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Liu C, Miao R, Raza F, Qian H, Tian X. Research progress and challenges of TRPV1 channel modulators as a prospective therapy for diabetic neuropathic pain. Eur J Med Chem 2022; 245:114893. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2022.114893] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2022] [Revised: 10/26/2022] [Accepted: 10/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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Kwon DH, Zhang F, Fedor JG, Suo Y, Lee SY. Vanilloid-dependent TRPV1 opening trajectory from cryoEM ensemble analysis. Nat Commun 2022; 13:2874. [PMID: 35610228 PMCID: PMC9130279 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-022-30602-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2022] [Accepted: 05/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Single particle cryo-EM often yields multiple protein conformations within a single dataset, but experimentally deducing the temporal relationship of these conformers within a conformational trajectory is not trivial. Here, we use thermal titration methods and cryo-EM in an attempt to obtain temporal resolution of the conformational trajectory of the vanilloid receptor TRPV1 with resiniferatoxin (RTx) bound. Based on our cryo-EM ensemble analysis, RTx binding to TRPV1 appears to induce intracellular gate opening first, followed by selectivity filter dilation, then pore loop rearrangement to reach the final open state. This apparent conformational wave likely arises from the concerted, stepwise, additive structural changes of TRPV1 over many subdomains. Greater understanding of the RTx-mediated long-range allostery of TRPV1 could help further the therapeutic potential of RTx, which is a promising drug candidate for pain relief associated with advanced cancer or knee arthritis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Do Hoon Kwon
- Department of Biochemistry, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, 27710, USA
| | - Feng Zhang
- Department of Biochemistry, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, 27710, USA
| | - Justin G Fedor
- Department of Biochemistry, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, 27710, USA
| | - Yang Suo
- Department of Biochemistry, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, 27710, USA
| | - Seok-Yong Lee
- Department of Biochemistry, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, 27710, USA.
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Wen X, Gu Y, Chen B, Gong F, Wu W, Tong H, Gong Q, Yang S, Zhong L, Liu X. Exploring the Potential Mechanism of Chuanxiong Rhizoma Treatment for Migraine Based on Systems Pharmacology. EVIDENCE-BASED COMPLEMENTARY AND ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE : ECAM 2021; 2021:2809004. [PMID: 34992663 PMCID: PMC8727101 DOI: 10.1155/2021/2809004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2021] [Revised: 11/29/2021] [Accepted: 12/09/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Migraine is a disease whose aetiology and mechanism are not yet clear. Chuanxiong Rhizoma (CR) is employed in traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) to treat various disorders. CR is effective for migraine, but its active compounds, drug targets, and exact molecular mechanism remain unclear. In this study, we used the method of systems pharmacology to address the above issues. We first established the drug-compound-target-disease (D-C-T-D) network and protein-protein interaction (PPI) network related to the treatment of migraine with CR and then established gene ontology (GO) and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) pathway enrichment analyses. The results suggest that the treatment process may be related to the regulation of inflammation and neural activity. The docking results also revealed that PTGS2 and TRPV1 could directly bind to the active compounds that could regulate them. In addition, we found that CR affected 11 targets that were more highly expressed in the liver or heart but were the lowest in the whole brain. It also expounds the description of CR channel tropism in TCM theory from these angles. These findings not only indicate that CR can be developed as a potential effective drug for the treatment of migraine but also demonstrate the application of systems pharmacology in the discovery of herbal-based disease therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xianhua Wen
- Jiangxi University of Chinese Medicine, Nanchang, China
| | - Yuncheng Gu
- Jiangxi Provincial People's Hospital Affiliated to Nanchang University, Nanchang, China
| | - Beili Chen
- Tiantai County Food and Drug Testing Center, Taizhou, China
| | - Feipeng Gong
- Jiangxi University of Chinese Medicine, Nanchang, China
- Jiangxi Provincial People's Hospital Affiliated to Nanchang University, Nanchang, China
| | - Wenting Wu
- Jiangxi University of Chinese Medicine, Nanchang, China
| | - Hengli Tong
- Jiangxi University of Chinese Medicine, Nanchang, China
| | - Qianfeng Gong
- Jiangxi University of Chinese Medicine, Nanchang, China
| | - Songhong Yang
- Jiangxi University of Chinese Medicine, Nanchang, China
| | - Lingyun Zhong
- Jiangxi University of Chinese Medicine, Nanchang, China
| | - Xuping Liu
- Jiangxi University of Chinese Medicine, Nanchang, China
- Jiangxi Provincial Institute for Drug Control, NMPA Laboratory of Quality Evaluation of Traditional Chinese Patent Medicine, Jiangxi Province Engineering Research Center of Drug and Medical Device Quality, Nanchang, China
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Sanjai Kumar P, Nayak TK, Mahish C, Sahoo SS, Radhakrishnan A, De S, Datey A, Sahu RP, Goswami C, Chattopadhyay S, Chattopadhyay S. Inhibition of transient receptor potential vanilloid 1 (TRPV1) channel regulates chikungunya virus infection in macrophages. Arch Virol 2020; 166:139-155. [PMID: 33125586 DOI: 10.1007/s00705-020-04852-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2019] [Accepted: 09/08/2020] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Chikungunya virus (CHIKV), a virus that induces pathogenic inflammatory host immune responses, is re-emerging worldwide, and there are currently no established antiviral control measures. Transient receptor potential vanilloid 1 (TRPV1), a non-selective Ca2+-permeable ion channel, has been found to regulate various host inflammatory responses including several viral infections. Immune responses to CHIKV infection in host macrophages have been reported recently. However, the possible involvement of TRPV1 during CHIKV infection in host macrophages has not been studied. Here, we investigated the possible role of TRPV1 in CHIKV infection of the macrophage cell line RAW 264.7. It was found that CHIKV infection upregulates TRPV1 expression in macrophages. To confirm this observation, the TRPV1-specific modulators 5'-iodoresiniferatoxin (5'-IRTX, a TRPV1 antagonist) and resiniferatoxin (RTX, a TRPV1 agonist) were used. Our results indicated that TRPV1 inhibition leads to a reduction in CHIKV infection, whereas TRPV1 activation significantly enhances CHIKV infection. Using a plaque assay and a time-of-addition assay, it was observed that functional modulation of TRPV1 affects the early stages of the viral lifecycle in RAW 264.7 cells. Moreover, CHIKV infection was found to induce of pNF-κB (p65) expression and nuclear localization. However, both activation and inhibition of TRPV1 were found to enhance the expression and nuclear localization of pNF-κB (p65) and production of pro-inflammatory TNF and IL-6 during CHIKV infection. In addition, it was demonstrated by Ca2+ imaging that TRPV1 regulates Ca2+ influx during CHIKV infection. Hence, the current findings highlight a potentially important regulatory role of TRPV1 during CHIKV infection in macrophages. This study might also have broad implications in the context of other viral infections as well.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Sanjai Kumar
- School of Biological Sciences, National Institute of Science Education & Research, Bhubaneswar, HBNI, Jatni, Khurda, Odisha, 752050, India
| | - Tapas K Nayak
- School of Biological Sciences, National Institute of Science Education & Research, Bhubaneswar, HBNI, Jatni, Khurda, Odisha, 752050, India.,Infectious Disease Biology, Institute of Life Sciences, (Autonomous Institute of Department of Biotechnology, Government of India), Nalco Square, Bhubaneswar, Odisha, 751023, India
| | - Chandan Mahish
- School of Biological Sciences, National Institute of Science Education & Research, Bhubaneswar, HBNI, Jatni, Khurda, Odisha, 752050, India
| | - Subhransu S Sahoo
- School of Biological Sciences, National Institute of Science Education & Research, Bhubaneswar, HBNI, Jatni, Khurda, Odisha, 752050, India
| | - Anukrishna Radhakrishnan
- School of Biological Sciences, National Institute of Science Education & Research, Bhubaneswar, HBNI, Jatni, Khurda, Odisha, 752050, India
| | - Saikat De
- Infectious Disease Biology, Institute of Life Sciences, (Autonomous Institute of Department of Biotechnology, Government of India), Nalco Square, Bhubaneswar, Odisha, 751023, India
| | - Ankita Datey
- Infectious Disease Biology, Institute of Life Sciences, (Autonomous Institute of Department of Biotechnology, Government of India), Nalco Square, Bhubaneswar, Odisha, 751023, India
| | - Ram P Sahu
- School of Biological Sciences, National Institute of Science Education & Research, Bhubaneswar, HBNI, Jatni, Khurda, Odisha, 752050, India
| | - Chandan Goswami
- School of Biological Sciences, National Institute of Science Education & Research, Bhubaneswar, HBNI, Jatni, Khurda, Odisha, 752050, India
| | - Soma Chattopadhyay
- Infectious Disease Biology, Institute of Life Sciences, (Autonomous Institute of Department of Biotechnology, Government of India), Nalco Square, Bhubaneswar, Odisha, 751023, India.
| | - Subhasis Chattopadhyay
- School of Biological Sciences, National Institute of Science Education & Research, Bhubaneswar, HBNI, Jatni, Khurda, Odisha, 752050, India.
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Vercelli C, Barbero R, Cuniberti B, Racca S, Abbadessa G, Piccione F, Re G. Transient receptor potential vanilloid 1 expression and functionality in mcf-7 cells: a preliminary investigation. J Breast Cancer 2014; 17:332-8. [PMID: 25548580 PMCID: PMC4278051 DOI: 10.4048/jbc.2014.17.4.332] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2012] [Accepted: 08/09/2014] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Purpose Transient receptor potential vanilloid 1 (TRPV1) is a nonselective cation channel belonging to the transient receptor potential family, and it is expressed in different neoplastic tissues. Its activation is associated with regulation of cancer growth and progression. The aim of this research was to study the expression and pharmacological characteristics of TRPV1 in cells derived from human breast cancer MCF-7 cells. Methods TRPV1 presence was assessed by binding studies and Western blotting. Receptor binding characteristics were evaluated through competition assays, while 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5,-dipheyltetrazolium bromide reduction assays were performed to confirm an early hypothesis regarding the modulation of cancer cell proliferation. The functionality of TRPV1 was evaluated by measuring Ca2+ uptake in the presence of increasing concentrations of TRPV1 agonists and antagonists. Results Binding studies identified a single class of TRPV1 (Bmax 1,492±192 fmol/mg protein), and Western blot showed a signal at 100 kDa corresponding to the molecular weight of human TRPV1. Among the different tested agonists and antagonists, anandamide (Ki: 2.8×10-11 M) and 5-iodoresiniferatoxin (5-I-RTX) (Ki: 5.6×10-11 M) showed the highest degrees of affinity for TRPV1, respectively. All tested TRPV1 agonists and antagonists caused a significant (p<0.05) decrease in cell growth rate in MCF-7 cells. For agonists and antagonists, the efficacy of tested compounds displayed the following rank order: resiniferatoxin>anandamide>capsaicin and 5-I-RTX=capsazepine, respectively. Conclusion These data indicate that both TRPV1 agonists and antagonists induce significant inhibition of MCF-7 cell growth. Even though the mechanisms involved in the antiproliferative effects of TRPV1 agonists and antagonists should be further investigated, it has been suggested that agonists cause desensitization of the receptor, leading to alteration in Ca2+-influx regulation. By contrast, antagonists cause a functional block of the receptor with consequent fatal dysregulation of cell homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cristina Vercelli
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, Section of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Turin, Grugliasco, Italy
| | - Raffaella Barbero
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, Section of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Turin, Grugliasco, Italy
| | - Barbara Cuniberti
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, Section of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Turin, Grugliasco, Italy
| | - Silvia Racca
- Department of Clinical and Biological Sciences, Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria San Luigi Gonzaga, Orbassano, Italy
| | - Giuliana Abbadessa
- Department of Clinical and Biological Sciences, Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria San Luigi Gonzaga, Orbassano, Italy
| | - Francesca Piccione
- Department of Clinical and Biological Sciences, Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria San Luigi Gonzaga, Orbassano, Italy
| | - Giovanni Re
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, Section of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Turin, Grugliasco, Italy
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Nash MS, Verkuyl JM, Bhalay G. TRPV1 Antagonism: From Research to Clinic. ION CHANNEL DRUG DISCOVERY 2014. [DOI: 10.1039/9781849735087-00186] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
The capsaicin receptor, TRPV1, has been one of the most extensively studied molecules in sensory research. Its contribution to the sensation of pain in numerous pre-clinical inflammatory and neuropathic paradigms has been well-established and expression analysis suggests a potential role clinically in pain and bladder conditions. The field has now reached an exciting point in time with the development of a number of high quality TRPV1 antagonist drug candidates and the release of clinical data. What has become apparent from this work is that inhibition of TRPV1 function brings with it the potential liabilities of increased body temperature and altered thermal perception. However, there is cause for optimism because it appears that not all antagonists have the same properties and compounds can be identified that lack significant on-target side-effects whilst retaining efficacy, at least pre-clinically. What is perhaps now more critical to address is the question of how effective the analgesia provided by a TRPV1 antagonist will be. Although tantalizing clinical data showing effects on experimentally-induced pain or pain following molar extraction have been reported, no clear efficacy in a chronic pain condition has yet been demonstrated making it difficult to perform an accurate risk-benefit analysis for TRPV1 antagonists. Here we provide an overview of some of the most advanced clinical candidates and discuss the approaches being taken to avoid the now well established on-target effects of TRPV1 antagonists.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark S. Nash
- Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research Forum 1, Novartis Campus CH - 4056 Basel Switzerland
| | - J. Martin Verkuyl
- Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research Wimblehurst Road Horsham, West Sussex RH12 5AB UK
| | - Gurdip Bhalay
- Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research Wimblehurst Road Horsham, West Sussex RH12 5AB UK
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Lim KS, Lee H, Kim SE, Ha TH, Ann J, Son K, Choi S, Sun W, Pearce LV, DeAndrea-Lazarus IA, Blumberg PM, Lee J. The carbonate analogues of 5'-halogenated resiniferatoxin as TRPV1 ligands. Eur J Med Chem 2013; 68:233-43. [PMID: 23981530 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2013.07.042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2013] [Revised: 07/04/2013] [Accepted: 07/12/2013] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
A series of carbonate analogues of 5'-halogenated RTX have been investigated in order to examine the effect of the carbonate group as a linker and the role of halogens in the reversal of activity from agonism to antagonism for rat and human TRPV1 heterologously expressed in Chinese hamster ovary cells. The carbonate analogues showed similar activities to the corresponding RTX derivatives in rat TRPV1 but lower potency in human TRPV1. 5-Halogenation converted the agonists to partial agonists or full antagonists and the extent of antagonism reflected the order of I>Br>Cl>F, with a somewhat greater extent of antagonism for the derivatives of the 4-amino RTX surrogates compared to the corresponding derivatives of RTX itself. The carbonate analogues of I-RTX (60) and 5-bromo-4-amino-RTX (66) were potent and full antagonists with Ki(ant)=2.23 and 2.46 nM, respectively, for rat TRPV1, which were ca. 5-fold more potent than I-RTX (2) under our conditions. The conformational analysis of the I-RTX-carbonate (60) indicated that its bent conformation was similar to that of I-RTX, consistent with compound 60 and I-RTX showing comparable potent antagonism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kwang Su Lim
- Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Seoul National University, Seoul 151-742, Republic of Korea
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Blumberg PM, Pearce LV, Lee J. TRPV1 activation is not an all-or-none event: TRPV1 partial agonism/antagonism and its regulatory modulation. Curr Top Med Chem 2012; 11:2151-8. [PMID: 21671879 DOI: 10.2174/156802611796904825] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2010] [Accepted: 10/18/2010] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
TRPV1 has emerged as a promising therapeutic target for pain as well as a broad range of other conditions such as asthma or urge incontinence. The identification of resiniferatoxin as an ultrapotent ligand partially able to dissect the acute activation of TRPV1 from subsequent desensitization and the subsequent intense efforts in medicinal chemistry have revealed that TRPV1 affords a dramatic landscape of opportunities for pharmacological manipulation. While agonism and antagonism have represented the primary directions for drug development, the pharmacological complexity of TRPV1 affords additional opportunities. Partial agonism/partial antagonism, its modulation by signaling pathways, variable desensitization, and slow kinetics of action can all be exploited through drug design.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter M Blumberg
- Laboratory of Cancer Biology and Genetics, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD 20892-4255, USA.
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Lim KS, Kang DW, Kim YS, Kim MS, Park SG, Choi S, Pearce LV, Blumberg PM, Lee J. Receptor activity and conformational analysis of 5'-halogenated resiniferatoxin analogs as TRPV1 ligands. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2011; 21:299-302. [PMID: 21111618 PMCID: PMC3420360 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2010.11.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2010] [Accepted: 11/01/2010] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
A series of 5'-halogenated resiniferatoxin analogs have been investigated in order to examine the effect of halogenation in the A-region on their binding and the functional pattern of agonism/antagonism for rat TRPV1 heterologously expressed in Chinese hamster ovary cells. Halogenation at the 5-position in the A-region of RTX and of 4-amino RTX shifted the agonism of parent compounds toward antagonism. The extent of antagonism was greater as the size of the halogen increased (I > Br > Cl > F) while the binding affinities were similar, as previously observed for our potent agonists. In this series, 5-bromo-4-amino RTX (39) showed very potent antagonism with K(i) (ant) = 2.81 nM, which was thus 4.5-fold more potent than 5'-iodo RTX, previously reported as a potent TRPV1 antagonist. Molecular modeling analyses with selected agonists and the corresponding halogenated antagonists revealed a striking conformational difference. The 3-methoxy of the A-region in the agonists remained free to interact with the receptor whereas in the case of the antagonists, the compounds assumed a bent conformation, permitting the 3-methoxy to instead form an internal hydrogen bond with the C4-hydroxyl of the diterpene.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kwang Su Lim
- Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Seoul National University, Seoul 151-742, Korea
| | - Dong Wook Kang
- Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Seoul National University, Seoul 151-742, Korea
| | - Yong Soo Kim
- Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Seoul National University, Seoul 151-742, Korea
| | - Myeong Seop Kim
- Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Seoul National University, Seoul 151-742, Korea
| | - Seul-Gi Park
- College of Pharmacy, Division of Life & Pharmaceutical Sciences, and National Core Research Center for Cell Signaling & Drug Discovery Research, Ewha Womans University, Seoul 120-750, Korea
| | - Sun Choi
- College of Pharmacy, Division of Life & Pharmaceutical Sciences, and National Core Research Center for Cell Signaling & Drug Discovery Research, Ewha Womans University, Seoul 120-750, Korea
| | - Larry V. Pearce
- Laboratory of Cancer Biology and Genetics, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Peter M. Blumberg
- Laboratory of Cancer Biology and Genetics, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Jeewoo Lee
- Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Seoul National University, Seoul 151-742, Korea
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Lázár J, Gharat L, Khairathkar-Joshi N, Blumberg PM, Szallasi A. Screening TRPV1 antagonists for the treatment of pain: lessons learned over a decade. Expert Opin Drug Discov 2009; 4:159-80. [DOI: 10.1517/17460440802681300] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
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Tóth A, Blumberg PM, Boczán J. Chapter 15 Anandamide and the Vanilloid Receptor (TRPV1). VITAMINS AND HORMONES 2009; 81:389-419. [DOI: 10.1016/s0083-6729(09)81015-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
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Choi HK, Choi S, Lee Y, Kang DW, Ryu H, Maeng HJ, Chung SJ, Pavlyukovets VA, Pearce LV, Toth A, Tran R, Wang Y, Morgan MA, Blumberg PM, Lee J. Non-vanillyl resiniferatoxin analogues as potent and metabolically stable transient receptor potential vanilloid 1 agonists. Bioorg Med Chem 2008; 17:690-8. [PMID: 19135377 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2008.11.085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2008] [Revised: 11/20/2008] [Accepted: 11/20/2008] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
A series of non-vanillyl resiniferatoxin analogues, having 4-methylsulfonylaminophenyl and fluorophenyl moieties as vanillyl surrogates, have been investigated as ligands for rat TRPV1 heterologously expressed in Chinese hamster ovary cells. Although lacking the metabolically problematic 4-hydroxy substituent on the A-region phenyl ring, the compounds retained substantial agonist potency. Indeed, the 3-methoxy-4-methylsulfonylaminophenyl analog (1) was modestly (2.5-fold) more potent than RTX, with an EC(50)=0.106 nM. Further, it resembled RTX in its kinetics and pattern of stimulation of the levels of intracellular calcium in individual cells, as revealed by imaging. Compound 1 displayed modestly enhanced in vitro stability in rat liver microsomes and in plasma, suggesting that it might be a pharmacokinetically more favorable surrogate of resiniferatoxin. Molecular modeling analyses with selected analogues provide evidence that the conformational differences could affect their binding affinities, especially for the ester versus amide at the B-region.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyun-Kyung Choi
- Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Seoul National University, Shinlim-Dong, Kwanak-Ku, Seoul 151-742, South Korea
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Kark T, Bagi Z, Lizanecz E, Pásztor ET, Erdei N, Czikora A, Papp Z, Edes I, Pórszász R, Tóth A. Tissue-specific regulation of microvascular diameter: opposite functional roles of neuronal and smooth muscle located vanilloid receptor-1. Mol Pharmacol 2008; 73:1405-12. [PMID: 18256211 DOI: 10.1124/mol.107.043323] [Citation(s) in RCA: 99] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The transient receptor potential type V1 channel (vanilloid receptor 1, TRPV1) is a Ca(2+)-permeable nonspecific cation channel activated by various painful stimuli including ischemia. We hypothesized that TRPV1 is expressed in the arterioles and is involved in the regulation of microvascular tone. We found that TRPV1 stimulation by capsaicin (intra-arterial administration) of the isolated, perfused right hind limb of the rat increased vascular resistance (by 98 +/- 21 mm Hg at 10 mug) in association with decreased skeletal muscle perfusion and elevation of skin perfusion (detected by dual-channel laser Doppler flowmetry). Denervation of the hind limb did not affect capsaicin-evoked changes in vascular resistance and tissue perfusion in the hind limb but reduced the elevation of perfusion in the skin. In isolated, pressurized skeletal (musculus gracilis) muscle arterioles (diameter, 147 +/- 35 mum), capsaicin had biphasic effects: at lower concentrations, capsaicin (up to 10 nM) evoked dilations (maximum, 32 +/- 13%), whereas higher concentrations (0.1-1 muM) elicited substantial constrictions (maximum, 66 +/- 7%). Endothelium removal or inhibition of nitric-oxide synthase abolished capsaicin-induced dilations but did not affect arteriolar constriction. Expression of TRPV1 was detected by reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction in the aorta and in cultured rat aortic vascular smooth muscle cells (A7r5). Immunohistochemistry revealed expression primarily in the smooth muscle layers of the gracilis arteriole. These data demonstrate the functional expression of TRPV1 in vascular smooth muscle cells mediating vasoconstriction of the resistance arteries. Because of the dual effects of TRPV1 stimulation on the arteriolar diameter (dilation in skin, constriction in skeletal muscle), we propose that TRPV1 ligands represent drug candidates for tissue-specific modulation of blood distribution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tamás Kark
- Division of Clinical Physiology, Institute of Cardiology, Medical and Health Science Center, University of Debrecen, 22 Moricz Zs krt, 4032, Debrecen, Hungary
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Norman MH, Zhu J, Fotsch C, Bo Y, Chen N, Chakrabarti P, Doherty EM, Gavva NR, Nishimura N, Nixey T, Ognyanov VI, Rzasa RM, Stec M, Surapaneni S, Tamir R, Viswanadhan VN, Treanor JJS. Novel Vanilloid Receptor-1 Antagonists: 1. Conformationally Restricted Analogues of trans-Cinnamides. J Med Chem 2007; 50:3497-514. [PMID: 17585749 DOI: 10.1021/jm070189q] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The vanilloid receptor-1 (VR1 or TRPV1) is a member of the transient receptor potential (TRP) family of ion channels and plays a role as an integrator of multiple pain-producing stimuli. From a high-throughput screening assay, measuring calcium uptake in TRPV1-expressing cells, we identified an N-aryl trans-cinnamide (AMG9810, compound 9) that acts as a potent TRPV1 antagonist. We have demonstrated the antihyperalgesic properties of 9 in vivo and have also reported the discovery of novel, orally bioavailable cinnamides derived from this lead. Herein, we expand our investigations and describe the synthesis and biological evaluation of a series of conformationally constrained analogues of the s-cis conformer of compound 9. These investigations resulted in the identification of 4-amino- and 4-oxopyrimidine cores as suitable isosteric replacements for the trans-acrylamide moiety. The best examples from this series, pyrimidines 79 and 74, were orally bioavailable and exhibited potent antagonism of both rat (IC50 = 4.5 and 0.6 nM, respectively) and human TRPV1 (IC50 = 7.4 and 3.7 nM, respectively). In addition, compound 74 was shown to be efficacious at blocking a TRPV1-mediated physiological response in vivo in the capsaicin-induced hypothermia model in rats; however, it was ineffective at preventing thermal hyperalgesia induced by complete Freund's adjuvant in rats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark H Norman
- Department of Chemistry Research and Discovery, Amgen Inc., One Amgen Center Drive, Thousand Oaks, California 91320-1799, USA.
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16
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Tang L, Chen Y, Chen Z, Blumberg PM, Kozikowski AP, Wang ZJ. Antinociceptive pharmacology of N-(4-chlorobenzyl)-N'-(4-hydroxy-3-iodo-5-methoxybenzyl) thiourea, a high-affinity competitive antagonist of the transient receptor potential vanilloid 1 receptor. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 2007; 321:791-8. [PMID: 17312187 DOI: 10.1124/jpet.106.117572] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
The transient receptor potential vanilloid 1 receptor (TRPV1) is expressed predominantly in a subset of primary afferent nociceptors. Due to its specific anatomical location and its pivotal role as a molecular integrator for noxious thermal and chemical stimuli, there is considerable interest to develop TRPV1 antagonists for the treatment of pain. Recently, N-(4-chlorobenzyl)-N'-(4-hydroxy-3-iodo-5-methoxybenzyl) thiourea (IBTU) was synthesized, and it was found in vitro to be a high-affinity competitive antagonist of cytoplasmic, but not intracellular, TRPV1. In this study, we examined the in vivo antinociceptive activity of IBTU in several acute and inflammatory pain models in mice. Our emphasis was on nociceptive pathways that are likely mediated by TRPV1, including capsaicin-, noxious heat-, and proton (including inflammation)-induced nociception tests. Capsazepine was used as a positive control in these experiments. IBTU dose-dependently blocked the capsaicin-induced nociception, confirming its antagonism at TRPV1 in vivo. By itself, IBTU produced significant antinociception, because it significantly prolonged the tail-flick latency in a dose-dependent manner. IBTU also blocked both early and late phases of the formalin-induced flinching response as well as acetic acid-induced writhing behavior. Moreover, IBTU inhibited the complete Freund's adjuvant-induced persistent hyperalgesia. Taken together, these data demonstrate that IBTU acts as a TRPV1 antagonist in vivo, and they suggest that it may be of therapeutic use for the treatment of pain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei Tang
- Department of Biopharmaceutical Sciences, and Cancer Center, University of Illinois, 833 South Woods St., Chicago, IL 60612, USA
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17
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Kim S, Kang C, Shin CY, Hwang SW, Yang YD, Shim WS, Park MY, Kim E, Kim M, Kim BM, Cho H, Shin Y, Oh U. TRPV1 recapitulates native capsaicin receptor in sensory neurons in association with Fas-associated factor 1. J Neurosci 2006; 26:2403-12. [PMID: 16510717 PMCID: PMC6793661 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.4691-05.2006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
TRPV1, a cloned capsaicin receptor, is a molecular sensor for detecting adverse stimuli and a key element for inflammatory nociception and represents biophysical properties of native channel. However, there seems to be a marked difference between TRPV1 and native capsaicin receptors in the pharmacological response profiles to vanilloids or acid. One plausible explanation for this overt discrepancy is the presence of regulatory proteins associated with TRPV1. Here, we identify Fas-associated factor 1 (FAF1) as a regulatory factor, which is coexpressed with and binds to TRPV1 in sensory neurons. When expressed heterologously, FAF1 reduces the responses of TRPV1 to capsaicin, acid, and heat, to the pharmacological level of native capsaicin receptor in sensory neurons. Furthermore, silencing FAF1 by RNA interference augments capsaicin-sensitive current in native sensory neurons. We therefore conclude that FAF1 forms an integral component of the vanilloid receptor complex and that it constitutively modulates the sensitivity of TRPV1 to various noxious stimuli in sensory neurons.
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MESH Headings
- Acids/pharmacology
- Adaptor Proteins, Signal Transducing/metabolism
- Analysis of Variance
- Animals
- Animals, Newborn
- Apoptosis Regulatory Proteins
- Biotinylation/methods
- Blotting, Western/methods
- Blotting, Western/statistics & numerical data
- Capsaicin/pharmacology
- Cells, Cultured
- Cloning, Molecular/methods
- Dose-Response Relationship, Drug
- Electric Stimulation/methods
- Ganglia, Spinal/cytology
- Gene Expression Regulation/drug effects
- Humans
- Immunohistochemistry/methods
- Immunoprecipitation/methods
- Membrane Potentials/drug effects
- Membrane Potentials/radiation effects
- Mutation
- Neurons, Afferent/drug effects
- Neurons, Afferent/physiology
- Patch-Clamp Techniques/methods
- Protein Structure, Tertiary/physiology
- RNA, Small Interfering/pharmacology
- Radioligand Assay/methods
- Rats
- Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction/methods
- TRPV Cation Channels/physiology
- Temperature
- Transfection/methods
- Ubiquitin/metabolism
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18
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Appendino G, Szallasi A. 4 Clinically Useful Vanilloid Receptor TRPV1 Antagonists: Just around the Corner (or too Early to Tell)? PROGRESS IN MEDICINAL CHEMISTRY 2006; 44:145-80. [PMID: 16697897 DOI: 10.1016/s0079-6468(05)44404-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Giovanni Appendino
- Dipartimento di Scienze Chimiche, Alimentari, Farmaceutiche e Farmacologiche, Università del Piemonte Orientale, Novara, Italy
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19
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Chapter 2 History of Ion Channels in the Pain Sensory System. CURRENT TOPICS IN MEMBRANES 2006. [DOI: 10.1016/s1063-5823(06)57001-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register]
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20
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Lizanecz E, Bagi Z, Pásztor ET, Papp Z, Edes I, Kedei N, Blumberg PM, Tóth A. Phosphorylation-dependent desensitization by anandamide of vanilloid receptor-1 (TRPV1) function in rat skeletal muscle arterioles and in Chinese hamster ovary cells expressing TRPV1. Mol Pharmacol 2005; 69:1015-23. [PMID: 16338989 DOI: 10.1124/mol.105.015644] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
It has been proposed that activation of vanilloid receptor-1 (TRPV1) affects the vasotone of resistance arteries. One of the endogenous activators of TRPV1 is anandamide. The effects of anandamide on TRPV1 responsiveness were tested on isolated, pressurized (80 mm Hg) skeletal muscle (m. gracilis) arterioles (179 +/- 33 microm in diameter). We found that the TRPV1 agonist capsaicin (1 microM) elicited a substantial constriction in isolated arterioles (51 +/- 12%). In contrast, anandamide (0-100 microM) did not affect arteriolar diameter significantly (3 +/- 5%). Isolated vessels were also preincubated with anandamide (30 microM for 20 min). This anandamide pretreatment completely blocked capsaicin-induced arteriolar constriction (response decreased to 1 +/- 0.6%), and this inhibition was reversed by a protein phosphatase-2B inhibitor (cyclosporin-A; 100 nM, 5 min) treatment (constriction, 31 +/- 1%). An exogenous TRPV1-expressing cell line [Chinese hamster ovary (CHO)-TRPV1] was used to specifically evaluate TRPV1-mediated effects of anandamide. The efficacy of anandamide in this system, as determined by 45Ca2+ uptake, was 65 +/- 8% of that of capsaicin. Upon treatment of the cells with cyclosporin-A or the protein kinase C activator phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate (PMA), anandamide was transformed to a full agonist. Anandamide treatment caused an acute desensitization in these cells as measured by intracellular Ca2+ imaging. Application of cyclosporin-A or PMA reversed this desensitization. Our data suggest that anandamide may cause a complete (albeit phosphorylation-dependent) desensitization of TRPV1 in skeletal muscle arterioles and in CHO-TRPV1 cells, which apparently transforms the ligand-gated TRPV1 into a phosphorylation-gated channel. This property of anandamide may provide a new therapeutic strategy to manipulate TRPV1 activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erzsébet Lizanecz
- Division of Clinical Physiology, Institute of Cardiology, University of Debrecen, 4004, Debrecen, Hungary
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21
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van der Stelt M, Trevisani M, Vellani V, De Petrocellis L, Schiano Moriello A, Campi B, McNaughton P, Geppetti P, Di Marzo V. Anandamide acts as an intracellular messenger amplifying Ca2+ influx via TRPV1 channels. EMBO J 2005; 24:3026-37. [PMID: 16107881 PMCID: PMC1201361 DOI: 10.1038/sj.emboj.7600784] [Citation(s) in RCA: 181] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2005] [Accepted: 07/21/2005] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
The endocannabinoid anandamide is able to interact with the transient receptor potential vanilloid 1 (TRPV1) channels at a molecular level. As yet, endogenously produced anandamide has not been shown to activate TRPV1, but this is of importance to understand the physiological function of this interaction. Here, we show that intracellular Ca2+ mobilization via the purinergic receptor agonist ATP, the muscarinic receptor agonist carbachol or the Ca(2+)-ATPase inhibitor thapsigargin leads to formation of anandamide, and subsequent TRPV1-dependent Ca2+ influx in transfected cells and sensory neurons of rat dorsal root ganglia (DRG). Anandamide metabolism and efflux from the cell tonically limit TRPV1-mediated Ca2+ entry. In DRG neurons, this mechanism was found to lead to TRPV1-mediated currents that were enhanced by selective blockade of anandamide cellular efflux. Thus, endogenous anandamide is formed on stimulation of metabotropic receptors coupled to the phospholipase C/inositol 1,4,5-triphosphate pathway and then signals to TRPV1 channels. This novel intracellular function of anandamide may precede its action at cannabinoid receptors, and might be relevant to its control over neurotransmitter release.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mario van der Stelt
- Endocannabinoid Research Group, Institute of Biomolecular Chemistry, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Pozzuoli (NA), Italy
| | - Marcello Trevisani
- Department of Experimental Medicine and Clinical Medicine, Pharmacology Unit, University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy
| | - Vittorio Vellani
- Dipartimento di Scienze Biomediche, Universita' di Modena e Reggio Emilia, Modena, Italy
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Luciano De Petrocellis
- Istitute of Cibernetica Eduardo Caianiello, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Pozzuoli (NA), Italy
| | - Aniello Schiano Moriello
- Endocannabinoid Research Group, Institute of Biomolecular Chemistry, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Pozzuoli (NA), Italy
- Istitute of Cibernetica Eduardo Caianiello, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Pozzuoli (NA), Italy
| | - Barbara Campi
- Department of Experimental Medicine and Clinical Medicine, Pharmacology Unit, University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy
| | - Peter McNaughton
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Piero Geppetti
- Department of Experimental Medicine and Clinical Medicine, Pharmacology Unit, University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy
| | - Vincenzo Di Marzo
- Endocannabinoid Research Group, Institute of Biomolecular Chemistry, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Pozzuoli (NA), Italy
- Endocannabinoid Research Group, Institute of Biomolecular Chemistry, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Via Campi Flegrei 34, 80078 Pozzuoli (NA), Italy. Tel.: +39 081 8675093; Fax: +39 081 8041770; E-mail:
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22
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Suh YG, Lee YS, Min KH, Park OH, Kim JK, Seung HS, Seo SY, Lee BY, Nam YH, Lee KO, Kim HD, Park HG, Lee J, Oh U, Lim JO, Kang SU, Kil MJ, Koo JY, Shin SS, Joo YH, Kim JK, Jeong YS, Kim SY, Park YH. Novel Potent Antagonists of Transient Receptor Potential Channel, Vanilloid Subfamily Member 1: Structure−Activity Relationship of 1,3-Diarylalkyl Thioureas Possessing New Vanilloid Equivalents. J Med Chem 2005; 48:5823-36. [PMID: 16134949 DOI: 10.1021/jm0502790] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Recently, 1,3-diarylalkyl thioureas have merged as one of the promising nonvanilloid TRPV1 antagonists possessing excellent therapeutic potential in pain regulation. In this paper, the full structure-activity relationship for TRPV1 antagonism of a novel series of 1,3-diarylalky thioureas is reported. Exploration of the structure-activity relationship, by systemically modulating three essential pharmacophoric regions, led to six examples of 1,3-dibenzyl thioureas, which exhibit Ca(2+) uptake inhibition in rat DRG neuron with IC(50) between 10 and 100 nM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Young-Ger Suh
- College of Pharmacy, and Sensory Research Center, CRI, Seoul National University, San 56-1, Shinlim-Dong, Kwanak-Gu, Seoul 151-742, Korea.
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23
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De Petrocellis L, Di Marzo V. Lipids as regulators of the activity of transient receptor potential type V1 (TRPV1) channels. Life Sci 2005; 77:1651-66. [PMID: 15936040 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2005.05.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
After 7 years from its cloning, the transient receptor potential vanilloid type-1 (TRPV1) channel remains the sole membrane receptor mediating the pharmacological effects of the hot chilli pepper pungent component, capsaicin, and of the Euphorbia toxin, resiniferatoxin. Yet, this ion channel represents one of the most complex examples of how the activity of a protein can be regulated. Among the several chemicophysical stimuli that can modulate TRPV1 permeability to cations, endogenous lipids appear to play a major role, either as allosteric effectors or as direct agonists, or both. Furthermore, the capability of some mediators, such as the endocannabinoid anandamide, or the eicosanoid precursors 12- and 5-hydroperoxy-eicosatetraenoic acids, to activate TRPV1 receptors provides a striking example of the "site-dependent" and "metabolic" functional plasticity, respectively, typical of bioactive lipids. In this article, the multi-faceted and most recently discovered aspects of TRPV1 regulation are reviewed, with particular emphasis on the interaction between these membrane channels and some lipid molecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luciano De Petrocellis
- Endocannabinoid Research Group, Istituto di Cibernetica Eduardo Caianiello, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Via Campi Flegrei 34, Comprensorio Olivetti, Fabbricato 70, 80078 Pozzuoli, Napoli, Italy
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24
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El Kouhen R, Surowy CS, Bianchi BR, Neelands TR, McDonald HA, Niforatos W, Gomtsyan A, Lee CH, Honore P, Sullivan JP, Jarvis MF, Faltynek CR. A-425619 [1-isoquinolin-5-yl-3-(4-trifluoromethyl-benzyl)-urea], a novel and selective transient receptor potential type V1 receptor antagonist, blocks channel activation by vanilloids, heat, and acid. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 2005; 314:400-9. [PMID: 15837819 DOI: 10.1124/jpet.105.084103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The vanilloid receptor transient receptor potential type V1 (TRPV1) integrates responses to multiple stimuli, such as capsaicin, acid, heat, and endovanilloids and plays an important role in the transmission of inflammatory pain. Here, we report the identification and in vitro characterization of A-425619 [1-isoquinolin-5-yl-3-(4-trifluoromethyl-benzyl)-urea], a novel, potent, and selective TRPV1 antagonist. A-425619 was found to potently block capsaicin-evoked increases in intracellular calcium concentrations in HEK293 cells expressing recombinant human TRPV1 receptors (IC50 = 5 nM). A-425619 showed similar potency (IC50 = 3-4 nM) to block TRPV1 receptor activation by anandamide and N-arachidonoyl-dopamine. Electrophysiological experiments showed that A-425619 also potently blocked the activation of native TRPV1 channels in rat dorsal root ganglion neurons (IC50 = 9 nM). When compared with other known TRPV1 antagonists, A-425619 exhibited superior potency in blocking both naive and phorbol ester-sensitized TRPV1 receptors. Like capsazepine, A-425619 demonstrated competitive antagonism (pA2 = 2.5 nM) of capsaicin-evoked calcium flux. Moreover, A-425619 was 25- to 50-fold more potent than capsazepine in blocking TRPV1 activation. A-425619 showed no significant interaction with a wide range of receptors, enzymes, and ion channels, indicating a high degree of selectivity for TRPV1 receptors. These data show that A-425619 is a structurally novel, potent, and selective TRPV1 antagonist.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rachid El Kouhen
- Neuroscience Research, Global Pharmaceutical Research and Development, Abbott Laboratories, Abbott Park, IL 60064-6123, USA.
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25
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Tóth A, Boczán J, Kedei N, Lizanecz E, Bagi Z, Papp Z, Edes I, Csiba L, Blumberg PM. Expression and distribution of vanilloid receptor 1 (TRPV1) in the adult rat brain. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2005; 135:162-8. [PMID: 15857679 DOI: 10.1016/j.molbrainres.2004.12.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 339] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2004] [Revised: 12/10/2004] [Accepted: 12/13/2004] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
The vanilloid receptor (TRPV1 or VR1) is a molecular integrator of various painful stimuli, including capsaicin, acid, and high temperature. It can also be activated by endogenous ligands, like the cannabinoid 1 receptor (CB1) agonist anandamide. TRPV1 is well characterized at the terminals of sensory nerves involved in the pain pathway. There is also evidence that TRPV1 is expressed in the brain but little is known about its function. Here, using commercially available specific antibodies to investigate the localization of TRPV1 in the brain of the rat, we report that TRPV1 was expressed in hippocampus, cortex, cerebellum, olfactory bulb, mesencephalon and hindbrain. Immunohistochemical analyses showed high expression in the cell bodies and dendrites of neurons in the hippocampus and in the cortex. To address the question of subcellular localization, immunoelectronmicroscopy was used. TRPV1-like staining was detected in the synapses (mostly, but not exclusively in post-synaptic dendritic spines), on the end feet of astrocytes and in pericytes. In summary, TRPV1 expression shows wide distribution in the brain of the rat, being found in astrocytes and pericytes as well as in neurons. Its localization is consistent with multiple functions within the central nervous system, including the regulation of brain vasculature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Attila Tóth
- Molecular Mechanisms of Tumor Promotion Section, Laboratory of Cellular Carcinogenesis and Tumor Promotion, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA.
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26
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Szallasi A, Appendino G. Vanilloid receptor TRPV1 antagonists as the next generation of painkillers. Are we putting the cart before the horse? J Med Chem 2004; 47:2717-23. [PMID: 15139748 DOI: 10.1021/jm030560j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 122] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Arpad Szallasi
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, 6 Founders Building, Hospital of the University of Pennsylvania, 3400 Spruce Street, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, USA.
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27
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Lee J, Kim SY, Lee J, Kang M, Kil MJ, Choi HK, Jin MK, Wang Y, Toth A, Pearce LV, Lundberg DJ, Tran R, Blumberg PM. Analysis of structure–activity relationships with the N-(3-acyloxy-2-benzylpropyl)-N′-[4-(methylsulfonylamino)benzyl]thiourea template for vanilloid receptor 1 antagonism. Bioorg Med Chem 2004; 12:3411-20. [PMID: 15186827 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2004.04.040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2004] [Revised: 04/30/2004] [Accepted: 04/30/2004] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
In a continuing effort to elucidate the structure-activity relationships of the lead antagonist N-[2-(3,4-dimethylbenzyl)-3-pivaloyloxypropyl]-N'-[4-(methylsulfonylamino)benzyl]thiourea (1), the distances between the proposed four pharmacophores in 1 have been varied by insertion or deletion of one carbon to optimize their fit to the receptor. In addition, the acyloxy group of the C region was replaced with amide and N-hydroxy amide to identify the pharmacophoric importance of the ester group in the C2 region. The results indicated that the pharmacophoric arrangement of 1 was optimal for receptor binding affinity and antagonism, and the ester of the C2 region was significant for receptor binding. Among the derivatives, compound 19 showed distinct behavior with a 2-fold improvement in antagonism but a 13-fold reduction in binding affinity compared to 1. The partial separation of pharmacophoric requirements of these two assays has been noted before and compound 19 is thus selective for the calcium entry-linked receptor population. The conformational analysis of 1 generated three distinct conformers having different types of hydrophobic interactions, which will be utilized for exploring the active conformation of the VR1 ligand.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeewoo Lee
- Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Seoul National University, Shinlim-Dong, Kwanak-Ku, Seoul 151-742, South Korea.
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28
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Gavva NR, Klionsky L, Qu Y, Shi L, Tamir R, Edenson S, Zhang TJ, Viswanadhan VN, Toth A, Pearce LV, Vanderah TW, Porreca F, Blumberg PM, Lile J, Sun Y, Wild K, Louis JC, Treanor JJS. Molecular determinants of vanilloid sensitivity in TRPV1. J Biol Chem 2004; 279:20283-95. [PMID: 14996838 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m312577200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 291] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Vanilloid receptor 1 (TRPV1), a membrane-associated cation channel, is activated by the pungent vanilloid from chili peppers, capsaicin, and the ultra potent vanilloid from Euphorbia resinifera, resiniferatoxin (RTX), as well as by physical stimuli (heat and protons) and proposed endogenous ligands (anandamide, N-arachidonyldopamine, N-oleoyldopamine, and products of lipoxygenase). Only limited information is available in TRPV1 on the residues that contribute to vanilloid activation. Interestingly, rabbits have been suggested to be insensitive to capsaicin and have been shown to lack detectable [(3)H]RTX binding in membranes prepared from their dorsal root ganglia. We have cloned rabbit TRPV1 (oTRPV1) and report that it exhibits high homology to rat and human TRPV1. Like its mammalian orthologs, oTRPV1 is selectively expressed in sensory neurons and is sensitive to protons and heat activation but is 100-fold less sensitive to vanilloid activation than either rat or human. Here we identify key residues (Met(547) and Thr(550)) in transmembrane regions 3 and 4 (TM3/4) of rat and human TRPV1 that confer vanilloid sensitivity, [(3)H]RTX binding and competitive antagonist binding to rabbit TRPV1. We also show that these residues differentially affect ligand recognition as well as the assays of functional response versus ligand binding. Furthermore, these residues account for the reported pharmacological differences of RTX, PPAHV (phorbol 12-phenyl-acetate 13-acetate 20-homovanillate) and capsazepine between human and rat TRPV1. Based on our data we propose a model of the TM3/4 region of TRPV1 bound to capsaicin or RTX that may aid in the development of potent TRPV1 antagonists with utility in the treatment of sensory disorders.
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MESH Headings
- Amino Acid Sequence
- Animals
- CHO Cells
- Calcium/metabolism
- Capsaicin/pharmacology
- Cations
- Cell Line
- Cloning, Molecular
- Cricetinae
- DNA, Complementary/metabolism
- Dose-Response Relationship, Drug
- Electrophysiology
- Ganglia, Spinal/metabolism
- Hot Temperature
- Humans
- Hydrogen-Ion Concentration
- In Situ Hybridization
- Inhibitory Concentration 50
- Ligands
- Methionine/chemistry
- Models, Molecular
- Molecular Sequence Data
- Mutation
- Neurons/metabolism
- Phorbol Esters/pharmacology
- Phylogeny
- Protein Binding
- Protein Structure, Tertiary
- Protons
- Rabbits
- Rats
- Receptors, Drug/chemistry
- Receptors, Drug/genetics
- Receptors, Drug/metabolism
- Receptors, Drug/physiology
- Sequence Homology, Amino Acid
- Serine/chemistry
- Temperature
- Threonine/chemistry
- Transfection
- Tyrosine/chemistry
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Affiliation(s)
- Narender R Gavva
- Department of Neuroscience, Amgen Inc., MS 29-2 B, One Amgen Center Drive, Thousand Oaks, CA 91320-1799, USA.
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