1
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Budakian R, Finkler A, Eichler A, Poggio M, Degen CL, Tabatabaei S, Lee I, Hammel PC, Eugene SP, Taminiau TH, Walsworth RL, London P, Bleszynski Jayich A, Ajoy A, Pillai A, Wrachtrup J, Jelezko F, Bae Y, Heinrich AJ, Ast CR, Bertet P, Cappellaro P, Bonato C, Altmann Y, Gauger E. Roadmap on nanoscale magnetic resonance imaging. NANOTECHNOLOGY 2024; 35:412001. [PMID: 38744268 DOI: 10.1088/1361-6528/ad4b23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2023] [Accepted: 05/14/2024] [Indexed: 05/16/2024]
Abstract
The field of nanoscale magnetic resonance imaging (NanoMRI) was started 30 years ago. It was motivated by the desire to image single molecules and molecular assemblies, such as proteins and virus particles, with near-atomic spatial resolution and on a length scale of 100 nm. Over the years, the NanoMRI field has also expanded to include the goal of useful high-resolution nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy of molecules under ambient conditions, including samples up to the micron-scale. The realization of these goals requires the development of spin detection techniques that are many orders of magnitude more sensitive than conventional NMR and MRI, capable of detecting and controlling nanoscale ensembles of spins. Over the years, a number of different technical approaches to NanoMRI have emerged, each possessing a distinct set of capabilities for basic and applied areas of science. The goal of this roadmap article is to report the current state of the art in NanoMRI technologies, outline the areas where they are poised to have impact, identify the challenges that lie ahead, and propose methods to meet these challenges. This roadmap also shows how developments in NanoMRI techniques can lead to breakthroughs in emerging quantum science and technology applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raffi Budakian
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Canada
- Institute for Quantum Computing, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Canada
| | - Amit Finkler
- Department of Chemical and Biological Physics, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 7610001, Israel
| | - Alexander Eichler
- Institute for Solid State Physics, ETH Zurich, Otto-Stern-Weg 1, 8093 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Martino Poggio
- Department of Physics and Swiss Nanoscience Institute, University of Basel, 4056 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Christian L Degen
- Institute for Solid State Physics, ETH Zurich, Otto-Stern-Weg 1, 8093 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Sahand Tabatabaei
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Canada
- Institute for Quantum Computing, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Canada
| | - Inhee Lee
- Department of Physics, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, United States of America
| | - P Chris Hammel
- Department of Physics, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, United States of America
| | - S Polzik Eugene
- Niels Bohr Institute, University of Copenhagen, 17, Copenhagen, 2100, Denmark
| | - Tim H Taminiau
- QuTech and Kavli Institute of Nanoscience, Delft University of Technology, Netherlands
| | - Ronald L Walsworth
- University of Maryland 2218 Kim Engineering Building, College Park, MD 20742, United States of America
| | - Paz London
- Department of Physics, University of California, Santa Barbara, CA 93106, United States of America
| | - Ania Bleszynski Jayich
- Department of Physics, University of California, Santa Barbara, CA 93106, United States of America
| | - Ashok Ajoy
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, CA 97420, United States of America
- Chemical Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, 1 Cyclotron Rd, Berkeley, CA 94720, United States of America
- Quantum Information Science Program, CIFAR, 661 University Ave., Toronto, ON M5G 1M1, Canada
| | - Arjun Pillai
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, CA 97420, United States of America
| | - Jörg Wrachtrup
- 3. Physikalisches Institut, University of Stuttgart, Pfaffenwaldring 57, 70569 Stuttgart, Germany
- Max Planck Institute for Solid State Research, Heisenbergstraße 1, 70569 Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Fedor Jelezko
- Institute of Quantum Optics, Ulm University, Ulm, 89081, Germany
| | - Yujeong Bae
- Center for Quantum Nanoscience, Institute for Basic Science, Seoul 03760, Republic of Korea
- Department of Physics, Ewha Womans University, Seoul 03760, Republic of Korea
| | - Andreas J Heinrich
- Center for Quantum Nanoscience, Institute for Basic Science, Seoul 03760, Republic of Korea
- Department of Physics, Ewha Womans University, Seoul 03760, Republic of Korea
| | - Christian R Ast
- Max Planck Institute for Solid State Research, Heisenbergstraße 1, 70569 Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Patrice Bertet
- Université Paris-Saclay, CEA, CNRS, SPEC, 91191 Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - Paola Cappellaro
- Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Ave, Cambridge, MA 02139, United States of America
| | - Cristian Bonato
- SUPA, Institute of Photonics and Quantum Sciences, School of Engineering and Physical Sciences, HeriotWatt University, Edinburgh EH14 4AS, United Kingdom
| | - Yoann Altmann
- Institute of Signals, Sensors and Systems, School of Engineering and Physical Sciences, Heriot-Watt University, Edinburgh EH14 4AS, United Kingdom
| | - Erik Gauger
- SUPA, Institute of Photonics and Quantum Sciences, School of Engineering and Physical Sciences, HeriotWatt University, Edinburgh EH14 4AS, United Kingdom
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2
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Wang X, He J, Wang A, Zhang K, Sheng Y, Hu W, Jin C, Bao H, Dan Y. Analytical Impact-Excitation Theory of Er/O/B Codoped Si Light-Emitting Diodes. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2024; 132:246901. [PMID: 38949330 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.132.246901] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2024] [Accepted: 05/08/2024] [Indexed: 07/02/2024]
Abstract
Er doped Si light-emitting diodes may find important applications in silicon photonics and optical quantum computing. These diodes exhibit an emission efficiency 2 orders of magnitude higher at reverse bias than forward bias due to impact excitation. However, physics of impact excitation in these devices remains largely unexplored. In this work, we fabricated an Er/O/B codoped Si light-emitting diode which exhibits a strong electroluminescence by the impact excitation of electrons inelastically colliding the Er ions. An analytical impact-excitation theory was established to predict the electroluminescence intensity and internal quantum efficiency which fit well with the experimental data. From the fittings, we find that the excitable Er ions reach a record concentration of 1.8×10^{19} cm^{-3} and up to 45% of them is in an excitation state by impact excitation. This work has important implications for developing efficient classical and quantum light sources based on rare earth elements in semiconductors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoming Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Advanced Optical Communication Systems and Networks, University of Michigan-Shanghai Jiao Tong University Joint Institute, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Yaping Dan
- State Key Laboratory of Advanced Optical Communication Systems and Networks, University of Michigan-Shanghai Jiao Tong University Joint Institute, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
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3
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Ji C, Solomon MT, Grant GD, Tanaka K, Hua M, Wen J, Seth SK, Horn CP, Masiulionis I, Singh MK, Sullivan SE, Heremans FJ, Awschalom DD, Guha S, Dibos AM. Nanocavity-Mediated Purcell Enhancement of Er in TiO 2 Thin Films Grown via Atomic Layer Deposition. ACS NANO 2024; 18:9929-9941. [PMID: 38533847 PMCID: PMC11008365 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.3c09878] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2023] [Revised: 02/20/2024] [Accepted: 02/28/2024] [Indexed: 03/28/2024]
Abstract
The use of trivalent erbium (Er3+), typically embedded as an atomic defect in the solid-state, has widespread adoption as a dopant in telecommunication devices and shows promise as a spin-based quantum memory for quantum communication. In particular, its natural telecom C-band optical transition and spin-photon interface make it an ideal candidate for integration into existing optical fiber networks without the need for quantum frequency conversion. However, successful scaling requires a host material with few intrinsic nuclear spins, compatibility with semiconductor foundry processes, and straightforward integration with silicon photonics. Here, we present Er-doped titanium dioxide (TiO2) thin film growth on silicon substrates using a foundry-scalable atomic layer deposition process with a wide range of doping controls over the Er concentration. Even though the as-grown films are amorphous after oxygen annealing, they exhibit relatively large crystalline grains, and the embedded Er ions exhibit the characteristic optical emission spectrum from anatase TiO2. Critically, this growth and annealing process maintains the low surface roughness required for nanophotonic integration. Finally, we interface Er ensembles with high quality factor Si nanophotonic cavities via evanescent coupling and demonstrate a large Purcell enhancement (≈300) of their optical lifetime. Our findings demonstrate a low-temperature, nondestructive, and substrate-independent process for integrating Er-doped materials with silicon photonics. At high doping densities this platform can enable integrated photonic components such as on-chip amplifiers and lasers, while dilute concentrations can realize single ion quantum memories.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cheng Ji
- Pritzker
School of Molecular Engineering, University
of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60637, United States
- Materials
Science Division, Argonne National Laboratory, Lemont, Illinois 60439, United States
| | - Michael T. Solomon
- Pritzker
School of Molecular Engineering, University
of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60637, United States
- Materials
Science Division, Argonne National Laboratory, Lemont, Illinois 60439, United States
- Center
for Molecular Engineering, Argonne National
Laboratory, Lemont, Illinois 60439, United
States
| | - Gregory D. Grant
- Pritzker
School of Molecular Engineering, University
of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60637, United States
- Materials
Science Division, Argonne National Laboratory, Lemont, Illinois 60439, United States
| | - Koichi Tanaka
- Pritzker
School of Molecular Engineering, University
of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60637, United States
| | - Muchuan Hua
- Center
for Nanoscale Materials, Argonne National
Laboratory, Lemont, Illinois 60439, United
States
| | - Jianguo Wen
- Center
for Nanoscale Materials, Argonne National
Laboratory, Lemont, Illinois 60439, United
States
| | - Sagar Kumar Seth
- Pritzker
School of Molecular Engineering, University
of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60637, United States
- Materials
Science Division, Argonne National Laboratory, Lemont, Illinois 60439, United States
| | - Connor P. Horn
- Pritzker
School of Molecular Engineering, University
of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60637, United States
- Materials
Science Division, Argonne National Laboratory, Lemont, Illinois 60439, United States
| | - Ignas Masiulionis
- Pritzker
School of Molecular Engineering, University
of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60637, United States
- Materials
Science Division, Argonne National Laboratory, Lemont, Illinois 60439, United States
| | - Manish Kumar Singh
- Pritzker
School of Molecular Engineering, University
of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60637, United States
| | - Sean E. Sullivan
- Materials
Science Division, Argonne National Laboratory, Lemont, Illinois 60439, United States
- Center
for Molecular Engineering, Argonne National
Laboratory, Lemont, Illinois 60439, United
States
| | - F. Joseph Heremans
- Pritzker
School of Molecular Engineering, University
of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60637, United States
- Materials
Science Division, Argonne National Laboratory, Lemont, Illinois 60439, United States
- Center
for Molecular Engineering, Argonne National
Laboratory, Lemont, Illinois 60439, United
States
| | - David D. Awschalom
- Pritzker
School of Molecular Engineering, University
of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60637, United States
- Materials
Science Division, Argonne National Laboratory, Lemont, Illinois 60439, United States
- Center
for Molecular Engineering, Argonne National
Laboratory, Lemont, Illinois 60439, United
States
- Department
of Physics, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60637, United States
| | - Supratik Guha
- Pritzker
School of Molecular Engineering, University
of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60637, United States
- Materials
Science Division, Argonne National Laboratory, Lemont, Illinois 60439, United States
- Center
for Molecular Engineering, Argonne National
Laboratory, Lemont, Illinois 60439, United
States
| | - Alan M. Dibos
- Center
for Molecular Engineering, Argonne National
Laboratory, Lemont, Illinois 60439, United
States
- Center
for Nanoscale Materials, Argonne National
Laboratory, Lemont, Illinois 60439, United
States
- Nanoscience
and Technology Division, Argonne National
Laboratory, Lemont, Illinois 60439, United
States
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4
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Billaud E, Balembois L, Le Dantec M, Rančić M, Albertinale E, Bertaina S, Chanelière T, Goldner P, Estève D, Vion D, Bertet P, Flurin E. Microwave Fluorescence Detection of Spin Echoes. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2023; 131:100804. [PMID: 37739386 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.131.100804] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2022] [Accepted: 07/19/2023] [Indexed: 09/24/2023]
Abstract
Counting the microwave photons emitted by an ensemble of electron spins when they relax radiatively has recently been proposed as a sensitive method for electron paramagnetic resonance spectroscopy, enabled by the development of operational single microwave photon detectors at millikelvin temperature. Here, we report the detection of spin echoes in the spin fluorescence signal. The echo manifests itself as a coherent modulation of the number of photons spontaneously emitted after a π/2_{X}-τ-π_{Y}-τ-π/2_{Φ} sequence, dependent on the relative phase Φ. We demonstrate experimentally this detection method using an ensemble of Er^{3+} ion spins in a scheelite crystal of CaWO_{4}. We use fluorescence-detected echoes to measure the erbium spin coherence time, as well as the echo envelope modulation due to the coupling to the ^{183}W nuclear spins surrounding each ion. We finally compare the signal-to-noise ratio of inductively detected and fluorescence-detected echoes, and show that it is larger with the fluorescence method.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Billaud
- Université Paris-Saclay, CEA, CNRS, SPEC, 91191 Gif-sur-Yvette Cedex, France
| | - L Balembois
- Université Paris-Saclay, CEA, CNRS, SPEC, 91191 Gif-sur-Yvette Cedex, France
| | - M Le Dantec
- Université Paris-Saclay, CEA, CNRS, SPEC, 91191 Gif-sur-Yvette Cedex, France
| | - M Rančić
- Université Paris-Saclay, CEA, CNRS, SPEC, 91191 Gif-sur-Yvette Cedex, France
| | - E Albertinale
- Université Paris-Saclay, CEA, CNRS, SPEC, 91191 Gif-sur-Yvette Cedex, France
| | - S Bertaina
- CNRS, Aix-Marseille Université, IM2NP (UMR 7334), Institut Matériaux Microélectronique et Nanosciences de Provence, 13397 Marseille, France
| | - T Chanelière
- Université Grenoble Alpes, CNRS, Grenoble INP, Institut Néel, 38000 Grenoble, France
| | - P Goldner
- Chimie ParisTech, PSL University, CNRS, Institut de Recherche de Chimie Paris, 75005 Paris, France
| | - D Estève
- Université Paris-Saclay, CEA, CNRS, SPEC, 91191 Gif-sur-Yvette Cedex, France
| | - D Vion
- Université Paris-Saclay, CEA, CNRS, SPEC, 91191 Gif-sur-Yvette Cedex, France
| | - P Bertet
- Université Paris-Saclay, CEA, CNRS, SPEC, 91191 Gif-sur-Yvette Cedex, France
| | - E Flurin
- Université Paris-Saclay, CEA, CNRS, SPEC, 91191 Gif-sur-Yvette Cedex, France
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5
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A step closer to repeaters for quantum networks. Nature 2023:10.1038/d41586-023-02283-4. [PMID: 37648824 DOI: 10.1038/d41586-023-02283-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/01/2023]
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6
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Ourari S, Dusanowski Ł, Horvath SP, Uysal MT, Phenicie CM, Stevenson P, Raha M, Chen S, Cava RJ, de Leon NP, Thompson JD. Indistinguishable telecom band photons from a single Er ion in the solid state. Nature 2023; 620:977-981. [PMID: 37648759 DOI: 10.1038/s41586-023-06281-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2023] [Accepted: 06/02/2023] [Indexed: 09/01/2023]
Abstract
Atomic defects in the solid state are a key component of quantum repeater networks for long-distance quantum communication1. Recently, there has been significant interest in rare earth ions2-4, in particular Er3+ for its telecom band optical transition5-7 that allows long-distance transmission in optical fibres. However, the development of repeater nodes based on rare earth ions has been hampered by optical spectral diffusion, precluding indistinguishable single-photon generation. Here, we implant Er3+ into CaWO4, a material that combines a non-polar site symmetry, low decoherence from nuclear spins8 and is free of background rare earth ions, to realize significantly reduced optical spectral diffusion. For shallow implanted ions coupled to nanophotonic cavities with large Purcell factor, we observe single-scan optical linewidths of 150 kHz and long-term spectral diffusion of 63 kHz, both close to the Purcell-enhanced radiative linewidth of 21 kHz. This enables the observation of Hong-Ou-Mandel interference9 between successively emitted photons with a visibility of V = 80(4)%, measured after a 36 km delay line. We also observe spin relaxation times T1,s = 3.7 s and T2,s > 200 μs, with the latter limited by paramagnetic impurities in the crystal instead of nuclear spins. This represents a notable step towards the construction of telecom band quantum repeater networks with single Er3+ ions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Salim Ourari
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ, USA
| | - Łukasz Dusanowski
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ, USA
| | - Sebastian P Horvath
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ, USA
| | - Mehmet T Uysal
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ, USA
| | - Christopher M Phenicie
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ, USA
| | - Paul Stevenson
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ, USA
- Department of Physics, Northeastern University, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Mouktik Raha
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ, USA
| | - Songtao Chen
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ, USA
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Rice University, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Robert J Cava
- Department of Chemistry, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ, USA
| | - Nathalie P de Leon
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ, USA
| | - Jeff D Thompson
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ, USA.
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7
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Wang Z, Balembois L, Rančić M, Billaud E, Le Dantec M, Ferrier A, Goldner P, Bertaina S, Chanelière T, Esteve D, Vion D, Bertet P, Flurin E. Single-electron spin resonance detection by microwave photon counting. Nature 2023; 619:276-281. [PMID: 37438594 DOI: 10.1038/s41586-023-06097-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2022] [Accepted: 04/18/2023] [Indexed: 07/14/2023]
Abstract
Electron spin resonance spectroscopy is the method of choice for characterizing paramagnetic impurities, with applications ranging from chemistry to quantum computing1,2, but it gives access only to ensemble-averaged quantities owing to its limited signal-to-noise ratio. Single-electron spin sensitivity has, however, been reached using spin-dependent photoluminescence3-5, transport measurements6-9 and scanning-probe techniques10-12. These methods are system-specific or sensitive only in a small detection volume13,14, so that practical single-spin detection remains an open challenge. Here, we demonstrate single-electron magnetic resonance by spin fluorescence detection15, using a microwave photon counter at millikelvin temperatures16. We detect individual paramagnetic erbium ions in a scheelite crystal coupled to a high-quality-factor planar superconducting resonator to enhance their radiative decay rate17, with a signal-to-noise ratio of 1.9 in one second integration time. The fluorescence signal shows anti-bunching, proving that it comes from individual emitters. Coherence times up to 3 ms are measured, limited by the spin radiative lifetime. The method has the potential to be applied to arbitrary paramagnetic species with long enough non-radiative relaxation times, and allows single-spin detection in a volume as large as the resonator magnetic mode volume (approximately 10 μm3 in the present experiment), orders of magnitude larger than other single-spin detection techniques. As such, it may find applications in magnetic resonance and quantum computing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Z Wang
- Quantronics group, Université Paris-Saclay, CEA, CNRS, SPEC, Gif-sur-Yvette Cedex, France
- Département de Physique et Institut Quantique, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, Québec, Canada
| | - L Balembois
- Quantronics group, Université Paris-Saclay, CEA, CNRS, SPEC, Gif-sur-Yvette Cedex, France
| | - M Rančić
- Quantronics group, Université Paris-Saclay, CEA, CNRS, SPEC, Gif-sur-Yvette Cedex, France
| | - E Billaud
- Quantronics group, Université Paris-Saclay, CEA, CNRS, SPEC, Gif-sur-Yvette Cedex, France
| | - M Le Dantec
- Quantronics group, Université Paris-Saclay, CEA, CNRS, SPEC, Gif-sur-Yvette Cedex, France
| | - A Ferrier
- Chimie ParisTech, PSL University, CNRS, Institut de Recherche de Chimie Paris, Paris, France
| | - P Goldner
- Chimie ParisTech, PSL University, CNRS, Institut de Recherche de Chimie Paris, Paris, France
| | - S Bertaina
- CNRS, Aix-Marseille Université, IM2NP (UMR 7334), Institut Matériaux Microélectronique et Nanosciences de Provence, Marseille, France
| | - T Chanelière
- Univ. Grenoble Alpes, CNRS, Grenoble INP, Institut Néel, Grenoble, France
| | - D Esteve
- Quantronics group, Université Paris-Saclay, CEA, CNRS, SPEC, Gif-sur-Yvette Cedex, France
| | - D Vion
- Quantronics group, Université Paris-Saclay, CEA, CNRS, SPEC, Gif-sur-Yvette Cedex, France
| | - P Bertet
- Quantronics group, Université Paris-Saclay, CEA, CNRS, SPEC, Gif-sur-Yvette Cedex, France
| | - E Flurin
- Quantronics group, Université Paris-Saclay, CEA, CNRS, SPEC, Gif-sur-Yvette Cedex, France.
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8
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Mahieu N, Piątkowski J, Simler T, Nocton G. Back to the future of organolanthanide chemistry. Chem Sci 2023; 14:443-457. [PMID: 36741512 PMCID: PMC9848160 DOI: 10.1039/d2sc05976b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2022] [Accepted: 11/29/2022] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
At the dawn of the development of structural organometallic chemistry, soon after the discovery of ferrocene, the description of the LnCp3 complexes, featuring large and mostly trivalent lanthanide ions, was rather original and sparked curiosity. Yet, the interest in these new architectures rapidly dwindled due to the electrostatic nature of the bonding between π-aromatic ligands and 4f-elements. Almost 70 years later, it is interesting to focus on how the discipline has evolved in various directions with the reports of multiple catalytic reactivities, remarkable potential in small molecule activation, and the development of rich redox chemistry. Aside from chemical reactivity, a better understanding of their singular electronic nature - not precisely as simplistic as anticipated - has been crucial for developing tailored compounds with adapted magnetic anisotropy or high fluorescence properties that have witnessed significant popularity in recent years. Future developments shall greatly benefit from the detailed reactivity, structural and physical chemistry studies, particularly in photochemistry, electro- or photoelectrocatalysis of inert small molecules, and manipulating the spins' coherence in quantum technology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nolwenn Mahieu
- LCM, CNRS, Ecole Polytechnique, Institut Polytechnique de Paris, Route de Saclay91120 PalaiseauFrance
| | - Jakub Piątkowski
- LCM, CNRS, Ecole Polytechnique, Institut Polytechnique de Paris, Route de Saclay91120 PalaiseauFrance
| | - Thomas Simler
- LCM, CNRS, Ecole Polytechnique, Institut Polytechnique de Paris, Route de Saclay91120 PalaiseauFrance
| | - Grégory Nocton
- LCM, CNRS, Ecole Polytechnique, Institut Polytechnique de Paris, Route de Saclay91120 PalaiseauFrance
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9
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Ulanowski A, Merkel B, Reiserer A. Spectral multiplexing of telecom emitters with stable transition frequency. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2022; 8:eabo4538. [PMID: 36288302 PMCID: PMC9604527 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.abo4538] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2022] [Accepted: 09/08/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
In a quantum network, coherent emitters can be entangled over large distances using photonic channels. In solid-state devices, the required efficient light-emitter interface can be implemented by confining the light in nanophotonic structures. However, fluctuating charges and magnetic moments at the nearby interface then lead to spectral instability of the emitters. Here, we avoid this limitation when enhancing the photon emission up to 70(12)-fold using a Fabry-Perot resonator with an embedded 19-micrometer-thin crystalline membrane, in which we observe around 100 individual erbium emitters. In long-term measurements, they exhibit an exceptional spectral stability of <0.2 megahertz that is limited by the coupling to surrounding nuclear spins. We further implement spectrally multiplexed coherent control and find an optical coherence time of 0.11(1) milliseconds, approaching the lifetime limit of 0.3 milliseconds for the strongest-coupled emitters. Our results constitute an important step toward frequency-multiplexed quantum-network nodes operating directly at a telecommunication wavelength.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander Ulanowski
- Max-Planck-Institut für Quantenoptik, Quantum Networks Group, Hans-Kopfermann-Strasse 1, D-85748 Garching, Germany
| | - Benjamin Merkel
- Max-Planck-Institut für Quantenoptik, Quantum Networks Group, Hans-Kopfermann-Strasse 1, D-85748 Garching, Germany
| | - Andreas Reiserer
- Max-Planck-Institut für Quantenoptik, Quantum Networks Group, Hans-Kopfermann-Strasse 1, D-85748 Garching, Germany
- Technical University of Munich, TUM School of Natural Sciences and Munich Center for Quantum Science and Technology (MCQST), James-Franck-Str. 1, D-85748 Garching, Germany
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10
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Ranjan V, Wen Y, Keyser AKV, Kubatkin SE, Danilov AV, Lindström T, Bertet P, de Graaf SE. Spin-Echo Silencing Using a Current-Biased Frequency-Tunable Resonator. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2022; 129:180504. [PMID: 36374697 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.129.180504] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2022] [Revised: 08/22/2022] [Accepted: 10/06/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
The ability to control microwave emission from a spin ensemble is a requirement of several quantum memory protocols. Here, we demonstrate such ability by using a resonator whose frequency can be rapidly tuned with a bias current. We store excitations in an ensemble of rare-earth ions and suppress on demand the echo emission ("echo silencing") by two methods: (1) detuning the resonator during the spin rephasing, and (2) subjecting spins to magnetic field gradients generated by the bias current itself. We also show that spin coherence is preserved during silencing.
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Affiliation(s)
- V Ranjan
- National Physical Laboratory, Teddington TW11 0LW, United Kingdom
| | - Y Wen
- Université Paris-Saclay, CEA, CNRS, SPEC, 91191 Gif-sur-Yvette Cedex, France
| | - A K V Keyser
- National Physical Laboratory, Teddington TW11 0LW, United Kingdom
- Imperial College London, Exhibition Road, SW7 2AZ, United Kingdom
| | - S E Kubatkin
- Department of Microtechnology and Nanoscience MC2, Chalmers University of Technology, SE-41296 Goteborg, Sweden
| | - A V Danilov
- Department of Microtechnology and Nanoscience MC2, Chalmers University of Technology, SE-41296 Goteborg, Sweden
| | - T Lindström
- National Physical Laboratory, Teddington TW11 0LW, United Kingdom
| | - P Bertet
- Université Paris-Saclay, CEA, CNRS, SPEC, 91191 Gif-sur-Yvette Cedex, France
| | - S E de Graaf
- National Physical Laboratory, Teddington TW11 0LW, United Kingdom
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11
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Dibos AM, Solomon MT, Sullivan SE, Singh MK, Sautter KE, Horn CP, Grant GD, Lin Y, Wen J, Heremans FJ, Guha S, Awschalom DD. Purcell Enhancement of Erbium Ions in TiO 2 on Silicon Nanocavities. NANO LETTERS 2022; 22:6530-6536. [PMID: 35939762 PMCID: PMC9413200 DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.2c01561] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2022] [Revised: 06/27/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Isolated solid-state atomic defects with telecom optical transitions are ideal quantum photon emitters and spin qubits for applications in long-distance quantum communication networks. Prototypical telecom defects, such as erbium, suffer from poor photon emission rates, requiring photonic enhancement using resonant optical cavities. Moreover, many of the traditional hosts for erbium ions are not amenable to direct incorporation with existing integrated photonics platforms, limiting scalable fabrication of qubit-based devices. Here, we present a scalable approach toward CMOS-compatible telecom qubits by using erbium-doped titanium dioxide thin films grown atop silicon-on-insulator substrates. From this heterostructure, we have fabricated one-dimensional photonic crystal cavities demonstrating quality factors in excess of 5 × 104 and corresponding Purcell-enhanced optical emission rates of the erbium ensembles in excess of 200. This easily fabricated materials platform represents an important step toward realizing telecom quantum memories in a scalable qubit architecture compatible with mature silicon technologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alan M. Dibos
- Nanoscience
and Technology Division, Argonne National
Laboratory, Lemont, Illinois 60439, United States
- Center
for Molecular Engineering, Argonne National
Laboratory, Lemont, Illinois 60439, United
States
| | - Michael T. Solomon
- Center
for Molecular Engineering, Argonne National
Laboratory, Lemont, Illinois 60439, United
States
- Pritzker
School of Molecular Engineering, University
of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60637, United States
- Materials
Science Division, Argonne National Laboratory, Lemont, Illinois 60439, United States
| | - Sean E. Sullivan
- Center
for Molecular Engineering, Argonne National
Laboratory, Lemont, Illinois 60439, United
States
- Materials
Science Division, Argonne National Laboratory, Lemont, Illinois 60439, United States
| | - Manish K. Singh
- Pritzker
School of Molecular Engineering, University
of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60637, United States
- Materials
Science Division, Argonne National Laboratory, Lemont, Illinois 60439, United States
| | - Kathryn E. Sautter
- Pritzker
School of Molecular Engineering, University
of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60637, United States
- Materials
Science Division, Argonne National Laboratory, Lemont, Illinois 60439, United States
| | - Connor P. Horn
- Pritzker
School of Molecular Engineering, University
of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60637, United States
- Materials
Science Division, Argonne National Laboratory, Lemont, Illinois 60439, United States
| | - Gregory D. Grant
- Pritzker
School of Molecular Engineering, University
of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60637, United States
- Materials
Science Division, Argonne National Laboratory, Lemont, Illinois 60439, United States
| | - Yulin Lin
- Nanoscience
and Technology Division, Argonne National
Laboratory, Lemont, Illinois 60439, United States
| | - Jianguo Wen
- Nanoscience
and Technology Division, Argonne National
Laboratory, Lemont, Illinois 60439, United States
| | - F. Joseph Heremans
- Center
for Molecular Engineering, Argonne National
Laboratory, Lemont, Illinois 60439, United
States
- Pritzker
School of Molecular Engineering, University
of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60637, United States
- Materials
Science Division, Argonne National Laboratory, Lemont, Illinois 60439, United States
| | - Supratik Guha
- Pritzker
School of Molecular Engineering, University
of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60637, United States
- Materials
Science Division, Argonne National Laboratory, Lemont, Illinois 60439, United States
| | - David D. Awschalom
- Center
for Molecular Engineering, Argonne National
Laboratory, Lemont, Illinois 60439, United
States
- Pritzker
School of Molecular Engineering, University
of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60637, United States
- Materials
Science Division, Argonne National Laboratory, Lemont, Illinois 60439, United States
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12
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Khan MA, Leuenberger MN. First-principles study of the electronic and optical properties of Ho[Formula: see text] impurities in single-layer tungsten disulfide. Sci Rep 2022; 12:11437. [PMID: 35794152 PMCID: PMC9259704 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-14499-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2022] [Accepted: 06/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
The electronic and optical properties of single-layer (SL) tungsten disulfide (WS[Formula: see text]) in the presence of substitutional Holmium impurities (Ho[Formula: see text]) are studied. Although Ho is much larger than W, density functional theory (DFT) including spin-orbit coupling is used to show that Ho:SL WS[Formula: see text] is stable. The magnetic moment of the Ho impurity is found to be 4.75[Formula: see text] using spin-dependent DFT. The optical selection rules identified in the optical spectrum match exactly the optical selection rules derived by means of group theory. The presence of neutral Ho[Formula: see text] impurities gives rise to localized impurity states (LIS) with f-orbital character in the band structure. Using the Kubo-Greenwood formula and Kohn-Sham orbitals we obtain atom-like sharp transitions in the in-plane and out-of-plane components of the susceptibility tensor, Im[Formula: see text] and Im[Formula: see text]. The optical resonances are in good agreement with experimental data.
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Affiliation(s)
- M. A. Khan
- Department of Applied Physics, Federal Urdu University of Arts, Science and Technology, Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - Michael N. Leuenberger
- NanoScience Technology Center, Department of Physics, and College of Optics and Photonics, University of Central Florida, Orlando, FL 32826 USA
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