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Rahman R, Shi DD, Reitman ZJ, Hamerlik P, de Groot JF, Haas-Kogan DA, D’Andrea AD, Sulman EP, Tanner K, Agar NYR, Sarkaria JN, Tinkle CL, Bindra RS, Mehta MP, Wen PY. DNA damage response in brain tumors: A Society for Neuro-Oncology consensus review on mechanisms and translational efforts in neuro-oncology. Neuro Oncol 2024; 26:1367-1387. [PMID: 38770568 PMCID: PMC11300028 DOI: 10.1093/neuonc/noae072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/22/2024] Open
Abstract
DNA damage response (DDR) mechanisms are critical to maintenance of overall genomic stability, and their dysfunction can contribute to oncogenesis. Significant advances in our understanding of DDR pathways have raised the possibility of developing therapies that exploit these processes. In this expert-driven consensus review, we examine mechanisms of response to DNA damage, progress in development of DDR inhibitors in IDH-wild-type glioblastoma and IDH-mutant gliomas, and other important considerations such as biomarker development, preclinical models, combination therapies, mechanisms of resistance and clinical trial design considerations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rifaquat Rahman
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Diana D Shi
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Zachary J Reitman
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina, USA
| | - Petra Hamerlik
- Division of Cancer Sciences, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | - John F de Groot
- Division of Neuro-Oncology, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Daphne A Haas-Kogan
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Alan D D’Andrea
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Erik P Sulman
- Department of Radiation Oncology, New York University, New York, New York, USA
| | - Kirk Tanner
- National Brain Tumor Society, Newton, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Nathalie Y R Agar
- Department of Neurosurgery and Department of Radiology, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Jann N Sarkaria
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, USA
| | - Christopher L Tinkle
- Department of Radiation Oncology, St. Jude Children’s Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee, USA
| | - Ranjit S Bindra
- Department of Therapeutic Radiology, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
| | - Minesh P Mehta
- Miami Cancer Institute, Baptist Hospital, Miami, Florida, USA
| | - Patrick Y Wen
- Center for Neuro-Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
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2
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Gutierrez R, Chan AYS, Lai SWT, Itoh S, Lee DH, Sun K, Battad A, Chen S, O'Connor TR, Shuck SC. Lack of mismatch repair enhances resistance to methylating agents for cells deficient in oxidative demethylation. J Biol Chem 2024; 300:107492. [PMID: 38925328 PMCID: PMC11326903 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbc.2024.107492] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2023] [Revised: 05/21/2024] [Accepted: 05/31/2024] [Indexed: 06/28/2024] Open
Abstract
The human alkylation B (AlkB) homologs, ALKBH2 and ALKBH3, respond to methylation damage to maintain genomic integrity and cellular viability. Both ALKBH2 and ALKBH3 are direct reversal repair enzymes that remove 1-methyladenine (1meA) and 3-methylcytosine (3meC) lesions commonly generated by alkylating chemotherapeutic agents. Thus, the existence of deficiencies in ALKBH proteins can be exploited in synergy with chemotherapy. In this study, we investigated possible interactions between ALKBH2 and ALKBH3 with other proteins that could alter damage response and discovered an interaction with the mismatch repair (MMR) system. To test whether the lack of active MMR impacts ALKBH2 and/or ALKBH3 response to methylating agents, we generated cells deficient in ALKBH2, ALKBH3, or both in addition to Mlh homolog 1 (MLH1), another MMR protein. We found that MLH1koALKBH3ko cells showed enhanced resistance toward SN1- and SN2-type methylating agents, whereas MLH1koALKBH2ko cells were only resistant to SN1-type methylating agents. Concomitant loss of ALKBH2 and ALKBH3 (ALKBH2ko3ko) rendered cells sensitive to SN1- and SN2-agents, but the additional loss of MLH1 enhanced resistance to both types of damage. We also showed that ALKBH2ko3ko cells have an ATR-dependent arrest at the G2/M checkpoint, increased apoptotic signaling, and replication fork stress in response to methylation. However, these responses were not observed with the loss of functional MLH1 in MLH1koALKBH2ko3ko cells. Finally, in MLH1koALKBH2ko3ko cells, we observed elevated mutant frequency in untreated and temozolomide treated cells. These results suggest that obtaining a more accurate prognosis of chemotherapeutic outcome requires information on the functionality of ALKBH2, ALKBH3, and MLH1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roberto Gutierrez
- Department of Cancer Biology, Irell & Manella Graduate School of Biological Sciences, Beckman Research Institute at the City of Hope, Duarte, California, USA
| | - Annie Yin S Chan
- Department of Cancer Biology, Irell & Manella Graduate School of Biological Sciences, Beckman Research Institute at the City of Hope, Duarte, California, USA
| | - Seigmund Wai Tsuen Lai
- Department of Diabetes and Cancer Metabolism, Beckman Research Institute at the City of Hope, Duarte, California, USA
| | - Shunsuke Itoh
- Department of Cancer Biology, Irell & Manella Graduate School of Biological Sciences, Beckman Research Institute at the City of Hope, Duarte, California, USA
| | - Dong-Hyun Lee
- Department of Biological Sciences, College of Natural Sciences, Chonnam National University, Gwangju, South Korea
| | - Kelani Sun
- Department of Diabetes and Cancer Metabolism, Beckman Research Institute at the City of Hope, Duarte, California, USA
| | - Alana Battad
- Department of Diabetes and Cancer Metabolism, Beckman Research Institute at the City of Hope, Duarte, California, USA
| | - Shiuan Chen
- Department of Cancer Biology, Irell & Manella Graduate School of Biological Sciences, Beckman Research Institute at the City of Hope, Duarte, California, USA
| | - Timothy R O'Connor
- Department of Cancer Biology, Irell & Manella Graduate School of Biological Sciences, Beckman Research Institute at the City of Hope, Duarte, California, USA.
| | - Sarah C Shuck
- Department of Diabetes and Cancer Metabolism, Beckman Research Institute at the City of Hope, Duarte, California, USA.
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3
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Laverty DJ, Gupta SK, Bradshaw GA, Hunter AS, Carlson BL, Calmo NM, Chen J, Tian S, Sarkaria JN, Nagel ZD. ATM inhibition exploits checkpoint defects and ATM-dependent double strand break repair in TP53-mutant glioblastoma. Nat Commun 2024; 15:5294. [PMID: 38906885 PMCID: PMC11192742 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-024-49316-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2022] [Accepted: 05/28/2024] [Indexed: 06/23/2024] Open
Abstract
Determining the balance between DNA double strand break repair (DSBR) pathways is essential for understanding treatment response in cancer. We report a method for simultaneously measuring non-homologous end joining (NHEJ), homologous recombination (HR), and microhomology-mediated end joining (MMEJ). Using this method, we show that patient-derived glioblastoma (GBM) samples with acquired temozolomide (TMZ) resistance display elevated HR and MMEJ activity, suggesting that these pathways contribute to treatment resistance. We screen clinically relevant small molecules for DSBR inhibition with the aim of identifying improved GBM combination therapy regimens. We identify the ATM kinase inhibitor, AZD1390, as a potent dual HR/MMEJ inhibitor that suppresses radiation-induced phosphorylation of DSBR proteins, blocks DSB end resection, and enhances the cytotoxic effects of TMZ in treatment-naïve and treatment-resistant GBMs with TP53 mutation. We further show that a combination of G2/M checkpoint deficiency and reliance upon ATM-dependent DSBR renders TP53 mutant GBMs hypersensitive to TMZ/AZD1390 and radiation/AZD1390 combinations. This report identifies ATM-dependent HR and MMEJ as targetable resistance mechanisms in TP53-mutant GBM and establishes an approach for simultaneously measuring multiple DSBR pathways in treatment selection and oncology research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel J Laverty
- Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Jiajia Chen
- Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, 55905, USA
- Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, 110004, China
| | | | | | - Zachary D Nagel
- Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, 02115, USA.
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4
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Cheng X, An J, Lou J, Gu Q, Ding W, Droby GN, Wang Y, Wang C, Gao Y, Anand JR, Shelton A, Satterlee AB, Mann B, Hsiao YC, Liu CW, Lu K, Hingtgen S, Wang J, Liu Z, Miller CR, Wu D, Vaziri C, Yang Y. Trans-lesion synthesis and mismatch repair pathway crosstalk defines chemoresistance and hypermutation mechanisms in glioblastoma. Nat Commun 2024; 15:1957. [PMID: 38438348 PMCID: PMC10912752 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-024-45979-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2022] [Accepted: 02/08/2024] [Indexed: 03/06/2024] Open
Abstract
Almost all Glioblastoma (GBM) are either intrinsically resistant to the chemotherapeutical drug temozolomide (TMZ) or acquire therapy-induced mutations that cause chemoresistance and recurrence. The genome maintenance mechanisms responsible for GBM chemoresistance and hypermutation are unknown. We show that the E3 ubiquitin ligase RAD18 (a proximal regulator of TLS) is activated in a Mismatch repair (MMR)-dependent manner in TMZ-treated GBM cells, promoting post-replicative gap-filling and survival. An unbiased CRISPR screen provides an aerial map of RAD18-interacting DNA damage response (DDR) pathways deployed by GBM to tolerate TMZ genotoxicity. Analysis of mutation signatures from TMZ-treated GBM reveals a role for RAD18 in error-free bypass of O6mG (the most toxic TMZ-induced lesion), and error-prone bypass of other TMZ-induced lesions. Our analyses of recurrent GBM patient samples establishes a correlation between low RAD18 expression and hypermutation. Taken together we define molecular underpinnings for the hallmark tumorigenic phenotypes of TMZ-treated GBM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xing Cheng
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, 27599, USA
- Department of Neuro-Oncology, Chongqing University Cancer Hospital, Chongqing, China
| | - Jing An
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, 27599, USA
- Institute of Cancer Prevention and Treatment, Heilongjiang Academy of Medical Sciences, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Jitong Lou
- Department of Biostatistics, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, 27599, USA
- Eli Lilly and Company, Indianapolis, IN, 46285, USA
| | - Qisheng Gu
- Shanghai Institute of Immunity and Infection, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
- Department of Immunology, Université Paris Cité, Paris, France
| | - Weimin Ding
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, 27599, USA
- Oncology Center, Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Gaith Nabil Droby
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, 27599, USA
- Curriculum in Genetics and Molecular Biology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, 27599, USA
| | - Yilin Wang
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, 27599, USA
| | - Chenghao Wang
- Department of Biostatistics, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, 27599, USA
| | - Yanzhe Gao
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, 27599, USA
| | - Jay Ramanlal Anand
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, 27599, USA
| | - Abigail Shelton
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, 27599, USA
| | - Andrew Benson Satterlee
- Eshelman School of Pharmacy, Division of Pharmacoengineering and Molecular Pharmaceutics, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, 27599, USA
| | - Breanna Mann
- Eshelman School of Pharmacy, Division of Pharmacoengineering and Molecular Pharmaceutics, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, 27599, USA
| | - Yun-Chung Hsiao
- Department of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, 27599, USA
| | - Chih-Wei Liu
- Department of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, 27599, USA
| | - Kun Lu
- Department of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, 27599, USA
| | - Shawn Hingtgen
- Eshelman School of Pharmacy, Division of Pharmacoengineering and Molecular Pharmaceutics, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, 27599, USA
| | - Jiguang Wang
- Division of Life Science, Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Molecular Neuroscience, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Hong Kong SAR, China
- Hong Kong Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases, InnoHK, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Zhaoliang Liu
- Institute of Cancer Prevention and Treatment, Heilongjiang Academy of Medical Sciences, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - C Ryan Miller
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, 27599, USA
- Department of Pathology, Division of Neuropathology, Heersink School of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
| | - Di Wu
- Department of Biostatistics, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, 27599, USA
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, 27599, USA
- Division of Oral and Craniofacial Health Science, Adams School of Dentistry, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Cyrus Vaziri
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, 27599, USA.
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, 27599, USA.
| | - Yang Yang
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, 27599, USA.
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, 27599, USA.
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5
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Cheng X, An J, Lou J, Gu Q, Ding W, Droby G, Wang Y, Wang C, Gao Y, Shelton A, Satterlee AB, Mann BE, Hsiao YC, Liu CW, Liu K, Hingtgen S, Wang J, Liu Z, Miller R, Wu D, Vaziri C, Yang Y. Trans-Lesion Synthesis and Mismatch Repair Pathway Crosstalk Defines Chemoresistance and Hypermutation Mechanisms in Glioblastoma. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.10.16.562506. [PMID: 37905107 PMCID: PMC10614844 DOI: 10.1101/2023.10.16.562506] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2023]
Abstract
Almost all Glioblastoma (GBM) are either intrinsically resistant to the chemotherapeutical drug temozolomide (TMZ) or acquire therapy-induced mutations that cause chemoresistance and recurrence. The genome maintenance mechanisms responsible for GBM chemoresistance and hypermutation are unknown. We show that the E3 ubiquitin ligase RAD18 (a proximal regulator of TLS) is activated in a Mismatch repair (MMR)-dependent manner in TMZ-treated GBM cells, promoting post-replicative gap-filling and survival. An unbiased CRISPR screen provides a new aerial map of RAD18-interacting DNA damage response (DDR) pathways deployed by GBM to tolerate TMZ genotoxicity. Analysis of mutation signatures from TMZ-treated GBM reveals a role for RAD18 in error-free bypass of O6mG (the most toxic TMZ-induced lesion), and error-prone bypass of other TMZ-induced lesions. Our analyses of recurrent GBM patient samples establishes a correlation between low RAD18 expression and hypermutation. Taken together we define novel molecular underpinnings for the hallmark tumorigenic phenotypes of TMZ-treated GBM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xing Cheng
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
- Department of Neuro-Oncology, Chongqing University Cancer Hospital & Chongqing Cancer Institute & Chongqing Cancer Hospital, Chongqing, China
| | - Jing An
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
- Institute of Cancer Prevention and Treatment, Heilongjiang Academy of Medical Sciences, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Jitong Lou
- Department of Biostatistics, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Qisheng Gu
- Unit of Immunity and Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Institute Pasteur of Shanghai, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
- Department of Immunology, Université Paris Cité, Paris, France
| | - Weimin Ding
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
- Oncology Center, Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Gaith Droby
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
- Curriculum in Genetics and Molecular Biology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27599
| | - Yilin Wang
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Chenghao Wang
- Department of Biostatistics, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Yanzhe Gao
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Abigail Shelton
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Andrew Benson Satterlee
- Eshelman School of Pharmacy, Division of Pharmacoengineering and Molecular Pharmaceutics, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27599
| | - Breanna Elizabeth Mann
- Eshelman School of Pharmacy, Division of Pharmacoengineering and Molecular Pharmaceutics, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27599
| | - Yun-Chung Hsiao
- Department of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, 27599, USA
| | - Chih-Wei Liu
- Department of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, 27599, USA
| | - Kun Liu
- Department of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, 27599, USA
| | - Shawn Hingtgen
- Eshelman School of Pharmacy, Division of Pharmacoengineering and Molecular Pharmaceutics, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27599
| | - Jiguang Wang
- Division of Life Science, Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Molecular Neuroscience, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Hong Kong SAR, China
- Hong Kong Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases, InnoHK, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Zhaoliang Liu
- Institute of Cancer Prevention and Treatment, Heilongjiang Academy of Medical Sciences, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Ryan Miller
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
- Department of Pathology, Division of Neuropathology, Heersink School of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, USA
| | - Di Wu
- Department of Biostatistics, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
- Division of Oral and Craniofacial Health Science, Adams School of Dentistry, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Cyrus Vaziri
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Yang Yang
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
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6
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Liu X, Zhang Y, Wu X, Xu F, Ma H, Wu M, Xia Y. Targeting Ferroptosis Pathway to Combat Therapy Resistance and Metastasis of Cancer. Front Pharmacol 2022; 13:909821. [PMID: 35847022 PMCID: PMC9280276 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2022.909821] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2022] [Accepted: 05/20/2022] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Ferroptosis is an iron-dependent regulated form of cell death caused by excessive lipid peroxidation. This form of cell death differed from known forms of cell death in morphological and biochemical features such as apoptosis, necrosis, and autophagy. Cancer cells require higher levels of iron to survive, which makes them highly susceptible to ferroptosis. Therefore, it was found to be closely related to the progression, treatment response, and metastasis of various cancer types. Numerous studies have found that the ferroptosis pathway is closely related to drug resistance and metastasis of cancer. Some cancer cells reduce their susceptibility to ferroptosis by downregulating the ferroptosis pathway, resulting in resistance to anticancer therapy. Induction of ferroptosis restores the sensitivity of drug-resistant cancer cells to standard treatments. Cancer cells that are resistant to conventional therapies or have a high propensity to metastasize might be particularly susceptible to ferroptosis. Some biological processes and cellular components, such as epithelial–mesenchymal transition (EMT) and noncoding RNAs, can influence cancer metastasis by regulating ferroptosis. Therefore, targeting ferroptosis may help suppress cancer metastasis. Those progresses revealed the importance of ferroptosis in cancer, In order to provide the detailed molecular mechanisms of ferroptosis in regulating therapy resistance and metastasis and strategies to overcome these barriers are not fully understood, we described the key molecular mechanisms of ferroptosis and its interaction with signaling pathways related to therapy resistance and metastasis. Furthermore, we summarized strategies for reversing resistance to targeted therapy, chemotherapy, radiotherapy, and immunotherapy and inhibiting cancer metastasis by modulating ferroptosis. Understanding the comprehensive regulatory mechanisms and signaling pathways of ferroptosis in cancer can provide new insights to enhance the efficacy of anticancer drugs, overcome drug resistance, and inhibit cancer metastasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuan Liu
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
- West China School of Pharmacy, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Yiqian Zhang
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
- West China School of Pharmacy, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Xuyi Wu
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
- Key Laboratory of Rehabilitation Medicine in Sichuan Province/Rehabilitation Medicine Research Institute, Chengdu, China
| | - Fuyan Xu
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Hongbo Ma
- West China School of Pharmacy, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Mengling Wu
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Yong Xia
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
- Key Laboratory of Rehabilitation Medicine in Sichuan Province/Rehabilitation Medicine Research Institute, Chengdu, China
- *Correspondence: Yong Xia,
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7
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Khabibov M, Garifullin A, Boumber Y, Khaddour K, Fernandez M, Khamitov F, Khalikova L, Kuznetsova N, Kit O, Kharin L. Signaling pathways and therapeutic approaches in glioblastoma multiforme (Review). Int J Oncol 2022; 60:69. [PMID: 35445737 PMCID: PMC9084550 DOI: 10.3892/ijo.2022.5359] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2022] [Accepted: 03/30/2022] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) is the most aggressive type of primary brain tumor and is associated with a poor clinical prognosis. Despite the progress in the understanding of the molecular and genetic changes that promote tumorigenesis, effective treatment options are limited. The present review intended to identify and summarize major signaling pathways and genetic abnormalities involved in the pathogenesis of GBM, as well as therapies that target these pathways. Glioblastoma remains a difficult to treat tumor; however, in the last two decades, significant improvements in the understanding of GBM biology have enabled advances in available therapeutics. Significant genomic events and signaling pathway disruptions (NF‑κB, Wnt, PI3K/AKT/mTOR) involved in the formation of GBM were discussed. Current therapeutic options may only marginally prolong survival and the current standard of therapy cures only a small fraction of patients. As a result, there is an unmet requirement for further study into the processes of glioblastoma pathogenesis and the discovery of novel therapeutic targets in novel signaling pathways implicated in the evolution of glioblastoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marsel Khabibov
- Department of Oncology, I. M. Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, 119992 Moscow, Russia
| | - Airat Garifullin
- Department of Histology, Bashkir State Medical University, 450000 Ufa, Russia
| | - Yanis Boumber
- Division of Hematology/Oncology at The Department of Medicine, Robert H. Lurie Comprehensive Cancer Center, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL 60611, USA
- Institute of Fundamental Medicine and Biology, Kazan Federal University, Kazan 420008, Russia
| | - Karam Khaddour
- Department of Hematology and Oncology, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL 60612, USA
| | - Manuel Fernandez
- Department of Medicine, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL 60611, USA
| | - Firat Khamitov
- Department of Histology, Bashkir State Medical University, 450000 Ufa, Russia
| | - Larisa Khalikova
- Department of Histology, Bashkir State Medical University, 450000 Ufa, Russia
| | - Natalia Kuznetsova
- Department of Neuro-Oncology, National Medical Research Center for Oncology, 344037 Rostov-on-Don, Russia
| | - Oleg Kit
- Abdominal Oncology Department, National Medical Research Center for Oncology, 344037 Rostov-on-Don, Russia
| | - Leonid Kharin
- Abdominal Oncology Department, National Medical Research Center for Oncology, 344037 Rostov-on-Don, Russia
- Molecular Therapeutics Program, Fox Chase Cancer Center, Philadelphia, PA 19111, USA
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8
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Ganesa S, Sule A, Sundaram RK, Bindra RS. Mismatch repair proteins play a role in ATR activation upon temozolomide treatment in MGMT-methylated glioblastoma. Sci Rep 2022; 12:5827. [PMID: 35388070 PMCID: PMC8987098 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-09614-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2021] [Accepted: 03/22/2022] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The methylation status of the O6-methylguanine methyltransferase (MGMT) gene promoter has been widely accepted as a prognostic biomarker for treatment with the alkylator, temozolomide (TMZ). In the absence of promoter methylation, the MGMT enzyme removes O6-methylguanine (O6-meG) lesions. In the setting of MGMT-promoter methylation (MGMT-), the O6-meG lesion activates the mismatch repair (MMR) pathway which functions to remove the damage. Our group reported that loss of MGMT expression via MGMT promoter silencing modulates activation of ataxia telangiectasia and RAD3 related protein (ATR) in response to TMZ treatment, which is associated with synergistic tumor-cell killing. Whether or not MMR proteins are involved in ATR activation in MGMT-cells upon alkylation damage remains poorly understood. To investigate the function of MMR in ATR activation, we created isogenic cell lines with knockdowns of the individual human MMR proteins MutS homolog 2 (MSH2), MutS homolog 6 (MSH6), MutS homolog 3 (MSH3), MutL homolog 1 (MLH1), and PMS1 homolog 2 (PMS2). Here, we demonstrate that MSH2, MSH6, MLH1 and PMS2, specifically, are involved in the activation of the ATR axis after TMZ exposure, whereas MSH3 is likely not. This study elucidates a potential mechanistic understanding of how the MMR system is involved in ATR activation by TMZ in glioblastoma cells, which is important for targeting MMR-mutated cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sachita Ganesa
- Department of Molecular Biophysics and Biochemistry, Yale University, New Haven, CT, 06511, USA
| | - Amrita Sule
- Department of Therapeutic Radiology, Yale University, 333 Cedar Street, New Haven, CT, 06511, USA
| | - Ranjini K Sundaram
- Department of Therapeutic Radiology, Yale University, 333 Cedar Street, New Haven, CT, 06511, USA
| | - Ranjit S Bindra
- Department of Therapeutic Radiology, Yale University, 333 Cedar Street, New Haven, CT, 06511, USA.
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9
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Svec RL, McKee SA, Berry MR, Kelly AM, Fan TM, Hergenrother PJ. Novel Imidazotetrazine Evades Known Resistance Mechanisms and Is Effective against Temozolomide-Resistant Brain Cancer in Cell Culture. ACS Chem Biol 2022; 17:299-313. [PMID: 35119837 DOI: 10.1021/acschembio.2c00022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Glioblastoma (GBM) is the most lethal primary brain tumor. Currently, frontline treatment for primary GBM includes the DNA-methylating drug temozolomide (TMZ, of the imidazotetrazine class), while the optimal treatment for recurrent GBM remains under investigation. Despite its widespread use, a majority of GBM patients do not respond to TMZ therapy; expression of the O6-methylguanine DNA methyltransferase (MGMT) enzyme and loss of mismatch repair (MMR) function as the principal clinical modes of resistance to TMZ. Here, we describe a novel imidazotetrazine designed to evade resistance by MGMT while retaining suitable hydrolytic stability, allowing for effective prodrug activation and biodistribution. This dual-substituted compound, called CPZ, exhibits activity against cancer cells irrespective of MGMT expression and MMR status. CPZ has greater blood-brain barrier penetrance and comparable hematological toxicity relative to TMZ, while also matching its maximum tolerated dose in mice when dosed once-per-day over five days. The activity of CPZ is independent of the two principal mechanisms suppressing the effectiveness of TMZ, making it a promising new candidate for the treatment of GBM, especially those that are TMZ-resistant.
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Affiliation(s)
- Riley L. Svec
- Department of Chemistry and Carl R. Woese Institute for Genomic Biology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
| | - Sydney A. McKee
- Department of Chemistry and Carl R. Woese Institute for Genomic Biology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
| | - Matthew R. Berry
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Medicine, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
| | - Aya M. Kelly
- Department of Chemistry and Carl R. Woese Institute for Genomic Biology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
| | - Timothy M. Fan
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Medicine, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
- Cancer Center at Illinois, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
| | - Paul J. Hergenrother
- Department of Chemistry and Carl R. Woese Institute for Genomic Biology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
- Cancer Center at Illinois, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
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10
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Rominiyi O, Collis SJ. DDRugging glioblastoma: understanding and targeting the DNA damage response to improve future therapies. Mol Oncol 2022; 16:11-41. [PMID: 34036721 PMCID: PMC8732357 DOI: 10.1002/1878-0261.13020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2021] [Revised: 05/11/2021] [Accepted: 05/24/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Glioblastoma is the most frequently diagnosed type of primary brain tumour in adults. These aggressive tumours are characterised by inherent treatment resistance and disease progression, contributing to ~ 190 000 brain tumour-related deaths globally each year. Current therapeutic interventions consist of surgical resection followed by radiotherapy and temozolomide chemotherapy, but average survival is typically around 1 year, with < 10% of patients surviving more than 5 years. Recently, a fourth treatment modality of intermediate-frequency low-intensity electric fields [called tumour-treating fields (TTFields)] was clinically approved for glioblastoma in some countries after it was found to increase median overall survival rates by ~ 5 months in a phase III randomised clinical trial. However, beyond these treatments, attempts to establish more effective therapies have yielded little improvement in survival for patients over the last 50 years. This is in contrast to many other types of cancer and highlights glioblastoma as a recognised tumour of unmet clinical need. Previous work has revealed that glioblastomas contain stem cell-like subpopulations that exhibit heightened expression of DNA damage response (DDR) factors, contributing to therapy resistance and disease relapse. Given that radiotherapy, chemotherapy and TTFields-based therapies all impact DDR mechanisms, this Review will focus on our current knowledge of the role of the DDR in glioblastoma biology and treatment. We also discuss the potential of effective multimodal targeting of the DDR combined with standard-of-care therapies, as well as emerging therapeutic targets, in providing much-needed improvements in survival rates for patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ola Rominiyi
- Weston Park Cancer CentreSheffieldUK
- Department of Oncology & MetabolismThe University of Sheffield Medical SchoolUK
- Department of NeurosurgeryRoyal Hallamshire HospitalSheffield Teaching Hospitals NHS Foundation TrustUK
| | - Spencer J. Collis
- Weston Park Cancer CentreSheffieldUK
- Department of Oncology & MetabolismThe University of Sheffield Medical SchoolUK
- Sheffield Institute for Nucleic Acids (SInFoNiA)University of SheffieldUK
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11
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Varricchio A, Ramesh SA, Yool AJ. Novel Ion Channel Targets and Drug Delivery Tools for Controlling Glioblastoma Cell Invasiveness. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms222111909. [PMID: 34769339 PMCID: PMC8584308 DOI: 10.3390/ijms222111909] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2021] [Revised: 10/27/2021] [Accepted: 10/31/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Comprising more than half of all brain tumors, glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) is a leading cause of brain cancer-related deaths worldwide. A major clinical challenge is presented by the capacity of glioma cells to rapidly infiltrate healthy brain parenchyma, allowing the cancer to escape control by localized surgical resections and radiotherapies, and promoting recurrence in other brain regions. We propose that therapies which target cellular motility pathways could be used to slow tumor dispersal, providing a longer time window for administration of frontline treatments needed to directly eradicate the primary tumors. An array of signal transduction pathways are known to be involved in controlling cellular motility. Aquaporins (AQPs) and voltage-gated ion channels are prime candidates as pharmacological targets to restrain cell migration in glioblastoma. Published work has demonstrated AQPs 1, 4 and 9, as well as voltage-gated potassium, sodium and calcium channels, chloride channels, and acid-sensing ion channels are expressed in GBM and can influence processes of cell volume change, extracellular matrix degradation, cytoskeletal reorganization, lamellipodial and filopodial extension, and turnover of cell-cell adhesions and focal assembly sites. The current gap in knowledge is the identification of optimal combinations of targets, inhibitory agents, and drug delivery systems that will allow effective intervention with minimal side effects in the complex environment of the brain, without disrupting finely tuned activities of neuro-glial networks. Based on published literature, we propose that co-treatments using AQP inhibitors in addition to other therapies could increase effectiveness, overcoming some limitations inherent in current strategies that are focused on single mechanisms. An emerging interest in nanobodies as drug delivery systems could be instrumental for achieving the selective delivery of combinations of agents aimed at multiple key targets, which could enhance success in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alanah Varricchio
- School of Biomedicine, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA 5005, Australia;
| | - Sunita A. Ramesh
- College of Science and Engineering, Flinders University, Bedford Park, SA 5042, Australia;
| | - Andrea J. Yool
- School of Biomedicine, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA 5005, Australia;
- Correspondence:
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12
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Zhang X, Deibert CP, Kim WJ, Jaman E, Rao AV, Lotze MT, Amankulor NM. Autophagy inhibition is the next step in the treatment of glioblastoma patients following the Stupp era. Cancer Gene Ther 2021; 28:971-983. [PMID: 32759988 DOI: 10.1038/s41417-020-0205-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2020] [Revised: 07/17/2020] [Accepted: 07/22/2020] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
It has now been nearly 15 years since the last major advance in the treatment of patients with glioma. "The addition of temozolomide to radiotherapy for newly diagnosed glioblastoma resulted in a clinically meaningful and statistically significant survival benefit with minimal additional toxicity". Autophagy is primarily a survival pathway, literally self-eating, that is utilized in response to stress (such as radiation and chemotherapy), enabling clearance of effete protein aggregates and multimolecular assemblies. Promising results have been observed in patients with glioma for over a decade now when autophagy inhibition with chloroquine derivatives coupled with conventional therapy. The application of autophagy inhibitors, the role of immune cell-induced autophagy, and the potential role of novel cellular and gene therapies, should now be considered for development as part of this well-established regimen.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoran Zhang
- Department of Neurological Surgery, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Christopher P Deibert
- Department of Neurological Surgery, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Wi-Jin Kim
- Department of Neurological Surgery, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Emade Jaman
- Department of Neurological Surgery, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Aparna V Rao
- Department of Neurological Surgery, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Michael T Lotze
- Department of Surgery, University of Pittsburgh Cancer Institute, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Nduka M Amankulor
- Department of Neurological Surgery, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, PA, USA.
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13
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Hwang K, Lee JH, Kim SH, Go KO, Ji SY, Han JH, Kim CY. The Combination PARP Inhibitor Olaparib With Temozolomide in an Experimental Glioblastoma Model. In Vivo 2021; 35:2015-2023. [PMID: 34182476 DOI: 10.21873/invivo.12470] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2021] [Revised: 04/17/2021] [Accepted: 05/04/2021] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND/AIM Poly (ADP-ribose) polymerase (PARP) inhibition could enhance the efficacy of temozolomide and prolong survival in patients with glioblastoma. The aim of this study was to evaluate the combination of the PARP inhibitor olaparib with temozolomide in the treatment of glioblastoma. MATERIALS AND METHODS The in vitro and in vivo antitumor effects of the PARP inhibitor olaparib together with temozolomide were evaluated. The in vitro experimental glioblastoma model involved O6-methylguanine methyltransferase (MGMT) promoter-methylated (U87MG, U251MG) and MGMT promoter-unmethylated (T98G) glioblastoma cell lines using In this model cell viability and apoptosis were assessed. For the in vivo studies, nude mice bearing orthotopically xenografted glioblastoma cell lines (U87MG) were randomized to four experimental groups: i) the untreated, ii) temozolomide alone, iii) olaparib alone and iv) olaparib and temozolomide combination groups. Mice were treated daily for 4 weeks and monitored for tumor growth and survival. RESULTS In vitro we found that the combination of olaparib with temozolomide enhanced temozolomide-induced cytotoxicity in all glioblastoma cell lines regardless of the status of MGMT promoter methylation. In vivo, mice treated with temozolomide alone or in combination with olaparib showed greater survival than those untreated or with the olaparib monotherapy, as well as significantly decreased tumor volume. There was no significant difference in survival and tumor volume between temozolomide alone and the combination treatment. CONCLUSION The combination of the PARP inhibitor olaparib with temozolomide could be promising candidates for combination therapy of glioblastoma regardless of the MGMT promoter methylation status.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kihwan Hwang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seongnam-si, Republic of Korea
| | - Jin-Han Lee
- Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Sang Ho Kim
- School of Medicine, The University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Kyeong-O Go
- Department of Neurosurgery, Gyeongsang National University Hospital, Gyengsangnam-do, Republic of Korea
| | - So Young Ji
- Department of Neurosurgery, Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seongnam-si, Republic of Korea
| | - Jung Ho Han
- Department of Neurosurgery, Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seongnam-si, Republic of Korea
| | - Chae-Yong Kim
- Department of Neurosurgery, Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seongnam-si, Republic of Korea; .,Department of Neurosurgery, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
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14
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Cowman S, Pizer B, Sée V. Downregulation of both mismatch repair and non-homologous end-joining pathways in hypoxic brain tumour cell lines. PeerJ 2021; 9:e11275. [PMID: 33986995 PMCID: PMC8092103 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.11275] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2020] [Accepted: 03/24/2021] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Glioblastoma, a grade IV astrocytoma, has a poor survival rate in part due to ineffective treatment options available. These tumours are heterogeneous with areas of low oxygen levels, termed hypoxic regions. Many intra-cellular signalling pathways, including DNA repair, can be altered by hypoxia. Since DNA damage induction and subsequent activation of DNA repair mechanisms is the cornerstone of glioblastoma treatment, alterations to DNA repair mechanisms could have a direct influence on treatment success. Our aim was to elucidate the impact of chronic hypoxia on DNA repair gene expression in a range of glioblastoma cell lines. We adopted a NanoString transcriptomic approach to examine the expression of 180 DNA repair-related genes in four classical glioblastoma cell lines (U87-MG, U251-MG, D566-MG, T98G) exposed to 5 days of normoxia (21% O2), moderate (1% O2) or severe (0.1% O2) hypoxia. We observed altered gene expression in several DNA repair pathways including homologous recombination repair, non-homologous end-joining and mismatch repair, with hypoxia primarily resulting in downregulation of gene expression. The extent of gene expression changes was dependent on hypoxic severity. Some, but not all, of these downregulations were directly under the control of HIF activity. For example, the downregulation of LIG4, a key component of non-homologous end-joining, was reversed upon inhibition of the hypoxia-inducible factor (HIF). In contrast, the downregulation of the mismatch repair gene, PMS2, was not affected by HIF inhibition. This suggests that numerous molecular mechanisms lead to hypoxia-induced reprogramming of the transcriptional landscape of DNA repair. Whilst the global impact of hypoxia on DNA repair gene expression is likely to lead to genomic instability, tumorigenesis and reduced sensitivity to anti-cancer treatment, treatment re-sensitising might require additional approaches to a simple HIF inhibition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sophie Cowman
- Institute of Systems, Molecular and Integrative Biology, Department of Molecular Physiology and Cell Signalling, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, Merseyside, United Kingdom.,Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, University of Utah, Salt-Lake-City, Utah, United States
| | - Barry Pizer
- Paediatric Oncology, Alder Hey Children's NHS Foundation Trust, Liverpool, Merseyside, United Kingdom
| | - Violaine Sée
- Institute of Systems, Molecular and Integrative Biology, Department of Molecular Physiology and Cell Signalling, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, Merseyside, United Kingdom
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15
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Matteoni S, Matarrese P, Ascione B, Buccarelli M, Ricci-Vitiani L, Pallini R, Villani V, Pace A, Paggi MG, Abbruzzese C. Anticancer Properties of the Antipsychotic Drug Chlorpromazine and Its Synergism With Temozolomide in Restraining Human Glioblastoma Proliferation In Vitro. Front Oncol 2021; 11:635472. [PMID: 33718225 PMCID: PMC7952964 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2021.635472] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2020] [Accepted: 01/14/2021] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The extremely poor prognosis of patients affected by glioblastoma (GBM, grade IV glioma) prompts the search for new and more effective therapies. In this regard, drug repurposing or repositioning can represent a safe, swift, and inexpensive way to bring novel pharmacological approaches from bench to bedside. Chlorpromazine, a medication used since six decades for the therapy of psychiatric disorders, shows in vitro several features that make it eligible for repositioning in cancer therapy. Using six GBM cell lines, three of which growing as patient-derived neurospheres and displaying stem-like properties, we found that chlorpromazine was able to inhibit viability in an apoptosis-independent way, induce hyperdiploidy, reduce cloning efficiency as well as neurosphere formation and downregulate the expression of stemness genes in all these cell lines. Notably, chlorpromazine synergized with temozolomide, the first-line therapeutic in GBM patients, in hindering GBM cell viability, and both drugs strongly cooperated in reducing cloning efficiency and inducing cell death in vitro for all the GBM cell lines assayed. These results prompted us to start a Phase II clinical trial on GBM patients (EudraCT # 2019-001988-75; ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier: NCT04224441) by adding chlorpromazine to temozolomide in the adjuvant phase of the standard first-line therapeutic protocol.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silvia Matteoni
- Cellular Networks and Molecular Therapeutic Targets, Proteomics Unit, IRCCS - Regina Elena National Cancer Institute, Rome, Italy
| | - Paola Matarrese
- Center for Gender Specific Medicine, Oncology Unit, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy
| | - Barbara Ascione
- Center for Gender Specific Medicine, Oncology Unit, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy
| | - Mariachiara Buccarelli
- Department of Oncology and Molecular Medicine, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy
| | - Lucia Ricci-Vitiani
- Department of Oncology and Molecular Medicine, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy
| | - Roberto Pallini
- Fondazione Policlinico Universitario A. Gemelli IRCCS, Institute of Neurosurgery, Catholic University School of Medicine, Rome, Italy
| | - Veronica Villani
- Neuro-Oncology, IRCCS-Regina Elena National Cancer Institute, Rome, Italy
| | - Andrea Pace
- Neuro-Oncology, IRCCS-Regina Elena National Cancer Institute, Rome, Italy
| | - Marco G Paggi
- Cellular Networks and Molecular Therapeutic Targets, Proteomics Unit, IRCCS - Regina Elena National Cancer Institute, Rome, Italy
| | - Claudia Abbruzzese
- Cellular Networks and Molecular Therapeutic Targets, Proteomics Unit, IRCCS - Regina Elena National Cancer Institute, Rome, Italy
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16
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Leelatian N, Hong CS, Bindra RS. The Role of Mismatch Repair in Glioblastoma Multiforme Treatment Response and Resistance. Neurosurg Clin N Am 2021; 32:171-180. [PMID: 33781500 DOI: 10.1016/j.nec.2020.12.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Mismatch repair (MMR) is a highly conserved DNA repair pathway that is critical for the maintenance of genomic integrity. This pathway targets base substitution and insertion-deletion mismatches, which primarily arise from replication errors that escape DNA polymerase proof-reading function. Here, the authors review key concepts in the molecular mechanisms of MMR in response to alkylation damage, approaches to detect MMR status in the clinic, and the clinical relevance of this pathway in glioblastoma multiforme treatment response and resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nalin Leelatian
- Department of Pathology, Yale School of Medicine, 310 Cedar Street LH 108, New Haven, CT 06510, USA
| | - Christopher S Hong
- Department of Neurosurgery, Yale School of Medicine, 333 Cedar Street Tompkins 4, New Haven, CT 06510, USA
| | - Ranjit S Bindra
- Department of Therapeutic Radiology, Yale School of Medicine, 333 Cedar Street Hunter 2, New Haven, CT 06510, USA.
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17
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Akbari F, Peymani M, Salehzadeh A, Ghaedi K. Integrative in silico and in vitro transcriptomics analysis revealed new lncRNAs related to intrinsic apoptotic genes in colorectal cancer. Cancer Cell Int 2020; 20:546. [PMID: 33292233 PMCID: PMC7653898 DOI: 10.1186/s12935-020-01633-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2020] [Accepted: 10/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Pathogenesis of colorectal cancer (CRC) is connected to deregulation of apoptosis while the effect of lncRNAs, as critical regulatory molecules, on this pathway is not clear well. The present study aimed to identify differential expression of genes and their related lncRNAs which are significantly associated with intrinsic apoptotic pathway in CRC. Methods The connection between CRC and apoptosis was investigated by literature reviews and the genes were enriched by using Enrichr. At the next step, differential expression of enriched genes were evaluated between normal and tumor populations in data sets and were downloaded from GEO. Then, meta-analysis and probe re-annotation were performed. For lncRNAs selection through the highest expression correlation with each of candidate genes, mRNA-lncRNA interaction of screened genes and all of lncRNAs were visualized using Cytoscape. Identified differential expression genes and lncRNAs were validated using TCGA-COAD and the obtained data were confirmed by in vitro studies in the presence of Ag@Glu-TSC nanoparticle as an apoptotic inducer. Cytotoxicity and apoptosis induction effect of Ag@Glu-TSC on Caco-2 cells was determined via MTT and Annexin V/PI, respectively. The expression of genes and lncRNAs were assayed in presence of mentioned nanoparticle. Finally, the expression level of desired genes and lncRNAs were proven in CRC tissues compared to adjacent normal tissues. Results After detection of 48 genes associated with intrinsic apoptosis in CRC according to literature, Enrichr screened 12 common genes involved in this pathway. Among them, 6 genes including BCL2, BCL2L11, BAD, CASP7, CASP9, and CYCS expression reduced in tumor tissue compared to normal according to meta-analysis studies and RNA-seq TCGA data. Afterwards, association of 8 lncRNAs comprising CDKN2B-AS1, LOC102724156, HAGLR, ABCC13, LOC101929340, LINC00675, FAM120AOS, PDCD4-AS1 with more than 5 candidate genes were identified. In vitro studies revealed that four selected lncRNAs including, CDKN2B-AS1, LOC102724156, HAGLR and FAM120AOS were significantly increased in the presence of in optimum concentration of Ag@Glu/TSC and decreased in tumor tissues versus adjacent normal tissues. Conclusion This study developed a new data mining method to screen differentially expressed lncRNAs which are involved in regulation of intrinsic apoptosis pathway in CRC quickly using published gene expression profiling microarrays. Moreover, we could validate a number of these regulators in the cellular and laboratory disease models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fatemeh Akbari
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Basic Sciences, Shahrekord Branch, Islamic Azad University, Shahrekord, Iran
| | - Maryam Peymani
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Basic Sciences, Shahrekord Branch, Islamic Azad University, Shahrekord, Iran.
| | - Ali Salehzadeh
- Department of Biology, Rasht Branch, Islamic Azad University, Rasht, Iran.
| | - Kamran Ghaedi
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology and Microbiology, Faculty of Biological Science and Technology, University of Isfahan, Isfahan, Iran
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18
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Klempner SJ, Hendifar A, Waters KM, Nissen N, Vail E, Tuli R, Mita A. Exploiting Temozolomide-Induced Hypermutation With Pembrolizumab in a Refractory High-Grade Neuroendocrine Neoplasm: A Proof-of-Concept Case. JCO Precis Oncol 2020; 4:614-619. [DOI: 10.1200/po.20.00034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Samuel J. Klempner
- Massachusetts General Hospital Cancer Center and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - Andrew Hendifar
- Samuel Oschin Comprehensive Cancer Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA
| | - Kevin M. Waters
- Department of Pathology, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA
| | - Nicholas Nissen
- Department of Surgery, Division of Hepatobiliary Surgery, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA
| | - Eric Vail
- Department of Pathology, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA
| | - Richard Tuli
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY
| | - Alain Mita
- Samuel Oschin Comprehensive Cancer Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA
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19
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Struve N, Binder ZA, Stead LF, Brend T, Bagley SJ, Faulkner C, Ott L, Müller-Goebel J, Weik AS, Hoffer K, Krug L, Rieckmann T, Bußmann L, Henze M, Morrissette JJD, Kurian KM, Schüller U, Petersen C, Rothkamm K, O Rourke DM, Short SC, Kriegs M. EGFRvIII upregulates DNA mismatch repair resulting in increased temozolomide sensitivity of MGMT promoter methylated glioblastoma. Oncogene 2020; 39:3041-3055. [PMID: 32066879 PMCID: PMC7142016 DOI: 10.1038/s41388-020-1208-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2019] [Revised: 01/23/2020] [Accepted: 02/03/2020] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
The oncogene epidermal growth factor receptor variant III (EGFRvIII) is frequently expressed in glioblastomas (GBM) but its impact on therapy response is still under controversial debate. Here we wanted to test if EGFRvIII influences the sensitivity towards the alkylating agent temozolomide (TMZ). Therefore, we retrospectively analyzed the survival of 336 GBM patients, demonstrating that under standard treatment, which includes TMZ, EGFRvIII expression is associated with prolonged survival, but only in patients with O6-methylguanine-DNA methyltransferase (MGMT) promoter methylated tumors. Using isogenic GBM cell lines with endogenous EGFRvIII expression we could demonstrate that EGFRvIII increases TMZ sensitivity and results in enhanced numbers of DNA double-strand breaks and a pronounced S/G2-phase arrest after TMZ treatment. We observed a higher expression of DNA mismatch repair (MMR) proteins in EGFRvIII+ cells and patient tumor samples, which was most pronounced for MSH2 and MSH6. EGFRvIII-specific knockdown reduced MMR protein expression thereby increasing TMZ resistance. Subsequent functional kinome profiling revealed an increased activation of p38- and ERK1/2-dependent signaling in EGFRvIII expressing cells, which regulates MMR protein expression downstream of EGFRvIII. In summary, our results demonstrate that the oncoprotein EGFRvIII sensitizes a fraction of GBM to current standard of care treatment through the upregulation of DNA MMR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nina Struve
- Laboratory of Radiobiology & Experimental Radiation Oncology, Hubertus Wald Tumorzentrum - University Cancer Center Hamburg, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany.
| | - Zev A Binder
- Department of Neurosurgery, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Lucy F Stead
- Leeds Institute of Medical Research at St James's, Wellcome Trust Brenner Building, St. James's University Hospital, Leeds, UK
| | - Tim Brend
- Leeds Institute of Medical Research at St James's, Wellcome Trust Brenner Building, St. James's University Hospital, Leeds, UK
| | - Stephen J Bagley
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, Department of Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Claire Faulkner
- Bristol Genetics Laboratory, Southmead Hospital, Bristol, UK
| | - Leonie Ott
- Laboratory of Radiobiology & Experimental Radiation Oncology, Hubertus Wald Tumorzentrum - University Cancer Center Hamburg, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Justus Müller-Goebel
- Laboratory of Radiobiology & Experimental Radiation Oncology, Hubertus Wald Tumorzentrum - University Cancer Center Hamburg, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Anna-Sophie Weik
- Laboratory of Radiobiology & Experimental Radiation Oncology, Hubertus Wald Tumorzentrum - University Cancer Center Hamburg, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Konstantin Hoffer
- Laboratory of Radiobiology & Experimental Radiation Oncology, Hubertus Wald Tumorzentrum - University Cancer Center Hamburg, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Leonie Krug
- Laboratory of Radiobiology & Experimental Radiation Oncology, Hubertus Wald Tumorzentrum - University Cancer Center Hamburg, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology and Head and Neck Surgery, University Medical Center Hamburg Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Thorsten Rieckmann
- Laboratory of Radiobiology & Experimental Radiation Oncology, Hubertus Wald Tumorzentrum - University Cancer Center Hamburg, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology and Head and Neck Surgery, University Medical Center Hamburg Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Lara Bußmann
- Laboratory of Radiobiology & Experimental Radiation Oncology, Hubertus Wald Tumorzentrum - University Cancer Center Hamburg, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology and Head and Neck Surgery, University Medical Center Hamburg Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Marvin Henze
- Laboratory of Radiobiology & Experimental Radiation Oncology, Hubertus Wald Tumorzentrum - University Cancer Center Hamburg, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
- Department of Radiotherapy and Radiooncology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Jennifer J D Morrissette
- Division of Precision and Computational Diagnostics, Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Hospital of the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Kathreena M Kurian
- Bristol Brain Tumour Research Centre, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
| | - Ulrich Schüller
- Research Institute Children's Cancer Center Hamburg, Hamburg, Germany
- Institute of Neuropathology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
- Department of Pediatric Hematology and Oncology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Cordula Petersen
- Laboratory of Radiobiology & Experimental Radiation Oncology, Hubertus Wald Tumorzentrum - University Cancer Center Hamburg, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
- Department of Radiotherapy and Radiooncology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Kai Rothkamm
- Laboratory of Radiobiology & Experimental Radiation Oncology, Hubertus Wald Tumorzentrum - University Cancer Center Hamburg, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Donald M O Rourke
- Department of Neurosurgery, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Susan C Short
- Leeds Institute of Medical Research at St James's, Wellcome Trust Brenner Building, St. James's University Hospital, Leeds, UK
| | - Malte Kriegs
- Laboratory of Radiobiology & Experimental Radiation Oncology, Hubertus Wald Tumorzentrum - University Cancer Center Hamburg, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
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20
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Serebrenik AA, Starrett GJ, Leenen S, Jarvis MC, Shaban NM, Salamango DJ, Nilsen H, Brown WL, Harris RS. The deaminase APOBEC3B triggers the death of cells lacking uracil DNA glycosylase. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2019; 116:22158-22163. [PMID: 31611371 PMCID: PMC6825264 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1904024116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Human cells express up to 9 active DNA cytosine deaminases with functions in adaptive and innate immunity. Many cancers manifest an APOBEC mutation signature and APOBEC3B (A3B) is likely the main enzyme responsible. Although significant numbers of APOBEC signature mutations accumulate in tumor genomes, the majority of APOBEC-catalyzed uracil lesions are probably counteracted in an error-free manner by the uracil base excision repair pathway. Here, we show that A3B-expressing cells can be selectively killed by inhibiting uracil DNA glycosylase 2 (UNG) and that this synthetic lethal phenotype requires functional mismatch repair (MMR) proteins and p53. UNG knockout human 293 and MCF10A cells elicit an A3B-dependent death. This synthetic lethal phenotype is dependent on A3B catalytic activity and reversible by UNG complementation. A3B expression in UNG-null cells causes a buildup of genomic uracil, and the ensuing lethality requires processing of uracil lesions (likely U/G mispairs) by MSH2 and MLH1 (likely noncanonical MMR). Cancer cells expressing high levels of endogenous A3B and functional p53 can also be killed by expressing an UNG inhibitor. Taken together, UNG-initiated base excision repair is a major mechanism counteracting genomic mutagenesis by A3B, and blocking UNG is a potential strategy for inducing the selective death of tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Artur A Serebrenik
- Department of Biochemistry, Molecular Biology and Biophysics, Masonic Cancer Center, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455
| | - Gabriel J Starrett
- Department of Biochemistry, Molecular Biology and Biophysics, Masonic Cancer Center, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455
- Laboratory of Cellular Oncology, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD 20892
| | - Sterre Leenen
- Department of Biochemistry, Molecular Biology and Biophysics, Masonic Cancer Center, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Radboud University Medical Center, 6500 HB Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Matthew C Jarvis
- Department of Biochemistry, Molecular Biology and Biophysics, Masonic Cancer Center, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455
| | - Nadine M Shaban
- Department of Biochemistry, Molecular Biology and Biophysics, Masonic Cancer Center, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455
| | - Daniel J Salamango
- Department of Biochemistry, Molecular Biology and Biophysics, Masonic Cancer Center, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455
| | - Hilde Nilsen
- Department of Clinical Molecular Biology, University of Oslo, 1478 Lørenskog, Norway
- Akershus University Hospital, 1478 Lørenskog, Norway
| | - William L Brown
- Department of Biochemistry, Molecular Biology and Biophysics, Masonic Cancer Center, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455
| | - Reuben S Harris
- Department of Biochemistry, Molecular Biology and Biophysics, Masonic Cancer Center, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455;
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Minneapolis, MN 55455
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21
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Hong JM, Kim JH, Kim H, Lee WJ, Hwang YI. SB365, Pulsatilla Saponin D Induces Caspase-Independent Cell Death and Augments the Anticancer Effect of Temozolomide in Glioblastoma Multiforme Cells. Molecules 2019; 24:molecules24183230. [PMID: 31491945 PMCID: PMC6766801 DOI: 10.3390/molecules24183230] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2019] [Revised: 09/02/2019] [Accepted: 09/04/2019] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
SB365, a saponin D extracted from the roots of Pulsatilla koreana, has been reported to show cytotoxicity in several cancer cell lines. We investigated the effects of SB365 on U87-MG and T98G glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) cells, and its efficacy in combination with temozolomide for treating GBM. SB365 exerted a cytotoxic effect on GBM cells not by inducing apoptosis, as in other cancer cell lines, but by triggering caspase-independent cell death. Inhibition of autophagic flux and neutralization of the lysosomal pH occurred rapidly after application of SB365, followed by deterioration of mitochondrial membrane potential. A cathepsin B inhibitor and N-acetyl cysteine, an antioxidant, partially recovered cell death induced by SB365. SB365 in combination with temozolomide exerted an additive cytotoxic effect in vitro and in vivo. In conclusion, SB365 inhibits autophagic flux and induces caspase-independent cell death in GBM cells in a manner involving cathepsin B and mainly reactive oxygen species, and its use in combination with temozolomide shows promise for the treatment of GBM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun-Man Hong
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul 03080, Korea.
| | - Jin-Hee Kim
- Department of Biomedical Laboratory Science, Cheongju University, Cheongju 28503, Korea.
| | - Hyemin Kim
- Research Institute for Future Medicine, Samsung Medical Center, Seoul 06351, Korea.
| | - Wang Jae Lee
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul 03080, Korea.
| | - Young-Il Hwang
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul 03080, Korea.
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22
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Jemth AS, Gustafsson R, Bräutigam L, Henriksson L, Vallin KSA, Sarno A, Almlöf I, Homan E, Rasti A, Warpman Berglund U, Stenmark P, Helleday T. MutT homologue 1 (MTH1) catalyzes the hydrolysis of mutagenic O6-methyl-dGTP. Nucleic Acids Res 2019; 46:10888-10904. [PMID: 30304478 PMCID: PMC6237811 DOI: 10.1093/nar/gky896] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2018] [Accepted: 09/21/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Nucleotides in the free pool are more susceptible to nonenzymatic methylation than those protected in the DNA double helix. Methylated nucleotides like O6-methyl-dGTP can be mutagenic and toxic if incorporated into DNA. Removal of methylated nucleotides from the nucleotide pool may therefore be important to maintain genome integrity. We show that MutT homologue 1 (MTH1) efficiently catalyzes the hydrolysis of O6-methyl-dGTP with a catalytic efficiency similar to that for 8-oxo-dGTP. O6-methyl-dGTP activity is exclusive to MTH1 among human NUDIX proteins and conserved through evolution but not found in bacterial MutT. We present a high resolution crystal structure of human and zebrafish MTH1 in complex with O6-methyl-dGMP. By microinjecting fertilized zebrafish eggs with O6-methyl-dGTP and inhibiting MTH1 we demonstrate that survival is dependent on active MTH1 in vivo. O6-methyl-dG levels are higher in DNA extracted from zebrafish embryos microinjected with O6-methyl-dGTP and inhibition of O6-methylguanine-DNA methyl transferase (MGMT) increases the toxicity of O6-methyl-dGTP demonstrating that O6-methyl-dGTP is incorporated into DNA. MTH1 deficiency sensitizes human cells to the alkylating agent Temozolomide, a sensitization that is more pronounced upon MGMT inhibition. These results expand the cellular MTH1 function and suggests MTH1 also is important for removal of methylated nucleotides from the nucleotide pool.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ann-Sofie Jemth
- Science for Life Laboratory, Department of Oncology-Pathology, Karolinska Institutet, S-171 76 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Robert Gustafsson
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Stockholm University, S-106 91 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Lars Bräutigam
- Science for Life Laboratory, Department of Oncology-Pathology, Karolinska Institutet, S-171 76 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Linda Henriksson
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Stockholm University, S-106 91 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Karl S A Vallin
- Science for Life Laboratory, Department of Oncology-Pathology, Karolinska Institutet, S-171 76 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Antonio Sarno
- Department of Clinical and Molecular Medicine, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway.,Department of Pathology, St. Olavs Hospital, Trondheim, Norway
| | - Ingrid Almlöf
- Science for Life Laboratory, Department of Oncology-Pathology, Karolinska Institutet, S-171 76 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Evert Homan
- Science for Life Laboratory, Department of Oncology-Pathology, Karolinska Institutet, S-171 76 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Azita Rasti
- Science for Life Laboratory, Department of Oncology-Pathology, Karolinska Institutet, S-171 76 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Ulrika Warpman Berglund
- Science for Life Laboratory, Department of Oncology-Pathology, Karolinska Institutet, S-171 76 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Pål Stenmark
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Stockholm University, S-106 91 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Thomas Helleday
- Science for Life Laboratory, Department of Oncology-Pathology, Karolinska Institutet, S-171 76 Stockholm, Sweden.,Sheffield Cancer Centre, Department of Oncology and Metabolism, University of Sheffield, Sheffield S10 2RX, UK
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23
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Liu CC, Yu CF, Wang SC, Li HY, Lin CM, Wang HH, Abate C, Chiang CS. Sigma-2 receptor/TMEM97 agonist PB221 as an alternative drug for brain tumor. BMC Cancer 2019; 19:473. [PMID: 31109310 PMCID: PMC6528305 DOI: 10.1186/s12885-019-5700-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2018] [Accepted: 05/10/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Background There are limited effective drugs that can reach the brain to target brain tumors, in particular glioblastoma, which is one of the most difficult cancers to be cured from. Because the overexpression of the sigma-2 receptor is frequently reported in glioma clinical samples and associated with poor prognosis and malignancy, we herein studied the anti-tumor effect of the sigma-2 receptor agonist PB221 (4-cyclohexyl-1-[3-(5-methoxy-1,2,3,4-tetrahydronaphthalen-1-yl)propyl]piperidine) on an anaplastic astrocytoma tumor model based on previous encouraging results in pancreatic cancer and neuroblastoma SK-N-SH cells. Methods The expression of the sigma-2 receptor, transmembrane protein 97 (TMEM97), in ALTS1C1 and UN-KC6141 cell lines was measured by RT-PCR and quantitative RT-PCR. The binding of sigma-2 receptor fluorescent ligands PB385 (6-[5-[3-(4-cyclohexylpiperazin-1-yl)propyl]-5,6,7,8-tetrahydronaphthalen-5-yloxy]-N-(7-nitro-2,1,3-benzoxadiazol-4-yl)hexanamine) and NO1 (2-{6-[2-(3-(6,7-dimethoxy-3,4-dihydroisoquinolin-2(1H)-yl)propyl)-3,4-dihydroisoquinolin-1(2H)-one-5-yloxy]hexyl}-5-(dimethylamino)isoindoline-1,3-dione) was examined by flow cytometry and the fluorescent plate reader. The antitumor activity of PB221 was initially examined in the murine brain tumor cell line ALTS1C1 and then in the murine pancreatic cell line UN-KC6141. The potential therapeutic efficacy of PB221 for murine brain tumors was examined by in vitro migration and invasion assays and in vivo ectopic and orthotopic ALTS1C1 tumor models. Results: The IC50 of PB221 for ALTS1C1 and UN-KC6141 cell lines was 10.61 ± 0.96 and 13.13 ± 1.15 μM, respectively. A low dose of PB221 (1 μM) significantly repressed the migration and invasion of ALTS1C1 cells, and a high dose of PB221 (20 μM) resulted in the apoptotic cell death of ALTS1C1 cells. These effects were reduced by the lipid antioxidant α-tocopherol, but not by the hydrophilic N-acetylcysteine, suggesting mitochondrial oxidative stress is involved. The in vivo study revealed that PB221 effectively retarded tumor growth to 36% of the control tumor volume in the ectopic intramuscular tumor model and increased the overall survival time by 20% (from 26 to 31 days) in the orthotopic intracerebral tumor model. Conclusions This study demonstrates that the sigma-2 receptor agonist PB221 has the potential to be an alternative chemotherapeutic drug for brain tumors with comparable side effects as the current standard-of-care drug, temozolomide. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s12885-019-5700-7) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chia-Chi Liu
- Department of Biomedical Engineering and Environmental Sciences, National Tsing Hua University, 101 Sec. 2, Kuang-Fu Road, Hsinchu, 30013, Taiwan.,Cardiovascular Center, Taichung Veterans General Hospital, Taichung, 40705, Taiwan
| | - Ching-Fang Yu
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital Linkou Branch, Taoyuan, 33382, Taiwan
| | - Shu-Chi Wang
- Department of Medical Laboratory Science and Biotechnology, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, 80708, Taiwan
| | - Hsueh-Yin Li
- Department of Biomedical Engineering and Environmental Sciences, National Tsing Hua University, 101 Sec. 2, Kuang-Fu Road, Hsinchu, 30013, Taiwan
| | - Chiu-Min Lin
- Department of Biomedical Engineering and Environmental Sciences, National Tsing Hua University, 101 Sec. 2, Kuang-Fu Road, Hsinchu, 30013, Taiwan
| | - Hsia-Han Wang
- Department of Biomedical Engineering and Environmental Sciences, National Tsing Hua University, 101 Sec. 2, Kuang-Fu Road, Hsinchu, 30013, Taiwan
| | - Carmen Abate
- Dipartimento di Farmacia-Scienze del Farmaco, Università degli Studi di Bari ALDO MORO, Via Orabona 4, I-70125, Bari, Italy.
| | - Chi-Shiun Chiang
- Department of Biomedical Engineering and Environmental Sciences, National Tsing Hua University, 101 Sec. 2, Kuang-Fu Road, Hsinchu, 30013, Taiwan. .,Institute of Nuclear Engineering and Science, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu, 30013, Taiwan. .,Frontier Research Center on Fundamental and Applied Sciences of Matters, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu, 30013, Taiwan.
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24
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Faraoni I, Giansanti M, Voso MT, Lo-Coco F, Graziani G. Targeting ADP-ribosylation by PARP inhibitors in acute myeloid leukaemia and related disorders. Biochem Pharmacol 2019; 167:133-148. [PMID: 31028744 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2019.04.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2019] [Accepted: 04/16/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Acute myeloid leukaemia (AML) is a highly heterogeneous disease characterized by uncontrolled proliferation, block in myeloid differentiation and recurrent genetic abnormalities. In the search of new effective therapies, identification of synthetic lethal partners of AML genetic alterations might represent a suitable approach to tailor patient treatment. Genetic mutations directly affecting DNA repair genes are not commonly present in AML. Nevertheless, several studies indicate that AML cells show high levels of DNA lesions and genomic instability. Leukaemia-driving oncogenes (e.g., RUNX1-RUNXT1, PML-RARA, TCF3-HLF, IDH1/2, TET2) or treatment with targeted agents directed against aberrant kinases (e.g., JAK1/2 and FLT3 inhibitors) have been associated with reduced DNA repair gene expression/activity that would render leukaemia blasts selectively sensitive to synthetic lethality induced by poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase inhibitors (PARPi). Thus, specific oncogenic chimeric proteins or gene mutations, rare or typically distinctive of certain leukaemia subtypes, may allow tagging cancer cells for destruction by PARPi. In this review, we will discuss the rationale for using PARPi in AML subtypes characterized by a specific genetic background and summarize the preclinical and clinical evidence reported so far on their activity when used as single agents or in combination with classical cytotoxic chemotherapy or with agents targeting AML-associated mutated proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isabella Faraoni
- Department of Systems Medicine, University of Rome Tor Vergata, Rome, Italy.
| | - Manuela Giansanti
- Department of Systems Medicine, University of Rome Tor Vergata, Rome, Italy; Department of Physiology and Pharmacology "V. Erspamer", Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Maria Teresa Voso
- Department of Biomedicine and Prevention, University of Rome Tor Vergata, Rome, Italy
| | - Francesco Lo-Coco
- Department of Biomedicine and Prevention, University of Rome Tor Vergata, Rome, Italy; Unit of Neuro-Oncohematology, Santa Lucia Foundation-I.R.C.C.S., Rome, Italy
| | - Grazia Graziani
- Department of Systems Medicine, University of Rome Tor Vergata, Rome, Italy.
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25
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Gupta SK, Smith EJ, Mladek AC, Tian S, Decker PA, Kizilbash SH, Kitange GJ, Sarkaria JN. PARP Inhibitors for Sensitization of Alkylation Chemotherapy in Glioblastoma: Impact of Blood-Brain Barrier and Molecular Heterogeneity. Front Oncol 2019; 8:670. [PMID: 30723695 PMCID: PMC6349736 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2018.00670] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2018] [Accepted: 12/19/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Prognosis of patients with glioblastoma (GBM) remains dismal despite maximal surgical resection followed by aggressive chemo-radiation therapy. Almost every GBM, regardless of genotype, relapses as aggressive recurrent disease. Sensitization of GBM cells to chemo-radiation is expected to extend survival of patients with GBM by enhancing treatment efficacy. The PARP family of enzymes has a pleiotropic role in DNA repair and metabolism and has emerged as an attractive target for sensitization of cancer cells to genotoxic therapies. However, despite promising results from a number of preclinical studies, progress of clinical trials involving PARP inhibitors (PARPI) has been slower in GBM as compared to other malignancies. Preclinical in vivo studies have uncovered limitations of PARPI-mediated targeting of base excision repair, considered to be the likely mechanism of sensitization for temozolomide (TMZ)-resistant GBM. Nevertheless, PARPI remain a promising sensitizing approach for at least a subset of GBM tumors that are inherently sensitive to TMZ. Our PDX preclinical trial has helped delineate MGMT promoter hyper-methylation as a biomarker of the PARPI veliparib-mediated sensitization. In clinical trials, MGMT promoter hyper-methylation now is being studied as a potential predictive biomarker not only for response to TMZ therapy alone, but also PARPI-mediated sensitization of TMZ therapy. Besides the combination approach being investigated, IDH1/2 mutant gliomas associated with 2-hydroxygluterate (2HG)-mediated homologous recombination (HR) defect may potentially benefit from PARPI monotherapy. In this article, we discuss existing results and provide additional data in support of potential alternative mechanisms of sensitization that would help identify potential biomarkers for PARPI-based therapeutic approaches to GBM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shiv K Gupta
- Departments of Radiation Oncology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, United States
| | - Emily J Smith
- Departments of Radiation Oncology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, United States
| | - Ann C Mladek
- Departments of Radiation Oncology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, United States
| | - Shulan Tian
- Division of Biomedical Statistics and Informatics, Department of Health Sciences Research, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, United States
| | - Paul A Decker
- Division of Biomedical Statistics and Informatics, Department of Health Sciences Research, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, United States
| | - Sani H Kizilbash
- Departments of Oncology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, United States
| | - Gaspar J Kitange
- Departments of Radiation Oncology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, United States
| | - Jann N Sarkaria
- Departments of Radiation Oncology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, United States
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26
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Ciechomska IA, Marciniak MP, Jackl J, Kaminska B. Pre-treatment or Post-treatment of Human Glioma Cells With BIX01294, the Inhibitor of Histone Methyltransferase G9a, Sensitizes Cells to Temozolomide. Front Pharmacol 2018; 9:1271. [PMID: 30450051 PMCID: PMC6224489 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2018.01271] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2018] [Accepted: 10/18/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Glioblastoma (GBM) is a malignant, primary brain tumor, highly resistant to conventional therapies. Temozolomide (TMZ) is a first line therapeutic agent in GBM patients, however, survival of such patients is poor. High level of DNA repair protein, O6-methylguanine-DNA-methyltransferase (MGMT) and occurrence of glioma stem-like cells contribute to GBM resistance to the drug. Here, we explored a possibility of epigenetic reprograming of glioma cells to increase sensitivity to TMZ and restore apoptosis competence. We combined TMZ treatment with BIX01294, an inhibitor of histone methyltransferase G9a, known to be involved in cancerogenesis. Two treatment combinations were tested: BIX01294 was administered to human LN18 and U251 glioma cell cultures 48 h before TMZ or 48 h after TMZ treatment. Despite their different status of the MGMT gene promoter, there was no correlation with the response to TMZ. The analyses of cell viability, appearance of apoptotic alterations in morphology of cells and nuclei, and markers of apoptosis, such as levels of cleaved caspase 3, caspase 7 and PARP, revealed that both pre-treatment and post-treatment with BIX01294 sensitize glioma cells to TMZ. The additive effect was stronger in LN18 cells. Moreover, BIX01294 enhanced the cytotoxic effect of TMZ on glioma stem-like cells, although it was not associated with modulation of the pluripotency markers (NANOG, SOX2, CD133) expression or methylation of NANOG and SOX2 gene promoters. Accordingly, knockdown of methyltransferase G9a augments TMZ-induced cell death in LN18 cells. We found the significant increases of the LC3-II levels in LN18 cells treated with BIX01294 alone and with drug combination that suggests involvement of autophagy in enhancement of anti-tumor effect of TMZ. Treatment with BIX01294 did not affect methylation of the MGMT gene promoter. Altogether, our results suggest that G9a is a potential therapeutic target in malignant glioma and the treatment with the G9a inhibitor reprograms glioma cells and glioma stem-like cells to increase sensitivity to TMZ and restore apoptosis competence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iwona Anna Ciechomska
- Laboratory of Molecular Neurobiology, Neurobiology Center, Nencki Institute of Experimental Biology, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Marta Patrycja Marciniak
- Laboratory of Molecular Neurobiology, Neurobiology Center, Nencki Institute of Experimental Biology, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Judyta Jackl
- Laboratory of Molecular Neurobiology, Neurobiology Center, Nencki Institute of Experimental Biology, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Bozena Kaminska
- Laboratory of Molecular Neurobiology, Neurobiology Center, Nencki Institute of Experimental Biology, Warsaw, Poland
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27
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Autophagy modulates temozolomide-induced cell death in alveolar Rhabdomyosarcoma cells. Cell Death Discov 2018; 4:52. [PMID: 30416757 PMCID: PMC6202374 DOI: 10.1038/s41420-018-0115-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2018] [Revised: 09/20/2018] [Accepted: 09/26/2018] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Rhabdomyosarcoma (RMS) is a muscle-derived tumor. In both pre-clinical and clinical studies Temozolomide (TMZ) has been recently tested against RMS; however, the precise mechanism of action of TMZ in RMS remains unclear. Here we demonstrate that TMZ decreases the cell viability of the RH30 RMS and C2C12 cell line, where cells display evidence of mitochondrial outer membrane permeability. Interestingly, the C2C12 mouse myoblast line was relatively more resistant to TMZ-induced apoptosis. Moreover, we observed that TMZ activated biochemical and morphological markers of autophagy in both cell lines. Autophagy inhibition in both RH30 and C2C12 cells significantly increased TMZ-induced cell death. In RH30 cells, TMZ increased Mcl-1 and Bax protein expression compared to corresponding time match controls while in C2C12 Mcl-1, Bcl-2, Bcl-XL, and Bax protein expression were not changed. Baf-A1 co-treatment with TMZ significantly decrease Mcl-1 expression compared to TMZ while increase Bax expression in C2C12 cells (Bcl2 and Bcl-XL do not significantly change in Baf-A1/TMZ co-treatment). Using a three-dimensional (3D) C2C12 and RH30 culture model we demonstrated that TMZ is significantly more toxic in RH30 cells (live/dead assay). Additionally, we have observed in our 3D culture model that TMZ induced both apoptosis (cleavage of PARP) and autophagy (LC3-puncta and localization of LC3/p62). Therefore, our data demonstrate that TMZ induces simultaneous autophagy and apoptosis in both RH30 and C2C12 cells in 2D and 3D culture model, where RH30 cells are more sensitive to TMZ-induced death. Furthermore, autophagy serves to protect RH30 cells from TMZ-induced death.
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28
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ABT-888 restores sensitivity in temozolomide resistant glioma cells and xenografts. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0202860. [PMID: 30153289 PMCID: PMC6112648 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0202860] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2018] [Accepted: 08/12/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Temozolomide (TMZ) is active against glioblastomas (GBM) in which the O6-methylguanine-DNA methyltransferase (MGMT) gene is silenced. However, even in responsive cases, its beneficial effect is undermined by the emergence of drug resistance. Here, we tested whether inhibition of poly (ADP-ribose) polymerase-1 and -2 (PARP) enhanced the effectiveness of TMZ. METHODS Using patient derived brain tumor initiating cells (BTICs) and orthotopic xenografts as models of newly diagnosed and recurrent high-grade glioma, we assessed the effects of TMZ, ABT-888, and the combination of TMZ and ABT-888 on the viability of BTICs and survival of tumor-bearing mice. We also studied DNA damage repair, checkpoint protein phosphorylation, and DNA replication in mismatch repair (MMR) deficient cells treated with TMZ and TMZ plus ABT-888. RESULTS Cells and xenografts derived from newly diagnosed MGMT methylated high-grade gliomas were sensitive to TMZ while those derived from unmethylated and recurrent gliomas were typically resistant. ABT-888 had no effect on the viability of BTICs or tumor bearing mice, but co-treatment with TMZ restored sensitivity in resistant cells and xenografts from newly diagnosed unmethylated gliomas and recurrent gliomas with MSH6 mutations. In contrast, the addition of ABT-888 to TMZ had little sensitizing effect on cells and xenografts derived from newly diagnosed methylated gliomas. In a model of acquired TMZ resistance mediated by loss of MMR gene MSH6, re-sensitization to TMZ by ABT-888 was accompanied by persistent DNA strand breaks, re-engagement of checkpoint kinase signaling, and interruption of DNA synthesis. CONCLUSION In laboratory models, the addition of ABT-888 to TMZ overcame resistance to TMZ.
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Li Z, Xia Y, Bu X, Yang D, Yuan Y, Guo X, Zhang G, Wang Z, Jiao J. Effects of valproic acid on the susceptibility of human glioma stem cells for TMZ and ACNU. Oncol Lett 2018; 15:9877-9883. [PMID: 29805689 PMCID: PMC5958707 DOI: 10.3892/ol.2018.8551] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/25/2016] [Accepted: 02/23/2018] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
To investigate the effect of valproic acid (VPA) on the susceptibility of glioma stem cells to temozolomide (TMZ) and nimustine (ACNU), the O6-methylguanine-DNA methyltransferase (MGMT) promoter methylation and its expression of MGMT were examined. A total of 3 glioma cell populations were isolated from human glioma tissues, and immunocytochemistry was used to detect the expression of MGMT. VPA inhibition on the growth of the 3 glioma cell populations exposed to various concentrations of TMZ and ACNU was evaluated. Flow cytometry was applied to detect the apoptosis of glioma cells, and a methylation-specific polymerase chain reaction was used to identify methylation of MGMT promoter. Immunocytochemistry results indicated that MGMT was negatively expressed in the G1 population, but positively expressed in the G2 and G3 populations. Cell growth inhibition assays demonstrated that the survival rate in the VPA + TMZ or ACNU groups was decreased compared with that of the TMZ or ACNU alone groups (P<0.05). As for the apoptotic rate, those in the VPA alone group were increased compared with the control group (P<0.05), and the rates in the VPA + TMZ or ACNU groups were increased compared with TMZ or ACNU alone groups (P<0.05). The expression of MGMT remained negative in the G1 population following treatment with VPA, but MGMT expression became negative in the 2 MGMT-positive cell populations (G2 and G3) following VPA treatment. The MGMT promoter in the G1 population was partially methylated in the control group, but was fully methylated following VPA treatment, while the promoters of G2, G3 were unmethylated in the control group and became partially methylated in the VPA treatment group. Taken together, TMZ and ACNU may suppress the growth of glioma stem cells in vitro in a dose-dependent manner. VPA may enhance the inhibitory effects of various concentrations of TMZ and ACNU on the growth of MGMT-negative/positive cells, particularly on MGMT-positive cell populations. VPA itself may induce the apoptosis of glioma cells, and VPA combined with TMZ or ACNU may enhance TMZ/ACNU-induced apoptosis of glioma stem cells. Furthermore, VPA may also promote the methylation of the MGMT promoter to silence MGMT expression in glioma cells, which may be an important mechanism through which VPA enhances the efficacy of TMZ and ACNU in targeting glioma stem cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhiying Li
- Department of Neurosurgery, Zhengzhou No. 7 People's Hospital, Zhengzhou, Henan 450000, P.R. China
| | - Yun Xia
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Zhengzhou Health School, Zhengzhou, Henan 450000, P.R. China
| | - Xingyao Bu
- Department of Neurosurgery, Henan Provincial People's Hospital, People's Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan 450000, P.R. China
| | - Dongyi Yang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Henan Provincial People's Hospital, People's Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan 450000, P.R. China
| | - Yiqiang Yuan
- Department of Neurosurgery, Zhengzhou No. 7 People's Hospital, Zhengzhou, Henan 450000, P.R. China
| | - Xiaohe Guo
- Department of Neurosurgery, Zhengzhou No. 7 People's Hospital, Zhengzhou, Henan 450000, P.R. China
| | - Gangzhong Zhang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Zhengzhou No. 7 People's Hospital, Zhengzhou, Henan 450000, P.R. China
| | - Zhanwei Wang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Zhengzhou No. 7 People's Hospital, Zhengzhou, Henan 450000, P.R. China
| | - Jichao Jiao
- Department of Neurosurgery, Zhengzhou No. 7 People's Hospital, Zhengzhou, Henan 450000, P.R. China
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Sehm T, Rauh M, Wiendieck K, Buchfelder M, Eyüpoglu IIY, Savaskan NE. Temozolomide toxicity operates in a xCT/SLC7a11 dependent manner and is fostered by ferroptosis. Oncotarget 2018; 7:74630-74647. [PMID: 27612422 PMCID: PMC5342691 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.11858] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2016] [Accepted: 08/24/2016] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
The glutamate exchanger xCT (SLC7a11) is causally linked with the malignancy grade of brain tumors and represents a key player in glutamate, cystine and glutathione metabolism. Although blocking xCT is not cytotoxic for brain tumors, xCT inhibition disrupts the neurodegenerative and microenvironment-toxifying activity of gliomas. Here, we report on the use of various xCT inhibitors as single modal drugs and in combination with the autophagy-inducing standard chemotherapeutic agent temozolomide (Temodal/Temcad®, TMZ). xCT overexpressing cells (xCTOE) are more resistant to the FDA and EMA approved drug sulfasalazine (Azulfidine/Salazopyrin/Sulazine®, SAS) and RNAi-mediated xCT knock down (xCTKD) in gliomas increases the susceptibility towards SAS in rodent gliomas. In human gliomas, challenged xCT expression had no impact on SAS-induced cytotoxicity. Noteworthy, other xCT inhibitors such as erastin and sorafenib showed enhanced efficacy on xCTKD gliomas. In contrast, cytotoxic action of TMZ operates independently from xCT expression levels on rodent gliomas. Human glioma cells with silenced xCT expression display higher vulnerability towards TMZ alone as well as towards combined TMZ and SAS. Hence, we tested the partial xCT blockers and ferroptosis inducing agents erastin and sorafenib (Nexavar®, FDA and EMA-approved drug for lung cancer). Noteworthy, xCTOE gliomas withstand erastin and sorafenib-induced cell death in a concentration-dependent manner, whereas siRNA-mediated xCT knock down increased susceptibility towards erastin and sorafenib. TMZ efficacy can be potentiated when combined with erastin, however not by sorafenib. Moreover, gliomas with high xCT expression are more vulnerable towards combinatorial treatment with erastin-temozolomide. These results disclose that ferroptosis inducers are valid compounds for potentiating the frontline therapeutic agent temozolomide in a multitoxic approach.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tina Sehm
- Translational Cell Biology & Neurooncology Laboratory, Department of Neurosurgery, Universitätsklinikum Erlangen, Medical School of The Friedrich Alexander University of Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), Schwabachanlage 6 (Kopfklinik), Germany
| | - Manfred Rauh
- Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Universitätsklinikum Erlangen, Medical School of The Friedrich Alexander University of Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), Germany
| | - Kurt Wiendieck
- Department of Spinal Colum Therapies, Kliniken Dr. Erler, Nürnberg, Germany
| | - Michael Buchfelder
- Translational Cell Biology & Neurooncology Laboratory, Department of Neurosurgery, Universitätsklinikum Erlangen, Medical School of The Friedrich Alexander University of Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), Schwabachanlage 6 (Kopfklinik), Germany
| | - IIker Y Eyüpoglu
- Translational Cell Biology & Neurooncology Laboratory, Department of Neurosurgery, Universitätsklinikum Erlangen, Medical School of The Friedrich Alexander University of Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), Schwabachanlage 6 (Kopfklinik), Germany
| | - Nicolai E Savaskan
- Translational Cell Biology & Neurooncology Laboratory, Department of Neurosurgery, Universitätsklinikum Erlangen, Medical School of The Friedrich Alexander University of Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), Schwabachanlage 6 (Kopfklinik), Germany.,BiMECON Ent. Berlin, Germany
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31
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Khusnutdinov RR, Boichuk SV. Mechanisms of Sensitivity of Soft Tissue Sarcoma Cells to Temozolomide. Bull Exp Biol Med 2017; 163:260-262. [PMID: 28726196 DOI: 10.1007/s10517-017-3779-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2016] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
We studied the mechanisms of sensitivity of soft tissue sarcoma cells to alkylating agent temozolomide. The mechanisms of tumor cell sensitivity to temozolomide are complex and are determined by not only the level of O6-methylguanine-DNA-methyltransferase (MGTM) expression, but also activity of oncosuppressor protein p53. A-673 Ewing's sarcoma cells were found to be the most sensitive to temozolomide, whereas temozolomide-treated SK-LMS-1 leiomyosarcoma cells exhibited signs of cell aging.
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Affiliation(s)
- R R Khusnutdinov
- Kazan State Medical University, Kazan, Republic of Tatarstan, Russia
| | - S V Boichuk
- Kazan State Medical University, Kazan, Republic of Tatarstan, Russia.
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32
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Meunier K, Ferron M, Calmel C, Fléjou JF, Pocard M, Praz F. Impact of MLH1 expression on tumor evolution after curative surgical tumor resection in a murine orthotopic xenograft model for human MSI colon cancer. Genes Chromosomes Cancer 2017; 56:681-690. [PMID: 28512763 DOI: 10.1002/gcc.22472] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2016] [Revised: 04/27/2017] [Accepted: 04/27/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Colorectal cancers (CRCs) displaying microsatellite instability (MSI) most often result from MLH1 deficiency. The aim of this study was to assess the impact of MLH1 expression per se on tumor evolution after curative surgical resection using a xenograft tumor model. Transplantable tumors established with the human MLH1-deficient HCT116 cell line and its MLH1-complemented isogenic clone, mlh1-3, were implanted onto the caecum of NOD/SCID mice. Curative surgical resection was performed at day 10 in half of the animals. The HCT116-derived tumors were more voluminous compared to the mlh1-3 ones (P = .001). Lymph node metastases and peritoneal carcinomatosis occurred significantly more often in the group of mice grafted with HCT116 (P = .007 and P = .035, respectively). Mlh1-3-grafted mice did not develop peritoneal carcinomatosis or liver metastasis. After surgical resection, lymph node metastases only arose in the group of mice implanted with HCT116 and the rate of cure was significantly lower than in the mlh1-3 group (P = .047). The murine orthotopic xenograft model based on isogenic human CRC cell lines allowed us to reveal the impact of MLH1 expression on tumor evolution in mice who underwent curative surgical resection and in mice whose tumor was left in situ. Our data indicate that the behavior of MLH1-deficient CRC is not only governed by mutations arising in genes harboring microsatellite repeated sequences but also from their defect in MLH1 as such.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katy Meunier
- Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ Paris 06, INSERM, CNRS, Centre de Recherche Saint-Antoine (CRSA), Paris, France
| | - Marianne Ferron
- Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ Paris 06, INSERM, CNRS, Centre de Recherche Saint-Antoine (CRSA), Paris, France
| | - Claire Calmel
- Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ Paris 06, INSERM, CNRS, Centre de Recherche Saint-Antoine (CRSA), Paris, France
| | - Jean-François Fléjou
- Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ Paris 06, INSERM, CNRS, Centre de Recherche Saint-Antoine (CRSA), Paris, France.,Assistance Publique - Hôpitaux de Paris, Hôpital Saint-Antoine, Service d'Anatomie Pathologique, Paris, France
| | - Marc Pocard
- Digestive and Oncology Surgery Department, Assistance Publique - Hôpitaux de Paris, Hôpital Lariboisière, Paris, France.,Paris Diderot University, USPC, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France.,INSERM UMR 965, Angiogenesis and Translational Research Department, Hôpital Lariboisière, Paris, France
| | - Françoise Praz
- Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ Paris 06, INSERM, CNRS, Centre de Recherche Saint-Antoine (CRSA), Paris, France
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33
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Annovazzi L, Mellai M, Schiffer D. Chemotherapeutic Drugs: DNA Damage and Repair in Glioblastoma. Cancers (Basel) 2017; 9:E57. [PMID: 28587121 PMCID: PMC5483876 DOI: 10.3390/cancers9060057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2017] [Revised: 05/10/2017] [Accepted: 05/22/2017] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Despite improvements in therapeutic strategies, glioblastoma (GB) remains one of the most lethal cancers. The presence of the blood-brain barrier, the infiltrative nature of the tumor and several resistance mechanisms account for the failure of current treatments. Distinct DNA repair pathways can neutralize the cytotoxicity of chemo- and radio-therapeutic agents, driving resistance and tumor relapse. It seems that a subpopulation of stem-like cells, indicated as glioma stem cells (GSCs), is responsible for tumor initiation, maintenance and recurrence and they appear to be more resistant owing to their enhanced DNA repair capacity. Recently, attention has been focused on the pivotal role of the DNA damage response (DDR) in tumorigenesis and in the modulation of therapeutic treatment effects. In this review, we try to summarize the knowledge concerning the main molecular mechanisms involved in the removal of genotoxic lesions caused by alkylating agents, emphasizing the role of GSCs. Beside their increased DNA repair capacity in comparison with non-stem tumor cells, GSCs show a constitutive checkpoint expression that enables them to survive to treatments in a quiescent, non-proliferative state. The targeted inhibition of checkpoint/repair factors of DDR can contribute to eradicate the GSC population and can have a great potential therapeutic impact aiming at sensitizing malignant gliomas to treatments, improving the overall survival of patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Annovazzi
- Research Center, Policlinico di Monza Foundation, Via Pietro Micca 29, 13100 Vercelli, Italy.
| | - Marta Mellai
- Research Center, Policlinico di Monza Foundation, Via Pietro Micca 29, 13100 Vercelli, Italy.
| | - Davide Schiffer
- Research Center, Policlinico di Monza Foundation, Via Pietro Micca 29, 13100 Vercelli, Italy.
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34
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Rajawat J, Shukla N, Mishra DP. Therapeutic Targeting of Poly(ADP-Ribose) Polymerase-1 (PARP1) in Cancer: Current Developments, Therapeutic Strategies, and Future Opportunities. Med Res Rev 2017; 37:1461-1491. [PMID: 28510338 DOI: 10.1002/med.21442] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2016] [Revised: 01/31/2017] [Accepted: 02/16/2017] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase-1 (PARP-1) plays a central role in numerous cellular processes including DNA repair, replication, and transcription. PARP interacts directly, indirectly or via PARylation with various oncogenic proteins and regulates several transcription factors thereby modulating carcinogenesis. Therapeutic inhibition of PARP is therefore perceived as a promising anticancer strategy and a number of PARP inhibitors (PARPi) are currently under development and clinical evaluation. PARPi inhibit the DNA repair pathway and thus form the concept of synthetic lethality in cancer therapeutics. Preclinical and clinical studies have shown the potential of PARPi as chemopotentiator, radiosensitizer, or as adjuvant therapeutic agents. Recent studies have shown that PARP-1 could be either oncogenic or tumor suppressive in different cancers. PARP inhibitor resistance is also a growing concern in the clinical setting. Recently, changes in the levels of PARP-1 activity or expression in cancer patients have provided the basis for consideration of PARP-1 regulatory proteins as potential biomarkers. This review focuses on the current developments related to the role of PARP in cancer progression, therapeutic strategies targeting PARP-associated oncogenic signaling, and future opportunities in use of PARPi in anticancer therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jyotika Rajawat
- Cell Death Research Laboratory, Endocrinology Division, CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute, B.S. 10/1, Sector-10, Jankipuram Extension, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, 226031, India
| | - Nidhi Shukla
- Cell Death Research Laboratory, Endocrinology Division, CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute, B.S. 10/1, Sector-10, Jankipuram Extension, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, 226031, India
| | - Durga Prasad Mishra
- Cell Death Research Laboratory, Endocrinology Division, CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute, B.S. 10/1, Sector-10, Jankipuram Extension, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, 226031, India
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35
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Gojo I, Beumer JH, Pratz KW, McDevitt MA, Baer MR, Blackford AL, Smith BD, Gore SD, Carraway HE, Showel MM, Levis MJ, Dezern AE, Gladstone DE, Ji JJ, Wang L, Kinders RJ, Pouquet M, Ali-Walbi I, Rudek MA, Poh W, Herman JG, Karnitz LM, Kaufmann SH, Chen A, Karp JE. A Phase 1 Study of the PARP Inhibitor Veliparib in Combination with Temozolomide in Acute Myeloid Leukemia. Clin Cancer Res 2017; 23:697-706. [PMID: 27503200 PMCID: PMC5290001 DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-16-0984] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2016] [Revised: 06/23/2016] [Accepted: 07/17/2016] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE In preclinical studies, the PARP inhibitor veliparib enhanced the antileukemic action of temozolomide through potentiation of DNA damage. Accordingly, we conducted a phase 1 study of temozolomide with escalating doses of veliparib in patients with relapsed, refractory acute myeloid leukemia (AML) or AML arising from aggressive myeloid malignancies. EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN Patients received veliparib [20-200 mg once a day on day 1 and twice daily on days 4-12 in cycle 1 (days 1-8 in cycle ≥2)] and temozolomide [150-200 mg/m2 daily on days 3-9 in cycle 1 (days 1-5 in cycle ≥2)] every 28 to 56 days. Veliparib pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics [ability to inhibit poly(ADP-ribose) polymer (PAR) formation and induce H2AX phosphorylation] were assessed. Pretreatment levels of MGMT and PARP1 protein, methylation of the MGMT promoter, and integrity of the Fanconi anemia pathway were also examined. RESULTS Forty-eight patients were treated at seven dose levels. Dose-limiting toxicities were oral mucositis and esophagitis lasting >7 days. The MTD was veliparib 150 mg twice daily with temozolomide 200 mg/m2 daily. The complete response (CR) rate was 17% (8/48 patients). Veliparib exposure as well as inhibition of PAR polymer formation increased dose proportionately. A veliparib-induced increase in H2AX phosphorylation in CD34+ cells was observed in responders. Three of 4 patients with MGMT promoter methylation achieved CR. CONCLUSIONS Veliparib plus temozolomide is well tolerated, with activity in advanced AML. Further evaluation of this regimen and of treatment-induced phosphorylation of H2AX and MGMT methylation as potential response predictors appears warranted. Clin Cancer Res; 23(3); 697-706. ©2016 AACR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ivana Gojo
- Department of Oncology, Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center at Johns Hopkins Hospital, Baltimore, Maryland.
| | - Jan H Beumer
- Cancer Therapeutics Program, University of Pittsburgh Cancer Institute, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Keith W Pratz
- Department of Oncology, Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center at Johns Hopkins Hospital, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Michael A McDevitt
- Department of Oncology, Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center at Johns Hopkins Hospital, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Maria R Baer
- Department of Medicine, University of Maryland Greenebaum Cancer Center, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Amanda L Blackford
- Department of Statistics, Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center at Johns Hopkins Hospital, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - B Douglas Smith
- Department of Oncology, Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center at Johns Hopkins Hospital, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Steven D Gore
- Department of Oncology, Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center at Johns Hopkins Hospital, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Hetty E Carraway
- Department of Oncology, Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center at Johns Hopkins Hospital, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Margaret M Showel
- Department of Oncology, Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center at Johns Hopkins Hospital, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Mark J Levis
- Department of Oncology, Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center at Johns Hopkins Hospital, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Amy E Dezern
- Department of Oncology, Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center at Johns Hopkins Hospital, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Douglas E Gladstone
- Department of Oncology, Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center at Johns Hopkins Hospital, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Jiuping Jay Ji
- Laboratory of Human Toxicology and Pharmacology, Applied/Developmental Research Support Directorate, SAIC-Frederick, Inc., NCI-Frederick, Frederick, Maryland
| | - Lihua Wang
- Laboratory of Human Toxicology and Pharmacology, Applied/Developmental Research Support Directorate, SAIC-Frederick, Inc., NCI-Frederick, Frederick, Maryland
| | - Robert J Kinders
- Laboratory of Human Toxicology and Pharmacology, Applied/Developmental Research Support Directorate, SAIC-Frederick, Inc., NCI-Frederick, Frederick, Maryland
| | - Marie Pouquet
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Ismail Ali-Walbi
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Michelle A Rudek
- Department of Oncology, Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center at Johns Hopkins Hospital, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Weijie Poh
- Department of Oncology, Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center at Johns Hopkins Hospital, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - James G Herman
- Department of Oncology, Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center at Johns Hopkins Hospital, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Larry M Karnitz
- Division of Oncology Research and Department of Molecular Pharmacology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota
| | - Scott H Kaufmann
- Division of Oncology Research and Department of Molecular Pharmacology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota
| | - Alice Chen
- Cancer Therapy Evaluation Program, NCI, Rockville, Maryland
| | - Judith E Karp
- Department of Oncology, Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center at Johns Hopkins Hospital, Baltimore, Maryland
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Abstract
Glioblastoma is the most common primary brain tumor in adults. Despite current multimodality treatment including surgical resection and temozolomide-based chemoradiotherapy, median survival is only 14-16 months. Characterization of molecular alterations in glioblastoma has identified prognostic subgroups and therapeutic opportunities for clinical trials across glioblastoma subsets. Following a number of negative Phase III trials testing temozolomide dose intensification and angiogenesis inhibition, recent interim analysis data indicate survival prolongation with use of a device (Optune™) delivering alternating electrical field therapy in newly diagnosed glioblastoma patients. In this review, we present an overview of the data supporting the current standard of care and discuss novel experimental therapies in early and late phase clinical testing including devices, small molecule drugs, angiogenesis inhibitors, oncolytic virotherapy and immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Evidio Domingo-Musibay
- Division of Medical Oncology, Mayo Clinic, 200 First Street SW, Rochester, MN 55905, USA
| | - Evanthia Galanis
- Division of Medical Oncology, Mayo Clinic, 200 First Street SW, Rochester, MN 55905, USA.,Department of Molecular Medicine, Mayo Clinic, 200 First Street SW, Rochester, MN 55905, USA
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37
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Gill SJ, Travers J, Pshenichnaya I, Kogera FA, Barthorpe S, Mironenko T, Richardson L, Benes CH, Stratton MR, McDermott U, Jackson SP, Garnett MJ. Combinations of PARP Inhibitors with Temozolomide Drive PARP1 Trapping and Apoptosis in Ewing's Sarcoma. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0140988. [PMID: 26505995 PMCID: PMC4624427 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0140988] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2015] [Accepted: 10/02/2015] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Ewing's sarcoma is a malignant pediatric bone tumor with a poor prognosis for patients with metastatic or recurrent disease. Ewing's sarcoma cells are acutely hypersensitive to poly (ADP-ribose) polymerase (PARP) inhibition and this is being evaluated in clinical trials, although the mechanism of hypersensitivity has not been directly addressed. PARP inhibitors have efficacy in tumors with BRCA1/2 mutations, which confer deficiency in DNA double-strand break (DSB) repair by homologous recombination (HR). This drives dependence on PARP1/2 due to their function in DNA single-strand break (SSB) repair. PARP inhibitors are also cytotoxic through inhibiting PARP1/2 auto-PARylation, blocking PARP1/2 release from substrate DNA. Here, we show that PARP inhibitor sensitivity in Ewing's sarcoma cells is not through an apparent defect in DNA repair by HR, but through hypersensitivity to trapped PARP1-DNA complexes. This drives accumulation of DNA damage during replication, ultimately leading to apoptosis. We also show that the activity of PARP inhibitors is potentiated by temozolomide in Ewing's sarcoma cells and is associated with enhanced trapping of PARP1-DNA complexes. Furthermore, through mining of large-scale drug sensitivity datasets, we identify a subset of glioma, neuroblastoma and melanoma cell lines as hypersensitive to the combination of temozolomide and PARP inhibition, potentially identifying new avenues for therapeutic intervention. These data provide insights into the anti-cancer activity of PARP inhibitors with implications for the design of treatment for Ewing's sarcoma patients with PARP inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sonja J. Gill
- Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Hinxton, United Kingdom
| | - Jon Travers
- The Wellcome Trust/Cancer Research UK Gurdon Institute and Department of Biochemistry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | | | | | - Syd Barthorpe
- Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Hinxton, United Kingdom
| | | | | | - Cyril H. Benes
- Massachusetts General Hospital Cancer Center, Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | | | | | - Stephen P. Jackson
- Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Hinxton, United Kingdom
- The Wellcome Trust/Cancer Research UK Gurdon Institute and Department of Biochemistry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
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38
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Ge N, Guo L, Zhang J, Lin Z, Li Y, Liu Y, Kong F, Fang X, Zhao S. Impact of O6-methylguanine-DNA methyltransferase expression on the drug resistance of clear cell renal cell carcinoma. Jpn J Clin Oncol 2015; 45:860-6. [PMID: 26185135 DOI: 10.1093/jjco/hyv095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2015] [Accepted: 06/01/2015] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The deoxyribonucleic acid-repair protein O(6)-methylguanine-deoxyribonucleic acid methyltransferase is a major determinant of resistance of cells to various alkylating drugs. Its expression profile is different in different cancer types. Here, we studied the expression and function of O(6)-methylguanine-deoxyribonucleic acid methyltransferase in clear cell renal cell carcinoma. METHODS The expression of O(6)-methylguanine-deoxyribonucleic acid methyltransferase was evaluated in clear cell renal cell carcinoma tissues and cell lines by quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction and immunohistochemistry. The relationship between O(6)-methylguanine-deoxyribonucleic acid methyltransferase expression and clinicopathological characteristics was analyzed. To further investigate the function of O(6)-methylguanine-deoxyribonucleic acid methyltransferase in clear cell renal cell carcinoma resistance to alkylating agents, siRNA targeting O(6)-methylguanine-deoxyribonucleic acid methyltransferase were used to silence the O(6)-methylguanine-deoxyribonucleic acid methyltransferase expression. RESULTS We found that O(6)-methylguanine-deoxyribonucleic acid methyltransferase is over-expressed in clear cell renal cell carcinoma tissues and cell lines. O(6)-methylguanine-deoxyribonucleic acid methyltransferase expression is related with tumor progression in clear cell renal cell carcinoma patients. Up-regulation of O(6)-methylguanine-deoxyribonucleic acid methyltransferase plays a critical role in primary resistance to alkylating agents. CONCLUSIONS The overexpression of O(6)-methylguanine-deoxyribonucleic acid methyltransferase contributes to resistance of clear cell renal cell carcinoma to standard chemotherapy. Our results have significance for understanding a new pathway of the development of drug resistance of clear cell renal cell carcinoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nan Ge
- Department of Urology Surgery, The Second Hospital, Shandong University, Jinan
| | - Liqiang Guo
- Department of Urology Surgery, The Second Hospital, Shandong University, Jinan
| | - Jie Zhang
- Department of Urology Surgery, The Second Hospital, Shandong University, Jinan
| | - Zhaomin Lin
- Central Research Laboratory, The Second Hospital, Shandong University, Jinan
| | - Yan Li
- Department of Radiology, The Affiliated Hospital, Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan, PR China
| | - Yuqiang Liu
- Department of Urology Surgery, The Second Hospital, Shandong University, Jinan
| | - Feng Kong
- Central Research Laboratory, The Second Hospital, Shandong University, Jinan
| | - Xiaolei Fang
- Department of Urology Surgery, The Second Hospital, Shandong University, Jinan
| | - Shengtian Zhao
- Department of Urology Surgery, The Second Hospital, Shandong University, Jinan
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Abstract
The treatment of glial brain tumors begins with surgery, and standard adjuvant treatment at the end of the past millennium for high-grade glioma and high-risk low-grade glioma was radiotherapy and chemotherapy was given at recurrence. However, over the past 10 years much has changed regarding the role of chemotherapy in gliomas and it is now clear that chemotherapy has a role in the treatment of almost all newly diagnosed diffuse gliomas (WHO grade II-IV). This is the result of several prospective studies that showed survival benefit after combined chemoradiotherapy with temozolomide in glioblastoma (WHO grade IV) or after procarbazine, CCNU (lomustine) and vincristine chemotherapy in diffuse low-grade (WHO grade II) and anaplastic (WHO grade III) glioma. The current standard of treatment for diffuse gliomas is described in this overview and in addition some attention is given to targeted therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Walter Taal
- Department of Neurology/Neuro-Oncology, Erasmus MC Cancer Institute, Erasmus MC University Medical Center, Groene Hilledijk 301, 3075 EA, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Jacoline EC Bromberg
- Department of Neurology/Neuro-Oncology, Erasmus MC Cancer Institute, Erasmus MC University Medical Center, Groene Hilledijk 301, 3075 EA, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Martin J van den Bent
- Department of Neurology/Neuro-Oncology, Erasmus MC Cancer Institute, Erasmus MC University Medical Center, Groene Hilledijk 301, 3075 EA, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
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Smith MA, Reynolds CP, Kang MH, Kolb EA, Gorlick R, Carol H, Lock RB, Keir ST, Maris JM, Billups CA, Lyalin D, Kurmasheva RT, Houghton PJ. Synergistic activity of PARP inhibition by talazoparib (BMN 673) with temozolomide in pediatric cancer models in the pediatric preclinical testing program. Clin Cancer Res 2015; 21:819-32. [PMID: 25500058 PMCID: PMC4587665 DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-14-2572] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Inhibitors of PARP, an enzyme involved in base excision repair, have demonstrated single-agent activity against tumors deficient in homologous repair processes. Ewing sarcoma cells are also sensitive to PARP inhibitors, although the mechanism is not understood. Here, we evaluated the stereo-selective PARP inhibitor, talazoparib (BMN 673), combined with temozolomide or topotecan. EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN Talazoparib was tested in vitro in combination with temozolomide (0.3-1,000 μmol/L) or topotecan (0.03-100 nmol/L) and in vivo at a dose of 0.1 mg/kg administered twice daily for 5 days combined with temozolomide (30 mg/kg/daily x 5; combination A) or 0.25 mg/kg administered twice daily for 5 days combined with temozolomide (12 mg/kg/daily x 5; combination B). Pharmacodynamic studies were undertaken after 1 or 5 days of treatment. RESULTS In vitro talazoparib potentiated the toxicity of temozolomide up to 85-fold, with marked potentiation in Ewing sarcoma and leukemia lines (30-50-fold). There was less potentiation for topotecan. In vivo, talazoparib potentiated the toxicity of temozolomide, and combination A and combination B represent the MTDs when combined with low-dose or high-dose talazoparib, respectively. Both combinations demonstrated significant synergism against 5 of 10 Ewing sarcoma xenografts. The combination demonstrated modest activity against most other xenograft models. Pharmacodynamic studies showed a treatment-induced complete loss of PARP only in tumor models sensitive to either talazoparib alone or talazoparib plus temozolomide. CONCLUSIONS The high level of activity observed for talazoparib plus temozolomide in Ewing sarcoma xenografts makes this an interesting combination to consider for pediatric evaluation.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Min H Kang
- Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Lubbock, Texas
| | - E Anders Kolb
- A.I. duPont Hospital for Children, Wilmington, Delaware
| | | | - Hernan Carol
- Children's Cancer Institute Australia for Medical Research, Randwick, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Richard B Lock
- Children's Cancer Institute Australia for Medical Research, Randwick, New South Wales, Australia
| | | | - John M Maris
- Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine and Abramson Family Cancer Research Institute, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
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Shyam K, Penketh PG, Baumann RP, Finch RA, Zhu R, Zhu YL, Sartorelli AC. Antitumor sulfonylhydrazines: design, structure-activity relationships, resistance mechanisms, and strategies for improving therapeutic utility. J Med Chem 2015; 58:3639-71. [PMID: 25612194 DOI: 10.1021/jm501459c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
1,2-Bis(sulfonyl)-1-alkylhydrazines (BSHs) were conceived as more specific DNA guanine O-6 methylating and chloroethylating agents lacking many of the undesirable toxicophores contained in antitumor nitrosoureas. O(6)-Alkylguanine-DNA alkyltransferase (MGMT) is the sole repair protein for O(6)-alkylguanine lesions in DNA and has been reported to be absent in 5-20% of most tumor types. Many BSHs exhibit highly selective cytotoxicity toward cells deficient in MGMT activity. The development of clinically useful MGMT assays should permit the identification of tumors with this vulnerability and allow for the preselection of patient subpopulations with a high probability of responding. The BSH system is highly versatile, permitting the synthesis of many prodrug types with the ability to incorporate an additional level of tumor-targeting due to preferential activation by tumor cells. Furthermore, it may be possible to expand the spectrum of activity of these agents to include tumors with MGMT activity by combining them with tumor-targeted MGMT inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Krishnamurthy Shyam
- †Department of Pharmacology and Developmental Therapeutics Program, Cancer Center, Yale University School of Medicine, 333 Cedar Street, New Haven, Connecticut 06520-8066, United States
| | - Philip G Penketh
- †Department of Pharmacology and Developmental Therapeutics Program, Cancer Center, Yale University School of Medicine, 333 Cedar Street, New Haven, Connecticut 06520-8066, United States
| | - Raymond P Baumann
- †Department of Pharmacology and Developmental Therapeutics Program, Cancer Center, Yale University School of Medicine, 333 Cedar Street, New Haven, Connecticut 06520-8066, United States
| | - Rick A Finch
- ‡Department of Veterinary Sciences, The University of Texas M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, 650 Cool Water Drive, Bastrop, Texas 78602, United States
| | - Rui Zhu
- †Department of Pharmacology and Developmental Therapeutics Program, Cancer Center, Yale University School of Medicine, 333 Cedar Street, New Haven, Connecticut 06520-8066, United States
| | - Yong-Lian Zhu
- †Department of Pharmacology and Developmental Therapeutics Program, Cancer Center, Yale University School of Medicine, 333 Cedar Street, New Haven, Connecticut 06520-8066, United States
| | - Alan C Sartorelli
- †Department of Pharmacology and Developmental Therapeutics Program, Cancer Center, Yale University School of Medicine, 333 Cedar Street, New Haven, Connecticut 06520-8066, United States
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Park I, Mukherjee J, Ito M, Chaumeil MM, Jalbert LE, Gaensler K, Ronen SM, Nelson SJ, Pieper RO. Changes in pyruvate metabolism detected by magnetic resonance imaging are linked to DNA damage and serve as a sensor of temozolomide response in glioblastoma cells. Cancer Res 2014; 74:7115-24. [PMID: 25320009 PMCID: PMC4253720 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-14-0849] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Recent findings show that exposure to temozolomide (TMZ), a DNA-damaging drug used to treat glioblastoma (GBM), can suppress the conversion of pyruvate to lactate. To understand the mechanistic basis for this effect and its potential utility as a TMZ response biomarker, we compared the response of isogenic GBM cell populations differing only in expression of the DNA repair protein methyltransferase (MGMT), a TMZ-sensitivity determinant, after exposure to TMZ in vitro and in vivo. Hyperpolarized [1-((13))C]-pyruvate-based MRI was used to monitor temporal effects on pyruvate metabolism in parallel with DNA-damage responses and tumor cell growth. TMZ exposure decreased conversion of pyruvate to lactate only in MGMT-deficient cells. This effect coincided temporally with TMZ-induced increases in levels of the DNA-damage response protein pChk1. Changes in pyruvate to lactate conversion triggered by TMZ preceded tumor growth suppression and were not associated with changes in levels of NADH or lactate dehydrogenase activity in tumors. Instead, they were associated with a TMZ-induced decrease in the expression and activity of pyruvate kinase PKM2, a glycolytic enzyme that indirectly controls pyruvate metabolism. PKM2 silencing decreased PK activity, intracellular lactate levels, and conversion of pyruvate to lactate in the same manner as TMZ, and Chk1 silencing blocked the TMZ-induced decrease in PKM2 expression. Overall, our findings showed how TMZ-induced DNA damage is linked through PKM2 to changes in pyruvate metabolism, and how these changes can be exploited by MRI methods as an early sensor of TMZ therapeutic response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ilwoo Park
- Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California
| | - Joydeep Mukherjee
- Department of Neurological Surgery, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California. Brain Tumor Research Centre, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California
| | - Motokazu Ito
- Department of Neurological Surgery, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California. Brain Tumor Research Centre, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California
| | - Myriam M Chaumeil
- Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California
| | - Llewellyn E Jalbert
- Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California
| | - Karin Gaensler
- Department of Hematology/Oncology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California
| | - Sabrina M Ronen
- Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California.
| | - Sarah J Nelson
- Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California.
| | - Russell O Pieper
- Department of Neurological Surgery, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California. Brain Tumor Research Centre, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California.
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Alvino E, Passarelli F, Cannavò E, Fortes C, Mastroeni S, Caporali S, Jiricny J, Cappellini GCA, Scoppola A, Marchetti P, Modesti A, D’Atri S. High expression of the mismatch repair protein MSH6 is associated with poor patient survival in melanoma. Am J Clin Pathol 2014; 142:121-32. [PMID: 24926095 DOI: 10.1309/ajcpcx2d9yulbblg] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The outcome of patients with primary melanoma (PM) cannot be completely explained based on currently adopted clinical-histopathologic criteria. In this study, we evaluated the potential prognostic value of mismatch repair protein expression in PMs. METHODS We examined the immunohistochemical staining of mismatch repair proteins in 18 benign nevi and 101 stage I to III PMs and investigated their association with tumor clinicopathologic variables and melanoma mortality. RESULTS Expression of MSH2, MLH1, and PMS2 was high in benign nevi and reduced in a subset of PMs. Conversely, MSH6 expression was absent or extremely low in benign nevi and increased in a subset of PMs. In the multivariate analysis, including sex, age, Breslow thickness, and ulceration, high MSH6 expression in PMs (ie, immunostaining in >20% of tumor cells) was significantly associated with an increased risk of melanoma mortality (relative risk, 3.76; 95% confidence interval, 1.12-12.70). CONCLUSIONS MSH6 protein expression can be a valuable marker to improve prognosis assessment in PMs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ester Alvino
- Institute of Translational Pharmacology, National Council of Research, Rome, Italy
| | | | - Elda Cannavò
- Institute of Molecular Cancer Research, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Cristina Fortes
- Epidemiology Unit, Istituto Dermopatico dell’Immacolata-IRCCS, Rome, Italy
| | - Simona Mastroeni
- Epidemiology Unit, Istituto Dermopatico dell’Immacolata-IRCCS, Rome, Italy
| | - Simona Caporali
- Laboratory of Molecular Oncology, Istituto Dermopatico dell’Immacolata-IRCCS, Rome, Italy
| | - Josef Jiricny
- Institute of Molecular Cancer Research, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | | | - Alessandro Scoppola
- Department of Oncology and Dermatological Oncology, Istituto Dermopatico dell’Immacolata-IRCCS, Rome, Italy
| | - Paolo Marchetti
- Department of Oncology, Sant’Andrea Hospital, University of Rome “La Sapienza,” Rome, Italy
| | - Andrea Modesti
- Department of Clinical Sciences and Translational Medicine, University of Rome “Tor Vergata,” Rome, Italy
| | - Stefania D’Atri
- Laboratory of Molecular Oncology, Istituto Dermopatico dell’Immacolata-IRCCS, Rome, Italy
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Gupta SK, Mladek AC, Carlson BL, Boakye-Agyeman F, Bakken KK, Kizilbash SH, Schroeder MA, Reid J, Sarkaria JN. Discordant in vitro and in vivo chemopotentiating effects of the PARP inhibitor veliparib in temozolomide-sensitive versus -resistant glioblastoma multiforme xenografts. Clin Cancer Res 2014; 20:3730-41. [PMID: 24838527 DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-13-3446] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Effective sensitizing strategies potentially can extend the benefit of temozolomide (TMZ) therapy in patients with glioblastoma (GBM). We previously demonstrated that robust TMZ-sensitizing effects of the [poly (ADP-ribose) polymerase] (PARP) inhibitor veliparib (ABT-888) are restricted to TMZ-sensitive GBM xenografts. The focus of this study is to provide an understanding for the differential sensitization in paired TMZ-sensitive and -resistant GBM models. EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN The impact of veliparib on TMZ-induced cytotoxicity and DNA damage was evaluated in vitro and in vivo in models of acquired TMZ resistance (GBM12TMZ-mgmt(High), GBM12TMZ-mgmt(Low), and U251TMZ), inherent TMZ resistance (T98G), and TMZ-sensitive (U251 and GBM12). In vivo drug efficacy, pharmacokinetics, and pharmacodynamics were analyzed using clinically relevant dosing regimens. RESULTS Veliparib enhanced TMZ cytotoxicity and DNA-damage signaling in all GBM models in vitro with more pronounced effects in TMZ-resistant lines at 3 to 10 μmol/L veliparib. In vivo, combined TMZ/veliparib, compared with TMZ alone, significantly delayed tumor growth and enhanced DNA-damage signaling and γH2AX levels in the sensitive GBM12 xenograft line but not in the resistant GBM12TMZ lines. The pharmacokinetic profile of veliparib was similar for GBM12 and GBM12TMZ tumors with Cmax (∼1.5 μmol/L) in tissue significantly lower than concentrations associated with optimal in vitro sensitizing effects for resistant tumors. In contrast, robust suppression of PARP-1 expression by shRNA significantly increased TMZ sensitivity of U251TMZ in vitro and in vivo. CONCLUSIONS In vitro cytotoxicity assays do not adequately model the therapeutic index of PARP inhibitors, as concentrations of veliparib and TMZ required to sensitize TMZ-resistant cancer cells in vivo cannot be achieved using a tolerable dosing regimen.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shiv K Gupta
- Authors' Affiliations: Departments of Radiation Oncology, and
| | - Ann C Mladek
- Authors' Affiliations: Departments of Radiation Oncology, and
| | - Brett L Carlson
- Authors' Affiliations: Departments of Radiation Oncology, and
| | - Felix Boakye-Agyeman
- Molecular Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, Mayo Clinic, Rochester Minnesota
| | | | | | | | - Joel Reid
- Molecular Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, Mayo Clinic, Rochester Minnesota
| | - Jann N Sarkaria
- Authors' Affiliations: Departments of Radiation Oncology, and
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45
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Pothuri B. BRCA1- and BRCA2-related mutations: therapeutic implications in ovarian cancer. Ann Oncol 2014; 24 Suppl 8:viii22-viii27. [PMID: 24131965 DOI: 10.1093/annonc/mdt307] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Ovarian cancer is the deadliest among gynecologic cancers. Hereditary cancer related to BRCA1/2 gene mutations account for ~10%-12% of ovarian cancers. The BRCA1/2 proteins are important in homologous recombination (HR) repair of DNA. Patients with BRCA1/2 mutations have been reported to have improved chemosensitivity to platinum agents, longer disease-free intervals, and longer survivals than nonhereditary counterparts. Recent interest in poly(ADP-ribosyl) polymerase (PARP) proteins which are key components of base excision repair, has led to the development of PARP inhibitors; tumors arising in BRCA1/2 mutation carriers and/or with HR deficiency (HRD) are particularly sensitive to the action of these drugs. As 60%-80% of all advanced ovarian cancers are high-grade serous type, exhibiting HRD in at least 50% (referred as BRCAness) future antitumor strategies may depend on identifying these defects through molecular testing. Once HRD becomes amenable to routine testing, a larger group of ovarian cancer patients than are currently considered for PARP inhibitor trials, may benefit from such targeted therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- B Pothuri
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Division of Gynecologic Oncology, NYU School of Medicine, New York, USA
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46
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Shetzer Y, Solomon H, Koifman G, Molchadsky A, Horesh S, Rotter V. The paradigm of mutant p53-expressing cancer stem cells and drug resistance. Carcinogenesis 2014; 35:1196-208. [PMID: 24658181 DOI: 10.1093/carcin/bgu073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
It is well accepted that expression of mutant p53 involves the gain of oncogenic-specific activities accentuating the malignant phenotype. Depending on the specific cancer type, mutant p53 can contribute to either the early or the late events of the multiphase process underlying the transformation of a normal cell into a cancerous one. This multifactorial system is evident in ~50% of human cancers. Mutant p53 was shown to interfere with a variety of cellular functions that lead to augmented cell survival, cellular plasticity, aberration of DNA repair machinery and other effects. All these effects culminate in the acquisition of drug resistance often seen in cancer cells. Interestingly, drug resistance has also been suggested to be associated with cancer stem cells (CSCs), which reside within growing tumors. The notion that p53 plays a regulatory role in the life of stem cells, coupled with the observations that p53 mutations may contribute to the evolvement of CSCs makes it challenging to speculate that drug resistance and cancer recurrence are mediated by CSCs expressing mutant p53.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoav Shetzer
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 76100, Israel
| | - Hilla Solomon
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 76100, Israel
| | - Gabriela Koifman
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 76100, Israel
| | - Alina Molchadsky
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 76100, Israel
| | - Stav Horesh
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 76100, Israel
| | - Varda Rotter
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 76100, Israel
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Tentori L, Ricci-Vitiani L, Muzi A, Ciccarone F, Pelacchi F, Calabrese R, Runci D, Pallini R, Caiafa P, Graziani G. Pharmacological inhibition of poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase-1 modulates resistance of human glioblastoma stem cells to temozolomide. BMC Cancer 2014; 14:151. [PMID: 24593254 PMCID: PMC3975727 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2407-14-151] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2013] [Accepted: 02/26/2014] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Chemoresistance of glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) has been attributed to the presence within the tumor of cancer stem cells (GSCs). The standard therapy for GBM consists of surgery followed by radiotherapy and the chemotherapeutic agent temozolomide (TMZ). However, TMZ efficacy is limited by O6-methylguanine-DNA-methyltransferase (MGMT) and Mismatch Repair (MMR) functions. Strategies to counteract TMZ resistance include its combination with poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase inhibitors (PARPi), which hamper the repair of N-methylpurines. PARPi are also investigated as monotherapy for tumors with deficiency of homologous recombination (HR). We have investigated whether PARPi may restore GSC sensitivity to TMZ or may be effective as monotherapy. METHODS Ten human GSC lines were assayed for MMR proteins, MGMT and PARP-1 expression/activity, MGMT promoter methylation and sensitivity to TMZ or PARPi, alone and in combination. Since PTEN defects are frequently detected in GBM and may cause HR dysfunction, PTEN expression was also analyzed. The statistical analysis of the differences in drug sensitivity among the cell lines was performed using the ANOVA and Bonferroni's post-test or the non-parametric Kruskal-Wallis analysis and Dunn's post-test for multiple comparisons. Synergism between TMZ and PARPi was analyzed by the median-effect method of Chou and Talalay. Correlation analyses were done using the Spearman's rank test. RESULTS All GSCs were MMR-proficient and resistance to TMZ was mainly associated with high MGMT activity or low proliferation rate. MGMT promoter hypermethylation of GSCs correlated both with low MGMT activity/expression (Spearman's test, P = 0.004 and P = 0.01) and with longer overall survival of GBM patients (P = 0.02). Sensitivity of each GSC line to PARPi as single agent did not correlate with PARP-1 or PTEN expression. Notably, PARPi and TMZ combination exerted synergistic antitumor effects in eight out of ten GSC lines and the TMZ dose reduction achieved significantly correlated with the sensitivity of each cell line to PARPi as single agent (P = 0.01). CONCLUSIONS The combination of TMZ with PARPi may represent a valuable strategy to reverse GSC chemoresistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucio Tentori
- Department of System Medicine, University of Rome "Tor Vergata", Via Montpellier 1, 00133 Rome, Italy.
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Lidsky ME, Speicher PJ, Jiang B, Tsutsui M, Tyler DS. Isolated limb infusion as a model to test new agents to treat metastatic melanoma. J Surg Oncol 2013; 109:357-65. [PMID: 24522940 DOI: 10.1002/jso.23502] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2013] [Accepted: 10/24/2013] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The limb model of in-transit disease can expand our understanding of treating melanoma because of the ease of obtaining tissue biopsies for correlative studies and the availability of preclinical animal models that allow validation of novel therapeutic strategies. This review will focus on regional therapy for in-transit melanoma as a platform to investigate novel therapeutic approaches to improve regional disease control, and help us develop insights to more rationally design systemic therapy trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael E Lidsky
- Department of Surgery, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina
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Li S, Jiang T, Li G, Wang Z. Impact of p53 status to response of temozolomide in low MGMT expression glioblastomas: preliminary results. Neurol Res 2013; 30:567-70. [DOI: 10.1179/174313208x297913] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/31/2022]
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50
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St-Coeur PD, Touaibia M, Cuperlovic-Culf M, Morin P. Leveraging metabolomics to assess the next generation of temozolomide-based therapeutic approaches for glioblastomas. GENOMICS PROTEOMICS & BIOINFORMATICS 2013; 11:199-206. [PMID: 23732626 PMCID: PMC4357826 DOI: 10.1016/j.gpb.2013.04.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2013] [Revised: 03/29/2013] [Accepted: 04/13/2013] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
Glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) is the most common adult primary tumor of the central nervous system. The current standard of care for glioblastoma patients involves a combination of surgery, radiotherapy and chemotherapy with the alkylating agent temozolomide. Several mechanisms underlying the inherent and acquired temozolomide resistance have been identified and contribute to treatment failure. Early identification of temozolomide-resistant GBM patients and improvement of the therapeutic strategies available to treat this malignancy are of uttermost importance. This review initially looks at the molecular pathways underlying GBM formation and development with a particular emphasis placed on recent therapeutic advances made in the field. Our focus will next be directed toward the molecular mechanisms modulating temozolomide resistance in GBM patients and the strategies envisioned to circumvent this resistance. Finally, we highlight the diagnostic and prognostic value of metabolomics in cancers and assess its potential usefulness in improving the current standard of care for GBM patients.
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