1
|
Wang C, Wang R, Cheng X, Hu X, Wang C. Passively Broadband Tunable Dual Circular Dichroism via Bound States in the Continuum in Topological Chiral Metasurface. ACS NANO 2024; 18:18922-18932. [PMID: 38990704 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.4c01697] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/13/2024]
Abstract
Dynamic control for a strong circular dichroism (CD) response is essential in engineering applications such as polarization manipulation, sensing, and imaging. Here, we propose and experimentally demonstrate a broadband tunable dual CD response via bound states in the continuum (BICs) in two-dimensional topologically protected metasurfaces composed of all-dielectric Si chiral grating structures that generate a pair of mixed and degenerated BIC mode and circular dichroic mode (CDM) as an additional degree of freedom in CD manipulation. It is found that a singular CD peak of nearly 100% at 1.6 μm can be achieved by CDM when BIC is hidden under normal incidence, while the CD peak can be split into two in which peak wavelengths can be precisely and linearly tuned over a bandwidth of 180 nm by the incident angle when the BIC mode is excited under oblique incidence. Additionally, dynamic modulation of output polarization states from linear to circular can be arbitrarily achieved at the split CD peaks by controlling the incident angle when asymmetry perturbations on chiral gratings are introduced due to the decoupling of various polarization states at Γ point by BIC to different positions in K space. The proposed chiral grating metasurface exhibits unique angle-sensitive tunable CD spectral characteristics, making it ideal for hyperspectral and spin-selective wavefront shaping, and holds significant promise in various applications such as optical security, angle sensors, chiral lasers, nonlinear filters, and other active chiral optical devices.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chenqian Wang
- School of Optoelectronics Science and Engineering and Collaborative Innovation Center of Suzhou Nano Science and Technology, Soochow University, Suzhou 215006, China
- Key Lab of Advanced Optical Manufacturing Technologies of Jiangsu Province and Key Lab of Modern Optical Technologies of Education Ministry of China, Soochow University, Suzhou 215006, China
| | - Rui Wang
- School of Optoelectronics Science and Engineering and Collaborative Innovation Center of Suzhou Nano Science and Technology, Soochow University, Suzhou 215006, China
- Key Lab of Advanced Optical Manufacturing Technologies of Jiangsu Province and Key Lab of Modern Optical Technologies of Education Ministry of China, Soochow University, Suzhou 215006, China
| | - Xiguo Cheng
- School of Optoelectronics Science and Engineering and Collaborative Innovation Center of Suzhou Nano Science and Technology, Soochow University, Suzhou 215006, China
- Key Lab of Advanced Optical Manufacturing Technologies of Jiangsu Province and Key Lab of Modern Optical Technologies of Education Ministry of China, Soochow University, Suzhou 215006, China
| | - Xin Hu
- School of Optoelectronics Science and Engineering and Collaborative Innovation Center of Suzhou Nano Science and Technology, Soochow University, Suzhou 215006, China
- Key Lab of Advanced Optical Manufacturing Technologies of Jiangsu Province and Key Lab of Modern Optical Technologies of Education Ministry of China, Soochow University, Suzhou 215006, China
| | - Chinhua Wang
- School of Optoelectronics Science and Engineering and Collaborative Innovation Center of Suzhou Nano Science and Technology, Soochow University, Suzhou 215006, China
- Key Lab of Advanced Optical Manufacturing Technologies of Jiangsu Province and Key Lab of Modern Optical Technologies of Education Ministry of China, Soochow University, Suzhou 215006, China
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Huang Z, Wu W, Herrmann E, Ma K, Chase ZA, Searles TA, Jungfleisch MB, Wang X. MEMS-actuated terahertz metamaterials driven by phase-transition materials. FRONTIERS OF OPTOELECTRONICS 2024; 17:13. [PMID: 38797804 PMCID: PMC11128424 DOI: 10.1007/s12200-024-00116-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2024] [Accepted: 04/15/2024] [Indexed: 05/29/2024]
Abstract
The non-ionizing and penetrative characteristics of terahertz (THz) radiation have recently led to its adoption across a variety of applications. To effectively utilize THz radiation, modulators with precise control are imperative. While most recent THz modulators manipulate the amplitude, frequency, or phase of incident THz radiation, considerably less progress has been made toward THz polarization modulation. Conventional methods for polarization control suffer from high driving voltages, restricted modulation depth, and narrow band capabilities, which hinder device performance and broader applications. Consequently, an ideal THz modulator that offers high modulation depth along with ease of processing and operation is required. In this paper, we propose and realize a THz metamaterial comprised of microelectromechanical systems (MEMS) actuated by the phase-transition material vanadium dioxide (VO2). Simulation and experimental results of the three-dimensional metamaterials show that by leveraging the unique phase-transition attributes of VO2, our THz polarization modulator offers notable advancements over existing designs, including broad operation spectrum, high modulation depth, ease of fabrication, ease of operation condition, and continuous modulation capabilities. These enhanced features make the system a viable candidate for a range of THz applications, including telecommunications, imaging, and radar systems.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zhixiang Huang
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, College of Engineering, University of Delaware, Newark, DE, 19716, USA
| | - Weipeng Wu
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, College of Arts and Sciences, University of Delaware, Newark, DE, 19716, USA
| | - Eric Herrmann
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, College of Engineering, University of Delaware, Newark, DE, 19716, USA
| | - Ke Ma
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, College of Engineering, University of Delaware, Newark, DE, 19716, USA
| | - Zizwe A Chase
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, College of Engineering, University of Illinois Chicago, Chicago, IL, 60607, USA
| | - Thomas A Searles
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, College of Engineering, University of Illinois Chicago, Chicago, IL, 60607, USA
| | - M Benjamin Jungfleisch
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, College of Arts and Sciences, University of Delaware, Newark, DE, 19716, USA
| | - Xi Wang
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, College of Engineering, University of Delaware, Newark, DE, 19716, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Tan Q, Li H, Zhao Z, Li J, Ding G, Xu W, Xu H, Zhang Y, Wu L, Yang Y, Yao J. Tunable metasurfaces for implementing terahertz controllable NOT logic gate functions. OPTICS EXPRESS 2024; 32:19088-19104. [PMID: 38859052 DOI: 10.1364/oe.522351] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2024] [Accepted: 04/29/2024] [Indexed: 06/12/2024]
Abstract
Compared with traditional electrical logic gates, optical or terahertz (THz) computing logic gates have faster computing speeds and lower power consumption, and can better meet the huge data computing needs. However, there are limitations inherent in existing optical logic gates, such as single input/output channels and susceptibility to interference. Here, we proposed a new approach utilizing polarization-sensitive graphene-vanadium dioxide metasurface THz logic gates. Benefitting from two actively tunable materials, the proposed controlled-NOT logic gate(CNOT LG) enables versatile functionality through a dual-parameter control system. This system allows for the realization of multiple output states under diverse polarized illuminating conditions, aligning with the expected input-output logic relationship of the CNOT LG. Furthermore, to demonstrate the robustness of the designed THz CNOT LG metasurface, we designed an imaging array harnessing the dynamic control capabilities of tunable meta-atoms, facilitating clear near-field imaging. This research is promising for advancing CNOT LG applications in the THz spectrum. It has potential applications in telecommunications, sensing, and imaging.
Collapse
|
4
|
Han X, Cheng P, Han S, Wang Z, Guan J, Han W, Shi R, Chen S, Zheng Y, Xu J, Bu XH. Multi-stimuli-responsive luminescence enabled by crown ether anchored chiral antimony halide phosphors. Chem Sci 2024; 15:3530-3538. [PMID: 38455020 PMCID: PMC10915841 DOI: 10.1039/d3sc06362c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2023] [Accepted: 01/22/2024] [Indexed: 03/09/2024] Open
Abstract
Stimuli-responsive optical materials have provided a powerful impetus for the development of intelligent optoelectronic devices. The family of organic-inorganic hybrid metal halides, distinguished by their structural diversity, presents a prospective platform for the advancement of stimuli-responsive optical materials. Here, we have employed a crown ether to anchor the A-site cation of a chiral antimony halide, enabling convenient control and modulation of its photophysical properties. The chirality-dependent asymmetric lattice distortion of inorganic skeletons assisted by a crown ether promotes the formation of self-trapped excitons (STEs), leading to a high photoluminescence quantum yield of over 85%, concomitant with the effective circularly polarized luminescence. The antimony halide enantiomers showcase highly sensitive stimuli-responsive luminescent behaviours towards excitation wavelength and temperature simultaneously, exhibiting a versatile reversible colour switching capability from blue to white and further to orange. In situ temperature-dependent luminescence spectra, time-resolved luminescence spectra and theoretical calculations reveal that the multi-stimuli-responsive luminescent behaviours stem from distinct STEs within zero-dimensional lattices. By virtue of the inherent flexibility and adaptability, these chiral antimony chlorides have promising prospects for future applications in cutting-edge fields such as multifunctional illumination technologies and intelligent sensing devices.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xiao Han
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Smart Sensing Interdisciplinary Science Center, Frontiers Science Center for New Organic Matter, Nankai University Tongyan Road 38 Tianjin 300350 P. R. China
| | - Puxin Cheng
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Smart Sensing Interdisciplinary Science Center, Frontiers Science Center for New Organic Matter, Nankai University Tongyan Road 38 Tianjin 300350 P. R. China
| | - Shanshan Han
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Smart Sensing Interdisciplinary Science Center, Frontiers Science Center for New Organic Matter, Nankai University Tongyan Road 38 Tianjin 300350 P. R. China
| | - Zhihua Wang
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Smart Sensing Interdisciplinary Science Center, Frontiers Science Center for New Organic Matter, Nankai University Tongyan Road 38 Tianjin 300350 P. R. China
| | - Junjie Guan
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Smart Sensing Interdisciplinary Science Center, Frontiers Science Center for New Organic Matter, Nankai University Tongyan Road 38 Tianjin 300350 P. R. China
| | - Wenqing Han
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Smart Sensing Interdisciplinary Science Center, Frontiers Science Center for New Organic Matter, Nankai University Tongyan Road 38 Tianjin 300350 P. R. China
| | - Rongchao Shi
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Smart Sensing Interdisciplinary Science Center, Frontiers Science Center for New Organic Matter, Nankai University Tongyan Road 38 Tianjin 300350 P. R. China
| | - Songhua Chen
- College of Chemistry and Material Science, Longyan University Longyan 364012 Fujian P. R. China
| | - Yongshen Zheng
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Smart Sensing Interdisciplinary Science Center, Frontiers Science Center for New Organic Matter, Nankai University Tongyan Road 38 Tianjin 300350 P. R. China
| | - Jialiang Xu
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Smart Sensing Interdisciplinary Science Center, Frontiers Science Center for New Organic Matter, Nankai University Tongyan Road 38 Tianjin 300350 P. R. China
| | - Xian-He Bu
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Smart Sensing Interdisciplinary Science Center, Frontiers Science Center for New Organic Matter, Nankai University Tongyan Road 38 Tianjin 300350 P. R. China
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Ma T, Sang W, Tian J, Ma L, Ma L, Li J. Active control of circular dichroism in a graphene-metal hybridized metamaterial driven by symmetry-protected bound states in the continuum. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2023; 25:29664-29671. [PMID: 37882217 DOI: 10.1039/d3cp03288d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2023]
Abstract
Active control of chirality in plasmonic metamaterials is of great importance due to their potential for diverse applications in imaging, communication and spectroscopy. Recently, inspired by the concept of bound states in the continuum (BIC), strong chiroptical responses are constructed in metamaterials by introducing structural asymmetries. However, most of these chiral metamaterials are static and cannot be modulated. Herein, we theoretically demonstrate a novel approach for manipulating chiroptical responses with enhanced circular dichroism (CD) and large modulation depths in a graphene-metal hybridized metamaterial. By introducing a structured graphene and adjusting the Fermi energy (EF), the conversion between BIC and quasi-BIC states is achieved successfully. The proposed device demonstrates a tuneable CD in the range of 0.693-0.008 when EF is adjusted from 0.01 eV to 1.0 eV, which can be further improved by optimizing its geometry. The proposed graphene-metal hybridized metamaterial paves a new way for manipulating polarization states at terahertz frequencies and is of great potential for practical applications such as dynamic display and optoelectronic modulation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tian Ma
- School of Safety Science and Engineering, Xi'an University of Science and Technology (XUST), Xi'an 710054, China.
| | - Wei Sang
- School of Safety Science and Engineering, Xi'an University of Science and Technology (XUST), Xi'an 710054, China.
| | - Jiangkun Tian
- College of Sciences, Xi'an University of Science and Technology (XUST), Xi'an 710054, China
| | - Lingyun Ma
- School of Opto-electronical Engineering, Xi'an Technological University, Xi'an 710021, China
| | - Li Ma
- School of Safety Science and Engineering, Xi'an University of Science and Technology (XUST), Xi'an 710054, China.
| | - Jun Li
- School of Safety Science and Engineering, Xi'an University of Science and Technology (XUST), Xi'an 710054, China.
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Guo Z, Li J, Liu R, Yang Y, Wang C, Zhu X, He T. Spatially Correlated Chirality in Chiral Two-Dimensional Perovskites Revealed by Second-Harmonic-Generation Circular Dichroism Microscopy. NANO LETTERS 2023; 23:7434-7441. [PMID: 37552583 DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.3c01863] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/10/2023]
Abstract
Understanding the chiral mechanism of chiral hybrid perovskites is a prerequisite for developing relevant chiroptoelectronic applications. Although conventional circular dichroism (CD) spectroscopy can be used to characterize chirality in chiral perovskites, it has a low signal-to-noise ratio and can provide only information about macroscopic chirality. Herein, with the aim of revealing the microscopic chiral mechanism in chiral perovskites, we utilize a spacer cation alloying strategy to construct chiral two-dimensional perovskites. For the first time, we demonstrate second-harmonic-generation CD microarea imaging in chiral perovskite thin films to unveil their spatially correlated chirality. In combination with theoretical calculations, it is revealed that the spatially correlated chirality is caused by localized out-of-plane supramolecular orientations. This work will not only advance the understanding of the mechanism of chiroptical activity in chiral perovskites but also provide inspiration for the rational design and synthesis of perovskites for chirality-related nonlinear optoelectronic devices.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zhihang Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Advanced Optical Communication Systems and Networks, School of Physics and Astronomy, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Junzi Li
- Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Devices and Systems of Ministry of Education and Guangdong Province, College of Physics and Optoelectronic Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, China
| | - Rulin Liu
- School of Science and Engineering, Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shenzhen 518172, China
| | - Yang Yang
- The Institute of Seawater Desalination and Multipurpose Utilization, Ministry of Natural Resources (Tianjin), Tianjin 300192, China
| | - Changshun Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Advanced Optical Communication Systems and Networks, School of Physics and Astronomy, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Xi Zhu
- School of Science and Engineering, Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shenzhen 518172, China
| | - Tingchao He
- Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Devices and Systems of Ministry of Education and Guangdong Province, College of Physics and Optoelectronic Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, China
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Maruyama K, Mizuna M, Kosuge T, Takeda Y, Iwase E, Kan T. Spiral Chiral Metamaterial Structure Shape for Optical Activity Improvements. MICROMACHINES 2023; 14:1156. [PMID: 37374740 DOI: 10.3390/mi14061156] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2023] [Revised: 05/26/2023] [Accepted: 05/28/2023] [Indexed: 06/29/2023]
Abstract
We report on a spiral structure suitable for obtaining a large optical response. We constructed a structural mechanics model of the shape of the planar spiral structure when deformed and verified the effectiveness of the model. As a verification structure, we fabricated a large-scale spiral structure that operates in the GHz band by laser processing. Based on the GHz radio wave experiments, a more uniform deformation structure exhibited a higher cross-polarization component. This result suggests that uniform deformation structures can improve circular dichroism. Since large-scale devices enable speedy prototype verification, the obtained knowledge can be exported to miniaturized-scale devices, such as MEMS terahertz metamaterials.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kohei Maruyama
- School of Informatics and Engineering, The University of Electro-Communications, Tokyo 182-8585, Japan
| | - Miyako Mizuna
- Department of Applied Mechanics and Aerospace Engineering, Waseda University, Tokyo 169-8555, Japan
| | - Takuya Kosuge
- Department of Mechanical and Intelligent Systems Engineering, Graduate School of Informatics and Engineering, The University of Electro-Communications, Tokyo 182-8585, Japan
| | - Yuki Takeda
- Department of Applied Mechanics and Aerospace Engineering, Waseda University, Tokyo 169-8555, Japan
| | - Eiji Iwase
- Department of Applied Mechanics and Aerospace Engineering, Waseda University, Tokyo 169-8555, Japan
- Kagami Memorial Research Institute for Materials Science and Technology, Waseda University, Tokyo 169-0051, Japan
| | - Tetsuo Kan
- Department of Mechanical and Intelligent Systems Engineering, Graduate School of Informatics and Engineering, The University of Electro-Communications, Tokyo 182-8585, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Qi H, Tang B. An active tunable terahertz functional metamaterial based on hybrid-graphene vanadium dioxide. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2023; 25:7825-7831. [PMID: 36857684 DOI: 10.1039/d3cp00092c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/18/2023]
Abstract
In this paper, we propose a switchable and tunable functional metamaterial device based on hybrid graphene-vanadium dioxide (VO2). Using the properties of the metal-insulator transition in VO2, the proposed metamaterials can enable switching between tunable circular dichroism (CD) and dual-band perfect absorption in the terahertz region. When VO2 is in the insulator state, a polarization-selective single-band perfect absorption can be achieved for circularly polarized waves, thus resulting in a strong CD response with a maximum value of 0.84. When VO2 acts as a metal, there is a tunable dual-band perfect absorption for the designed metamaterial device under the illumination of x-polarization waves. The operation mechanism behind the phenomena can be explained by utilizing the electric field distribution and the coupled mode theory. Moreover, the influences of the Fermi energy of graphene and geometrical parameters on the CD and absorption spectra are discussed in detail. Our proposed switchable and tunable metamaterial can provide a platform for designing versatile functional devices in the terahertz region.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Haonan Qi
- School of Microelectronics and Control Engineering, Changzhou University, Changzhou 213164, China.
| | - Bin Tang
- School of Microelectronics and Control Engineering, Changzhou University, Changzhou 213164, China.
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Recent progress in terahertz biosensors based on artificial electromagnetic subwavelength structure. Trends Analyt Chem 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.trac.2022.116888] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
|
10
|
Meng J, Zhang Z, Liu W, Li Y, Sun Y, Lai Z, Yu T. Angle-selective chiral absorption induced by diffractive coupling in metasurfaces. OPTICS LETTERS 2022; 47:5385-5388. [PMID: 36240369 DOI: 10.1364/ol.472717] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2022] [Accepted: 09/19/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Here we report that a simple chiral metasurface with twisted metallic cut-wire arrays enables highly efficient and continuously tunable chiral absorption over a broad spectral range by scanning the incidence angle over a few degrees. The angle-selective chiral absorption results from the surface plasmon resonance (SPR) excited by diffractive effects of the metasurface. The diffraction-assisted chiral metasurface provides a straightforward strategy for achieving dynamically tunable chiral devices and offers intriguing possibilities for various applications in on-chip chiral detectors/emitters, chiral spectrometers, chiral lasers, and so on.
Collapse
|
11
|
Bao J, Chen X, Liu K, Zhan Y, Li H, Zhang S, Xu Y, Tian Z, Cao T. Nonvolatile chirality switching in terahertz chalcogenide metasurfaces. MICROSYSTEMS & NANOENGINEERING 2022; 8:112. [PMID: 36193224 PMCID: PMC9525255 DOI: 10.1038/s41378-022-00445-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2022] [Revised: 07/17/2022] [Accepted: 07/29/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Actively controlling the polarization states of terahertz (THz) waves is essential for polarization-sensitive spectroscopy, which has various applications in anisotropy imaging, noncontact Hall measurement, and vibrational circular dichroism. In the THz regime, the lack of a polarization modulator hinders the development of this spectroscopy. We theoretically and experimentally demonstrate that conjugated bilayer chiral metamaterials (CMMs) integrated with Ge2Sb2Te5 (GST225) active components can achieve nonvolatile and continuously tunable optical activity in the THz region. A THz time-domain spectroscopic system was used to characterize the device, showing a tunable ellipticity (from ‒36° to 0°) and rotation of the plane polarization (from 32° to 0°) at approximately 0.73 THz by varying the GST225 state from amorphous (AM) to crystalline (CR). Moreover, a continuously tunable chiroptical response was experimentally observed by partially crystallizing the GST225, which can create intermediate states, having regions of both AM and CR states. Note that the GST225 has an advantage of nonvolatility over the other active elements and does not require any energy to retain its structural state. Our work allows the development of THz metadevices capable of actively manipulating the polarization of THz waves and may find applications for dynamically tunable THz circular polarizers and polarization modulators for THz emissions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jiaxin Bao
- School of Optoelectronic Engineering and Instrumentation Science, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian, 116024 P. R. China
| | - Xieyu Chen
- Center for Terahertz waves and College of Precision Instrument and Optoelectronics Engineering, Tianjin University, and the Key Laboratory of Optoelectronics Information and Technology (Ministry of Education), Tianjin, 300072 P. R. China
| | - Kuan Liu
- School of Optoelectronic Engineering and Instrumentation Science, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian, 116024 P. R. China
| | - Yu Zhan
- School of Optoelectronic Engineering and Instrumentation Science, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian, 116024 P. R. China
| | - Haiyang Li
- School of Optoelectronic Engineering and Instrumentation Science, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian, 116024 P. R. China
| | - Shoujun Zhang
- Center for Terahertz waves and College of Precision Instrument and Optoelectronics Engineering, Tianjin University, and the Key Laboratory of Optoelectronics Information and Technology (Ministry of Education), Tianjin, 300072 P. R. China
| | - Yihan Xu
- Center for Terahertz waves and College of Precision Instrument and Optoelectronics Engineering, Tianjin University, and the Key Laboratory of Optoelectronics Information and Technology (Ministry of Education), Tianjin, 300072 P. R. China
| | - Zhen Tian
- Center for Terahertz waves and College of Precision Instrument and Optoelectronics Engineering, Tianjin University, and the Key Laboratory of Optoelectronics Information and Technology (Ministry of Education), Tianjin, 300072 P. R. China
| | - Tun Cao
- School of Optoelectronic Engineering and Instrumentation Science, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian, 116024 P. R. China
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Li H, Li J, Zheng C, Xu H, Yang F, Li J, Yue Z, Shi W, Zhang Y, Yao J. Dual-band giant spin-selective full-dimensional manipulation of graphene-based chiral meta-mirrors for terahertz waves. OPTICS EXPRESS 2022; 30:22292-22305. [PMID: 36224930 DOI: 10.1364/oe.463220] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2022] [Accepted: 05/25/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
The ability to simultaneous achieve circular dichroism (CD) and wavefront manipulation is extremely important for many practical applications, especially for detecting and imaging. However, many of the previously observed weakness chiral features are limited to nanostructures with complex three-dimensional building configurations, single narrow-band response, and no active tunability, which are getting farther and away from the goal of integration and miniaturization. Here, a platform of bi-layer all-graphene meta-mirrors with spin-selective full-dimensional manipulation is proposed to simultaneously achieve giant dual-band CD response and wavefront shaping, based on the principle of the hybridization coupling. By simply controlling the structural variables of the meta-mirror and the characteristic parameters of graphene, that is, the combination of passive and active regulation, the proposed design can selectively manipulate the polarization, amplitude, phase, and working frequency of the incident circularly polarized wave near-independently. As a proof of concept, we used the meta-mirror to design two metasurface arrays with spin-selective properties for dynamic terahertz (THz) wavefront shaping and near-field digital imaging, both of which show a high-performance dynamic tunability. This method could provide additional options for the next-generation intelligent THz communication systems.
Collapse
|
13
|
Khaliji K, Martín-Moreno L, Avouris P, Oh SH, Low T. Twisted Two-Dimensional Material Stacks for Polarization Optics. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2022; 128:193902. [PMID: 35622026 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.128.193902] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2021] [Accepted: 04/07/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
The ability to control the light polarization state is critically important for diverse applications in information processing, telecommunications, and spectroscopy. Here, we propose that a stack of anisotropic van der Waals materials can facilitate the building of optical elements with Jones matrices of unitary, Hermitian, non-normal, singular, degenerate, and defective classes. We show that the twisted stack with electrostatic control can function as arbitrary-birefringent wave-plate or arbitrary polarizer with tunable degree of non-normality, which in turn give access to plethora of polarization transformers including rotators, pseudorotators, symmetric and ambidextrous polarizers. Moreover, we discuss an electrostatic-reconfigurable stack which can be tuned to operate as four different polarizers and be used for Stokes polarimetry.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kaveh Khaliji
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, USA
| | - Luis Martín-Moreno
- Instituto de Nanociencia y Materiales de Aragon (INMA), CSIC-Universidad de Zaragoza, Zaragoza 50009, Spain
- Departamento de Fisica de la Materia Condensada, Universidad de Zaragoza, Zaragoza 50009, Spain
| | - Phaedon Avouris
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, USA
- IBM T. J. Watson Research Center, Yorktown Heights, New York 10598, USA
| | - Sang-Hyun Oh
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, USA
| | - Tony Low
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, USA
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Wang P, Hu R, Huang X, Wang T, Hu S, Hu M, Xu H, Li X, Liu K, Wang S, Kang L, Werner DH. Terahertz Chiral Metamaterials Enabled by Textile Manufacturing. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2022; 34:e2110590. [PMID: 35218258 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202110590] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2021] [Revised: 02/13/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Easy-to-fabricate, large-area, and inexpensive microstructures that realize control of the polarization of terahertz (THz) radiation are of fundamental importance to the development of the field of THz wave photonics. However, due to the lack of natural materials that can facilitate strong THz radiation-matter interactions, THz polarization components remain an undeveloped technology. Strong resonance-based responses offered by THz metamaterials have led to the recent development of THz metadevices, whereas, for polarization control devices, micrometer-scale fabrication techniques including aligned photolithography are generally required to create multilayer microstructures. In this work, leveraging a two-step textile manufacturing approach, a chiral metamaterial capable of exhibiting strong chiroptical responses at THz frequencies is demonstrated. Chiral-selective transmission and pronounced optical activity are experimentally observed. In sharp contrast to smart-clothing-related devices (e.g., textile antennas), the investigated chiral metamaterials gain their THz properties directly from the yarn-twisting enabled microhelical strings. It is envisioned that the interplay between meta-atom designs and textile manufacturing technology will lead to a new family of metadevices for complete control over the phase, amplitude, and polarization of THz radiation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Peng Wang
- Hubei Engineering and Technology Research Center for Functional Fiber Fabrication and Testing, Wuhan Textile University, Wuhan, 430200, China
- School of Electronic and Electrical Engineering, Wuhan Textile University, Wuhan, 430200, China
| | - Rui Hu
- Hubei Engineering and Technology Research Center for Functional Fiber Fabrication and Testing, Wuhan Textile University, Wuhan, 430200, China
- School of Electronic and Electrical Engineering, Wuhan Textile University, Wuhan, 430200, China
| | - Xiaotian Huang
- Hubei Engineering and Technology Research Center for Functional Fiber Fabrication and Testing, Wuhan Textile University, Wuhan, 430200, China
- School of Electronic and Electrical Engineering, Wuhan Textile University, Wuhan, 430200, China
| | - Teng Wang
- School of Electronic and Electrical Engineering, Wuhan Textile University, Wuhan, 430200, China
- State Key Laboratory of New Textile Materials and Advanced Processing Technologies, Wuhan Textile University, Wuhan, 430200, China
| | - Shulin Hu
- Hubei Engineering and Technology Research Center for Functional Fiber Fabrication and Testing, Wuhan Textile University, Wuhan, 430200, China
- School of Electronic and Electrical Engineering, Wuhan Textile University, Wuhan, 430200, China
| | - Min Hu
- Hubei Engineering and Technology Research Center for Functional Fiber Fabrication and Testing, Wuhan Textile University, Wuhan, 430200, China
- School of Electronic and Electrical Engineering, Wuhan Textile University, Wuhan, 430200, China
| | - Huanhuan Xu
- Hubei Engineering and Technology Research Center for Functional Fiber Fabrication and Testing, Wuhan Textile University, Wuhan, 430200, China
- School of Electronic and Electrical Engineering, Wuhan Textile University, Wuhan, 430200, China
| | - Xiaoyu Li
- Hubei Engineering and Technology Research Center for Functional Fiber Fabrication and Testing, Wuhan Textile University, Wuhan, 430200, China
- School of Electronic and Electrical Engineering, Wuhan Textile University, Wuhan, 430200, China
| | - Keshuai Liu
- State Key Laboratory of New Textile Materials and Advanced Processing Technologies, Wuhan Textile University, Wuhan, 430200, China
| | - Shengxiang Wang
- Hubei Engineering and Technology Research Center for Functional Fiber Fabrication and Testing, Wuhan Textile University, Wuhan, 430200, China
- School of Electronic and Electrical Engineering, Wuhan Textile University, Wuhan, 430200, China
- Engineering Research Center for Intelligent Micro-nano Medical Equipment and Key Technologies, Wuhan Textile University, Wuhan, 430200, China
| | - Lei Kang
- Department of Electrical Engineering, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, 16802, USA
| | - Douglas H Werner
- Department of Electrical Engineering, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, 16802, USA
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Huang D, Jiang T, Yi Y, Shan Y, Li Y, Zhang Z, Liu K, Liu WT, Wu S. Selective excitation of four-wave mixing by helicity in gated graphene. OPTICS LETTERS 2022; 47:234-237. [PMID: 35030575 DOI: 10.1364/ol.443600] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2021] [Accepted: 11/22/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Gapless Dirac fermions in monolayer graphene give rise to an abundance of peculiar physical properties, including exceptional broadband nonlinear optical responses. By tuning the chemical potential, stacking order, and photonic structures, the effective modulation of nonlinear optical phenomena in graphene has been demonstrated in recent years. Here, we demonstrate that optical helicity can be used as an extra tuning knob for four-wave mixing in gated graphene. Our results reveal the helicity selection rule for four-wave mixing in monolayer graphene, revealing nearly perfect circular polarization. Corresponding theoretical interpretations of the helicity selection rule that are also applicable to other nonlinear optical processes and materials are presented.
Collapse
|
16
|
Abstract
Active control of strong chiroptical responses in metasurfaces can offer new opportunities for optical polarization engineering. Plasmonic active chiral metasurfaces have been investigated before, but their tunable chiroptical responses is limited due to inherent loss of plasmonic resonances, thus stimulating research in low loss active dielectric chiral metasurfaces. Among diverse tuning methods, electrically tunable dielectric chiral metasurfaces are promising thanks to their potential for on-chip integration. Here, we experimentally demonstrate nano-electromechanically tunable dielectric chiral metasurfaces with reflective circular dichroism (CD). We show a difference between absolute reflection under circulary polarized incident light with orthogonal polarization of over 0.85 in simulation and over 0.45 experimentally. The devices enable continuous control of CD by induced electrostatic forces from 0.45 to 0.01 with an electrical bias of 3V. This work highlights the potential of nano-electromechanically tunable metasurfaces for scalable optical polarization modulators.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hyounghan Kwon
- T. J. Watson Laboratory of Applied Physics and Kavli Nanoscience Institute, California Institute of Technology, 1200 E. California Blvd., Pasadena, CA 91125, USA
- Department of Electrical Engineering, California Institute of Technology, 1200 E. California Blvd., Pasadena, CA 91125, USA
| | - Andrei Faraon
- T. J. Watson Laboratory of Applied Physics and Kavli Nanoscience Institute, California Institute of Technology, 1200 E. California Blvd., Pasadena, CA 91125, USA
- Department of Electrical Engineering, California Institute of Technology, 1200 E. California Blvd., Pasadena, CA 91125, USA
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Han D, Zhang L, Chen X. Mechanical modulation of multifunctional responses in three-dimensional terahertz metamaterials. OPTICS EXPRESS 2021; 29:32853-32864. [PMID: 34809108 DOI: 10.1364/oe.437459] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2021] [Accepted: 09/18/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Reconfigurable metamaterials have attracted a surge of attention for their formidable capability to dynamically manipulate the electromagnetic wave. Among the multifarious modulation methods, mechanical deformation is widely adopted to tune the electromagnetic response of the stereotype metamaterial owing to its straightforward and continuous controllability on the metamaterial structure. However, previous morphologic reconfigurations of metamaterials are typically confined in planar deformation that renders limited tunable functionalities. Here we have proposed a novel concept of out-of-plane deformation to broaden the functionalities of mechanically reconfigurable metamaterials via introducing a cross-shaped metamaterial. Our results show that the out-of-plane mechanical modulation dramatically enhances the magnetic response of the pristine metamaterial. Furthermore, by uncrossing the bars of cross-shaped meta-atoms, a L-shaped metamaterial is proposed to verify the effectiveness of such a mechanical method on the handedness switching via changing mechanical loading-paths. More importantly, the differential transmission for circularly polarized incidences can be continuously modulated from -0.45 to 0.45, and the polarization states of the transmission wave can be dynamically manipulated under the linearly polarized illumination. Our proposed mechanical modulation principle might open a novel avenue toward the three-dimensional reconfigurable metamaterials and shows their ample applications in the areas of chiroptical control, tunable polarization rotator and converter.
Collapse
|
18
|
Zhang R, You B, Wang S, Han K, Shen X, Wang W. Broadband and switchable terahertz polarization converter based on graphene metasurfaces. OPTICS EXPRESS 2021; 29:24804-24815. [PMID: 34614828 DOI: 10.1364/oe.432601] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2021] [Accepted: 07/12/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
In this work, we propose broadband and switchable terahertz (THz) polarization converters based on either graphene patch metasurface (GPMS) or its complementary structure (graphene hole metasurface, GHMS). The patch and hole are simply cross-shaped, composed of two orthogonal arms, along which plasmonic resonances mediated by Fabry-Perot cavity play a key role in polarization conversion (PC). An incidence of linear polarization will be converted to its cross-polarization (LTL) or circular polarization (LTC), as the reflected wave in the direction of two arms owning the same amplitude and π phase difference (LTL), or ±π/2 phase difference (LTC). Such requirements can be met by optimizing the width and length of two arms, thickness of dielectric layer, and Fermi level EF of graphene. By using GPMS, LTL PC of polarization conversion ratio (PCR) over 90% is achieved in the frequency range of 2.92 THz to 6.26 THz, and by using GHMS, LTC PC of ellipticity χ ≤ -0.9 at the frequencies from 4.45 THz to 6.47 THz. By varying the Fermi level, the operating frequency can be actively tuned, and the functionality can be switched without structural modulation; for instance, GPMS supports LTL PC as EF = 0.6 eV and LTC PC of χ ≥ 0.9 as EF = 1.0 eV, in the frequency range of 2.69 THz to 4.19 THz. Moreover, GHMS can be optimized to sustain LTL PC and LTC PC of |χ| ≥ 0.9, in the frequency range of 4.96 THz to 6.52 THz, which indicates that the handedness of circular polarization can be further specified. The proposed polarization converters of broad bandwidth, active tunability, and switchable functionality will essentially make a significant progress in THz technology and device applications, and can be widely utilized in THz communications, sensing and spectroscopy.
Collapse
|
19
|
Yue Z, Zheng C, Li J, Li J, Liu J, Wang G, Chen M, Xu H, Tan Q, Zhang H, Zhang Y, Zhang Y, Yao J. A dual band spin-selective transmission metasurface and its wavefront manipulation. NANOSCALE 2021; 13:10898-10905. [PMID: 34126628 DOI: 10.1039/d1nr02624k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Chiral metasurfaces which can achieve different optical responses for left-handed and right-handed circularly polarized (CP) light have been proposed. Most of the research studies on chiral metasurfaces focus on improving circular dichroism (CD) and realizing dynamic manipulation of the chiro-optical response. However, there have only been a few reports on the multi-band chiro-optical response. Here, we propose an all-silicon chiral meta-atom which can realize spin-selective transmission in a dual band. In addition, a terahertz metasurface with spin-selective transmission through phase arrangement is designed by using chiral meta-atoms satisfying a gradient geometric phase. Under left-hand circularly polarized (LCP) incidence, the metasurface generates a focused right-hand circularly polarized (RCP) beam which is focused at a distance of 4.8 mm from the exit surface of the metasurface. Our work broadens the concept of metasurface design and may attract more researchers' attention on the applications of chiral metasurfaces.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zhen Yue
- Key Laboratory of Opto-Electronics Information Technology (Tianjin University), Ministry of Education, School of Precision Instruments and Opto-Electronics Engineering, Tianjin University, Tianjin, 300072, China.
| | - Chenglong Zheng
- Key Laboratory of Opto-Electronics Information Technology (Tianjin University), Ministry of Education, School of Precision Instruments and Opto-Electronics Engineering, Tianjin University, Tianjin, 300072, China.
| | - Jie Li
- Key Laboratory of Opto-Electronics Information Technology (Tianjin University), Ministry of Education, School of Precision Instruments and Opto-Electronics Engineering, Tianjin University, Tianjin, 300072, China.
| | - Jitao Li
- Key Laboratory of Opto-Electronics Information Technology (Tianjin University), Ministry of Education, School of Precision Instruments and Opto-Electronics Engineering, Tianjin University, Tianjin, 300072, China.
| | - Jingyu Liu
- Beijing Key Laboratory for Metamaterials and Devices, Key Laboratory of Terahertz Optoelectronics, Ministry of Education, and Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Imaging Technology, Department of Physics, Capital Normal University, Beijing 100048, China.
| | - Guocui Wang
- Beijing Key Laboratory for Metamaterials and Devices, Key Laboratory of Terahertz Optoelectronics, Ministry of Education, and Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Imaging Technology, Department of Physics, Capital Normal University, Beijing 100048, China. and Beijing Engineering Research Center for Mixed Reality and Advanced Display, School of Optics and Photonics, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Mingyang Chen
- Department of Optoelectronic Information Science and Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212013, China
| | - Hang Xu
- Key Laboratory of Opto-Electronics Information Technology (Tianjin University), Ministry of Education, School of Precision Instruments and Opto-Electronics Engineering, Tianjin University, Tianjin, 300072, China.
| | - Qi Tan
- Key Laboratory of Opto-Electronics Information Technology (Tianjin University), Ministry of Education, School of Precision Instruments and Opto-Electronics Engineering, Tianjin University, Tianjin, 300072, China.
| | - Haijian Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Opto-Electronics Information Technology (Tianjin University), Ministry of Education, School of Precision Instruments and Opto-Electronics Engineering, Tianjin University, Tianjin, 300072, China.
| | - Yating Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Opto-Electronics Information Technology (Tianjin University), Ministry of Education, School of Precision Instruments and Opto-Electronics Engineering, Tianjin University, Tianjin, 300072, China.
| | - Yan Zhang
- Beijing Key Laboratory for Metamaterials and Devices, Key Laboratory of Terahertz Optoelectronics, Ministry of Education, and Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Imaging Technology, Department of Physics, Capital Normal University, Beijing 100048, China.
| | - Jianquan Yao
- Key Laboratory of Opto-Electronics Information Technology (Tianjin University), Ministry of Education, School of Precision Instruments and Opto-Electronics Engineering, Tianjin University, Tianjin, 300072, China.
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Amin M, Siddiqui O, Abutarboush H, Farhat M, Ramzan R. A THz graphene metasurface for polarization selective virus sensing. CARBON 2021; 176:580-591. [PMID: 33612849 PMCID: PMC7881294 DOI: 10.1016/j.carbon.2021.02.051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2020] [Revised: 01/24/2021] [Accepted: 02/05/2021] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
We propose a novel method to exploit chirality of highly sensitive graphene plasmonic metasurfaces to characterize complex refractive indexes (RI) of viruses by detecting the polarization state of the reflected electric fields in the THz spectrum. A dispersive graphene metasurface is designed to produce chiral surface currents to couple linearly polarized incident fields to circularly polarized reflected fields. The metasurface sensing sensitivity is the result of surface plasmon currents that flow in a chiral fashion with strong intensity due to the underlying geometrical resonance. Consequently, unique polarization states are observed in the far-field with the ellipticity values that change rapidly with the analyte's RI. The determination of bimolecular RI is treated as an inverse problem in which the polarization states of the virus is compared with a pre-calculated calibration model that is obtained by full-wave electromagnetic simulations. We demonstrate the polarization selective sensing method by RI discrimination of three different types of Avian Influenza (AI) viruses including H1N1, H5N2, and H9N2 is possible. Since the proposed virus characterization method only requires determination of the polarization ellipses including its orientation at monochromatic frequency, the required instrumentation is simpler compared to traditional spectroscopic methods which need a broadband frequency scan.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- M Amin
- College of Engineering, Taibah University, Madinah, Saudi Arabia
| | - O Siddiqui
- College of Engineering, Taibah University, Madinah, Saudi Arabia
| | - H Abutarboush
- College of Engineering, Taibah University, Madinah, Saudi Arabia
| | - M Farhat
- Division of Computer, Electrical, and Mathematical Science and Engineering, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology, Thuwal, 23955-6900, Saudi Arabia
| | - R Ramzan
- National University of Computer and Emerging Sciences, Islamabad, Pakistan
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Fu Y, Wang Y, Yang G, Qiao Q, Liu Y. Tunable reflective dual-band line-to-circular polarization convertor with opposite handedness based on graphene metasurfaces. OPTICS EXPRESS 2021; 29:13373-13387. [PMID: 33985072 DOI: 10.1364/oe.423017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2021] [Accepted: 04/08/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
In this letter, we propose a dual-band tunable reflective linear-to-circular (LTC) polarization converter, which is composed of a graphene sheet etched with an I-shaped carved-hollow array. In the mid-infrared region, two LTC bands with opposite handedness are simultaneously realized due to the excitation of the three graphene surface plasmon (GSP) modes. The band of line-to-right-circular-polarization (LTRCP) ranges from 9.87 to 11.03THz with ellipticity χ <-0.95, and from 9.69 to 11.36 THz with an axial ratio of less than 3 dB; the band of line-to-left-circular-polarization (LTLCP) ranges from 13.16 to 14.43THz with χ >0.95, and from 12.79 to 14.61 THz with an axial ratio of less than 3 dB. The tunable responses of the reflective polarizer with Fermi energy (Ef) and electron scattering time (τ) are discussed, and especially the perfect LTLCP can be changed to LTRCP with increasing Ef. Also, the influences of geometric parameters, incident angle, and polarization angle on the performances of the dual-band LTC are also investigated, and it is found that our polarizer converter shows angle insensitivity. All simulation results are conducted by the finite element method. Our design enriches the research of tunable LTC polarizers and has potential applications in integrated terahertz systems.
Collapse
|
22
|
Li J, Zheng C, Li J, Zhao H, Hao X, Xu H, Yue Z, Zhang Y, Yao J. Polarization-dependent and tunable absorption of terahertz waves based on anisotropic metasurfaces. OPTICS EXPRESS 2021; 29:3284-3295. [PMID: 33770930 DOI: 10.1364/oe.417196] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2020] [Accepted: 01/05/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Metamaterial absorbers can achieve high-efficiency electromagnetic absorption in a specific band, which have been used in biochemical sensing, photoelectric detection, imaging and other fields. Tunable metamaterial absorbers provide more possibilities for the development of multifunctional electromagnetic absorption devices. Here we propose a tunable and polarization-dependent terahertz metamaterial absorber which can work for both linearly and circularly polarized waves. By introducing single layer graphene and vanadium dioxide (VO2), switching between the two working states and wide-range tuning of the absorption efficiency are realized. When VO2 is in insulating state, the absorber shows different tunable absorption performance for the x- or y-polarized terahertz waves, in which the maximum absorption rate is close to 100%. When VO2 is in metallic state, the metasurface behaves as a chiral absorber, and the maximum absorption difference between the two circular polarizations is about 0.45, while the tuning efficiency reaches 86.3%. Under the two working conditions, the absorber can maintain efficient absorption with a large incident angle. In addition, as an application exploration of the absorber, we demonstrated its application in tunable and polarization multiplexed near-field image display.
Collapse
|
23
|
Abstract
Active meta polarizers based on phase-change materials have recently led to emerging developments in terahertz devices and systems for imaging, security, and high-speed communications. Existing technologies of adaptive control of meta polarizers are limited to the complexity of external stimuli. Here, we introduce an active terahertz polarizer consisting of a single layer of large array patterns of vanadium dioxide material integrated with metallic patch matrix to dynamically reconfigure the polarization of the terahertz waves. The proposed active polarizer is simple in structure and can independently manipulate the polarization of the incident THz waves in two orthogonal directions. In addition, the device can also be performing as a highly efficient reflector at the same frequencies. We demonstrate that efficient and fast polarization changes of THz waves can be achieved over a wide operating bandwidth. Compared with other active polarizers using mechanical, optical and thermal controls, it can be conveniently manipulated with DC bias without any external actuators, intense laser source or heater. Therefore, with the advantages of high efficiency, compact size, low loss, low cost and fast response, the proposed polarizer can be highly integrative and practical to operate within adaptive terahertz circuits and systems.
Collapse
|
24
|
Lee S, Baek S, Kim TT, Cho H, Lee S, Kang JH, Min B. Metamaterials for Enhanced Optical Responses and their Application to Active Control of Terahertz Waves. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2020; 32:e2000250. [PMID: 32187763 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202000250] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2020] [Accepted: 01/27/2020] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Metamaterials, artificially constructed structures that mimic lattices in natural materials, have made numerous contributions to the development of unconventional optical devices. With an increasing demand for more diverse functionalities, terahertz (THz) metamaterials are also expanding their domain, from the realm of mere passive devices to the broader area where functionalized active THz devices are particularly required. A brief review on THz metamaterials is given with a focus on research conducted in the authors' group. The first part is centered on enhanced THz optical responses from tightly coupled meta-atom structures, such as high refractive index, enhanced optical activity, anomalous wavelength scaling, large phase retardation, and nondispersive polarization rotation. Next, electrically gated graphene metamaterials are reviewed with an emphasis on the functionalization of enhanced THz optical responses. Finally, the linear frequency conversion of THz waves in a rapidly time-variant THz metamaterial is briefly discussed in the more general context of spatiotemporal control of light.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Seojoo Lee
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon, 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Soojeong Baek
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon, 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Teun-Teun Kim
- Sungkyunkwan University (SKKU), Suwon, 16419, Republic of Korea
- Center for Integrated Nanostructure Physics, Institute for Basic Science, Suwon, 16419, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyukjoon Cho
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon, 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Sangha Lee
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon, 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Ji-Hun Kang
- Department of Optical Engineering, Kongju National University, Cheonan, 31080, Republic of Korea
| | - Bumki Min
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon, 34141, Republic of Korea
| |
Collapse
|
25
|
Li S, Zhang X, Xu Q, Liu M, Kang M, Han J, Zhang W. Exceptional point in a metal-graphene hybrid metasurface with tunable asymmetric loss. OPTICS EXPRESS 2020; 28:20083-20094. [PMID: 32680076 DOI: 10.1364/oe.391917] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2020] [Accepted: 06/10/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Observation of exceptional points (EPs) in non-Hermitian parity-time (PT) symmetric systems has led to various nontrivial physics and exotic phenomena. Here, a metal-graphene hybrid non-Hermitian metasurface is proposed in the terahertz regime, whose unit cell is composed of two orthogonally oriented split-ring resonators (SRRs) with identical dimensions but only one SRR containing a graphene patch at the gap. An EP in polarization space is theoretically observed at a certain Fermi level of the graphene patch, where the induced asymmetric loss and the coupling strength between the two SRRs match a certain relation predicted by a coupled mode theory. The numerical fittings using the coupled mode theory agree well with the simulations. Besides, an abrupt phase flip around the EP frequency is observed in the transmission in circular polarization basis, which can be very promising in ultra-sensitive sensing applications.
Collapse
|
26
|
Pan J, Zhu W, Zheng H, Yu J, Chen Y, Guan H, Lu H, Zhong Y, Luo Y, Chen Z. Exploiting black phosphorus based-Tamm plasmons in the terahertz region. OPTICS EXPRESS 2020; 28:13443-13454. [PMID: 32403819 DOI: 10.1364/oe.391709] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2020] [Accepted: 04/12/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Polarization-sensitive Tamm plasmons are investigated in a multi-layer photonic configuration where a monolayer black phosphorus (BP) is coated on a Bragg mirror separated by a dielectric. Owing to the in-plane anisotropy of BP, the Tamm plasmon can be excited selectively by tuning the BP carrier density. Cross-polarization conversion occurs when the armchair direction of BP makes an angle with the incident plan, i.e., ϕ≠0 or 90°. The BP-based Tamm device can be used as an intensity modulator with a modulation depth up to ∼100% and an insertion loss smaller than -0.55 dB. By analyzing the polarization evolution carefully, a multichannel polarization division multiplexing scheme is proposed and discussed. These findings open a new avenue for exploiting versatile tunable THz devices based on the monolayer of BP.
Collapse
|
27
|
Masyukov M, Vozianova A, Grebenchukov A, Gubaidullina K, Zaitsev A, Khodzitsky M. Optically tunable terahertz chiral metasurface based on multi-layered graphene. Sci Rep 2020; 10:3157. [PMID: 32081873 PMCID: PMC7035278 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-60097-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2019] [Accepted: 02/06/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Active manipulation of the polarization states at terahertz frequencies is crucially helpful for polarization-sensitive spectroscopy, having significant applications such as non-contact Hall measurements, vibrational circular dichroism measurements and anisotropy imaging. The weakness of polarization manipulation provided by natural materials can be overcomed by chiral metamaterials. Chiral metamaterials have a huge potential to achieve the necessary polarization effects, hence they provide the basis for applications such as ultracompact polarization components. Terahertz chiral metamaterials that allow dynamic polarization modulation of terahertz waves are of great practical interest and still challenging. Here, we show that terahertz metasurface based on the four conjugated “petal” resonators integrated with multi-layered graphene (MLG) can enable dynamically tunable chiroptical response using optical pumping. In particular, a change of ellipticity angle of 20° is observed around 0.76 THz under optical pumping by a 980 nm continuous wave (CW) laser. Furthermore, using temporal coupled-mode theory, our study also reveals that the chiroptical response of the proposed multi-layered graphene-based metasurface is strongly dependent on the influence of optical pumping on the loss parameters of resonance modes, leading to actively controllable polarization states of the transmitted terahertz waves. The present work paves the way for the realization of fundamental terahertz components capable for active polarization manipulation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Maxim Masyukov
- Terahertz Biomedicine Laboratory, ITMO University, St. Petersburg, 199034, Russia.
| | - Anna Vozianova
- Terahertz Biomedicine Laboratory, ITMO University, St. Petersburg, 199034, Russia.,International Scientific and Research Institute of Bioengineering, ITMO University, St. Petersburg, 197101, Russia
| | - Alexander Grebenchukov
- Terahertz Biomedicine Laboratory, ITMO University, St. Petersburg, 199034, Russia.,International Scientific and Research Institute of Bioengineering, ITMO University, St. Petersburg, 197101, Russia
| | - Kseniya Gubaidullina
- Terahertz Biomedicine Laboratory, ITMO University, St. Petersburg, 199034, Russia
| | - Anton Zaitsev
- Terahertz Biomedicine Laboratory, ITMO University, St. Petersburg, 199034, Russia
| | - Mikhail Khodzitsky
- Terahertz Biomedicine Laboratory, ITMO University, St. Petersburg, 199034, Russia.,International Scientific and Research Institute of Bioengineering, ITMO University, St. Petersburg, 197101, Russia
| |
Collapse
|
28
|
Ji Y, Yan Z, Tang C, Chen J, Gu P, Liu B, Liu Z. Efficient Optical Reflection Modulation by Coupling Interband Transition of Graphene to Magnetic Resonance in Metamaterials. NANOSCALE RESEARCH LETTERS 2019; 14:391. [PMID: 31873823 PMCID: PMC6928171 DOI: 10.1186/s11671-019-3233-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2019] [Accepted: 12/16/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Designing powerful electromagnetic wave modulators is required for the advancement of optical communication technology. In this work, we study how to efficiently modulate the amplitude of electromagnetic waves in near-infrared region, by the interactions between the interband transition of graphene and the magnetic dipole resonance in metamaterials. The reflection spectra of metamaterials could be significantly reduced in the wavelength range below the interband transition, because the enhanced electromagnetic fields from the magnetic dipole resonance greatly increase the light absorption in graphene. The maximum modulation depth of reflection spectra can reach to about 40% near the resonance wavelength of magnetic dipole, for the interband transition to approach the magnetic dipole resonance, when an external voltage is applied to change the Fermi energy of graphene.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yiqun Ji
- School of Optoelectronic Science and Engineering, Soochow University, Suzhou, 215006, China
| | - Zhendong Yan
- College of Science, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, 210037, China
| | - Chaojun Tang
- Center for Optics and Optoelectronics Research, Collaborative Innovation Center for Information Technology in Biological and Medical Physics, College of Science, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, 310023, China.
| | - Jing Chen
- College of Electronic and Optical Engineering & College of Microelectronics, Nanjing University of Posts and Telecommunications, Nanjing, 210023, China.
- State Key Laboratory of Millimeter Waves, Southeast University, Nanjing, 210096, China.
| | - Ping Gu
- College of Electronic and Optical Engineering & College of Microelectronics, Nanjing University of Posts and Telecommunications, Nanjing, 210023, China.
| | - Bo Liu
- School of Mathematics and Physics, Jiangsu University of Technology, Changzhou, 213001, China
| | - Zhengqi Liu
- College of Physics Communication and Electronics, Jiangxi Normal University, Nanchang, 330022, China
| |
Collapse
|
29
|
Symmetry-broken square silicon patches for ultra-narrowband light absorption. Sci Rep 2019; 9:17477. [PMID: 31767953 PMCID: PMC6877620 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-54003-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2019] [Accepted: 11/05/2019] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
The effect of ultra-narrowband light absorption enhancement is presented by using metamaterials with symmetry-broken square silicon patches (SSPs). The symmetry of the SSP can be broken by introducing a narrow slit deviating from its center. By breaking the symmetry of the SSPs, slit resonance mode with standing wave patterns can be excited, and the locations of the absorption peaks can be well estimated by using the Fabry-Pérot (F-P) cavity model. Although there is no excitation of surface plasmon resonance, ultra-narrowband light absorption can be achieved by minimizing the reflectance through perfect impedance matching and simultaneously eliminating the transmittance by the metallic substrate. Good ultra-narrowband absorption features can be maintained as the parameters of the buffer layer and the SSPs are altered. When this type of symmetry-broken SSPs-based metamaterial is used in refractive-index sensors, it shows excellent sensing properties due to its stable ultra-narrowband absorption enhancement.
Collapse
|
30
|
Meng K, Park SJ, Li LH, Bacon DR, Chen L, Chae K, Park JY, Burnett AD, Linfield EH, Davies AG, Cunningham JE. Tunable broadband terahertz polarizer using graphene-metal hybrid metasurface. OPTICS EXPRESS 2019; 27:33768-33778. [PMID: 31878438 DOI: 10.1364/oe.27.033768] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2019] [Accepted: 10/14/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
We demonstrate an electrically tunable polarizer for terahertz (THz) frequency electromagnetic waves formed from a hybrid graphene-metal metasurface. Broadband (>3 THz) polarization-dependent modulation of THz transmission is demonstrated as a function of the graphene conductivity for various wire grid geometries, each tuned by gating using an overlaid ion gel. We show a strong enhancement of modulation (up to ∼17 times) compared to graphene wire grids in the frequency range of 0.2-2.5 THz upon introduction of the metallic elements. Theoretical calculations, considering both plasmonic coupling and Drude absorption, are in good agreement with our experimental findings.
Collapse
|
31
|
Li Q, Wang S, Chen T. Nonlinear Modulation of Plasmonic Resonances in Graphene-Integrated Triangular Dimers at Terahertz Frequencies. MATERIALS 2019; 12:ma12152466. [PMID: 31382436 PMCID: PMC6696048 DOI: 10.3390/ma12152466] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2019] [Revised: 07/23/2019] [Accepted: 08/01/2019] [Indexed: 12/02/2022]
Abstract
Metamaterials made from artificial subwavelength structures hold great potential in designing functional devices at microwave, terahertz, infrared, and optical frequencies. In this work, we study the active switching effect of the plasmonic resonance modes in triangular dimer (DTD) structure using graphene in the terahertz regime. The sole DTD structure can only support a dipolar bonding dimer plasmonic (BDP) mode, whose field enhancement factor at the gap center can reach 67.4. However, with a metallic junction in the dimer, the BDP mode switches to a charge transfer plasmonic (CTP) mode. When changing the metallic junction to a graphene stripe, an active modulation effect of the CTP mode can be realized by altering the nonlinear conductivity of graphene through strong-field terahertz incidence. The proposed design is quite promising in terahertz sensing, amplitude switching and nonlinear effect enhancement, etc.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Quan Li
- School of Electronic Engineering, Tianjin University of Technology and Education, Tianjin 300222, China.
| | - Shuang Wang
- School of Electronic Engineering, Tianjin University of Technology and Education, Tianjin 300222, China
- National-Local Joint Engineering Laboratory of Intelligent Manufacturing Oriented Automobile Die & Mould, Tianjin University of Technology and Education, Tianjin 300222, China
| | - Tai Chen
- School of Electronic Engineering, Tianjin University of Technology and Education, Tianjin 300222, China
| |
Collapse
|
32
|
Zhou S, Lai P, Dong G, Li P, Li Y, Zhu Z, Guan C, Shi J. Tunable chiroptical response of graphene achiral metamaterials in mid-infrared regime. OPTICS EXPRESS 2019; 27:15359-15367. [PMID: 31163733 DOI: 10.1364/oe.27.015359] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2019] [Accepted: 05/07/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
We numerically investigate a tunable and extrinsic chiroptical response of a graphene achiral metamaterial in mid-infrared regime. The achiral metamaterial is composed of cascaded metallic split ring apertures and complementary graphene rings patterned on a dielectric layer. The strong extrinsic chiroptical responses of the metamaterial are allowed at oblique incidence and the integrated graphene can dynamically modulate extrinsic chirality by changing its Fermi level. The spectra of the chiroptical responses will show a blue shift with increasing the Fermi level of the patterned graphene. The maximal values of circular dichroism in the reflection and transmission modes can reach 80% and 50%, respectively. The maximal values of polarization rotation angle in the reflection and transmission modes can reach 80° and 60°, respectively. This graphene-based metamaterial design paves a way for a myriad of important terahertz (THz) and mid-infrared applications, such as optical modulators, absorbers and polarizers.
Collapse
|
33
|
Cheng J, Fan F, Chang S. Recent Progress on Graphene-Functionalized Metasurfaces for Tunable Phase and Polarization Control. NANOMATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2019; 9:E398. [PMID: 30857236 PMCID: PMC6473956 DOI: 10.3390/nano9030398] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2019] [Revised: 02/16/2019] [Accepted: 02/17/2019] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The combination of graphene and a metasurface holds great promise for dynamic manipulation of the electromagnetic wave from low terahertz to mid-infrared. The optical response of graphene is significantly enhanced by the highly-localized fields in the meta-atoms, and the characteristics of meta-atoms can in turn be modulated in a large dynamic range through electrical doping of graphene. Graphene metasurfaces are initially focused on intensity modulation as modulators and tunable absorbers. In this paper, we review the recent progress of graphene metasurfaces for active control of the phase and the polarization. The related applications involve, but are not limited to lenses with tunable intensity or focal length, dynamic beam scanning, wave plates with tunable frequency, switchable polarizers, and real-time generation of an arbitrary polarization state, all by tuning the gate voltage of graphene. The review is concluded with a discussion of the existing challenges and the personal perspective of future directions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jierong Cheng
- Institute of Modern Optics, Nankai University, Tianjin 300350, China.
| | - Fei Fan
- Institute of Modern Optics, Nankai University, Tianjin 300350, China.
| | - Shengjiang Chang
- Institute of Modern Optics, Nankai University, Tianjin 300350, China.
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Sensor and Sensing Network Technology, Tianjin 300350, China.
| |
Collapse
|
34
|
Cong L, Pitchappa P, Wang N, Singh R. Electrically Programmable Terahertz Diatomic Metamolecules for Chiral Optical Control. RESEARCH 2019; 2019:7084251. [PMID: 31549081 PMCID: PMC6750089 DOI: 10.34133/2019/7084251] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2018] [Accepted: 01/22/2019] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Optical chirality is central to many industrial photonic technologies including enantiomer identification, ellipsometry-based tomography, and spin multiplexing in optical communications. However, a substantial chiral response requires a three-dimensional constituent, thereby making the morphology highly complex to realize structural reconfiguration. Moreover, an active reconfiguration demands intense dosage of external stimuli that pose a major limitation for on-chip integration. Here, we report a low bias, electrically programmable synthetic chiral paradigm with a remarkable reconfiguration among levorotatory, dextrorotatory, achiral, and racemic conformations. The switchable optical activity induced by the chiral conformations enables a transmission-type duplex spatial light modulator for terahertz single pixel imaging. The prototype delivers a new strategy towards reconfigurable stereoselective photonic applications and opens up avenues for on-chip programmable chiral devices with tremendous applications in biology, medicine, chemistry, and photonics.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Longqing Cong
- Division of Physics and Applied Physics, School of Physical and Mathematical Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore 637371, Singapore.,Centre for Disruptive Photonic Technologies, The Photonics Institute, Nanyang Technological University, 50 Nanyang Avenue, Singapore 639798, Singapore
| | - Prakash Pitchappa
- Division of Physics and Applied Physics, School of Physical and Mathematical Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore 637371, Singapore.,Centre for Disruptive Photonic Technologies, The Photonics Institute, Nanyang Technological University, 50 Nanyang Avenue, Singapore 639798, Singapore
| | - Nan Wang
- Institute of Microelectronics, 11 Science Park Road, 117685, Singapore
| | - Ranjan Singh
- Division of Physics and Applied Physics, School of Physical and Mathematical Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore 637371, Singapore.,Centre for Disruptive Photonic Technologies, The Photonics Institute, Nanyang Technological University, 50 Nanyang Avenue, Singapore 639798, Singapore
| |
Collapse
|
35
|
He Q, Sun S, Zhou L. Tunable/Reconfigurable Metasurfaces: Physics and Applications. RESEARCH (WASHINGTON, D.C.) 2019; 2019:1849272. [PMID: 31549047 PMCID: PMC6750114 DOI: 10.34133/2019/1849272] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2019] [Accepted: 06/10/2019] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Metasurfaces, ultrathin metamaterials constructed by planar meta-atoms with tailored electromagnetic (EM) responses, have attracted tremendous attention due to their exotic abilities to freely control EM waves. With active elements incorporated into metasurface designs, one can realize tunable and/or reconfigurable metadevices with functionalities controlled by external stimuli, opening a new platform to dynamically manipulate EM waves. In this article, we briefly review recent progress on tunable/reconfigurable metasurfaces, focusing on their working mechanisms and practical applications. We first describe available approaches, categorized into different classes based on external stimuli applied, to realize homogeneous tunable/reconfigurable metasurfaces, which can offer uniform manipulations on EM waves. We next summarize recent achievements on inhomogeneous tunable/reconfigurable metasurfaces with constitutional meta-atoms locally tuned by external knobs, which can dynamically control the wave-fronts of EM waves. We conclude this review by presenting our own perspectives on possible future directions and existing challenges in this fast developing field.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Qiong He
- State Key Laboratory of Surface Physics and Key Laboratory of Micro and Nano Photonic Structures (Ministry of Education) and Department of Physics, Fudan University, Shanghai 200438, China
| | - Shulin Sun
- Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Ultra-Precision Optical Manufacturing, Green Photonics and Department of Optical Science and Engineering, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Lei Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Surface Physics and Key Laboratory of Micro and Nano Photonic Structures (Ministry of Education) and Department of Physics, Fudan University, Shanghai 200438, China
| |
Collapse
|
36
|
Chen Z, Chen X, Tao L, Chen K, Long M, Liu X, Yan K, Stantchev RI, Pickwell-MacPherson E, Xu JB. Graphene controlled Brewster angle device for ultra broadband terahertz modulation. Nat Commun 2018; 9:4909. [PMID: 30464172 PMCID: PMC6249283 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-018-07367-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2018] [Accepted: 10/25/2018] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Terahertz modulators with high tunability of both intensity and phase are essential for effective control of electromagnetic properties. Due to the underlying physics behind existing approaches there is still a lack of broadband devices able to achieve deep modulation. Here, we demonstrate the effect of tunable Brewster angle controlled by graphene, and develop a highly-tunable solid-state graphene/quartz modulator based on this mechanism. The Brewster angle of the device can be tuned by varying the conductivity of the graphene through an electrical gate. In this way, we achieve near perfect intensity modulation with spectrally flat modulation depth of 99.3 to 99.9 percent and phase tunability of up to 140 degree in the frequency range from 0.5 to 1.6 THz. Different from using electromagnetic resonance effects (for example, metamaterials), this principle ensures that our device can operate in ultra-broadband. Thus it is an effective principle for terahertz modulation. Low-dimensional materials show promise for applications in imaging, spectroscopy and ultra-broadband communications. Here, the authors report an effect of Brewster angle control at graphene-quartz interface for applications in terahertz modulation over a broadband range from 0.5 to 1.6 THz.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zefeng Chen
- Department of Electronic Engineering, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hongkong, 999077, China
| | - Xuequan Chen
- Department of Electronic Engineering, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hongkong, 999077, China
| | - Li Tao
- Department of Electronic Engineering, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hongkong, 999077, China
| | - Kun Chen
- Department of Electronic Engineering, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hongkong, 999077, China
| | - Mingzhu Long
- Department of Electronic Engineering, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hongkong, 999077, China
| | - Xudong Liu
- Department of Electronic Engineering, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hongkong, 999077, China
| | - Keyou Yan
- Department of Electronic Engineering, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hongkong, 999077, China
| | - Rayko I Stantchev
- Department of Electronic Engineering, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hongkong, 999077, China
| | - Emma Pickwell-MacPherson
- Department of Electronic Engineering, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hongkong, 999077, China. .,Physics Department, Warwick University, Coventry, CV4 7AL, UK.
| | - Jian-Bin Xu
- Department of Electronic Engineering, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hongkong, 999077, China.
| |
Collapse
|
37
|
Reconfigurable Multifunctional Metasurface Hybridized with Vanadium Dioxide at Terahertz Frequencies. MATERIALS 2018; 11:ma11102040. [PMID: 30347715 PMCID: PMC6213937 DOI: 10.3390/ma11102040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2018] [Revised: 10/15/2018] [Accepted: 10/18/2018] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Driven by the continuous demand for system integration and device miniaturization, integrating multiple diversified functions into a single metasurface hybridized with the tunable metaparticle is highly demanding at terahertz (THz) range. However, up to now, because of the limitation of the tunable metaparticle at terahertz range, most of the metasurfaces feature a single function only or process similar functionalities at a single frequency. A reconfigurable multifunctional metasurface which can realize the switch of transmission and reflection and manipulate the linearized polarization state of electromagnetic waves simultaneously over a controllable terahertz frequency range based on the vanadium dioxide was designed for the first time in the paper. The numerical result demonstrates the validity of the appropriately designed metasurface. Simulation results show that the reconfigurable and multifunctional performance of this metasurface can be acquired over 1.59 THz to 1.74 THz without re-optimizing or re-fabricating structures, which effectively extends the operating frequencies. The proposed metasurface holds potential for electromagnetic wave manipulation and this study can motivate the realization of the wideband multifunctional metasurface and the software-driven reconfigurable metasurface at terahertz frequencies.
Collapse
|
38
|
Liu X, Zhu X, Pan D. Solutions for the problems of silicon-carbon anode materials for lithium-ion batteries. ROYAL SOCIETY OPEN SCIENCE 2018; 5:172370. [PMID: 30110426 PMCID: PMC6030270 DOI: 10.1098/rsos.172370] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2018] [Accepted: 05/02/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Lithium-ion batteries are widely used in various industries, such as portable electronic devices, mobile phones, new energy car batteries, etc., and show great potential for more demanding applications like electric vehicles. Among advanced anode materials applied to lithium-ion batteries, silicon-carbon anodes have been explored extensively due to their high capacity, good operation potential, environmental friendliness and high abundance. Silicon-carbon anodes have demonstrated great potential as an anode material for lithium-ion batteries because they have perfectly improved the problems that existed in silicon anodes, such as the particle pulverization, shedding and failures of electrochemical performance during lithiation and delithiation. However, there are still some problems, such as low first discharge efficiency, poor conductivity and poor cycling performance, which need to be improved. This paper mainly presents some methods for solving the existing problems of silicon-carbon anode materials through different perspectives.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xuyan Liu
- Authors for correspondence: Xuyan Liu e-mail:
| | | | - Deng Pan
- Authors for correspondence: Deng Pan e-mail:
| |
Collapse
|
39
|
Wu Z, Chen X, Wang M, Dong J, Zheng Y. High-Performance Ultrathin Active Chiral Metamaterials. ACS NANO 2018; 12:5030-5041. [PMID: 29708728 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.8b02566] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Ultrathin active chiral metamaterials with dynamically tunable and responsive optical chirality enable new optical sensors, modulators, and switches. Herein, we develop ultrathin active chiral metamaterials of highly tunable chiroptical responses by inducing tunable near-field coupling in the metamaterials and exploit the metamaterials as ultrasensitive sensors to detect trace amounts of solvent impurities. To demonstrate the active chiral metamaterials mediated by tunable near-field coupling, we design moiré chiral metamaterials (MCMs) as model metamaterials, which consist of two layers of identical Au nanohole arrays stacked upon one another in moiré patterns with a dielectric spacer layer between the Au layers. Our simulations, analytical fittings, and experiments reveal that spacer-dependent near-field coupling exists in the MCMs, which significantly enhances the spectral shift and line shape change of the circular dichroism (CD) spectra of the MCMs. Furthermore, we use a silk fibroin thin film as the spacer layer in the MCM. With the solvent-controllable swelling of the silk fibroin thin films, we demonstrate actively tunable near-field coupling and chiroptical responses of the silk-MCMs. Impressively, we have achieved the spectral shift over a wavelength range that is more than one full width at half-maximum and the sign inversion of the CD spectra in a single ultrathin (1/5 of wavelength in thickness) MCM. Finally, we apply the silk-MCMs as ultrasensitive sensors to detect trace amounts of solvent impurities down to 200 ppm, corresponding to an ultrahigh sensitivity of >105 nm/refractive index unit (RIU) and a figure of merit of 105/RIU.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zilong Wu
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science and Engineering Program, and Texas Materials Institute , The University of Texas at Austin , Austin , Texas 78712 , United States
| | - Xiaodong Chen
- School of Physics and State Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Materials and Technologies , Sun Yat-sen University , Guangzhou 510275 , China
| | - Mingsong Wang
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science and Engineering Program, and Texas Materials Institute , The University of Texas at Austin , Austin , Texas 78712 , United States
| | - Jianwen Dong
- School of Physics and State Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Materials and Technologies , Sun Yat-sen University , Guangzhou 510275 , China
| | - Yuebing Zheng
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science and Engineering Program, and Texas Materials Institute , The University of Texas at Austin , Austin , Texas 78712 , United States
| |
Collapse
|
40
|
Actively Controlling the Topological Transition of Dispersion Based on Electrically Controllable Metamaterials. APPLIED SCIENCES-BASEL 2018. [DOI: 10.3390/app8040596] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
|