPDH with either wild-type or mutant (A53T) alpha-synuclein and less likely with beta-synuclein in transfected COS-7 cells was found to induce Lewy body-like cytoplasmic inclusions. Unlike its full-length construct, the deleted mutant GAPDH construct (C66) abolished these apoptotic signals, disfavouring the formation of inclusions. The generated inclusions were ubiquitin- and thioflavin S-positive appearing fibrils. Furthermore, GAPDH coimmunoprecipitated with wild-type alpha-synuclein in this paradigm. Importantly, immunohistochemical examinations of post mortem materials from patients with sporadic Parkinson's disease revealed the colocalized profiles immunoreactive against these two proteins in the peripheral zone of Lewy bodies from the affected brain regions (i.e. locus coeruleus). Moreover, a quantitative assessment showed that about 20% of Lewy bodies displayed both antigenicities. These results suggest that pro-apoptotic protein GAPDH may be involved in the Lewy body formation in vivo, probably associated with the apoptotic death pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katsumi Tsuchiya
- Group on Cellular Neurobiology, Josai University, Sakado, Saitama 350-0248, Japan
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30
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Schulz JB, Falkenburger BH. Neuronal pathology in Parkinson?s disease. Cell Tissue Res 2004; 318:135-47. [PMID: 15365812 DOI: 10.1007/s00441-004-0954-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2004] [Accepted: 07/05/2004] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Parkinson's disease (PD) is characterized by the progressive loss of dopaminergic neurons in the substantia nigra leading to the major clinical and pharmacological abnormalities of PD. In order to establish causal or protective treatments for PD, it is necessary to identify the cascade of deleterious events that lead to the dysfunction and death of dopaminergic neurons. Based on genetic, neuropathological, and biochemical data in patients and experimental animal models, dysfunction of the ubiquitin-proteasome pathway, protein aggregation, mitochondrial dysfunction, oxidative stress, activation of the c-Jun N-terminal kinase pathway, and inflammation have all been identified as important pathways leading to excitotoxic and apoptotic death of dopaminergic neurons. Toxin-based and genetically engineered animal models allow (1) the study of the significance of these aspects and their interaction with each other and (2) the development of causal treatments to stop disease progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jörg B Schulz
- Department of Neurodegeneration and Neurorestoration, DFG Research Center "Molecular Physiology of the Brain" and Center of Neurology, University of Göttingen, Waldweg 33, 37073 Göttingen, Germany.
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31
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Tsuchiya K, Tajima H, Yamada M, Takahashi H, Kuwae T, Sunaga K, Katsube N, Ishitani R. Disclosure of a pro-apoptotic glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase promoter: anti-dementia drugs depress its activation in apoptosis. Life Sci 2004; 74:3245-58. [PMID: 15094325 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2003.11.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2003] [Accepted: 11/10/2003] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Overexpression and subsequent nuclear accumulation of glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (GAPDH) is involved in neuronal apoptosis induced by several stimuli in which GAPDH antisense oligonucleotides specifically block the increment (2 approximately 3 fold) of GAPDH mRNA contents occurring prior to neuronal death. However, these agents do not affect the basal, constitutive mRNA contents. This suggests that there may be distinct gene regulations for GAPDH mRNA expression. Herein, we cloned two types of promoter regions upstream of this gene; viz., #104 (1.02-kb) and #302 (2.46-kb). These fragments were inserted into the pGL3 luciferase reporter system and transiently transfected into cultured cerebellar neurons undergoing cytosine arabinonucleoside-induced apoptosis. The functional analysis of these constructs revealed that #104, but not #302, increased luciferase activity in response to the apoptotic stimulus. Deletion and replacement mutation analysis of the #104 fragment disclosed the promoter core harbored between the 154-bp and 84-bp domains (3.5-fold activity of the control). Furthermore, anti-dementia drugs (such as Cognex and Aricept) markedly depress the expression of this pro-apoptotic GAPDH promoter activity. Interestingly, immunocytochemical examination of human post-mortem materials from patients with Alzheimer's disease revealed nuclear aggregated GAPDH in neurons of the affected brain regions, implying an association with apoptotic cell death. The current findings indicate that induction of the pro-apoptotic protein GAPDH is genetically regulated at the level of promoter activation, and this protein may be an important molecular target for developing anti-apoptotic therapeutic agents in certain neurological illnesses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katsumi Tsuchiya
- Group on Cellular Neurobiology, Josai University, Sakado, Saitama 350-0248, Japan
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32
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Brown VM, Krynetski EY, Krynetskaia NF, Grieger D, Mukatira ST, Murti KG, Slaughter CA, Park HW, Evans WE. A novel CRM1-mediated nuclear export signal governs nuclear accumulation of glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase following genotoxic stress. J Biol Chem 2004; 279:5984-92. [PMID: 14617633 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m307071200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (GAPDH) is a multifunctional protein with glycolytic and non-glycolytic functions, including pro-apoptotic activity. GAPDH accumulates in the nucleus after cells are treated with genotoxic drugs, and it is present in a protein complex that binds DNA modified by thioguanine incorporation. We identified a novel CRM1-dependent nuclear export signal (NES) comprising 13 amino acids (KKVVKQASEGPLK) in the C-terminal domain of GAPDH, truncation or mutation of which abrogated CRM1 binding and caused nuclear accumulation of GAPDH. Alanine scanning of the sequence encompassing the putative NES demonstrated at least two regions important for nuclear export. Site mutagenesis of Lys259 did not affect oligomerization but impaired nuclear efflux of GAPDH, indicating that this amino acid residue is essential for proper functioning of this NES. This novel NES does not contain multiple leucine residues unlike other CRM1-interacting NES, is conserved in GAPDH from multiple species, and has sequence similarities to the export signal found in feline immunodeficiency virus Rev protein. Similar sequences (KKVV*7-13PLK) were found in two other human proteins, U5 small nuclear ribonucleoprotein, and transcription factor BT3.
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MESH Headings
- Active Transport, Cell Nucleus
- Alanine/chemistry
- Amino Acid Sequence
- Amino Acids/chemistry
- Antibodies, Monoclonal
- Apoptosis
- Cell Line, Tumor
- Cell Nucleus/metabolism
- Chromatography
- Cytosol/metabolism
- DNA/metabolism
- Epitopes/chemistry
- Glyceraldehyde-3-Phosphate Dehydrogenases/metabolism
- Green Fluorescent Proteins
- Humans
- Karyopherins/metabolism
- Luminescent Proteins/metabolism
- Lysine/chemistry
- Microscopy, Confocal
- Microscopy, Fluorescence
- Models, Molecular
- Molecular Sequence Data
- Mutagenesis, Site-Directed
- Mutation
- Nuclear Localization Signals
- Peptides/chemistry
- Precipitin Tests
- Protein Binding
- Protein Structure, Tertiary
- Receptors, Cytoplasmic and Nuclear
- Recombinant Fusion Proteins/metabolism
- Ribonucleoprotein, U5 Small Nuclear/chemistry
- Trans-Activators/chemistry
- Transfection
- Exportin 1 Protein
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Affiliation(s)
- Victor M Brown
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee, USA
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33
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Tajima H, Sunaga K, Tanaka M, Kuwae T, Katsube N. Overexpression of Glyceraldehyde-3-phospahe Dehydrogenase Is Not Involved in 5-Hydroxytryptamine (5-HT)-Induced Necrosis in Cultured Cerebrocortical Neurons. Biol Pharm Bull 2004; 27:1224-7. [PMID: 15305026 DOI: 10.1248/bpb.27.1224] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Cerebrocortical cell cultures were prepared from 1-d-old rats. On post-culture day 6, 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT) was added to the medium and cells were exposed for another 3 d. 5-HT elicited cytotoxicity in a dose-dependent manner, and the survival rate of neuronal cells was decreased to 64.9+/-5.0% at 0.1 mM concentration. Chromatin staining with Hoechst 33258 and electron microscopy revealed that the 5-HT-induced neuronal death was entirely due to necrosis. Pretreatments with glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (GAPDH) antisense oligonucleotide and several classical apoptotic inhibitors did not exhibit neuroprotection in this paradigm. Northern blot analysis showed that the enhancement of GAPDH mRNA levels was undetected during cell death. The present results demonstrate that GAPDH overexpression is not involved in the 5-HT-induced necrotic death pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hisao Tajima
- Discovery Research Laboratories I, Minase Institute, Ono Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd, Osaka, Japan
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34
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Ramos B, Lahti JM, Claro E, Jackowski S. Prevalence of necrosis in C2-ceramide-induced cytotoxicity in NB16 neuroblastoma cells. Mol Pharmacol 2003; 64:502-11. [PMID: 12869656 DOI: 10.1124/mol.64.2.502] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The mechanism of cell death triggered by C2-ceramide was investigated using the NB16 neuroblastoma cell line. Treatment of NB16 cells with 20 microM C2-ceramide for 20 h resulted in approximately 75% loss of cell viability, but only 25% of cells were scored as apoptotic based on terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase nick-end labeling. Ultrastructural analysis revealed early development of necrotic cytoplasmic vacuolization. After 20 h of treatment with C2-ceramide, the majority of cells possessed necrotic morphology with pronounced cytoplasmic vacuolization and without any nuclear changes, although a quarter of the cell population also exhibited clear perinuclear chromatin condensation characteristic of apoptosis. Flow cytometric analysis of cells labeled with both annexin V and propidium iodide showed the rapid accumulation of C2-ceramide-treated cells in the necrotic/late apoptotic fraction. In contrast, cells treated with tumor necrosis factor alpha plus cycloheximide (TNFalpha + CHX) first appeared in the early apoptotic fraction and then accumulated in the necrotic/late apoptotic fraction. Both C2-ceramide and TNFalpha + CHX increased caspase 8- and 3-like activities in cytosolic extracts; however, treatment of cells with the broad-spectrum caspase inhibitor N-benzyloxycarbonyl-Val-Ala-Asp-fluoromethylketone protected NB16 cells from TNFalpha + CHX-induced cell death but did not prevent C2-ceramide cytotoxicity. Although C2-ceramide triggered apoptosis in a fraction of the cells, cell death in the population was primarily caused by necrosis. Thus, C2-ceramide does not faithfully mimic the effects of apoptotic ligands such as TNFalpha, which are thought to be mediated by an accumulation of endogenous ceramide. The inhibition of phosphatidylcholine synthesis is a target for C2-ceramide-mediated cytotoxicity, and this work suggests that other agents that kill cells by inhibiting this pathway may also use a mixture of mechanisms, including necrosis as well as apoptosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Belen Ramos
- Departamento de Fisiología, Universidad de Extremadura, Cáceres, Spain
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35
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Arutyunova EI, Danshina PV, Domnina LV, Pleten AP, Muronetz VI. Oxidation of glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase enhances its binding to nucleic acids. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2003; 307:547-52. [PMID: 12893257 DOI: 10.1016/s0006-291x(03)01222-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (GAPDH) is a protein with various activities far from its enzymatic function. Here, we showed that the oxidation of SH-groups of the active site of GAPDH enhanced its binding with total transfer RNA or with total DNA. Both NAD and NADH-the cofactors of GAPDH-inhibited the GAPDH-RNA (DNA) interaction, though NAD was much less effective than NADH in the case of oxidized GAPDH. Oxidation of GAPDH strongly decreased its affinity to NAD but not to NADH. Immobilized tetramers of GAPDH dissociated into dimers during the incubation with total RNA but not DNA. The staining of HeLa cells with monoclonal antibodies specific to dimers, monomers or the denatured form of GAPDH revealed the condensation of non-native forms of GAPDH in the nucleus. The role of oxidation of GAPDH in the regulation of the quaternary structure of the enzyme and in its interaction with nucleic acids is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena I Arutyunova
- Belozersky Institute of Physico-Chemical Biology, Moscow State University, Moscow 19992, Russia
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36
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Ishitani R, Tajima H, Takata H, Tsuchiya K, Kuwae T, Yamada M, Takahashi H, Tatton NA, Katsube N. Proapoptotic protein glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase: a possible site of action of antiapoptotic drugs. Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry 2003; 27:291-301. [PMID: 12657368 DOI: 10.1016/s0278-5846(03)00024-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (GAPDH) has long been recognized as a classical glycolytic protein and has been used as a "housekeeping" gene in studies of genetic expression and regulation. However, recent advances reveal that GAPDH displays diverse nonglycolytic functions depending on its subcellular localization. Among those functions, one of the most intriguing is likely to be the induction of apoptosis. Previous works by our group and others have demonstrated that the overexpression of GAPDH and its subsequent nuclear translocation appear to be implicated in the initiation of one or more apoptotic cascades and also in the etiology of some neurological diseases. This review addresses new data demonstrating that a protein, referred to as proapoptotic protein GAPDH, with a quite mundane function in healthy cells behaves very differently during cell suicide, and summarizes emphatically the importance of this protein as a putative molecular target in developing antiapoptotic therapeutic agents for the treatment of certain neurodegenerative disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryoichi Ishitani
- Group on Cellular Neurobiology, Josai University, Saitama 350-0248, Sakado, Japan.
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37
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Abstract
Glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (GAPDH) is a key enzyme of the glycolytic pathway. Recent studies have demonstrated an additional role in apoptosis: GAPDH is targeted to the nucleus during apoptotic signalling. This nuclear transport has also been observed in serum-depleted cells, but it is reversible in fibroblasts, in contrast to apoptotic-induced transport (Eur J Cell Biol 80 (2001) 419). Here, we analyse the serum depletion-induced transport processes of GAPDH in NIH 3T3 cells. Prolonged serum depletion did not cause cell death, nuclear fragmentation (hoechst staining) or a significant increase in DNA strand-breaks (comet assay). Using cells expressing green fluorescent protein (GFP)-tagged GAPDH allowed us to monitor its intracellular localisation by confocal laser scanning microscopy (CLSM). Treatment of cells with the exportin1 inhibitor leptomycin B (LMB) did not influence cytoplasmic localisation of GFP-GAPDH, indicating that nuclear targeting of GAPDH is not constitutive and may be altered via a serum-dependent regulatory export process. Suprisingly, the export of nuclear GFP-GAPDH after re-addition of serum to starved cells was not prevented by LMB. Thus, nuclear export of GAPDH upon serum depletion is not mediated by exportin1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hans-Dirk Schmitz
- Kinematic Cell Research Group, Biocentre, Goethe University of Frankfurt/Main, Marie-Curie-Str. 9, D-60439 Frankfurt, Germany
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Hayes JP, Tipton KF. Interactions of the neurotoxin 6-hydroxydopamine with glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase. Toxicol Lett 2002; 128:197-206. [PMID: 11869830 DOI: 10.1016/s0378-4274(02)00013-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
The neurotoxin 6-hydroxydopamine (6-OHDA) oxidised sulphydryl groups in glyceraldenyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (GAPDH) with loss of the dehydrogenase activity of the enzyme. 5-Hydroxydopamine behaved similarly at higher concentrations. This oxidation was accompanied by a transient rise in the acyl phosphatase (non-phosphorylating) activity of GAPDH. Treatment with arsenite resulted in loss of the acyl phosphatase activity and restoration of the dehydrogenase activity, consistent with the process involving sulphydryl-group oxidation to the corresponding sulphenate. Prolonged incubation with 6-OHDA resulted in a loss of both enzyme activities. Arsenite was unable to reverse this inhibition, indicating further oxidation, perhaps to sulphinate and sulphonate, to have occurred. RNA, but not DNA, was a partial inhibitor of both the dehydrogenase and acyl phosphatase activities of GAPDH, whereas DNA (both single- and double-stranded) was ineffective. Both single-stranded DNA and RNA inhibited the esterase activity of GAPDH, an activity that requires the absence of NAD+, in a process that was relieved at higher polynucleotide concentrations. Except at very high concentrations (1 mM), treatment of GAPDH 6-OHDA was ineffective at abolishing its to single-stranded DNA. Since GAPDH is an essential enzyme in glycolysis and also plays a role in apoptotic cell death, these results suggest that the effects on this enzyme may contribute to the neurotoxicity of 6-OHDA.
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Affiliation(s)
- James P Hayes
- Department of Biochemistry, Trinity College, Dublin 2, Ireland.
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Tanaka R, Mochizuki H, Suzuki A, Katsube N, Ishitani R, Mizuno Y, Urabe T. Induction of glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (GAPDH) expression in rat brain after focal ischemia/reperfusion. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab 2002; 22:280-8. [PMID: 11891433 DOI: 10.1097/00004647-200203000-00005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (GAPDH), a glycolytic enzyme, has been recently identified to be involved in the initiation of neuronal apoptosis. To investigate the serial changes and cellular localization of GAPDH expression, and its role in ischemia/reperfusion-induced neuronal apoptosis, the authors analyzed immunohistochemically brain areas of rats subjected to middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO) and reperfusion. Nuclear overexpression of GAPDH was noted in the ischemic core area after 2 hours of MCAO without reperfusion. During the subsequent reperfusion, nuclear accumulation of GAPDH in this area decreased in a time-dependent manner. However, cytoplasmic and nuclear GAPDH immunoreactivity was detected in neurons of the penumbra area of the parietal cortex, in rats subjected to 2-hour MCAO followed by 3-hour reperfusion. The increase of nuclear GAPDH immunoreactivity was persistently noted up to 48 hours of reperfusion, whereas cytoplasmic immunoreactivity correlated inversely with the duration of reperfusion. Moreover, double staining revealed colocalization of nuclear GAPDH and TUNEL in the penumbra area. The authors' study demonstrated that overexpression of GAPDH and nuclear translocation occurred in both the ischemic core and penumbra area soon after focal ischemia. These processes could be viewed as an early marker of ischemia/reperfusion-induced apoptotic neuronal death. The results suggest that GAPDH may play a critical role in the progression and spread of ischemic neuronal damage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryota Tanaka
- Department of Neurology, Juntendo University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
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40
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Contestabile A. Cerebellar granule cells as a model to study mechanisms of neuronal apoptosis or survival in vivo and in vitro. CEREBELLUM (LONDON, ENGLAND) 2002; 1:41-55. [PMID: 12879973 DOI: 10.1080/147342202753203087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 163] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Granule cells of the cerebellum constitute the largest homogeneous neuronal population of mammalian brain. Due to their postnatal generation and the feasibility of well characterized primary in vitro cultures, cerebellar granule cells are a model of election for the study of cellular and molecular correlates of mechanisms of survival/apoptosis and neurodegeneration/neuroprotection. The present review mainly deals with recent data on mechanisms and factors promoting survival or apoptotic elimination of cerebellar granule neurons, with a particular focus on the molecular correlates at the level of gene expression and induction of cellular signal pathways. The in vivo development is first analysed with particular reference to the role played by several neurotrophic factors and by the NMDA subtype of glutamate receptor. Then, mechanisms of survival/apoptosis are examined in the model of primary in vitro cultures, where the role of neurotrophins acting on cerebellar granule cells is followed by the large deal of data coming from the paradigm of potassium/serum withdrawal. The role of some key genes of the Bcl family, of some kinase systems and of transcriptional factors is primarily highlighted. Furthermore, the involvement of mitochondria, free radicals and proteases of the caspase family is considered. Finally, the use of cerebellar granule neurons in primary culture to experimentally address the issue of neurodegeneration and pharmacological neuroprotection is considered, with some comments on models at the borderline between necrosis and apoptosis, such as the excitotoxic neuronal damage. The overlapping of cellular signal pathways activated in granule neurons by apparently unrelated stimuli, such as neurotrophins and neurotransmitters/neuromodulators is stressed to put into light the special 'trophic' role played by activity in neurons. Finally, the advantage of designing and performing conceptually equivalent experiments on cerebellar granule neurons during development in vivo and in vitro, is stressed. On the basis of the reviewed material, it is concluded that cerebellar granule neurons have acquired a special position in modern neuroscience as one of the most reliable models for the study of neural development, function and pathology.
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Schmitz HD. Reversible nuclear translocation of glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase upon serum depletion. Eur J Cell Biol 2001; 80:419-27. [PMID: 11484933 DOI: 10.1078/0171-9335-00174] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (GAPDH; E.C. 1.2.1.12) functions as a glycolytic enzyme within the cytoplasm, but beside its metabolic function it is involved in early steps of apoptosis, which trigger the translocation of GAPDH into the nucleus. As apoptosis can be induced by serum withdrawal, which otherwise causes cell cycle arrest, the linkage between serum deprivation, cell cycle and nuclear transport of GAPDH has been investigated. The intracellular distribution of GAPDH was monitored by confocal laser scanning microscopy of either immuno-stained NIH 3T3 fibroblasts or of cells overexpressing GFP-tagged GAPDH. Serum withdrawal led to an accumulation of GAPDH in the nucleus. In contrast to investigations published so far, this nuclear translocation was a reversible process: cytoplasmic location of endogenous GAPDH or of GFP-GAPDH could be recovered upon serum addition to arrested cells and was not inhibited by cycloheximide treatment. In addition, the nuclear import upon serum depletion had no influence neither on the catalytic activity nor on the expression level of GAPDH. The nuclear export of GFP-GAPDH in serum-deprived cells could be stimulated by serum or directly by the growth factors EGF or PDGE The transport process is not regulated via an initiation of cell cycle arrest, as olomoucine, which causes G1-arrest neither stimulated nuclear accumulation nor prevented nuclear export after serum addition to serum-depleted cultures. Moreover, SV40-transformed 3T3 cells transported GAPDH into the nucleus upon serum deprivation, though the expression of the viral large T-antigen enabled growth factor-independent cell proliferation in this cell line. The recruitment of GAPDH to the cytoplasm upon serum stimulation of arrested cells was not impaired by the inhibition of the MAPK signalling pathway with PD 098059. However, further analysis of the growth factor signalling pathway with specific inhibitors revealed that nuclear export was prevented by LY 294002, an inhibitor of the PI-3 kinase. PI3K links the growth factor signalling pathway with cell death via the repression of an apoptotic inducer. Thus, the nuclear accumulation of GAPDH upon growth factor depletion is a reversible process not related directly to cell cycle and likely triggered by survival signals.
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Affiliation(s)
- H D Schmitz
- Biocentre, Goethe University of Frankfurt, Germany.
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42
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Valencia A, Morán J. Role of oxidative stress in the apoptotic cell death of cultured cerebellar granule neurons. J Neurosci Res 2001; 64:284-97. [PMID: 11319773 DOI: 10.1002/jnr.1077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
When cultured cerebellar granule neurons (CGN) are transferred from 25 mM KCl (K25) to 5 mM KCl (K5) caspase-3 and caspase-8, but not caspase-1 or caspase-9,activities are induced and cells die apoptotically. CGN death was triggered by a [Ca(2+)](i) modification when [Ca(2+)](i) was reduced from 300 nM to 50 nM in a K5 medium. The [Ca(2+)](i) changes were followed by an increase in ROS levels. The generation of both cytosolic and mitochondrial reactive oxygen species (ROS) occurred at three different times, 10 min, 30 min and 3--4 hr but only those ROS produced after 3--4 hr are involved in the process of cell death. When CGN cultured in a K5 medium are treated with different antioxidants like scavengers of ROS (mannitol, DMSO) or antioxidant enzymes (superoxide dismutase and catalase) phosphatidylserine translocation, caspase activity, chromatin condensation and cell death is markedly diminished. The protective effect of antioxidants is not mediated through a modification in [Ca(2+)](i). Caspase activation, PS translocation and chromatin condensation were downstream of ROS production. In contrast to H(2)O(2), ROS produced by a xanthine/xanthine oxidase system in CGN cultured in K25 were able to directly induce caspase-3 activation and death that resulted sensitive to z-VAD, a caspase inhibitor. These findings indicate that a reduction in [Ca(2+)](i) triggers CGN death by inducing a generation of ROS after 3--4 hr, which could play a critical role in the initial phases of the apoptotic process including PS translocation, chromatin condensation and the activation of initiator and executor caspases.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Valencia
- Department of Neurosciences, Institute of Cell Physiology, National University of Mexico, Mexico City, Mexico
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43
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DeGregorio-Rocasolano N, Gasull T, Trullas R. Overexpression of neuronal pentraxin 1 is involved in neuronal death evoked by low K(+) in cerebellar granule cells. J Biol Chem 2001; 276:796-803. [PMID: 11031272 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m007967200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Mature cerebellar granule cells in culture die by a process that requires new RNA and protein synthesis when deprived of depolarizing concentrations of potassium. We investigated gene expression during the early phase of the cell death program evoked by potassium deprivation. Using a differential gene display technique, we isolated a cDNA that was increased by potassium deprivation. This cDNA was homologous to the 3' mRNA end of neuronal pentraxin 1 (NP1), a gene encoding a secreted glycoprotein whose expression is restricted to the nervous system. Reverse-Northern and Northern blot analyses confirmed that treatment with low potassium induces overexpression of NP1 mRNA, with a subsequent increase in NP1 protein levels. Time-course studies indicated that overexpression of NP1 protein reaches a maximum after 4 h of exposure to potassium deprivation and 4 h before significant cell death. Incubation of cerebellar granule cells with an antisense oligodeoxyribonucleotide directed against NP1 mRNA reduced low potassium-evoked NP1 protein levels by 60% and attenuated neuronal death by 50%, whereas incubation with the corresponding sense oligodeoxyribonucleotide was ineffective. Furthermore, acute treatment with lithium significantly inhibited both overexpression of NP1 and cell death evoked by low potassium. These results indicate that NP1 is part of the gene expression program of apoptotic cell death activated by nondepolarizing culture conditions in cerebellar granule cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- N DeGregorio-Rocasolano
- Neurobiology Unit, Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques de Barcelona, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Cientificas, Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer, Rosselló 161, 08036 Barcelona, Spain
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44
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Tatton NA. Increased caspase 3 and Bax immunoreactivity accompany nuclear GAPDH translocation and neuronal apoptosis in Parkinson's disease. Exp Neurol 2000; 166:29-43. [PMID: 11031081 DOI: 10.1006/exnr.2000.7489] [Citation(s) in RCA: 275] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
In situ end labeling combined with YOYO staining was used to mark apoptotic DNA fragmentation and chromatin condensation respectively in human postmortem brain sections. Increased numbers of apoptotic neuronal nuclei were identified in the Parkinson's disease (PD) nigra compared with age-matched controls. Caspase 3 and Bax showed increased immunoreactivity in melanized neurons of the PD nigra compared with controls. Importantly, GAPDH nuclear accumulation was also observed in the PD nigra, suggesting apoptotic rather than necrotic cell death. Interestingly, both Lewy bodies and the intranuclear Marinesco's bodies were GAPDH immunoreactive in the PD brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- N A Tatton
- Department of Neurology, Mt. Sinai School of Medicine/NYU, New York, New York 10029, USA
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45
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Abstract
Glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (GAPDH) has long been recognized as playing an integral role in glycolysis. During the past 20 years, however, a number of novel, additional functions for GAPDH have been described. These include acting as an uracil DNA glycosylase, activator of transcription, binding to RNA, and an involvement in tubulin assembly. One of the most intriguing functions which has recently been recognized is an involvement in the initiation of apoptosis. Further, GAPDH associates with proteins implicated in human neurodegenerative disorders. This review summarizes the evidence implicating GAPDH in the initiation of one or more apoptotic cascades. The possible functions of GAPDH in the nucleus which could result in the initiation of apoptosis are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- M D Berry
- Alviva Biopharmaceuticals, Inc., Suite 112C, 116, Research Drive, Innovation Place, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada.
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46
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Epner DE, Sawa A, Isaacs JT. Glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase expression during apoptosis and proliferation of rat ventral prostate. Biol Reprod 1999; 61:687-91. [PMID: 10456846 DOI: 10.1095/biolreprod61.3.687] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/01/2022] Open
Abstract
Glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (GAPDH) is a multifunctional enzyme known to play a critical role in neuronal apoptosis. We undertook the current studies to determine whether GAPDH also plays a role in prostate epithelial cell apoptosis in response to androgen deprivation. To do so, we analyzed GAPDH staining by immunohistochemistry during castration-induced involution and androgen-induced regeneration of rat ventral prostate. We found that GAPDH was undetectable in secretory epithelial cells at baseline and that staining did not increase in the epithelium during the period of peak apoptosis from 1 to 3 days after castration. However, GAPDH levels did increase within nuclei of some basal epithelial cells 5 days after castration and within the cytoplasm of all secretory epithelial cells 7 days after castration. GAPDH was also abundant within the cytoplasm of secretory epithelial cells during the period of maximal cell proliferation from 2 to 3 days after androgen replacement and was clearly apparent within nuclei of some epithelial cells 4 days after androgen replacement. Our studies suggest that GAPDH plays multiple roles during prostate epithelial cell apoptosis and proliferation.
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Affiliation(s)
- D E Epner
- Department of Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine and VA Medical Center, Houston, Texas 77030, USA.
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47
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Moran J, Itoh T, Reddy UR, Chen M, Alnemri ES, Pleasure D. Caspase-3 expression by cerebellar granule neurons is regulated by calcium and cyclic AMP. J Neurochem 1999; 73:568-77. [PMID: 10428052 DOI: 10.1046/j.1471-4159.1999.0730568.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Caspase-3 enzyme activity is induced, and cell death follows, when cerebellar granule neurons (CGNs) from 8-day-old rats are transferred from an extracellular concentration of 25 mM K+ (25 mM [K+]e) to 5 mM [K+]e. Death of these neurons is diminished by an inhibitor of caspase-3 but not by an inhibitor of caspase-1. Actinomycin D and cycloheximide inhibit induction of caspase-3 and prevent death. Experiments in which CGN intracellular Ca2+ concentration ([Ca2+]i) was manipulated by either changing [K+]e or adding a voltage-gated Ca2+ channel antagonist or a Ca2+ ionophore to the medium showed that caspase-3 mRNA rises 2.5-fold when [Ca2+]i is diminished from 300 to 150 nM, with a corresponding rise in peak caspase enzyme activity. Whereas the caspase-3 mRNA level does not rise further with a still greater diminution in [Ca2+]i, peak caspase enzyme activity continues to increase, reaching sevenfold induction when [Ca2+]i is reduced to 55 nM. In CGNs in which [Ca2+]i is set at 55 nM by incubation in 5 mM [K+]e, treatment with forskolin or dibutyryl 3',5'-cyclic adenosine-5'-monophosphate delays caspase-3 induction and diminishes death but does not alter [Ca2+]i. We conclude that, in immature CGNs, both caspase-3 transcription and the subsequent processing of caspase-3 are induced by a fall in [Ca2+]i. Elevating cyclic AMP content delays caspase-3 induction by a mechanism that does not require an increase in [Ca2+]i.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Moran
- Institute of Cell Physiology, National University of Mexico, Mexico City
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48
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Sirover MA. New insights into an old protein: the functional diversity of mammalian glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA 1999; 1432:159-84. [PMID: 10407139 DOI: 10.1016/s0167-4838(99)00119-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 598] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
Glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (GAPDH) was considered a classical glycolytic protein examined for its pivotal role in energy production. It was also used as a model protein for analysis of protein structure and enzyme mechanisms. The GAPDH gene was utilized as a prototype for studies of genetic organization, expression and regulation. However, recent evidence demonstrates that mammalian GAPDH displays a number of diverse activities unrelated to its glycolytic function. These include its role in membrane fusion, microtubule bundling, phosphotransferase activity, nuclear RNA export, DNA replication and DNA repair. These new activities may be related to the subcellular localization and oligomeric structure of GAPDH in vivo. Furthermore, other investigations suggest that GAPDH is involved in apoptosis, age-related neurodegenerative disease, prostate cancer and viral pathogenesis. Intriguingly, GAPDH is also a unique target of nitric oxide. This review discusses the functional diversity of GAPDH in relation to its protein structure. The mechanisms through which mammalian cells may utilize GAPDH amino acid sequences to provide these new functions and to determine its intracellular localization are considered. The interrelationship between new GAPDH activities and its role in cell pathologies is addressed.
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Affiliation(s)
- M A Sirover
- Department of Pharmacology, Temple University School of Medicine, Philadelphia PA 19140, USA.
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49
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Olmos G, DeGregorio-Rocasolano N, Paz Regalado M, Gasull T, Assumpció Boronat M, Trullas R, Villarroel A, Lerma J, García-Sevilla JA. Protection by imidazol(ine) drugs and agmatine of glutamate-induced neurotoxicity in cultured cerebellar granule cells through blockade of NMDA receptor. Br J Pharmacol 1999; 127:1317-26. [PMID: 10455281 PMCID: PMC1760666 DOI: 10.1038/sj.bjp.0702679] [Citation(s) in RCA: 136] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
This study was designed to assess the potential neuroprotective effect of several imidazol(ine) drugs and agmatine on glutamate-induced necrosis and on apoptosis induced by low extracellular K+ in cultured cerebellar granule cells. Exposure (30 min) of energy deprived cells to L-glutamate (1-100 microM) caused a concentration-dependent neurotoxicity, as determined 24 h later by a decrease in the ability of the cells to metabolize 3-(4,5-dimethythiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazoliumbromide (MTT) into a reduced formazan product. L-glutamate-induced neurotoxicity (EC50=5 microM) was blocked by the specific NMDA receptor antagonist MK-801 (dizocilpine). Imidazol(ine) drugs and agmatine fully prevented neurotoxicity induced by 20 microM (EC100) L-glutamate with the rank order (EC50 in microM): antazoline (13)>cirazoline (44)>LSL 61122 [2-styryl-2-imidazoline] (54)>LSL 60101 [2-(2-benzofuranyl) imidazole] (75)>idazoxan (90)>LSL 60129 [2-(1,4-benzodioxan-6-yl)-4,5-dihydroimidazole](101)>RX82 1002 (2-methoxy idazoxan) (106)>agmatine (196). No neuroprotective effect of these drugs was observed in a model of apoptotic neuronal cell death (reduction of extracellular K+) which does not involve stimulation of NMDA receptors. Imidazol(ine) drugs and agmatine fully inhibited [3H]-(+)-MK-801 binding to the phencyclidine site of NMDA receptors in rat brain. The profile of drug potency protecting against L-glutamate neurotoxicity correlated well (r=0.90) with the potency of the same compounds competing against [3H]-(+)-MK-801 binding. In HEK-293 cells transfected to express the NR1-1a and NR2C subunits of the NMDA receptor, antazoline and agmatine produced a voltage- and concentration-dependent block of glutamate-induced currents. Analysis of the voltage dependence of the block was consistent with the presence of a binding site for antazoline located within the NMDA channel pore with an IC50 of 10-12 microM at 0 mV. It is concluded that imidazol(ine) drugs and agmatine are neuroprotective against glutamate-induced necrotic neuronal cell death in vitro and that this effect is mediated through NMDA receptor blockade by interacting with a site located within the NMDA channel pore.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Olmos
- Associate Unit of the Institute Cajal/Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Department of Biology, University of the Balearic Islands, Palma de Mallorca, Spain
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50
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Mason RP, Leeds PR, Jacob RF, Hough CJ, Zhang KG, Mason PE, Chuang DM. Inhibition of excessive neuronal apoptosis by the calcium antagonist amlodipine and antioxidants in cerebellar granule cells. J Neurochem 1999; 72:1448-56. [PMID: 10098848 DOI: 10.1046/j.1471-4159.1999.721448.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Neuronal cell death as a result of apoptosis is associated with cerebrovascular stroke and various neurodegenerative disorders. Pharmacological agents that maintain normal intracellular Ca2+ levels and inhibit cellular oxidative stress may be effective in blocking abnormal neuronal apoptosis. In this study, a spontaneous (also referred to as age-induced) model of apoptosis consisting of rat cerebellar granule cells was used to evaluate the antiapoptotic activities of voltage-sensitive Ca2+ channel blockers and various antioxidants. The results of these experiments demonstrated that the charged, dihydropyridine Ca2+ channel blocker amlodipine had very potent neuroprotective activity in this system, compared with antioxidants and neutral Ca2+ channel blockers (nifedipine and nimodipine). Within its effective pharmacological range (10-100 nM), amlodipine attenuated intracellular neuronal Ca2+ increases elicited by KCl depolarization but did not affect Ca2+ changes triggered by N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor activation. Amlodipine also inhibited free radical-induced damage to lipid constituents of the membrane in a dose-dependent manner, independent of Ca2+ channel modulation. In parallel experiments, spontaneous neuronal apoptosis was inhibited in dose- and time-dependent manners by antioxidants (U-78439G, alpha-tocopherol, and melatonin), nitric oxide synthase inhibitors (N-nitro-L-arginine and N-nitro-D-arginine), and a nitric oxide chelator (hemoglobin) in the micromolar range. These results suggest that spontaneous neuronal apoptosis is associated with excessive Ca2+ influx, leading to further intracellular Ca2+ increases and the generation of reactive oxygen species. Agents such as amlodipine that block voltage-sensitive Ca2+ channels and inhibit cellular oxidative stress may be effective in the treatment of cerebrovascular stroke and neurodegenerative diseases associated with excessive apoptosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- R P Mason
- Cardiovascular and Pulmonary Research Institute, MCP-Hahnemann School of Medicine, Allegheny University of the Health Sciences, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15212-4772, USA
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