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Hong JY, Medzhitov R. On developmental programming of the immune system. Trends Immunol 2023; 44:877-889. [PMID: 37852863 DOI: 10.1016/j.it.2023.09.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2023] [Revised: 09/12/2023] [Accepted: 09/12/2023] [Indexed: 10/20/2023]
Abstract
Early-life environmental exposures play a significant role in shaping long-lasting immune phenotypes and disease susceptibility. Nevertheless, comprehensive understanding of the developmental programming of immunity is limited. We propose that the vertebrate immune system contains durable programmable components established through early environmental interactions and maintained in a stable and homeostatic manner. Some immune components, such as immunological memory, are intrinsically programmable. Others are influenced by conditions during critical developmental windows in early life, including microbiota, hormones, metabolites, and environmental stress, which impact programming. Developmental immune programming can promote adaptation to an anticipated future environment. However, mismatches between predicted and actual environments can result in disease. This is relevant because understanding programming mechanisms can offer insights into the origin of inflammatory diseases, ideally enabling effective prevention and treatment strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Young Hong
- Department of Immunobiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06510, USA; Department of Systems Biology, College of Life Science and Biotechnology, Yonsei University, Seoul, South Korea.
| | - Ruslan Medzhitov
- Department of Immunobiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06510, USA; Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Chevy Chase, MD 20815, USA.
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2
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Kalelkar PP, Riddick M, García AJ. Biomaterial-based delivery of antimicrobial therapies for the treatment of bacterial infections. NATURE REVIEWS. MATERIALS 2022; 7:39-54. [PMID: 35330939 PMCID: PMC8938918 DOI: 10.1038/s41578-021-00362-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 148] [Impact Index Per Article: 74.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
UNLABELLED The rise in antibiotic-resistant bacteria, including strains that are resistant to last-resort antibiotics, and the limited ability of antibiotics to eradicate biofilms, have necessitated the development of alternative antibacterial therapeutics. Antibacterial biomaterials, such as polycationic polymers, and biomaterial-assisted delivery of non-antibiotic therapeutics, such as bacteriophages, antimicrobial peptides and antimicrobial enzymes, have improved our ability to treat antibiotic-resistant and recurring infections. Biomaterials not only allow targeted delivery of multiple agents, but also sustained release at the infection site, thereby reducing potential systemic adverse effects. In this Review, we discuss biomaterial-based non-antibiotic antibacterial therapies for the treatment of community- and hospital-acquired infectious diseases, with a focus in in vivo results. We highlight the translational potential of different biomaterial-based strategies, and provide a perspective on the challenges associated with their clinical translation. Finally, we discuss the future scope of biomaterial-assisted antibacterial therapies. WEB SUMMARY The development of antibiotic tolerance and resistance has demanded the search for alternative antibacterial therapies. This Review discusses antibacterial biomaterials and biomaterial-assisted delivery of non-antibiotic therapeutics for the treatment of bacterial infectious diseases, with a focus on clinical translation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pranav P. Kalelkar
- Petit Institute for Bioengineering and Bioscience, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA 30332, USA
- Woodruff School of Mechanical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA 30332, USA
| | - Milan Riddick
- Petit Institute for Bioengineering and Bioscience, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA 30332, USA
- Wallace H. Coulter Department of Biomedical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA 30332, USA
| | - Andrés J. García
- Petit Institute for Bioengineering and Bioscience, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA 30332, USA
- Woodruff School of Mechanical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA 30332, USA
- author to whom correspondence should be addressed:
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3
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Anaya EP, Lin X, Todd EM, Szasz TP, Morley SC. Novel Mouse Model Reveals That Serine Phosphorylation of L-Plastin Is Essential for Effective Splenic Clearance of Pneumococcus. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2021; 206:2135-2145. [PMID: 33858961 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.2000899] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2020] [Accepted: 02/19/2021] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Asplenia imparts susceptibility to life-threatening sepsis with encapsulated bacteria, such as the pneumococcus. However, the cellular components within the splenic environment that guard against pneumococcal bacteremia have not been defined. The actin-bundling protein L-plastin (LPL) is essential for the generation of marginal zone B cells and for anti-pneumococcal host defense, as revealed by a mouse model of genetic LPL deficiency. In independent studies, serine phosphorylation of LPL at residue 5 (S5) has been described as a key "switch" in regulating LPL actin binding and subsequent cell motility, although much of the data are correlative. To test the importance of S5 phosphorylation in LPL function, and to specifically assess the requirement of LPL S5 phosphorylation in anti-pneumococcal host defense, we generated the "S5A" mouse, expressing endogenous LPL bearing a serine-to-alanine mutation at this position. S5A mice were bred to homozygosity, and LPL was expressed at levels equivalent to wild-type, but S5 phosphorylation was absent. S5A mice exhibited specific impairment in clearance of pneumococci following i.v. challenge, with 10-fold-higher bacterial bloodstream burden 24 h after challenge compared with wild-type or fully LPL-deficient animals. Defective bloodstream clearance correlated with diminished population of marginal zone macrophages and with reduced phagocytic capacity of multiple innate immune cells. Development and function of other tested leukocyte lineages, such as T and B cell motility and activation, were normal in S5A mice. The S5A mouse thus provides a novel system in which to elucidate the precise molecular control of critical immune cell functions in specific host-pathogen defense interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edgar P Anaya
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Pediatrics, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO; and
| | - Xue Lin
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Pediatrics, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO; and
| | - Elizabeth M Todd
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Pediatrics, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO; and
| | - Taylor P Szasz
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Pediatrics, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO; and
| | - S Celeste Morley
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Pediatrics, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO; and .,Division of Immunobiology, Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO
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Lee KMC, Achuthan AA, Hamilton JA. GM-CSF: A Promising Target in Inflammation and Autoimmunity. Immunotargets Ther 2020; 9:225-240. [PMID: 33150139 PMCID: PMC7605919 DOI: 10.2147/itt.s262566] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2020] [Accepted: 10/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The cytokine, granulocyte macrophage-colony stimulating factor (GM-CSF), was firstly identified as being able to induce in vitro the proliferation and differentiation of bone marrow progenitors into granulocytes and macrophages. Much preclinical data have indicated that GM-CSF has a wide range of functions across different tissues in its action on myeloid cells, and GM-CSF deletion/depletion approaches indicate its potential as an important therapeutic target in several inflammatory and autoimmune disorders, for example, rheumatoid arthritis. In this review, we discuss briefly the biology of GM-CSF, raise some current issues and questions pertaining to this biology, summarize the results from preclinical models of a range of inflammatory and autoimmune disorders and list the latest clinical trials evaluating GM-CSF blockade in such disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kevin M C Lee
- Department of Medicine, Royal Melbourne Hospital, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, 3050, Australia
| | - Adrian A Achuthan
- Department of Medicine, Royal Melbourne Hospital, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, 3050, Australia
| | - John A Hamilton
- Department of Medicine, Royal Melbourne Hospital, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, 3050, Australia
- Australian Institute for Musculoskeletal Science (AIMSS), The University of Melbourne and Western Health, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
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Lipid-Protein and Protein-Protein Interactions in the Pulmonary Surfactant System and Their Role in Lung Homeostasis. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21103708. [PMID: 32466119 PMCID: PMC7279303 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21103708] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2020] [Revised: 05/22/2020] [Accepted: 05/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Pulmonary surfactant is a lipid/protein complex synthesized by the alveolar epithelium and secreted into the airspaces, where it coats and protects the large respiratory air–liquid interface. Surfactant, assembled as a complex network of membranous structures, integrates elements in charge of reducing surface tension to a minimum along the breathing cycle, thus maintaining a large surface open to gas exchange and also protecting the lung and the body from the entrance of a myriad of potentially pathogenic entities. Different molecules in the surfactant establish a multivalent crosstalk with the epithelium, the immune system and the lung microbiota, constituting a crucial platform to sustain homeostasis, under health and disease. This review summarizes some of the most important molecules and interactions within lung surfactant and how multiple lipid–protein and protein–protein interactions contribute to the proper maintenance of an operative respiratory surface.
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Potter H, Boyd TD, Clarke P, Pelak VS, Tyler KL. Recruiting the innate immune system with GM-CSF to fight viral diseases, including West Nile Virus encephalitis and COVID-19. F1000Res 2020; 9:345. [PMID: 32704352 PMCID: PMC7359749 DOI: 10.12688/f1000research.23729.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/30/2020] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
As the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic grows throughout the world, it is imperative that all approaches to ameliorating its effects be investigated, including repurposing drugs that show promise in other diseases. We have been investigating an approach to multiple disorders that involves recruiting the innate immune system to aid the body's healing and regenerative mechanism(s). In the case of West Nile Virus encephalitis and potentially COVID-19, the proposed intervention to stimulate the innate immune system may give the adaptive immune response the necessary time to develop, finish clearing the virus, and provide future immunity. Furthermore, we have found that GM-CSF-induced recruitment of the innate immune system is also able to reverse brain pathology, neuroinflammation and cognitive deficits in mouse models of Alzheimer's disease and Down syndrome, as well as improving cognition in normal aging and in human patients with cognitive deficits due to chemotherapy, both of which exhibit neuroinflammation. Others have shown that GM-CSF is an effective treatment for both bacterial and viral pneumonias, and their associated inflammation, in animals and that it has successfully treated pneumonia-associated Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome in humans. These and other data strongly suggest that GM-CSF may be an effective treatment for many viral infections, including COVID-19.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huntington Potter
- Department of Neurology, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, 80045, USA
- University of Colorado Alzheimer's and Cognition Center, Aurora, CO, 80045, USA
- Linda Crnic Institute for Down Syndrome, Aurora, CO, 80045, USA
| | - Timothy D. Boyd
- University of Colorado Alzheimer's and Cognition Center, Aurora, CO, 80045, USA
- Linda Crnic Institute for Down Syndrome, Aurora, CO, 80045, USA
| | - Penny Clarke
- Department of Neurology, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, 80045, USA
| | - Victoria S. Pelak
- Department of Neurology, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, 80045, USA
- University of Colorado Alzheimer's and Cognition Center, Aurora, CO, 80045, USA
| | - Kenneth L. Tyler
- Department of Neurology, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, 80045, USA
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Wei H, Zhao H, Li R, Yang F, Wu Y. Rhinovirus impairs the immune response of alveolar macrophages to facilitate Streptococcus pneumonia infection. Pathog Dis 2020; 78:5828079. [PMID: 32358959 DOI: 10.1093/femspd/ftaa020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2020] [Accepted: 05/01/2020] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Pneumonia is one important cause of mortality in neonates. However, the mechanism remains still unclear. Viral infection greatly enhances the morbidity of Streptococcus pneumonia. In this study, we tried to understand how human rhinovirus (HRV) would accelerate Streptococcus pneumonia infection. Alveolar macrophages (AMs) were isolated from neonatal mice. Cytokine concentrations were detected using ELISA. The phagocytosis of Streptococcus pneumonia by AMs was indicated by immunofluorescence. Toll-like receptor 3 (TLR3) and CD68 expression in isolated AMs or infected mice were determined by western blot or immunochemistry. The mortality was explored using Kaplan-Meier analysis. HRV infection enhanced cytokine release by AMs, and decreased Streptococcus pneumonia-induced TNF-α, IL-1β and IL-6 release by AMs, while has no influence on IL-10 release. HRV infection impaired phagocytosis of Streptococcus pneumonia in AMs. Mechanically, HRV infection up-regulated TLR3 expression in AMs. Mortality and pneumococcal burden decreased in TLR3-/- neonatal mice and inflammation and phagocytosis were restored in TLR3-/- AMs. Neonatal rhinovirus impairs the immune response of alveolar macrophages to facilitate Streptococcus pneumonia infection via TLR3 signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huiping Wei
- Department of Emergency, Hubei Maternal and Child Health Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, No. 745 Wuluo Road, Hongshan District, Wuhan 430070, Hubei, China
| | - Hui Zhao
- Department of Emergency, Hubei Maternal and Child Health Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, No. 745 Wuluo Road, Hongshan District, Wuhan 430070, Hubei, China
| | - Ruifang Li
- Department of Neurology, the Third People's Hospital of Hubei Province, No. 26 Zhongshan Road, Qiaokou District, Wuhan 430030, Hubei, China
| | - Feiyun Yang
- Department of Emergency, the First Affiliated Hospital of Xinxiang Medical College, No. 88 Jiankang Road, Weihui 453100, Henan, China
| | - Yan Wu
- Department of Emergency, Hubei Maternal and Child Health Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, No. 745 Wuluo Road, Hongshan District, Wuhan 430070, Hubei, China
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Umstead TM, Hewage EK, Mathewson M, Beaudoin S, Chroneos ZC, Wang M, Halstead ES. Lower respiratory tract delivery, airway clearance, and preclinical efficacy of inhaled GM-CSF in a postinfluenza pneumococcal pneumonia model. Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol 2020; 318:L571-L579. [PMID: 31994895 DOI: 10.1152/ajplung.00296.2019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Inhaled granulocyte/macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF) shows promise as a therapeutic to treat viral and bacterial pneumonia, but no mouse model of inhaled GM-CSF has been described. We sought to 1) develop a mouse model of aerosolized recombinant mouse GM-CSF administration and 2) investigate the protection conferred by inhaled GM-CSF during influenza A virus (IAV) infection against secondary bacterial infection with pneumococcus. To assess lower respiratory tract delivery of aerosolized therapeutics, mice were exposed to aerosolized fluorescein (FITC)-labeled dextran noninvasively via an aerosolization tower or invasively using a rodent ventilator. The efficiency of delivery to the lower respiratory tracts of mice was 0.01% noninvasively compared with 0.3% invasively. The airway pharmacokinetics of inhaled GM-CSF fit a two-compartment model with a terminal phase half-life of 1.3 h. To test if lower respiratory tract levels were sufficient for biological effect, mice were infected intranasally with IAV, treated with aerosolized recombinant mouse GM-CSF, and then secondarily infected with Streptococcus pneumoniae. Inhaled GM-CSF conferred a significant survival benefit to mice against secondary challenge with S. pneumoniae (P < 0.05). Inhaled GM-CSF did not reduce airway or lung parenchymal bacterial growth but significantly reduced the incidence of S. pneumoniae bacteremia (P < 0.01). However, GM-CSF overexpression during influenza virus infection did not affect lung epithelial permeability to FITC-dextran ingress into the bloodstream. Therefore, the mechanism of protection conferred by inhaled GM-CSF appears to be locally mediated improved lung antibacterial resistance to systemic bacteremia during IAV infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Todd M Umstead
- Department of Pediatrics, Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, Hershey, Pennsylvania.,Pulmonary Immunology and Physiology Laboratory, Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, Hershey, Pennsylvania
| | - Eranda Kurundu Hewage
- Department of Pediatrics, Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, Hershey, Pennsylvania.,Pulmonary Immunology and Physiology Laboratory, Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, Hershey, Pennsylvania
| | - Margaret Mathewson
- Department of Pediatrics, Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, Hershey, Pennsylvania.,Pulmonary Immunology and Physiology Laboratory, Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, Hershey, Pennsylvania
| | - Sarah Beaudoin
- Department of Pediatrics, Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, Hershey, Pennsylvania.,Pulmonary Immunology and Physiology Laboratory, Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, Hershey, Pennsylvania
| | - Zissis C Chroneos
- Department of Pediatrics, Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, Hershey, Pennsylvania.,Pulmonary Immunology and Physiology Laboratory, Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, Hershey, Pennsylvania.,Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, Hershey, Pennsylvania
| | - Ming Wang
- Department of Public Health Sciences, Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, Hershey, Pennsylvania
| | - E Scott Halstead
- Department of Pediatrics, Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, Hershey, Pennsylvania.,Pulmonary Immunology and Physiology Laboratory, Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, Hershey, Pennsylvania
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