1
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Adekoya GJ, Adekoya OC, Muloiwa M, Sadiku ER, Kupolati WK, Hamam Y. Advances In Borophene: Synthesis, Tunable Properties, and Energy Storage Applications. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2024; 20:e2403656. [PMID: 38818675 DOI: 10.1002/smll.202403656] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2024] [Revised: 05/23/2024] [Indexed: 06/01/2024]
Abstract
Monolayer boron nanosheet, commonly known as borophene, has garnered significant attention in recent years due to its unique structural, electronic, mechanical, and thermal properties. This review paper provides a comprehensive overview of the advancements in the synthetic strategies, tunable properties, and prospective applications of borophene, specifically focusing on its potential in energy storage devices. The review begins by discussing the various synthesis techniques for borophene, including molecular beam epitaxy (MBE), chemical vapor deposition (CVD), and chemical methods, such as ultrasonic exfoliation and thermal decomposition of boron-containing precursors. The tunable properties of borophene, including its electronic, mechanical, and thermal characteristics, are extensively reviewed, with discussions on its bandgap engineering, plasmonic behavior, and thermal conductivity. Moreover, the potential applications of borophene in energy storage devices, particularly as anode materials in metal-ion batteries and supercapacitors, along with its prospects in other energy storage systems, such as sodium-oxygen batteries, are succinctly, discussed. Hence, this review provides valuable insights into the synthesis, properties, and applications of borophene, offering much-desired guidance for further research and development in this promising area of nanomaterials science.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gbolahan Joseph Adekoya
- Institute of NanoEngineering Research (INER) & Department of Chemical, Metallurgical and Materials Engineering, Faculty of Engineering and the Built Environment, Tshwane University of Technology, Pretoria, 0183, South Africa
| | - Oluwasegun Chijioke Adekoya
- Institute of NanoEngineering Research (INER) & Department of Chemical, Metallurgical and Materials Engineering, Faculty of Engineering and the Built Environment, Tshwane University of Technology, Pretoria, 0183, South Africa
| | - Mpho Muloiwa
- Department of Civil Engineering, Faculty of Engineering and the Built Environment, Tshwane University of Technology, Pretoria, 0183, South Africa
| | - Emmanuel Rotimi Sadiku
- Institute of NanoEngineering Research (INER) & Department of Chemical, Metallurgical and Materials Engineering, Faculty of Engineering and the Built Environment, Tshwane University of Technology, Pretoria, 0183, South Africa
| | - Williams Kehinde Kupolati
- Department of Civil Engineering, Faculty of Engineering and the Built Environment, Tshwane University of Technology, Pretoria, 0183, South Africa
| | - Yskandar Hamam
- Department of Electrical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering and the Built Environment, Tshwane University of Technology, Pretoria, 0183, South Africa
- École Supérieure d'Ingénieurs en Électrotechnique et Électronique, Cité Descartes, 2 Boulevard Blaise Pascal, Noisy-le-Grand, Paris, 93160, France
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2
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Sun D, Song X, Liu L, Song C, Liu H, Li Q, Butler K, Xie C, Zhang Z, Xie Y. Ab Initio Kinetic Pathway of Diborane Decomposition on Transition Metal Surfaces in Borophene Chemical Vapor Deposition Growth. J Phys Chem Lett 2024; 15:9668-9676. [PMID: 39283293 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpclett.4c01770] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/27/2024]
Abstract
The chemical vapor deposition (CVD) method holds promise for the scalable and controlled synthesis of high-quality borophene. However, the current lack of an atomistic understanding of intricate kinetic pathways from precursors to borophene impedes process optimization. Here, we employ first-principles simulations to systematically explore the pyrolytic decomposition pathways of the most used precursor diborane (B2H6) to borophene on various transition metal surfaces. Our results reveal that B2H6 on various metal substrates exhibits different dissociation behaviors. Meanwhile, the activity of the examined metal substrates is quite anisotropic and surface direction-dependent, where the estimated overall catalytic activity order of these metals is found to be Pd ≈ Pt ≈ Rh > Ir ≈ Ru ≈ Cu > Au ≈ Ag. Our study provides atomistic insights into the dissociation kinetics of diborane precursors on various transition metal surfaces, serving as a guide for experimental growth of borophene.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dan Sun
- Key Laboratory of Material Simulation Methods and Software of Ministry of Education, College of Physics, Jilin University, Changchun 130012, China
- Jilin Provincial International Cooperation Key Laboratory of High-Efficiency Clean Energy Materials, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Jilin University, Changchun 130012, China
- State Key Laboratory of Superhard Materials, College of Physics, Jilin University, Changchun 130012, China
| | - Xianqi Song
- Key Laboratory of Material Simulation Methods and Software of Ministry of Education, College of Physics, Jilin University, Changchun 130012, China
- State Key Laboratory of Superhard Materials, College of Physics, Jilin University, Changchun 130012, China
| | - Linlin Liu
- Key Laboratory of Material Simulation Methods and Software of Ministry of Education, College of Physics, Jilin University, Changchun 130012, China
- State Key Laboratory of Superhard Materials, College of Physics, Jilin University, Changchun 130012, China
| | - Chennan Song
- Key Laboratory of Material Simulation Methods and Software of Ministry of Education, College of Physics, Jilin University, Changchun 130012, China
- State Key Laboratory of Superhard Materials, College of Physics, Jilin University, Changchun 130012, China
| | - Hanyu Liu
- Key Laboratory of Material Simulation Methods and Software of Ministry of Education, College of Physics, Jilin University, Changchun 130012, China
- International Center of Future Science, Jilin University, Changchun 130012, China
| | - Quan Li
- Key Laboratory of Material Simulation Methods and Software of Ministry of Education, College of Physics, Jilin University, Changchun 130012, China
- Jilin Provincial International Cooperation Key Laboratory of High-Efficiency Clean Energy Materials, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Jilin University, Changchun 130012, China
- State Key Laboratory of Superhard Materials, College of Physics, Jilin University, Changchun 130012, China
- International Center of Future Science, Jilin University, Changchun 130012, China
| | - Keith Butler
- Department of Chemistry, University College London, Gordon Street, London WC1H 0AJ, U.K
| | - Congwei Xie
- Research Center for Crystal Materials; State Key Laboratory of Functional Materials and Devices for Special Environmental Conditions; Xinjiang Key Laboratory of Functional Crystal Materials; Xinjiang Technical Institute of Physics and Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 40-1 South Beijing Road, Urumqi 830011, China
| | - Zhuhua Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Mechanics and Control for Aerospace Structures, Key Laboratory for Intelligent Nano Materials and Devices of Ministry of Education, and Institute for Frontier Science, Nanjing University of Aeronautics and Astronautics, Nanjing 210016, China
| | - Yu Xie
- Key Laboratory of Material Simulation Methods and Software of Ministry of Education, College of Physics, Jilin University, Changchun 130012, China
- State Key Laboratory of Superhard Materials, College of Physics, Jilin University, Changchun 130012, China
- Key Laboratory of Physics and Technology for Advanced Batteries (Ministry of Education), Jilin University, Changchun 130012, China
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3
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Wang K, Choyal S, Schultz JF, McKenzie J, Li L, Liu X, Jiang N. Borophene: Synthesis, Chemistry, and Electronic Properties. Chempluschem 2024:e202400333. [PMID: 39031807 DOI: 10.1002/cplu.202400333] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2024] [Revised: 06/18/2024] [Accepted: 06/19/2024] [Indexed: 07/22/2024]
Abstract
As a neighbor of carbon in the periodic table, boron exhibits versatile structural and electronic configurations, with its allotropes predicted to possess intriguing structures and properties. Since the experimental realization of two-dimensional (2D) boron sheets (borophene) on Ag(111) substrates in 2015, the experimental study of the realization and characteristics of borophene has drawn increasing interest. In this review, we summarize the synthesis and properties of borophene, which are mainly based on experimental results. First, the synthesis of borophene on different substrates, as well as borophane and bilayer borophene, featuring unique phases and properties, are discussed. Next, the chemistry of borophene, such as oxidation, hydrogenation, and its integration into heterostructures with other materials, is summarized. We also mention a few works focused on the physical properties of borophene, specifically its electronic properties. Lastly, the brief outlook addresses challenges toward practical applications of borophene and possible solutions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kai Wang
- Department of Chemistry, University of Illinois Chicago, Chicago, IL 60607, USA
| | - Shilpa Choyal
- Department of Chemistry, University of Illinois Chicago, Chicago, IL 60607, USA
| | - Jeremy F Schultz
- Nanoscale Device Characterization Division, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, MD 20899, USA
| | - James McKenzie
- Department of Physics & Astronomy, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN 46556, USA
- Stavropoulos Center for Complex Quantum Matter, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN 46556, USA
| | - Linfei Li
- Department of Chemistry, University of Illinois Chicago, Chicago, IL 60607, USA
| | - Xiaolong Liu
- Department of Physics & Astronomy, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN 46556, USA
- Stavropoulos Center for Complex Quantum Matter, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN 46556, USA
| | - Nan Jiang
- Department of Chemistry, University of Illinois Chicago, Chicago, IL 60607, USA
- Department of Physics, University of Illinois Chicago, Chicago, IL 60607, USA
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4
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Chesnyak V, Cuxart MG, Baranowski D, Seufert K, Cojocariu I, Jugovac M, Feyer V, Auwärter W. Stripe-Like hBN Monolayer Template for Self-Assembly and Alignment of Pentacene Molecules. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2024; 20:e2304803. [PMID: 37821403 DOI: 10.1002/smll.202304803] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2023] [Revised: 09/28/2023] [Indexed: 10/13/2023]
Abstract
Metallic surfaces with unidirectional anisotropy are often used to guide the self-assembly of organic molecules along a particular direction. Such supports thus offer an avenue for the fabrication of hybrid organic-metal interfaces with tailored morphology and precise elemental composition. Nonetheless, such control often comes at the expense of detrimental interfacial interactions that might quench the pristine properties of molecules. Here, hexagonal boron nitride grown on Ir(100) is introduced as a robust platform with several coexisting 1D stripe-like moiré superstructures that effectively guide unidirectional self-assemblies of pentacene molecules, concomitantly preserving their pristine electronic properties. In particular, highly-aligned longitudinal arrays of equally-oriented molecules are formed along two perpendicular directions, as demonstrated by comprehensive scanning tunneling microscopy and photoemission characterization performed at the local and non-local scale, respectively. The functionality of the template is demonstrated by photoemission tomography, a surface-averaging technique requiring a high degree of orientational order of the probed molecules. The successful identification of pentacene's pristine frontier orbitals underlines that the template induces excellent long-range molecular ordering via weak interactions, preventing charge transfer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valeria Chesnyak
- Physics Department, TUM School of Natural Sciences, Technical University of Munich, 85747, Garching, Germany
- Dipartimento di Fisica, Università degli Studi di Trieste, via A. Valerio 2, Trieste, 34127, Italy
- Istituto Officina dei Materiali, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, S.S. 14 km 163.5 in AREA Science Park, Basovizza, Trieste, 34149, Italy
| | - Marc G Cuxart
- Physics Department, TUM School of Natural Sciences, Technical University of Munich, 85747, Garching, Germany
- Instituto Madrileño de Estudios Avanzados en Nanociencia (IMDEA-Nanociencia), 28049, Madrid, Spain
| | - Daniel Baranowski
- Peter Grünberg Institute (PGI-6), Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH, 52428, Jülich, Germany
| | - Knud Seufert
- Physics Department, TUM School of Natural Sciences, Technical University of Munich, 85747, Garching, Germany
| | - Iulia Cojocariu
- Dipartimento di Fisica, Università degli Studi di Trieste, via A. Valerio 2, Trieste, 34127, Italy
- Peter Grünberg Institute (PGI-6), Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH, 52428, Jülich, Germany
- Elettra-Sincrotrone, S.C.p.A. S.S 14 - km 163.5, Trieste, 34149, Italy
| | - Matteo Jugovac
- Elettra-Sincrotrone, S.C.p.A. S.S 14 - km 163.5, Trieste, 34149, Italy
| | - Vitaliy Feyer
- Peter Grünberg Institute (PGI-6), Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH, 52428, Jülich, Germany
- Fakultät für Physik and Center for Nanointegration Duisburg-Essen (CENIDE), Universität Duisburg-Essen, 47048, Duisburg, Germany
| | - Willi Auwärter
- Physics Department, TUM School of Natural Sciences, Technical University of Munich, 85747, Garching, Germany
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5
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Mignon P, Allouche AR, Innis NR, Bousige C. Neural Network Approach for a Rapid Prediction of Metal-Supported Borophene Properties. J Am Chem Soc 2023; 145:27857-27866. [PMID: 38063165 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.3c11549] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2023]
Abstract
We developed a high-dimensional neural network potential (NNP) to describe the structural and energetic properties of borophene deposited on silver. This NNP has the accuracy of density functional theory (DFT) calculations while achieving computational speedups of several orders of magnitude, allowing the study of extensive structures that may reveal intriguing moiré patterns or surface corrugations. We describe an efficient approach to constructing the training data set using an iterative technique known as the "adaptive learning approach". The developed NNP is able to produce, with excellent agreement, the structure, energy, and forces obtained at the DFT level. Finally, the calculated stability of various borophene polymorphs, including those not initially included in the training data set, shows better stabilization for ν ∼ 0.1 hole density, and in particular for the allotrope α ( ν = 1 / 9 ) . The stability of borophene on the metal surface is shown to depend on its orientation, implying structural corrugation patterns that can be observed only from long-time simulations on extended systems. The NNP also demonstrates its ability to simulate vibrational densities of states and produce realistic structures with simulated STM images closely matching the experimental ones.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pierre Mignon
- Institut Lumière Matière, UMR CNRS 5306, Univ Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, F-69622 Villeurbanne, France
| | - Abdul-Rahman Allouche
- Institut Lumière Matière, UMR CNRS 5306, Univ Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, F-69622 Villeurbanne, France
| | - Neil Richard Innis
- Laboratoire des Multimatériaux et Interfaces, UMR CNRS 5615, Univ. Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, F-69622 Villeurbanne, France
| | - Colin Bousige
- Laboratoire des Multimatériaux et Interfaces, UMR CNRS 5615, Univ. Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, F-69622 Villeurbanne, France
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6
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Kamal S, Seo I, Bampoulis P, Jugovac M, Brondin CA, Menteş TO, Šarić Janković I, Matetskiy AV, Moras P, Sheverdyaeva PM, Michely T, Locatelli A, Gohda Y, Kralj M, Petrović M. Unidirectional Nano-modulated Binding and Electron Scattering in Epitaxial Borophene. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2023. [PMID: 38041641 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.3c14884] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/03/2023]
Abstract
A complex interplay between the crystal structure and the electron behavior within borophene renders this material an intriguing 2D system, with many of its electronic properties still undiscovered. Experimental insight into those properties is additionally hampered by the limited capabilities of the established synthesis methods, which, in turn, inhibits the realization of potential borophene applications. In this multimethod study, photoemission spectroscopies and scanning probe techniques complemented by theoretical calculations have been used to investigate the electronic characteristics of a high-coverage, single-layer borophene on the Ir(111) substrate. Our results show that the binding of borophene to Ir(111) exhibits pronounced one-dimensional modulation and transforms borophene into a nanograting. The scattering of photoelectrons from this structural grating gives rise to the replication of the electronic bands. In addition, the binding modulation is reflected in the chemical reactivity of borophene and gives rise to its inhomogeneous aging effect. Such aging is easily reset by dissolving boron atoms in iridium at high temperature, followed by their reassembly into a fresh atomically thin borophene mesh. Besides proving electron-grating capabilities of the boron monolayer, our data provide comprehensive insight into the electronic properties of epitaxial borophene which is vital for further examination of other boron systems of reduced dimensionality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sherif Kamal
- Centre for Advanced Laser Techniques, Institute of Physics, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Insung Seo
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Yokohama 226-8502, Japan
| | - Pantelis Bampoulis
- Physics of Interfaces and Nanomaterials, MESA+ Institute, University of Twente, 7522 NB Enschede, The Netherlands
- Institute of Physics II, University of Cologne, 50937 Cologne, Germany
| | - Matteo Jugovac
- Elettra─Sincrotrone Trieste S.C.p.A., S.S. 14 km 163.5, 34149 Trieste, Italy
| | - Carlo Alberto Brondin
- Department of Molecular Sciences and Nanosystems, Ca' Foscari University of Venice, 30172 Venice, Italy
| | - Tevfik Onur Menteş
- Elettra─Sincrotrone Trieste S.C.p.A., S.S. 14 km 163.5, 34149 Trieste, Italy
| | - Iva Šarić Janković
- Faculty of Physics and Centre for Micro- and Nanosciences and Technologies, University of Rijeka, 51000 Rijeka, Croatia
| | - Andrey V Matetskiy
- Istituto di Struttura della Materia-CNR (ISM-CNR), S.S. 14 km 163.5, 34149 Trieste, Italy
| | - Paolo Moras
- Istituto di Struttura della Materia-CNR (ISM-CNR), S.S. 14 km 163.5, 34149 Trieste, Italy
| | - Polina M Sheverdyaeva
- Istituto di Struttura della Materia-CNR (ISM-CNR), S.S. 14 km 163.5, 34149 Trieste, Italy
| | - Thomas Michely
- Institute of Physics II, University of Cologne, 50937 Cologne, Germany
| | - Andrea Locatelli
- Elettra─Sincrotrone Trieste S.C.p.A., S.S. 14 km 163.5, 34149 Trieste, Italy
| | - Yoshihiro Gohda
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Yokohama 226-8502, Japan
| | - Marko Kralj
- Centre for Advanced Laser Techniques, Institute of Physics, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Marin Petrović
- Centre for Advanced Laser Techniques, Institute of Physics, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia
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7
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Biasin P, Safari M, Ghidorsi E, Baronio S, Scardamaglia M, Preobrajenski A, de Gironcoli S, Baroni S, Vesselli E. From borophene polymorphs towards a single honeycomb borophane phase: reduction of hexagonal boron layers on Al(111). NANOSCALE 2023; 15:18407-18414. [PMID: 37936532 DOI: 10.1039/d3nr02399k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2023]
Abstract
The recent interest in characterizing 2D boron polymorphs has led to claims of the first stabilization of a honeycomb phase with conical Dirac-like electron dispersion. However, the synthesis of chemically stable, single, and homogeneous 2D boron phases still represents a significant experimental challenge. This is ascribed to the intrinsic boron electronic configuration that, at variance with carbon, leads to the formation of multi-center covalent bonds. External charge compensation by substrate-induced doping can steer the geometry of the layer, both in the buckling and in the density of B vacancies, like in the case of the recently achieved stabilization of honeycomb boron layers on Al(111). The price to pay is however a strong boron-support interaction, resulting in general in a limiting kinetic hindrance with respect to the synthesis of homogenous single phases. In the specific case of Al(111) an AlB2 layer is known to form at the surface, quite far from a desirable quasi-freestanding borophene monolayer and at variance with graphene, which can be easily synthesized in an almost freestanding configuration e.g. on Ir(111). We provide here evidence for the (reversible) formation of well-ordered honeycomb borophane upon hydrogenation of the honeycomb boron phase on Al(111).
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Affiliation(s)
- Pietro Biasin
- Department of Physics, University of Trieste, Trieste 34127, Italy.
| | - Mandana Safari
- Scuola Internazionale Superiore di Studi Avanzati, Trieste 34136, Italy
| | - Elena Ghidorsi
- Department of Physics, University of Trieste, Trieste 34127, Italy.
| | - Stefania Baronio
- Department of Physics, University of Trieste, Trieste 34127, Italy.
| | | | | | - Stefano de Gironcoli
- Scuola Internazionale Superiore di Studi Avanzati, Trieste 34136, Italy
- Istituto Officina dei Materiali, SISSA Unit, CNR, Trieste 34136, Italy
| | - Stefano Baroni
- Scuola Internazionale Superiore di Studi Avanzati, Trieste 34136, Italy
- Istituto Officina dei Materiali, SISSA Unit, CNR, Trieste 34136, Italy
| | - Erik Vesselli
- Department of Physics, University of Trieste, Trieste 34127, Italy.
- TASC Laboratory, Istituto Officina dei Materiali, CNR, Trieste 34149, Italy
- Center for Energy, Environment and Transport Giacomo Ciamician, University of Trieste, Trieste 34127, Italy
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8
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Çiftçi NO, Şentürk SB, Sezen Y, Kaykusuz SÜ, Long H, Ergen O. Controllable synthesis of borophene aerogels by utilizing h-BN layers for high-performance next-generation batteries. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2023; 120:e2307537120. [PMID: 37812711 PMCID: PMC10589658 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2307537120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2023] [Accepted: 08/24/2023] [Indexed: 10/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Borophene is emerging as a promising electrode material for Li, Na, Mg, and Ca ion batteries due to its anisotropic Dirac properties, high charge capacity, and low energy barrier for ion diffusion. However, practical synthesis of active and stable borophene remains challenging in producing electrochemical devices. Here, we introduce a method for borophene aerogels (BoAs), utilizing hexagonal boron nitride aerogels. Borophene grows between h-BN layers utilizing boron-boron bridges, as a nucleation site, where borophene forms monolayers mixed with sp2-sp3 hybridization. This versatile method produces stable BoAs and is compatible with various battery chemistries. With these BoAs, we accomplish an important milestone to successfully fabricate high-performance next-generation batteries, including Na-ion (478 mAh g-1, at 0.5C, >300 cycles), Mg-ion (297 mAh g-1, at 0.5C, >300 cycles), and Ca-ion (332 mAh g-1, at 0.5C, >400 cycles), and Li-S batteries, with one of the highest capacities to date (1,559 mAh g-1, at 0.3C, >1,000 cycles).
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Affiliation(s)
- Niyazi Okan Çiftçi
- Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering, Istanbul Technical University, Istanbul34469, Turkey
- Next-Ion-Energy Inc., Yuba City, CA95991
| | - Sevil Berrak Şentürk
- Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering, Istanbul Technical University, Istanbul34469, Turkey
| | - Yaren Sezen
- Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering, Istanbul Technical University, Istanbul34469, Turkey
| | - Süreyya Üstün Kaykusuz
- Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering, Istanbul Technical University, Istanbul34469, Turkey
| | - Hu Long
- Next-Ion-Energy Inc., Yuba City, CA95991
| | - Onur Ergen
- Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering, Istanbul Technical University, Istanbul34469, Turkey
- Next-Ion-Energy Inc., Yuba City, CA95991
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan430074, China
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9
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Omambac KM, Kriegel MA, Petrović M, Finke B, Brand C, Meyer Zu Heringdorf FJ, Horn-von Hoegen M. Interplay of Kinetic Limitations and Disintegration: Selective Growth of Hexagonal Boron Nitride and Borophene Monolayers on Metal Substrates. ACS NANO 2023; 17:17946-17955. [PMID: 37676975 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.3c04038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/09/2023]
Abstract
The CVD growth of bielemental 2D-materials by using molecular precursors involves complex formation kinetics taking place at the surface and sometimes also subsurface regions of the substrate. Competing microscopic processes fundamentally limit the parameter space for optimal growth of the desired material. Kinetic limitations for diffusion and nucleation cause a high density of small domains and grain boundaries. These are usually overcome by increasing the growth temperature and decreasing the growth rate. In contrast, the nature of molecular precursors with limited thermal stability can result in dissociation and preferential desorption, leading to an undesired or ill-defined composition of the 2D-material. Here we demonstrate these constraints in a combined low-energy electron diffraction and low-energy electron microscopy study by examining the selective formation of single-layer hexagonal boron nitride (hBN) and borophene on Ir(111) using a borazine precursor. We derive a temperature-pressure phase diagram and apply classical nucleation theory to describe our results. By considering the competing processes, we find an optimum growth temperature for hBN of 950 °C. At lower temperatures, the hBN island density is increased, while at higher temperatures the precursor disintegrates and borophene is formed. Our results introduce an additional aspect that must be considered in any high-temperature growth of bielemental 2D-materials from single molecular precursors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karim M Omambac
- Faculty of Physics and Center for Nanointegration Duisburg-Essen (CENIDE), University of Duisburg-Essen, Lotharstraße 1, 47057 Duisburg, Germany
| | - Marko A Kriegel
- Faculty of Physics and Center for Nanointegration Duisburg-Essen (CENIDE), University of Duisburg-Essen, Lotharstraße 1, 47057 Duisburg, Germany
| | - Marin Petrović
- Faculty of Physics and Center for Nanointegration Duisburg-Essen (CENIDE), University of Duisburg-Essen, Lotharstraße 1, 47057 Duisburg, Germany
- Center of Excellence for Advanced Materials and Sensing Devices, Institute of Physics, Bijenička 46, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Birk Finke
- Faculty of Physics and Center for Nanointegration Duisburg-Essen (CENIDE), University of Duisburg-Essen, Lotharstraße 1, 47057 Duisburg, Germany
| | - Christian Brand
- Faculty of Physics and Center for Nanointegration Duisburg-Essen (CENIDE), University of Duisburg-Essen, Lotharstraße 1, 47057 Duisburg, Germany
| | - Frank J Meyer Zu Heringdorf
- Faculty of Physics and Center for Nanointegration Duisburg-Essen (CENIDE), University of Duisburg-Essen, Lotharstraße 1, 47057 Duisburg, Germany
- Interdisciplinary Center for Analytics on the Nanoscale (ICAN), Carl-Benz-Str. 199, 47057 Duisburg, Germany
| | - Michael Horn-von Hoegen
- Faculty of Physics and Center for Nanointegration Duisburg-Essen (CENIDE), University of Duisburg-Essen, Lotharstraße 1, 47057 Duisburg, Germany
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10
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Lv H, Chen C, Li W, Zhuo Z, Cheng P, Zhang YQ, Feng B, Wu K, Wu X, Chen L. Selective binding and periodic arrangement of magic boron clusters on monolayer borophene. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2023; 120:e2215131120. [PMID: 36877857 PMCID: PMC10089196 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2215131120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2022] [Accepted: 12/30/2022] [Indexed: 03/08/2023] Open
Abstract
The synthesis and characterization of small boron clusters with unique size and regular arrangement are crucial for boron chemistry and two-dimensional borophene materials. In this study, together with theoretical calculations, the joint molecular beam epitaxy and scanning tunneling microscopy experiments achieve the formation of unique B5 clusters on monolayer borophene (MLB) on a Cu(111) surface. The B5 clusters tend to selectively bind to specific sites of MLB with covalent boron-boron bonds in the periodic arrangement, which can be ascribed to the charge distribution and electron delocalization character of MLB and also prohibits nearby co-adsorption of B5 clusters. Furthermore, the close-packed adsorption of B5 clusters would facilitate the synthesis of bilayer borophene, exhibiting domino effect-like growth mode. The successful growth and characterization of uniform boron clusters on a surface enrich the boron-based nanomaterials and reveal the essential role of small clusters during the growth of borophene.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haifeng Lv
- Hefei National Research Center for Physical Sciences at the Microscale, Synergetic Innovation of Quantum Information and Quantum Technology, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui230026, China
- Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS) Center for Excellence in Nanoscience, and School of Chemistry and Materials Sciences, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui230026, China
| | - Caiyun Chen
- Institute of Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing100190, China
| | - Wenbin Li
- Institute of Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing100190, China
| | - Zhiwen Zhuo
- Hefei National Research Center for Physical Sciences at the Microscale, Synergetic Innovation of Quantum Information and Quantum Technology, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui230026, China
- Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS) Center for Excellence in Nanoscience, and School of Chemistry and Materials Sciences, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui230026, China
| | - Peng Cheng
- Institute of Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing100190, China
- School of Physical Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing100190, China
| | - Yi-Qi Zhang
- Institute of Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing100190, China
| | - Baojie Feng
- Institute of Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing100190, China
| | - Kehui Wu
- Institute of Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing100190, China
- School of Physical Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing100190, China
- Songshan Lake Materials Laboratory, Dongguan, Guangdong523808, China
| | - Xiaojun Wu
- Hefei National Research Center for Physical Sciences at the Microscale, Synergetic Innovation of Quantum Information and Quantum Technology, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui230026, China
- Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS) Center for Excellence in Nanoscience, and School of Chemistry and Materials Sciences, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui230026, China
- Hefei National Laboratory, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui230088, China
| | - Lan Chen
- Institute of Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing100190, China
- School of Physical Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing100190, China
- Songshan Lake Materials Laboratory, Dongguan, Guangdong523808, China
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11
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Liang J, Wang Y, Yang Z, Xu LC, Xue L, Liu R, Liu X. A theoretical study on the line defects in β 12-borophene: enhanced direct-current and alternating-current conductances. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2023; 25:6067-6078. [PMID: 36751891 DOI: 10.1039/d2cp04711j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/09/2023]
Abstract
Using density functional theory and the non-equilibrium Green's function method, we theoretically investigated the structures, stabilities, electronic properties, and the direct-current (DC) and alternating-current (AC) transport properties of the line defects in two-dimensional material β12-borophene. Our results suggest that there exist six line defects that can enhance the stability of β12-borophene and the line defects have profound influences on the electronic structure of β12-borophene. Along the zigzag direction, the line defects can change the atomic orbital components of the Dirac cones in perfect β12-borophene, but the line defects along the armchair direction have complicated influences on the Dirac cones. In the case of DC transport, some of the line defects lead to the constant DC phenomenon and the negative differential resistance effect, and enhance the DC conductances since the line defects exhibit typical one-dimensional characteristics. In the case of AC transport, some of the line defects enhance the AC conductances in the medium-frequency and high-frequency ranges through the photon-assisted tunneling effect. The microscopic mechanisms of the enhanced DC and AC conductances are different. In addition, for a low-frequency range, the equivalent circuits of β12-borophene and the line defects were also suggested, which will be beneficial for designing borophene-based functional nanodevices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianxin Liang
- College of Physics and Optoelectronics, Taiyuan University of Technology, Taiyuan 030024, China.
| | - Yue Wang
- College of Physics and Optoelectronics, Taiyuan University of Technology, Taiyuan 030024, China.
| | - Zhi Yang
- College of Physics and Optoelectronics, Taiyuan University of Technology, Taiyuan 030024, China.
| | - Li-Chun Xu
- College of Physics and Optoelectronics, Taiyuan University of Technology, Taiyuan 030024, China.
| | - Lin Xue
- College of Physics and Optoelectronics, Taiyuan University of Technology, Taiyuan 030024, China.
| | - Ruiping Liu
- College of Physics and Optoelectronics, Taiyuan University of Technology, Taiyuan 030024, China.
| | - Xuguang Liu
- Key Lab of Interface Science and Engineering in Advanced Materials, Ministry of Education, Taiyuan University of Technology, Taiyuan 030024, China.,College of Materials Science and Engineering, Taiyuan University of Technology, Taiyuan 030024, China
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12
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Slepchenkov MM, Kolosov DA, Nefedov IS, Glukhova OE. Band Gap Opening in Borophene/GaN and Borophene/ZnO Van der Waals Heterostructures Using Axial Deformation: First-Principles Study. MATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 15:8921. [PMID: 36556727 PMCID: PMC9783765 DOI: 10.3390/ma15248921] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2022] [Revised: 12/02/2022] [Accepted: 12/06/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
One of the topical problems of materials science is the production of van der Waals heterostructures with the desired properties. Borophene is considered to be among the promising 2D materials for the design of van der Waals heterostructures and their application in electronic nanodevices. In this paper, we considered new atomic configurations of van der Waals heterostructures for a potential application in nano- and optoelectronics: (1) a configuration based on buckled triangular borophene and gallium nitride (GaN) 2D monolayers; and (2) a configuration based on buckled triangular borophene and zinc oxide (ZnO) 2D monolayers. The influence of mechanical deformations on the electronic structure of borophene/GaN and borophene/ZnO van der Waals heterostructures are studied using the first-principles calculations based on density functional theory (DFT) within a double zeta plus polarization (DZP) basis set. Four types of deformation are considered: uniaxial (along the Y axis)/biaxial (along the X and Y axes) stretching and uniaxial (along the Y axis)/biaxial (along the X and Y axes) compression. The main objective of this study is to identify the most effective types of deformation from the standpoint of tuning the electronic properties of the material, namely the possibility of opening the energy gap in the band structure. For each case of deformation, the band structure and density of the electronic states (DOS) are calculated. It is found that the borophene/GaN heterostructure is more sensitive to axial compression while the borophene/ZnO heterostructure is more sensitive to axial stretching. The energy gap appears in the band structure of borophene/GaN heterostructure at uniaxial compression by 14% (gap size of 0.028 eV) and at biaxial compression by 4% (gap size of 0.018 eV). The energy gap appears in the band structure of a borophene/ZnO heterostructure at uniaxial stretching by 10% (gap size 0.063 eV) and at biaxial compression by 6% (0.012 eV). It is predicted that similar heterostructures with an emerging energy gap can be used for various nano- and optoelectronic applications, including Schottky barrier photodetectors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael M. Slepchenkov
- Institute of Physics, Saratov State University, Astrakhanskaya street 83, 410012 Saratov, Russia
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13
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Slepchenkov MM, Kolosov DA, Glukhova OE. Novel Van Der Waals Heterostructures Based on Borophene, Graphene-like GaN and ZnO for Nanoelectronics: A First Principles Study. MATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 15:4084. [PMID: 35744141 PMCID: PMC9230885 DOI: 10.3390/ma15124084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2022] [Revised: 05/30/2022] [Accepted: 06/06/2022] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
At present, the combination of 2D materials of different types of conductivity in the form of van der Waals heterostructures is an effective approach to designing electronic devices with desired characteristics. In this paper, we design novel van der Waals heterostructures by combing buckled triangular borophene (tr-B) and graphene-like gallium nitride (GaN) monolayers, and tr-B and zinc oxide (ZnO) monolayers together. Using ab initio methods, we theoretically predict the structural, electronic, and electrically conductive properties of tr-B/GaN and tr-B/ZnO van der Waals heterostructures. It is shown that the proposed atomic configurations of tr-B/GaN and tr-B/ZnO heterostructures are energetically stable and are characterized by a gapless band structure in contrast to the semiconductor character of GaN and ZnO monolayers. We find the phenomenon of charge transfer from tr-B to GaN and ZnO monolayers, which predetermines the key role of borophene in the formation of the features of the electronic structure of tr-B/GaN and tr-B/ZnO van der Waals heterostructures. The results of the calculation of the current-voltage (I-V) curves reveal that tr-B/GaN and tr-B/ZnO van der Waals heterostructures are characterized by the phenomenon of current anisotropy: the current along the zigzag edge of the ZnO/GaN monolayers is five times greater than along the armchair edge of these monolayers. Moreover, the heterostructures show good stability of current to temperature change at small voltage. These findings demonstrate that r-B/GaN and tr-B/ZnO vdW heterostructures are promising candidates for creating the element base of nanoelectronic devices, in particular, a conducting channel in field-effect transistors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael M. Slepchenkov
- Institute of Physics, Saratov State University, Astrakhanskaya Street 83, 410012 Saratov, Russia; (M.M.S.); (D.A.K.)
| | - Dmitry A. Kolosov
- Institute of Physics, Saratov State University, Astrakhanskaya Street 83, 410012 Saratov, Russia; (M.M.S.); (D.A.K.)
| | - Olga E. Glukhova
- Institute of Physics, Saratov State University, Astrakhanskaya Street 83, 410012 Saratov, Russia; (M.M.S.); (D.A.K.)
- Laboratory of Wearable Biocompatible Devices and Bionic Prostheses, I.M. Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, Trubetskaya Street 8-2, 119991 Moscow, Russia
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14
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Radatović B, Jadriško V, Kamal S, Kralj M, Novko D, Vujičić N, Petrović M. Macroscopic Single-Phase Monolayer Borophene on Arbitrary Substrates. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2022; 14:21727-21737. [PMID: 35500044 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.2c03678] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
A major challenge in the investigation of all 2D materials is the development of synthesis protocols and tools which would enable their large-scale production and effective manipulation. The same holds for borophene, where experiments are still largely limited to in situ characterizations of small-area samples. In contrast, our work is based on millimeter-sized borophene sheets, synthesized on an Ir(111) surface in ultrahigh vacuum. Besides high-quality macroscopic synthesis, as confirmed by low-energy electron diffraction (LEED) and atomic force microscopy (AFM), we also demonstrate a successful transfer of borophene from Ir to a Si wafer via electrochemical delamination process. Comparative Raman spectroscopy, in combination with the density functional theory (DFT) calculations, proved that borophene's crystal structure has been preserved in the transfer. Our results demonstrate successful growth and manipulation of large-scale, single-layer borophene sheets with minor defects and ambient stability, thus expediting borophene implementation into more complex systems and devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Borna Radatović
- Center of Excellence for Advanced Materials and Sensing Devices, Institute of Physics, Bijenička 46, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Valentino Jadriško
- Center of Excellence for Advanced Materials and Sensing Devices, Institute of Physics, Bijenička 46, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Sherif Kamal
- Center of Excellence for Advanced Materials and Sensing Devices, Institute of Physics, Bijenička 46, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Marko Kralj
- Center of Excellence for Advanced Materials and Sensing Devices, Institute of Physics, Bijenička 46, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Dino Novko
- Center of Excellence for Advanced Materials and Sensing Devices, Institute of Physics, Bijenička 46, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Nataša Vujičić
- Center of Excellence for Advanced Materials and Sensing Devices, Institute of Physics, Bijenička 46, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Marin Petrović
- Center of Excellence for Advanced Materials and Sensing Devices, Institute of Physics, Bijenička 46, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia
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15
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Liu X, Rahn MS, Ruan Q, Yakobson BI, Hersam MC. Probing borophene oxidation at the atomic scale. NANOTECHNOLOGY 2022; 33:235702. [PMID: 35180715 DOI: 10.1088/1361-6528/ac56bd] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2021] [Accepted: 02/18/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Two-dimensional boron (i.e. borophene) holds promise for a variety of emerging nanoelectronic and quantum technologies. Since borophene is synthesized under ultrahigh vacuum (UHV) conditions, it is critical that the chemical stability and structural integrity of borophene in oxidizing environments are understood for practical borophene-based applications. In this work, we assess the mechanism of borophene oxidation upon controlled exposure to air and molecular oxygen in UHV via scanning tunneling microscopy andspectroscopy, x-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, and density functional theory calculations. While borophene catastrophically degrades almost instantaneously upon exposure to air, borophene undergoes considerably more controlled oxidation when exposed to molecular oxygen in UHV. In particular, UHV molecular oxygen dosing results in single-atom covalent modification of the borophene basal plane in addition to disordered borophene edge oxidation that shows altered electronic characteristics. By comparing these experimental observations with density functional theory calculations, further atomistic insight is gained including pathways for molecular oxygen dissociation, surface diffusion, and chemisorption to borophene. Overall, this study provides an atomic-scale perspective of borophene oxidation that will inform ongoing efforts to passivate and utilize borophene in ambient conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaolong Liu
- Applied Physics Graduate Program, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, 60208, United States of America
| | - Matthew S Rahn
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, 60208, United States of America
| | - Qiyuan Ruan
- Department of Materials Science and NanoEngineering, and Department of Chemistry, Rice University, Houston, TX, 77005, United States of America
| | - Boris I Yakobson
- Department of Materials Science and NanoEngineering, and Department of Chemistry, Rice University, Houston, TX, 77005, United States of America
| | - Mark C Hersam
- Applied Physics Graduate Program, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, 60208, United States of America
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, 60208, United States of America
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, 60208, United States of America
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, 60208, United States of America
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