1
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Gibby WAT, Barabash ML, Khovanov IA, Luchinsky DG, McClintock PVE. Ionic Coulomb blockade controls the current in a short narrow carbon nanotube. J Chem Phys 2024; 161:054710. [PMID: 39092950 DOI: 10.1063/5.0210853] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2024] [Accepted: 07/11/2024] [Indexed: 08/04/2024] Open
Abstract
We use all-atom molecular dynamics simulations to investigate ionic conduction in a short, charged, single-wall carbon nanotube. They reveal ionic Coulomb blockade (ICB) oscillations in the current as a function of the fixed charge on the wall, and an associated occupancy staircase. Current peaks related to fluctuations around the 2 → 1 and 1 → 0 steps in occupancy are clearly resolved, in agreement with ICB theory. Current peaks were also observed at constant occupancy. These unpredicted secondary peaks are attributed to edge effects involving a remote knock-on mechanism; they are attenuated, or absent, for certain choices of model parameters. The key parameters of the system that underlie the current oscillations are estimated using ICB theory and the potential of the mean force. Future perspectives opened up by these observations are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- William A T Gibby
- Department of Physics, Lancaster University, Lancaster LA1 4YB, United Kingdom
| | - Miraslau L Barabash
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University College London, London WC1E 6BT, United Kingdom
| | - Igor A Khovanov
- School of Engineering, University of Warwick, Coventry CV4 7AL, United Kingdom
| | - Dmitry G Luchinsky
- Department of Physics, Lancaster University, Lancaster LA1 4YB, United Kingdom
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2
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Cao Y, Zhou W, Shen C, Qiu H, Guo W. Proton Coulomb Blockade Effect Involving Covalent Oxygen-Hydrogen Bond Switching. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2024; 132:188401. [PMID: 38759163 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.132.188401] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2023] [Accepted: 03/13/2024] [Indexed: 05/19/2024]
Abstract
Instead of the canonical Grotthuss mechanism, we show that a knock-on proton transport process is preferred between organic functional groups (e.g., -COOH and -OH) and adjacent water molecules in biological proton channel and synthetic nanopores through comprehensive quantum and classical molecular dynamics simulations. The knock-on process is accomplished by the switching of covalent O─H bonds of the functional group under externally applied electric fields. The proton transport through the synthetic nanopore exhibits nonlinear current-voltage characteristics, suggesting an unprecedented proton Coulomb blockade effect. These findings not only enhance the understanding of proton transport in nanoconfined systems but also pave the way for the design of a variety of proton-based nanofluidic devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuwei Cao
- State Key Laboratory of Tribology, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Wanqi Zhou
- National Key Laboratory of Mechanics and Control for Aerospace Structures and Key Laboratory for Intelligent Nano Materials and Devices of the Ministry of Education, Institute for Frontier Science, Nanjing University of Aeronautics and Astronautics, Nanjing 210016, China
| | - Chun Shen
- National Key Laboratory of Mechanics and Control for Aerospace Structures and Key Laboratory for Intelligent Nano Materials and Devices of the Ministry of Education, Institute for Frontier Science, Nanjing University of Aeronautics and Astronautics, Nanjing 210016, China
| | - Hu Qiu
- National Key Laboratory of Mechanics and Control for Aerospace Structures and Key Laboratory for Intelligent Nano Materials and Devices of the Ministry of Education, Institute for Frontier Science, Nanjing University of Aeronautics and Astronautics, Nanjing 210016, China
| | - Wanlin Guo
- National Key Laboratory of Mechanics and Control for Aerospace Structures and Key Laboratory for Intelligent Nano Materials and Devices of the Ministry of Education, Institute for Frontier Science, Nanjing University of Aeronautics and Astronautics, Nanjing 210016, China
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3
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Hao Y, Qi Z, Ge Y, Pan T, Yu L, Li P. A redox-responsive macrocycle based on the crown ether C7Te for enhanced bacterial inhibition. J Mater Chem B 2024; 12:2587-2593. [PMID: 38363549 DOI: 10.1039/d3tb02791k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/17/2024]
Abstract
Due to increasing bacterial resistance to disinfectants, there is an urgent need for new therapeutic agents and strategies to effectively inhibit bacteria. Accordingly, we have designed and synthesized a novel crown ether known as C7Te, and its oxidized form C7TeO. These compounds have demonstrated antibacterial effectiveness against Gram-negative E. coli (BL21). Notably, C7Te has the capability to enhance the inhibition of E. coli and the prevention of biofilm formation by H2O2 through a redox response. It can also effectively disrupt preformed E. coli biofilms by penetrating biofilm barriers effectively. Additionally, computer modeling of the bacterial cell membrane using nanodiscs composed of phospholipids and encircled amphipathic proteins with helical belts has revealed that C7Te can insert into and interact with phospholipids and proteins. This interaction results in the disruption of the bacterial cell membrane leading to bacterial cell death. The utilization of redox-responsive crown ethers to augment the antibacterial capabilities of H2O2-based disinfectants represents a novel approach to supramolecular bacterial inhibition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuchong Hao
- Synergetic Innovation Center of Biological Optoelectronics and Healthcare Engineering, School of Life Sciences, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Youyi West Road 127, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710072, China.
| | - Zhenhui Qi
- Synergetic Innovation Center of Biological Optoelectronics and Healthcare Engineering, School of Life Sciences, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Youyi West Road 127, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710072, China.
| | - Yan Ge
- Synergetic Innovation Center of Biological Optoelectronics and Healthcare Engineering, School of Life Sciences, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Youyi West Road 127, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710072, China.
| | - Tiezheng Pan
- Synergetic Innovation Center of Biological Optoelectronics and Healthcare Engineering, School of Life Sciences, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Youyi West Road 127, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710072, China.
| | - Luofeng Yu
- Frontiers Science Center for Flexible Electronics (FSCFE), Xi'an Institute of Flexible Electronics (IFE) and Xi'an Institute of Biomedical Materials & Engineering (IBME), Northwestern Polytechnical University, 127 West Youyi Road, Xi'an 710072, China
| | - Peng Li
- Frontiers Science Center for Flexible Electronics (FSCFE), Xi'an Institute of Flexible Electronics (IFE) and Xi'an Institute of Biomedical Materials & Engineering (IBME), Northwestern Polytechnical University, 127 West Youyi Road, Xi'an 710072, China
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4
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Xiong M, Athreya N, Chakraborty R, Leburton JP. Ion Trapping and Thermionic Emission across Sub-nm Pores. NANO LETTERS 2023; 23:11719-11726. [PMID: 38078825 DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.3c03592] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2023]
Abstract
Ionic transport through a graphene biomimetic subnanometer (sub-nm) pore of arbitrary shape and realistically decorated by intrinsic negatively charged sites is investigated by all-atom molecular dynamics (MD) simulations. In the presence of external electric fields, cation trapping-assisted translocation occurs in the vicinity of the 2D subnanometer pore, while the anion current is blocked by the negative charges. The adsorbed cations in such asymmetrically charged nanopores are located on the top of the nanopore instead of blocking the pore, as suggested previously in highly symmetric pores such as crown ethers. Our analysis of the different types of energy involved in ion translocations indicates that electrostatics is the dominant factor controlling ion transfer across these sub-nm pores. A physical model based on the thermionic emission formalism to account for the free energy barriers to ion flow reproduces the I-V characteristics.
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5
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Li J, Du L, Kong X, Wu J, Lu D, Jiang L, Guo W. Designing artificial ion channels with strict K +/Na + selectivity toward next-generation electric-eel-mimetic ionic power generation. Natl Sci Rev 2023; 10:nwad260. [PMID: 37954195 PMCID: PMC10632797 DOI: 10.1093/nsr/nwad260] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2023] [Revised: 09/03/2023] [Accepted: 09/27/2023] [Indexed: 11/14/2023] Open
Abstract
A biological potassium channel is >1000 times more permeable to K+ than to Na+ and exhibits a giant permeation rate of ∼108 ions/s. It is a great challenge to construct artificial potassium channels with such high selectivity and ion conduction rate. Herein, we unveil a long-overlooked structural feature that underpins the ultra-high K+/Na+ selectivity. By carrying out massive molecular dynamics simulation for ion transport through carbonyl-oxygen-modified bi-layer graphene nanopores, we find that the twisted carbonyl rings enable strict potassium selectivity with a dynamic K+/Na+ selectivity ratio of 1295 and a K+ conduction rate of 3.5 × 107 ions/s, approaching those of the biological counterparts. Intriguingly, atomic trajectories of K+ permeation events suggest a dual-ion transport mode, i.e. two like-charged potassium ions are successively captured by the nanopores in the graphene bi-layer and are interconnected by sharing one or two interlayer water molecules. The dual-ion behavior allows rapid release of the exiting potassium ion via a soft knock-on mechanism, which has previously been found only in biological ion channels. As a proof-of-concept utilization of this discovery, we propose a novel way for ionic power generation by mixing KCl and NaCl solutions through the bi-layer graphene nanopores, termed potassium-permselectivity enabled osmotic power generation (PoPee-OPG). Theoretically, the biomimetic device achieves a very high power density of >1000 W/m2 with graphene sheets of <1% porosity. This study provides a blueprint for artificial potassium channels and thus paves the way toward next-generation electric-eel-mimetic ionic power generation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jipeng Li
- State Key Laboratory of Marine Resource Utilization in South China Sea, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Hainan University, Haikou570228, China
| | - Linhan Du
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing100084, China
| | - Xian Kong
- South China Advanced Institute for Soft Matter Science and Technology, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Functional and Intelligent Hybrid Materials and Devices, School of Emergent Soft Matter, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou510640, China
| | - Jianzhong Wu
- Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, University of California, Riverside, CA92521, USA
| | - Diannan Lu
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing100084, China
| | - Lei Jiang
- Research Institute for Frontier Science, Beihang University, Beijing100191, China
| | - Wei Guo
- Research Institute for Frontier Science, Beihang University, Beijing100191, China
- Center for Quantum Physics and Intelligent Sciences, Department of Physics, Capital Normal University, Beijing100048, China
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6
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Zeng S, Wang T, Zhang Y, Elmegreen BG, Luan B, Gu Z. Highly Efficient CO 2/C 2H 2 Separation by Porous Graphene via Quadrupole Gating Mechanism. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2023. [PMID: 37320857 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.3c00474] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Acetylene (C2H2) is an important and widely used raw material in various industries (such as petrochemical). Generally, a product yield is proportional to the purity of C2H2; however, C2H2 from a typical industrial gas-production process is commonly contaminated by CO2. So far, the achievement of high-purity C2H2 separated from a CO2/C2H2 mixture is still challenging due to their very close molecular dimensions and boiling temperatures. Taking advantage of their quadrupoles with opposite signs, here, we show that the graphene membrane embedded with crown ether nanopores can achieve an unprecedented separation efficiency of CO2/C2H2. Combining the molecular dynamics simulation and the density functional theory (DFT) approaches, we discovered that the electrostatic gas-pore interaction favorably allows the fast transport of CO2 through crown ether nanopores while completely prohibiting C2H2 transport, which yields a remarkable permeation selectivity. In particular, the utilized crown ether pore is capable of allowing the individual transport of CO2 while completely rejecting the passage of C2H2, independent of the applied pressures, fed gases ratios, and exerted temperatures, featuring the superiority and robustness of the crown pore in CO2/C2H2 separation. Further, DFT and PMF calculations demonstrate that the transport of CO2 through the crown pore is energetically more favorable than the transport of C2H2. Our findings reveal the potential application of graphene crown pore for CO2 separation with outstanding performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuming Zeng
- College of Physical Science and Technology, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu 225009, China
| | - Tian Wang
- College of Physical Science and Technology, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu 225009, China
| | - Yuanbin Zhang
- Key Laboratory of the Ministry of Education for Advanced Catalysis Materials, College of Chemistry and Life Sciences, Zhejiang Normal University, Jinhua 321004, China
| | - Bruce G Elmegreen
- IBM Thomas J. Watson Research, Yorktown Heights, New York 10598, United States
| | - Binquan Luan
- IBM Thomas J. Watson Research, Yorktown Heights, New York 10598, United States
| | - Zonglin Gu
- College of Physical Science and Technology, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu 225009, China
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7
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Aluru NR, Aydin F, Bazant MZ, Blankschtein D, Brozena AH, de Souza JP, Elimelech M, Faucher S, Fourkas JT, Koman VB, Kuehne M, Kulik HJ, Li HK, Li Y, Li Z, Majumdar A, Martis J, Misra RP, Noy A, Pham TA, Qu H, Rayabharam A, Reed MA, Ritt CL, Schwegler E, Siwy Z, Strano MS, Wang Y, Yao YC, Zhan C, Zhang Z. Fluids and Electrolytes under Confinement in Single-Digit Nanopores. Chem Rev 2023; 123:2737-2831. [PMID: 36898130 PMCID: PMC10037271 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.2c00155] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 28.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/12/2023]
Abstract
Confined fluids and electrolyte solutions in nanopores exhibit rich and surprising physics and chemistry that impact the mass transport and energy efficiency in many important natural systems and industrial applications. Existing theories often fail to predict the exotic effects observed in the narrowest of such pores, called single-digit nanopores (SDNs), which have diameters or conduit widths of less than 10 nm, and have only recently become accessible for experimental measurements. What SDNs reveal has been surprising, including a rapidly increasing number of examples such as extraordinarily fast water transport, distorted fluid-phase boundaries, strong ion-correlation and quantum effects, and dielectric anomalies that are not observed in larger pores. Exploiting these effects presents myriad opportunities in both basic and applied research that stand to impact a host of new technologies at the water-energy nexus, from new membranes for precise separations and water purification to new gas permeable materials for water electrolyzers and energy-storage devices. SDNs also present unique opportunities to achieve ultrasensitive and selective chemical sensing at the single-ion and single-molecule limit. In this review article, we summarize the progress on nanofluidics of SDNs, with a focus on the confinement effects that arise in these extremely narrow nanopores. The recent development of precision model systems, transformative experimental tools, and multiscale theories that have played enabling roles in advancing this frontier are reviewed. We also identify new knowledge gaps in our understanding of nanofluidic transport and provide an outlook for the future challenges and opportunities at this rapidly advancing frontier.
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Affiliation(s)
- Narayana R Aluru
- Oden Institute for Computational Engineering and Sciences, Walker Department of Mechanical Engineering, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, 78712TexasUnited States
| | - Fikret Aydin
- Materials Science Division, Physical and Life Science Directorate, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California94550, United States
| | - Martin Z Bazant
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts02139, United States
- Department of Mathematics, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts02139, United States
| | - Daniel Blankschtein
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts02139, United States
| | - Alexandra H Brozena
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland20742, United States
| | - J Pedro de Souza
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts02139, United States
| | - Menachem Elimelech
- Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut06520-8286, United States
| | - Samuel Faucher
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts02139, United States
| | - John T Fourkas
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland20742, United States
- Institute for Physical Science and Technology, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland20742, United States
- Maryland NanoCenter, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland20742, United States
| | - Volodymyr B Koman
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts02139, United States
| | - Matthias Kuehne
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts02139, United States
| | - Heather J Kulik
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts02139, United States
| | - Hao-Kun Li
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, California94305, United States
| | - Yuhao Li
- Materials Science Division, Physical and Life Science Directorate, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California94550, United States
| | - Zhongwu Li
- Materials Science Division, Physical and Life Science Directorate, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California94550, United States
| | - Arun Majumdar
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, California94305, United States
| | - Joel Martis
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, California94305, United States
| | - Rahul Prasanna Misra
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts02139, United States
| | - Aleksandr Noy
- Materials Science Division, Physical and Life Science Directorate, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California94550, United States
- School of Natural Sciences, University of California Merced, Merced, California95344, United States
| | - Tuan Anh Pham
- Materials Science Division, Physical and Life Science Directorate, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California94550, United States
| | - Haoran Qu
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland20742, United States
| | - Archith Rayabharam
- Oden Institute for Computational Engineering and Sciences, Walker Department of Mechanical Engineering, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, 78712TexasUnited States
| | - Mark A Reed
- Department of Electrical Engineering, Yale University, 15 Prospect Street, New Haven, Connecticut06520, United States
| | - Cody L Ritt
- Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut06520-8286, United States
| | - Eric Schwegler
- Materials Science Division, Physical and Life Science Directorate, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California94550, United States
| | - Zuzanna Siwy
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Department of Chemistry, Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of California, Irvine, Irvine92697, United States
| | - Michael S Strano
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts02139, United States
| | - YuHuang Wang
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland20742, United States
- Maryland NanoCenter, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland20742, United States
| | - Yun-Chiao Yao
- Materials Science Division, Physical and Life Science Directorate, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California94550, United States
- School of Natural Sciences, University of California Merced, Merced, California95344, United States
| | - Cheng Zhan
- Materials Science Division, Physical and Life Science Directorate, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California94550, United States
| | - Ze Zhang
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, California94305, United States
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8
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Chen F, Athreya N, Zhao C, Xiong M, Tan H, Leburton JP, Feng J. Ion Density-Dependent Dynamic Conductance Switching in Biomimetic Graphene Nanopores. J Phys Chem Lett 2022; 13:3602-3608. [PMID: 35426690 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpclett.2c00715] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Gating in ion transport is at the center of many vital living-substance transmission processes, and understanding how gating works at an atomic level is essential but intricate. However, our understanding and finite experimental findings of subcontinuum ion transport in subnanometer nanopores are still limited, which is out of reach of the classical continuum nanofluidics. Moreover, the influence of ion density on subcontinuum ion transport is poorly understood. Here we report the ion density-dependent dynamic conductance switching process in biomimetic graphene nanopores and explain the phenomenon by a reversible ion absorption mechanism. Our molecular dynamics simulations demonstrate that the cations near the graphene nanopore can interact with the surface charges on the nanopore, thereby realizing the switching of high- and low-conductance states. This work has deepened the understanding of gating in ion transport.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fanfan Chen
- Laboratory of Experimental Physical Biology, Department of Chemistry, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China
| | | | - Chunxiao Zhao
- Laboratory of Experimental Physical Biology, Department of Chemistry, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China
| | | | - Haojing Tan
- Laboratory of Experimental Physical Biology, Department of Chemistry, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China
| | | | - Jiandong Feng
- Laboratory of Experimental Physical Biology, Department of Chemistry, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China
- Zhejiang Lab, Hangzhou 310000, China
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9
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Luan B, Elmegreen B, Kuroda MA, Gu Z, Lin G, Zeng S. Crown Nanopores in Graphene for CO 2 Capture and Filtration. ACS NANO 2022; 16:6274-6281. [PMID: 35324145 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.2c00213] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
With growing concerns about global warming, it has become urgent and critical to capture carbon from various emission sources (such as power plants) and even directly from air. Recent advances in materials research permit the design of various efficient approaches for capturing CO2 with high selectivity over other gases. Here, we show that crown nanopores (resembling crown ethers) embedded in graphene can efficaciously allow CO2 to pass and block other flue gas components (such as N2 and O2). We carried out extensive density functional theory-based calculations as well as classical and ab initio molecular dynamics simulations to reveal the energetics and dynamics of gas transport through crown nanopores. Our results highlight that the designed crown nanopores in graphene possess not only an excellent selectivity for CO2 separation/capture but also fast transport (flow) rates, which are ideal for the treatment of flue gas in power plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Binquan Luan
- IBM Thomas J. Watson Research Center, Yorktown Heights, New York 10598, United States
| | - Bruce Elmegreen
- IBM Thomas J. Watson Research Center, Yorktown Heights, New York 10598, United States
| | - Marcelo A Kuroda
- Department of Physics, Auburn University, Auburn, Alabama 36849, United States
| | - Zonglin Gu
- College of Physical Science and Technology, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu 225009, China
| | - Guojun Lin
- College of Physical Science and Technology, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu 225009, China
| | - Shuming Zeng
- College of Physical Science and Technology, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu 225009, China
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10
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Jiang X, Zhao C, Noh Y, Xu Y, Chen Y, Chen F, Ma L, Ren W, Aluru NR, Feng J. Nonlinear electrohydrodynamic ion transport in graphene nanopores. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2022; 8:eabj2510. [PMID: 35030026 PMCID: PMC8759738 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.abj2510] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2021] [Accepted: 11/22/2021] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
Mechanosensitivity is one of the essential functionalities of biological ion channels. Synthesizing an artificial nanofluidic system to mimic such sensations will not only improve our understanding of these fluidic systems but also inspire applications. In contrast to the electrohydrodynamic ion transport in long nanoslits and nanotubes, coupling hydrodynamical and ion transport at the single-atom thickness remains challenging. Here, we report the pressure-modulated ion conduction in graphene nanopores featuring nonlinear electrohydrodynamic coupling. Increase of ionic conductance, ranging from a few percent to 204.5% induced by the pressure—an effect that was not predicted by the classical linear coupling of molecular streaming to voltage-driven ion transport—was observed experimentally. Computational and theoretical studies reveal that the pressure sensitivity of graphene nanopores arises from the transport of capacitively accumulated ions near the graphene surface. Our findings may help understand the electrohydrodynamic ion transport in nanopores and offer a new ion transport controlling methodology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaowei Jiang
- Laboratory of Experimental Physical Biology, Department of Chemistry, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China
| | - Chunxiao Zhao
- Laboratory of Experimental Physical Biology, Department of Chemistry, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China
| | - Yechan Noh
- Department of Mechanical Science and Engineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
| | - Yang Xu
- Laboratory of Experimental Physical Biology, Department of Chemistry, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China
| | - Yuang Chen
- Laboratory of Experimental Physical Biology, Department of Chemistry, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China
| | - Fanfan Chen
- Laboratory of Experimental Physical Biology, Department of Chemistry, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China
| | - Laipeng Ma
- Shenyang National Laboratory for Materials Science, Institute of Metal Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenyang 110016, China
| | - Wencai Ren
- Shenyang National Laboratory for Materials Science, Institute of Metal Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenyang 110016, China
| | - Narayana R. Aluru
- Walker Department of Mechanical Engineering, Oden Institute for Computational Engineering and Sciences, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas, TX 78712, USA
| | - Jiandong Feng
- Laboratory of Experimental Physical Biology, Department of Chemistry, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China
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11
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Chen Y, Zhu Z, Tian Y, Jiang L. Rational ion transport management mediated through membrane structures. EXPLORATION (BEIJING, CHINA) 2021; 1:20210101. [PMID: 37323215 PMCID: PMC10190948 DOI: 10.1002/exp.20210101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2021] [Accepted: 09/13/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Unique membrane structures endow membranes with controlled ion transport properties in both biological and artificial systems, and they have shown broad application prospects from industrial production to biological interfaces. Herein, current advances in nanochannel-structured membranes for manipulating ion transport are reviewed from the perspective of membrane structures. First, the controllability of ion transport through ion selectivity, ion gating, ion rectification, and ion storage is introduced. Second, nanochannel-structured membranes are highlighted according to the nanochannel dimensions, including single-dimensional nanochannels (i.e., 1D, 2D, and 3D) functioning by the controllable geometrical parameters of 1D nanochannels, the adjustable interlayer spacing of 2D nanochannels, and the interconnected ion diffusion pathways of 3D nanochannels, and mixed-dimensional nanochannels (i.e., 1D/1D, 1D/2D, 1D/3D, 2D/2D, 2D/3D, and 3D/3D) tuned through asymmetric factors (e.g., components, geometric parameters, and interface properties). Then, ultrathin membranes with short ion transport distances and sandwich-like membranes with more delicate nanochannels and combination structures are reviewed, and stimulus-responsive nanochannels are discussed. Construction methods for nanochannel-structured membranes are briefly introduced, and a variety of applications of these membranes are summarized. Finally, future perspectives to developing nanochannel-structured membranes with unique structures (e.g., combinations of external macro/micro/nanostructures and the internal nanochannel arrangement) for mediating ion transport are presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yupeng Chen
- Key Laboratory of Bio‐Inspired Smart Interfacial Science and Technology of Ministry of Education, School of ChemistryBeihang UniversityBeijingP. R. China
| | - Zhongpeng Zhu
- Key Laboratory of Bio‐Inspired Smart Interfacial Science and Technology of Ministry of Education, School of ChemistryBeihang UniversityBeijingP. R. China
| | - Ye Tian
- CAS Key Laboratory of Bio‐Inspired Materials and Interfacial ScienceCAS Center for Excellence in NanoscienceTechnical Institute of Physics and Chemistry, Chinese Academy of SciencesBeijingP. R. China
- University of Chinese Academy of SciencesBeijingP. R. China
| | - Lei Jiang
- Key Laboratory of Bio‐Inspired Smart Interfacial Science and Technology of Ministry of Education, School of ChemistryBeihang UniversityBeijingP. R. China
- CAS Key Laboratory of Bio‐Inspired Materials and Interfacial ScienceCAS Center for Excellence in NanoscienceTechnical Institute of Physics and Chemistry, Chinese Academy of SciencesBeijingP. R. China
- University of Chinese Academy of SciencesBeijingP. R. China
- School of Future TechnologyUniversity of Chinese Academy of SciencesBeijingP. R. China
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Krishnakumar R, James A, Swathi RS. Metal‐Decorated Crown Ether‐Embedded Graphene Nanomeshes for Enhanced Molecular Adsorption. ADVANCED THEORY AND SIMULATIONS 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/adts.202100202] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Rohini Krishnakumar
- School of Chemistry Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Thiruvananthapuram (IISER TVM) Vithura Thiruvananthapuram 695551 India
| | - Anto James
- School of Chemistry Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Thiruvananthapuram (IISER TVM) Vithura Thiruvananthapuram 695551 India
| | - Rotti Srinivasamurthy Swathi
- School of Chemistry Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Thiruvananthapuram (IISER TVM) Vithura Thiruvananthapuram 695551 India
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13
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DuChanois RM, Porter CJ, Violet C, Verduzco R, Elimelech M. Membrane Materials for Selective Ion Separations at the Water-Energy Nexus. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2021; 33:e2101312. [PMID: 34396602 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202101312] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2021] [Revised: 04/01/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Synthetic polymer membranes are enabling components in key technologies at the water-energy nexus, including desalination and energy conversion, because of their high water/salt selectivity or ionic conductivity. However, many applications at the water-energy nexus require ion selectivity, or separation of specific ionic species from other similar species. Here, the ion selectivity of conventional polymeric membrane materials is assessed and recent progress in enhancing selective transport via tailored free volume elements and ion-membrane interactions is described. In view of the limitations of polymeric membranes, three material classes-porous crystalline materials, 2D materials, and discrete biomimetic channels-are highlighted as possible candidates for ion-selective membranes owing to their molecular-level control over physical and chemical properties. Lastly, research directions and critical challenges for developing bioinspired membranes with molecular recognition are provided.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryan M DuChanois
- Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, Yale University, New Haven, CT, 06520-8286, USA
- Nanosystems Engineering Research Center for Nanotechnology-Enabled Water Treatment (NEWT), 6100 Main Street, MS 6398, Houston, TX, 77005, USA
| | - Cassandra J Porter
- Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, Yale University, New Haven, CT, 06520-8286, USA
| | - Camille Violet
- Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, Yale University, New Haven, CT, 06520-8286, USA
| | - Rafael Verduzco
- Nanosystems Engineering Research Center for Nanotechnology-Enabled Water Treatment (NEWT), 6100 Main Street, MS 6398, Houston, TX, 77005, USA
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Materials Science and NanoEngineering, Rice University, Houston, TX, 77005, USA
| | - Menachem Elimelech
- Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, Yale University, New Haven, CT, 06520-8286, USA
- Nanosystems Engineering Research Center for Nanotechnology-Enabled Water Treatment (NEWT), 6100 Main Street, MS 6398, Houston, TX, 77005, USA
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14
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Guo K, Liu S, Tu H, Wang Z, Chen L, Lin H, Miao M, Xu J, Liu W. Crown ethers in hydrogenated graphene. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2021; 23:18983-18989. [PMID: 34494634 DOI: 10.1039/d1cp03069h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Crown ethers could serve as hosts to selectively incorporate various guest atoms or molecules within the macrocycles. However, the high flexibility of crown ether molecules limits their applications in areas requiring a higher binding strength and selectivity. As an important graphene derivate, graphane, which is composed of entirely sp3 hybridized carbon atoms and possesses the characteristic of non-wrinkle in contrast to graphene, provides an ideal two-dimensional platform to rigidify crown ether molecules. In this work, using first principles calculations, we demonstrate that the embedment of various crown ethers with different cavity sizes in the graphane lattice are thermodynamically and kinetically stable. Compared with the corresponding crown ether molecules, the binding strength for alkali metal cations can be increased by up to ∼14 times, which may provide a good means in the field of alkali metal cation separation. Meanwhile, the electronic properties of graphane could be tuned in a range of 4.43-5.85 eV by controlling the densities of the crown ethers. These crown ether graphanes are also good candidates for the photolysis of water. Therefore, considering the easy synthesis and tunable crystal structures of graphane, we expect that our findings will trigger a new wave of research and applications of both crown ethers and graphane.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kai Guo
- Department of Optical Engineering, Zhejiang A&F University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 311300, P. R. China.
| | - Sitong Liu
- Department of Optical Engineering, Zhejiang A&F University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 311300, P. R. China.
| | - Haoming Tu
- Department of Chemistry, Zhejiang A&F University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 311300, P. R. China
| | - Zhikun Wang
- Department of Chemistry, Zhejiang A&F University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 311300, P. R. China
| | - Liang Chen
- Department of Optical Engineering, Zhejiang A&F University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 311300, P. R. China.
| | - Haiqing Lin
- Beijing Computational Science Research Center, Beijing, 100193, P. R. China
| | - Maosheng Miao
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, California State University, Northridge, CA, 91330-8262, USA
| | - Jing Xu
- Department of Optical Engineering, Zhejiang A&F University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 311300, P. R. China.
| | - Wei Liu
- Department of Optical Engineering, Zhejiang A&F University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 311300, P. R. China.
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15
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Marion S, Vučemilović-Alagić N, Špadina M, Radenović A, Smith AS. From Water Solutions to Ionic Liquids with Solid State Nanopores as a Perspective to Study Transport and Translocation Phenomena. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2021; 17:e2100777. [PMID: 33955694 DOI: 10.1002/smll.202100777] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2021] [Revised: 04/01/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Solid state nanopores are single-molecular devices governed by nanoscale physics with a broad potential for technological applications. However, the control of translocation speed in these systems is still limited. Ionic liquids are molten salts which are commonly used as alternate solvents enabling the regulation of the chemical and physical interactions on solid-liquid interfaces. While their combination can be challenging to the understanding of nanoscopic processes, there has been limited attempts on bringing these two together. While summarizing the state of the art and open questions in these fields, several major advances are presented with a perspective on the next steps in the investigations of ionic-liquid filled nanopores, both from a theoretical and experimental standpoint. By analogy to aqueous solutions, it is argued that ionic liquids and nanopores can be combined to provide new nanofluidic functionalities, as well as to help resolve some of the pertinent problems in understanding transport phenomena in confined ionic liquids and providing better control of the speed of translocating analytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sanjin Marion
- Laboratory of Nanoscale Biology, Institute of Bioengineering, School of Engineering, EPFL, 1015, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Nataša Vučemilović-Alagić
- Group for Computational Life Sciences, Ruđer Bošković Institute, Division of Physical Chemistry, 10000, Zagreb, Croatia
- PULS Group, Physics Department, Interdisciplinary Center for Nanostructured Films, FAU Erlangen-Nürnberg, 91058, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Mario Špadina
- Group for Computational Life Sciences, Ruđer Bošković Institute, Division of Physical Chemistry, 10000, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Aleksandra Radenović
- Laboratory of Nanoscale Biology, Institute of Bioengineering, School of Engineering, EPFL, 1015, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Ana-Sunčana Smith
- Group for Computational Life Sciences, Ruđer Bošković Institute, Division of Physical Chemistry, 10000, Zagreb, Croatia
- PULS Group, Physics Department, Interdisciplinary Center for Nanostructured Films, FAU Erlangen-Nürnberg, 91058, Erlangen, Germany
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16
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Chernev A, Marion S, Radenovic A. Prospects of Observing Ionic Coulomb Blockade in Artificial Ion Confinements. ENTROPY (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2020; 22:E1430. [PMID: 33353100 PMCID: PMC7766073 DOI: 10.3390/e22121430] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2020] [Revised: 12/11/2020] [Accepted: 12/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Nanofluidics encompasses a wide range of advanced approaches to study charge and mass transport at the nanoscale. Modern technologies allow us to develop and improve artificial nanofluidic platforms that confine ions in a way similar to single-ion channels in living cells. Therefore, nanofluidic platforms show great potential to act as a test field for theoretical models. This review aims to highlight ionic Coulomb blockade (ICB)-an effect that is proposed to be the key player of ion channel selectivity, which is based upon electrostatic exclusion limiting ion transport. Thus, in this perspective, we focus on the most promising approaches that have been reported on the subject. We consider ion confinements of various dimensionalities and highlight the most recent advancements in the field. Furthermore, we concentrate on the most critical obstacles associated with these studies and suggest possible solutions to advance the field further.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Aleksandra Radenovic
- Laboratory of Nanoscale Biology, Institute of Bioengineering, School of Engineering, EPFL, 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland; (A.C.); (S.M.)
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17
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Sahu S, Zwolak M. Diffusion Limitations and Translocation Barriers in Atomically Thin Biomimetic Pores. ENTROPY (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2020; 22:E1326. [PMID: 33287091 PMCID: PMC7712548 DOI: 10.3390/e22111326] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2020] [Revised: 11/06/2020] [Accepted: 11/06/2020] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Ionic transport in nano- to sub-nano-scale pores is highly dependent on translocation barriers and potential wells. These features in the free-energy landscape are primarily the result of ion dehydration and electrostatic interactions. For pores in atomically thin membranes, such as graphene, other factors come into play. Ion dynamics both inside and outside the geometric volume of the pore can be critical in determining the transport properties of the channel due to several commensurate length scales, such as the effective membrane thickness, radii of the first and the second hydration layers, pore radius, and Debye length. In particular, for biomimetic pores, such as the graphene crown ether we examine here, there are regimes where transport is highly sensitive to the pore size due to the interplay of dehydration and interaction with pore charge. Picometer changes in the size, e.g., due to a minute strain, can lead to a large change in conductance. Outside of these regimes, the small pore size itself gives a large resistance, even when electrostatic factors and dehydration compensate each other to give a relatively flat-e.g., near barrierless-free energy landscape. The permeability, though, can still be large and ions will translocate rapidly after they arrive within the capture radius of the pore. This, in turn, leads to diffusion and drift effects dominating the conductance. The current thus plateaus and becomes effectively independent of pore-free energy characteristics. Measurement of this effect will give an estimate of the magnitude of kinetically limiting features, and experimentally constrain the local electromechanical conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Subin Sahu
- Biophysical and Biomedical Measurement Group, Microsystems and Nanotechnology Division, Physical Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, MD 20899, USA;
- Institute for Research in Electronics and Applied Physics and Maryland NanoCenter, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742, USA
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO 80309, USA
| | - Michael Zwolak
- Biophysical and Biomedical Measurement Group, Microsystems and Nanotechnology Division, Physical Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, MD 20899, USA;
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18
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Davis SJ, Macha M, Chernev A, Huang DM, Radenovic A, Marion S. Pressure-Induced Enlargement and Ionic Current Rectification in Symmetric Nanopores. NANO LETTERS 2020; 20:8089-8095. [PMID: 33048551 DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.0c03083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Nanopores in solid state membranes are a tool able to probe nanofluidic phenomena or can act as a single molecular sensor. They also have diverse applications in filtration, desalination, or osmotic power generation. Many of these applications involve chemical, or hydrostatic pressure differences which act on both the supporting membrane, and the ion transport through the pore. By using pressure differences between the sides of the membrane and an alternating current approach to probe ion transport, we investigate two distinct physical phenomena: the elastic deformation of the membrane through the measurement of strain at the nanopore, and the growth of ionic current rectification with pressure due to pore entrance effects. These measurements are a significant step toward the understanding of the role of elastic membrane deformation or fluid flow on linear and nonlinear transport properties of nanopores.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sebastian J Davis
- Laboratory of Nanoscale Biology, Institute of Bioengineering, School of Engineering, EPFL, 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Michal Macha
- Laboratory of Nanoscale Biology, Institute of Bioengineering, School of Engineering, EPFL, 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Andrey Chernev
- Laboratory of Nanoscale Biology, Institute of Bioengineering, School of Engineering, EPFL, 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - David M Huang
- Department of Chemistry, School of Physical Sciences, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide 5005, Australia
| | - Aleksandra Radenovic
- Laboratory of Nanoscale Biology, Institute of Bioengineering, School of Engineering, EPFL, 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Sanjin Marion
- Laboratory of Nanoscale Biology, Institute of Bioengineering, School of Engineering, EPFL, 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
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Smolyanitsky A, Fang A, Kazakov AF, Paulechka E. Ion transport across solid-state ion channels perturbed by directed strain. NANOSCALE 2020; 12:10328-10334. [PMID: 32367087 DOI: 10.1039/d0nr01858a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
We combine quantum-chemical calculations and molecular dynamics simulations to consider aqueous ion flow across non-axisymmetric nanopores in monolayer graphene and MoS2. When the pore-containing membrane is subject to uniaxial tensile strains applied in various directions, the corresponding permeability exhibits considerable directional dependence. This anisotropy is shown to arise from directed perturbations of the local electrostatics by the corresponding pore deformation, as enabled by the pore edge geometries and atomic compositions. By considering nanopores with ionic permeability that depends on the strain direction, we present model systems that may yield a detailed understanding of the structure-function relationship in solid-state and biological ion channels. Specifically, the observed anisotropic effects potentially enable the use of permeation measurements across strained membranes to obtain directional profiles of ion-pore energetics as contributed by groups of atoms or even individual atoms at the pore edge. The resulting insight may facilitate the development of subnanoscale pores with novel functionalities arising from locally asymmetric pore edge features.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Smolyanitsky
- Applied Chemicals and Materials Division, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Boulder, CO 80305, USA.
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20
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Sahu S, Zwolak M. Colloquium: Ionic phenomena in nanoscale pores through 2D materials. REVIEWS OF MODERN PHYSICS 2019; 91:10.1103/RevModPhys.91.021004. [PMID: 31579274 PMCID: PMC6774369 DOI: 10.1103/revmodphys.91.021004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
Ion transport through nanopores permeates through many areas of science and technology, from cell behavior to sensing and separation to catalysis and batteries. Two-dimensional materials, such as graphene, molybdenum disulfide (MoS2), and hexagonal boron nitride (hBN), are recent additions to these fields. Low-dimensional materials present new opportunities to develop filtration, sensing, and power technologies, encompassing ion exclusion membranes, DNA sequencing, single molecule detection, osmotic power generation, and beyond. Moreover, the physics of ionic transport through pores and constrictions within these materials is a distinct realm of competing many-particle interactions (e.g., solvation/dehydration, electrostatic blockade, hydrogen bond dynamics) and confinement. This opens up alternative routes to creating biomimetic pores and may even give analogues of quantum phenomena, such as quantized conductance, in the classical domain. These prospects make membranes of 2D materials - i.e., 2D membranes - fascinating. We will discuss the physics and applications of ionic transport through nanopores in 2D membranes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Subin Sahu
- Biophysics Group, Microsystems and Nanotechnology Division, Physical Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland 20899, USA
- Maryland NanoCenter, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland 20742, USA
| | - Michael Zwolak
- Biophysics Group, Microsystems and Nanotechnology Division, Physical Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland 20899, USA
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