1
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Zhang Y, Guan H, Sheng T, Chen R, Rogge S, Du J, Yin C. Fast Thermodynamic Study on a Silicon Nanotransistor at Cryogenic Temperatures. NANO LETTERS 2024; 24:8859-8865. [PMID: 38981024 DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.4c01424] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/11/2024]
Abstract
Cryogenic temperatures are crucial for the operation of semiconductor quantum electronic devices, yet the heating effects induced by microwave or laser signals used for quantum state manipulation can lead to significant temperature variations at the nanoscale. Therefore, probing the temperature of individual devices in working conditions and understanding the thermodynamics are paramount for designing and operating large-scale quantum computing systems. In this study, we demonstrate high-sensitivity fast thermometry in a silicon nanotransistor at cryogenic temperatures using RF reflectometry. Through this method, we explore the thermodynamic processes of the nanotransistor during and after a laser pulse and determine the dominant heat dissipation channels in the few-kelvin temperature range. These insights are important to understand thermal budgets in quantum circuits, with our techniques being compatible with microwave and laser radiation, offering a versatile approach for studying other quantum electronic devices in working conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yangbo Zhang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Microscale Magnetic Resonance and School of Physical Sciences, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
- CAS Center for Excellence in Quantum Information and Quantum Physics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
| | - Hao Guan
- CAS Key Laboratory of Microscale Magnetic Resonance and School of Physical Sciences, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
- CAS Center for Excellence in Quantum Information and Quantum Physics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
- Hefei National Laboratory, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230088, China
| | - Tingfeng Sheng
- CAS Key Laboratory of Microscale Magnetic Resonance and School of Physical Sciences, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
- CAS Center for Excellence in Quantum Information and Quantum Physics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
| | - Ruiwen Chen
- CAS Key Laboratory of Microscale Magnetic Resonance and School of Physical Sciences, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
- CAS Center for Excellence in Quantum Information and Quantum Physics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
| | - Sven Rogge
- Centre of Excellence for Quantum Computation and Communication Technology, School of Physics, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia
| | - Jiangfeng Du
- CAS Key Laboratory of Microscale Magnetic Resonance and School of Physical Sciences, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
- CAS Center for Excellence in Quantum Information and Quantum Physics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
- Hefei National Laboratory, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230088, China
| | - Chunming Yin
- CAS Key Laboratory of Microscale Magnetic Resonance and School of Physical Sciences, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
- CAS Center for Excellence in Quantum Information and Quantum Physics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
- Hefei National Laboratory, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230088, China
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2
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Körber J, Heiler J, Fuchs P, Flad P, Hesselmeier E, Kuna P, Ul-Hassan J, Knolle W, Becher C, Kaiser F, Wrachtrup J. Fluorescence Enhancement of Single V2 Centers in a 4H-SiC Cavity Antenna. NANO LETTERS 2024. [PMID: 39018360 DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.4c02162] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/19/2024]
Abstract
Solid state quantum emitters are a prime candidate in distributed quantum technologies since they inherently provide a spin-photon interface. An ongoing challenge in the field, however, is the low photon extraction due to the high refractive index of typical host materials. This challenge can be overcome using photonic structures. Here, we report the integration of V2 centers in a cavity-based optical antenna. The structure consists of a silver-coated, 135 nm-thin 4H-SiC membrane functioning as a planar cavity with a broadband resonance yielding a theoretical photon collection enhancement factor of ∼34. The planar geometry allows us to identify over 20 single V2 centers at room temperature with a mean (maximum) count rate enhancement factor of 9 (15). Moreover, we observe 10 V2 centers with a mean absorption line width below 80 MHz at cryogenic temperatures. These results demonstrate a photon collection enhancement that is robust to the lateral emitter position.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan Körber
- Third Institute of Physics, University of Stuttgart, Allmandring 13, 70569 Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Jonah Heiler
- Third Institute of Physics, University of Stuttgart, Allmandring 13, 70569 Stuttgart, Germany
- Materials Research and Technology (MRT) Department, Luxembourg Institute of Science and Technology (LIST), 4422 Belvaux, Luxembourg
- Department of Physics and Materials Science, University of Luxembourg, 4422 Belvaux, Luxembourg
| | - Philipp Fuchs
- Universität des Saarlandes, Fachrichtung Physik, Campus E2.6, 66123 Saarbrücken, Germany
| | - Philipp Flad
- fourth Physics Institute and Reseach Center SCoPE, University of Stuttgart, Pfaffenwaldring 57, 70569, Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Erik Hesselmeier
- Third Institute of Physics, University of Stuttgart, Allmandring 13, 70569 Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Pierre Kuna
- Third Institute of Physics, University of Stuttgart, Allmandring 13, 70569 Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Jawad Ul-Hassan
- Department of Physics, Chemistry and Biology, Linköping University, 581 83 Linköping, Sweden
| | - Wolfgang Knolle
- Leibniz-Institute of Surface Engineering (IOM), Permoserstraße 15, 04318 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Christoph Becher
- Universität des Saarlandes, Fachrichtung Physik, Campus E2.6, 66123 Saarbrücken, Germany
| | - Florian Kaiser
- Third Institute of Physics, University of Stuttgart, Allmandring 13, 70569 Stuttgart, Germany
- Materials Research and Technology (MRT) Department, Luxembourg Institute of Science and Technology (LIST), 4422 Belvaux, Luxembourg
- Department of Physics and Materials Science, University of Luxembourg, 4422 Belvaux, Luxembourg
| | - Jörg Wrachtrup
- Third Institute of Physics, University of Stuttgart, Allmandring 13, 70569 Stuttgart, Germany
- Max Planck Institute for Solid State Research, Heisenbersgtraße 1, 70569 Stuttgart, Germany
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3
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Fung F, Rosenfeld E, Schaefer JD, Kabcenell A, Gieseler J, Zhou TX, Madhavan T, Aslam N, Yacoby A, Lukin MD. Toward Programmable Quantum Processors Based on Spin Qubits with Mechanically Mediated Interactions and Transport. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2024; 132:263602. [PMID: 38996281 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.132.263602] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2023] [Revised: 05/03/2024] [Accepted: 05/09/2024] [Indexed: 07/14/2024]
Abstract
Solid-state spin qubits are promising candidates for quantum information processing, but controlled interactions and entanglement in large, multiqubit systems are currently difficult to achieve. We describe a method for programmable control of multiqubit spin systems, in which individual nitrogen-vacancy (NV) centers in diamond nanopillars are coupled to magnetically functionalized silicon nitride mechanical resonators in a scanning probe configuration. Qubits can be entangled via interactions with nanomechanical resonators while programmable connectivity is realized via mechanical transport of qubits in nanopillars. To demonstrate the feasibility of this approach, we characterize both the mechanical properties and the magnetic field gradients around the micromagnet placed on the nanobeam resonator. We demonstrate coherent manipulation of a spin qubit in the proximity of a transported micromagnet by utilizing nuclear spin memory and use the NV center to detect the time-varying magnetic field from the oscillating micromagnet, extracting a spin-mechanical coupling of 7.7(9) Hz. With realistic improvements, the high-cooperativity regime can be reached, offering a new avenue toward scalable quantum information processing with spin qubits.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - T X Zhou
- Department of Physics, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, USA
- Harvard John A. Paulson School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, USA
- Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
| | | | - N Aslam
- Department of Physics, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, USA
- Institute of Condensed Matter Physics, Technische Universität Braunschweig, Braunschweig, Germany
- Felix Bloch Institute for Solid State Physics, Leipzig University, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
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4
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Qin Y, Guo H, Pazos S, Xu M, Yan X, Qiao J, Wang J, Zhou P, Chai Y, Hu W, Zhu Z, Li Z, Wen H, Ma Z, Li X, Lanza M, Tang J, Tian H, Liu J. 7D High-Dynamic Spin-Multiplexing. ADVANCED SCIENCE (WEINHEIM, BADEN-WURTTEMBERG, GERMANY) 2024:e2402378. [PMID: 38940415 DOI: 10.1002/advs.202402378] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2024] [Revised: 05/31/2024] [Indexed: 06/29/2024]
Abstract
Multiplexing technology creates several orthogonal data channels and dimensions for high-density information encoding and is irreplaceable in large-capacity information storage, and communication, etc. The multiplexing dimensions are constructed by light attributes and spatial dimensions. However, limited by the degree of freedom of interaction between light and material structure parameters, the multiplexing dimension exploitation method is still confused. Herein, a 7D Spin-multiplexing technique is proposed. Spin structures with four independent attributes (color center type, spin axis, spatial distribution, and dipole direction) are constructed as coding basic units. Based on the four independent spin physical effects, the corresponding photoluminescence wavelength, magnetic field, microwave, and polarization are created into four orthogonal multiplexing dimensions. Combined with the 3D of space, a 7D multiplexing method is established, which possesses the highest dimension number compared with 6 dimensions in the previous study. The basic spin unit is prepared by a self-developed laser-induced manufacturing process. The free state information of spin is read out by four physical quantities. Based on the multiple dimensions, the information is highly dynamically multiplexed to enhance information storage efficiency. Moreover, the high-dynamic in situ image encryption/marking is demonstrated. It implies a new paradigm for ultra-high-capacity storage and real-time encryption.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yue Qin
- State Key Laboratory of Dynamic Measurement Technology, Shanxi Province Key Laboratory of Quantum Sensing and Precision Measurement, North University of China, Taiyuan, 030051, P. R. China
| | - Hao Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Dynamic Measurement Technology, Shanxi Province Key Laboratory of Quantum Sensing and Precision Measurement, North University of China, Taiyuan, 030051, P. R. China
| | - Sebastian Pazos
- Materials Science and Engineering Program, Physical Science and Engineering Division, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Thuwal, 23955-6900, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mengzhen Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Hydroscience and Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China
| | - Xiaobing Yan
- National-Local Joint Engineering Laboratory of New Energy Photovoltaic Devices, Key Laboratory of Brain-Like Neuromorphic Devices and Systems of Hebei Province, College of Electron and Information Engineering, Hebei University, Baoding, 071002, China
| | - Jianzhong Qiao
- School of Automation Science and Electrical Engineering, Beihang University, Beijing, 100191, China
| | - Jia Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Dynamic Measurement Technology, Shanxi Province Key Laboratory of Quantum Sensing and Precision Measurement, North University of China, Taiyuan, 030051, P. R. China
| | - Peng Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of ASIC and System, School of Microelectronics, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200433, China
| | - Yang Chai
- Department of Applied Physics, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong, 999077, China
| | - Weida Hu
- State Key Laboratory for Infrared Physics, Shanghai Institute of Technical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 200083, China
| | - Zhengqiang Zhu
- School of Integrated Circuits and Beijing National Research Center for Information Science and Technology (BNRist), Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China
- Beijing Institute of Aerospace Control Devices, Beijing, 100094, China
| | - Zhonghao Li
- State Key Laboratory of Dynamic Measurement Technology, Shanxi Province Key Laboratory of Quantum Sensing and Precision Measurement, North University of China, Taiyuan, 030051, P. R. China
| | - Huanfei Wen
- State Key Laboratory of Dynamic Measurement Technology, Shanxi Province Key Laboratory of Quantum Sensing and Precision Measurement, North University of China, Taiyuan, 030051, P. R. China
| | - Zongmin Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Dynamic Measurement Technology, Shanxi Province Key Laboratory of Quantum Sensing and Precision Measurement, North University of China, Taiyuan, 030051, P. R. China
| | - Xin Li
- State Key Laboratory of Dynamic Measurement Technology, Shanxi Province Key Laboratory of Quantum Sensing and Precision Measurement, North University of China, Taiyuan, 030051, P. R. China
| | - Mario Lanza
- Materials Science and Engineering Program, Physical Science and Engineering Division, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Thuwal, 23955-6900, Saudi Arabia
| | - Jun Tang
- State Key Laboratory of Dynamic Measurement Technology, Shanxi Province Key Laboratory of Quantum Sensing and Precision Measurement, North University of China, Taiyuan, 030051, P. R. China
| | - He Tian
- School of Integrated Circuits and Beijing National Research Center for Information Science and Technology (BNRist), Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China
| | - Jun Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Dynamic Measurement Technology, Shanxi Province Key Laboratory of Quantum Sensing and Precision Measurement, North University of China, Taiyuan, 030051, P. R. China
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5
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Hesselmeier E, Kuna P, Knolle W, Kaiser F, Son NT, Ghezellou M, Ul-Hassan J, Vorobyov V, Wrachtrup J. High-Fidelity Optical Readout of a Nuclear-Spin Qubit in Silicon Carbide. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2024; 132:180804. [PMID: 38759189 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.132.180804] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2024] [Accepted: 04/10/2024] [Indexed: 05/19/2024]
Abstract
Quantum state readout is a key requirement for a successful qubit platform. In this work, we demonstrate a high-fidelity quantum state readout of a V2 center nuclear spin based on a repetitive readout technique. We demonstrate up to 99.5% readout fidelity and 99% for state preparation. Using this efficient readout, we initialize the nuclear spin by measurement and demonstrate its Rabi and Ramsey nutation. Finally, we use the nuclear spin as a long-lived memory for quantum sensing application of a weakly coupled diatomic nuclear-spin bath.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erik Hesselmeier
- 3rd Institute of Physics, IQST, and Research Center SCoPE, University of Stuttgart, Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Pierre Kuna
- 3rd Institute of Physics, IQST, and Research Center SCoPE, University of Stuttgart, Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Wolfgang Knolle
- Department of Sensoric Surfaces and Functional Interfaces, Leibniz-Institute of Surface Engineering (IOM), Leipzig, Germany
| | - Florian Kaiser
- Materials Research and Technology (MRT) Department, Luxembourg Institute of Science and Technology (LIST), 4422 Belvaux, Luxembourg
- University of Luxembourg, 41 rue du Brill, L-4422 Belvaux, Luxembourg
| | - Nguyen Tien Son
- Department of Physics, Chemistry and Biology, Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden
| | - Misagh Ghezellou
- Department of Physics, Chemistry and Biology, Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden
| | - Jawad Ul-Hassan
- Department of Physics, Chemistry and Biology, Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden
| | - Vadim Vorobyov
- 3rd Institute of Physics, IQST, and Research Center SCoPE, University of Stuttgart, Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Jörg Wrachtrup
- 3rd Institute of Physics, IQST, and Research Center SCoPE, University of Stuttgart, Stuttgart, Germany
- Max Planck Institute for solid state physics, Stuttgart, Germany
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6
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Lai XY, Fang RZ, Li T, Su RZ, Huang J, Li H, You LX, Bao XH, Pan JW. Single-Shot Readout of a Nuclear Spin in Silicon Carbide. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2024; 132:180803. [PMID: 38759186 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.132.180803] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2024] [Accepted: 03/22/2024] [Indexed: 05/19/2024]
Abstract
Solid-state qubits with a photonic interface is very promising for quantum networks. Color centers in silicon carbide have shown excellent optical and spin coherence, even when integrated with membranes and nanostructures. Additionally, nuclear spins coupled with electron spins can serve as long-lived quantum memories. Pioneering work previously has realized the initialization of a single nuclear spin and demonstrated its entanglement with an electron spin. In this Letter, we report the first realization of single-shot readout for a nuclear spin in SiC. We obtain a deterministic nuclear spin initialization and readout fidelity of 94.95% with a measurement duration of 1 ms. With a dual-step readout scheme, we obtain a readout fidelity as high as 99.03% within 0.28 ms by sacrificing the success efficiency. Our Letter complements the experimental toolbox of harnessing both electron and nuclear spins in SiC for future quantum networks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao-Yi Lai
- Hefei National Research Center for Physical Sciences at the Microscale and School of Physical Sciences, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
- CAS Center for Excellence in Quantum Information and Quantum Physics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
- Hefei National Laboratory, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230088, China
| | - Ren-Zhou Fang
- Hefei National Research Center for Physical Sciences at the Microscale and School of Physical Sciences, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
- CAS Center for Excellence in Quantum Information and Quantum Physics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
- Hefei National Laboratory, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230088, China
| | - Tao Li
- Hefei National Research Center for Physical Sciences at the Microscale and School of Physical Sciences, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
- CAS Center for Excellence in Quantum Information and Quantum Physics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
- Hefei National Laboratory, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230088, China
| | - Ren-Zhu Su
- Hefei National Research Center for Physical Sciences at the Microscale and School of Physical Sciences, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
- CAS Center for Excellence in Quantum Information and Quantum Physics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
- Hefei National Laboratory, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230088, China
| | - Jia Huang
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Superconductor Integrated Circuit Technology, Shanghai Institute of Microsystem and Information Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200050, China
| | - Hao Li
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Superconductor Integrated Circuit Technology, Shanghai Institute of Microsystem and Information Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200050, China
| | - Li-Xing You
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Superconductor Integrated Circuit Technology, Shanghai Institute of Microsystem and Information Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200050, China
| | - Xiao-Hui Bao
- Hefei National Research Center for Physical Sciences at the Microscale and School of Physical Sciences, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
- CAS Center for Excellence in Quantum Information and Quantum Physics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
- Hefei National Laboratory, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230088, China
| | - Jian-Wei Pan
- Hefei National Research Center for Physical Sciences at the Microscale and School of Physical Sciences, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
- CAS Center for Excellence in Quantum Information and Quantum Physics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
- Hefei National Laboratory, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230088, China
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7
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Stewart R, Canaj AB, Liu S, Regincós Martí E, Celmina A, Nichol G, Cheng HP, Murrie M, Hill S. Engineering Clock Transitions in Molecular Lanthanide Complexes. J Am Chem Soc 2024; 146:11083-11094. [PMID: 38619978 PMCID: PMC11046435 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.3c09353] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2023] [Revised: 03/11/2024] [Accepted: 03/27/2024] [Indexed: 04/17/2024]
Abstract
Molecular lanthanide (Ln) complexes are promising candidates for the development of next-generation quantum technologies. High-symmetry structures incorporating integer spin Ln ions can give rise to well-isolated crystal field quasi-doublet ground states, i.e., quantum two-level systems that may serve as the basis for magnetic qubits. Recent work has shown that symmetry lowering of the coordination environment around the Ln ion can produce an avoided crossing or clock transition within the ground doublet, leading to significantly enhanced coherence. Here, we employ single-crystal high-frequency electron paramagnetic resonance spectroscopy and high-level ab initio calculations to carry out a detailed investigation of the nine-coordinate complexes, [HoIIIL1L2], where L1 = 1,4,7,10-tetrakis(2-pyridylmethyl)-1,4,7,10-tetraaza-cyclododecane and L2 = F- (1) or [MeCN]0 (2). The pseudo-4-fold symmetry imposed by the neutral organic ligand scaffold (L1) and the apical anionic fluoride ion generates a strong axial anisotropy with an mJ = ±8 ground-state quasi-doublet in 1, where mJ denotes the projection of the J = 8 spin-orbital moment onto the ∼C4 axis. Meanwhile, off-diagonal crystal field interactions give rise to a giant 116.4 ± 1.0 GHz clock transition within this doublet. We then demonstrate targeted crystal field engineering of the clock transition by replacing F- with neutral MeCN (2), resulting in an increase in the clock transition frequency by a factor of 2.2. The experimental results are in broad agreement with quantum chemical calculations. This tunability is highly desirable because decoherence caused by second-order sensitivity to magnetic noise scales inversely with the clock transition frequency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert Stewart
- National
High Magnetic Field Laboratory, Florida
State University, Tallahassee, Florida 32310, United States
- Department
of Physics, Florida State University, Tallahassee, Florida 32306, United States
- Center
for Molecular Magnetic Quantum Materials, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida 32611, United States
| | - Angelos B. Canaj
- School
of Chemistry, University of Glasgow, University Avenue, Glasgow G12 8QQ, U.K.
| | - Shuanglong Liu
- Center
for Molecular Magnetic Quantum Materials, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida 32611, United States
- Department
of Physics, Northeastern University, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, United States
| | - Emma Regincós Martí
- School
of Chemistry, University of Glasgow, University Avenue, Glasgow G12 8QQ, U.K.
| | - Anna Celmina
- School
of Chemistry, University of Glasgow, University Avenue, Glasgow G12 8QQ, U.K.
| | - Gary Nichol
- EastCHEM
School of Chemistry, The University of Edinburgh, David Brewster Road, Edinburgh EH9 3FJ, Scotland, U.K.
| | - Hai-Ping Cheng
- Center
for Molecular Magnetic Quantum Materials, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida 32611, United States
- Department
of Physics, Northeastern University, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, United States
| | - Mark Murrie
- School
of Chemistry, University of Glasgow, University Avenue, Glasgow G12 8QQ, U.K.
| | - Stephen Hill
- National
High Magnetic Field Laboratory, Florida
State University, Tallahassee, Florida 32310, United States
- Department
of Physics, Florida State University, Tallahassee, Florida 32306, United States
- Center
for Molecular Magnetic Quantum Materials, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida 32611, United States
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8
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Fang RZ, Lai XY, Li T, Su RZ, Lu BW, Yang CW, Liu RZ, Qiao YK, Li C, He ZG, Huang J, Li H, You LX, Huo YH, Bao XH, Pan JW. Experimental Generation of Spin-Photon Entanglement in Silicon Carbide. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2024; 132:160801. [PMID: 38701444 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.132.160801] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2023] [Accepted: 03/20/2024] [Indexed: 05/05/2024]
Abstract
A solid-state approach for quantum networks is advantageous, as it allows the integration of nanophotonics to enhance the photon emission and the utilization of weakly coupled nuclear spins for long-lived storage. Silicon carbide, specifically point defects within it, shows great promise in this regard due to the easy of availability and well-established nanofabrication techniques. Despite of remarkable progresses made, achieving spin-photon entanglement remains a crucial aspect to be realized. In this Letter, we experimentally generate entanglement between a silicon vacancy defect in silicon carbide and a scattered single photon in the zero-phonon line. The spin state is measured by detecting photons scattered in the phonon sideband. The photonic qubit is encoded in the time-bin degree of freedom and measured using an unbalanced Mach-Zehnder interferometer. Photonic correlations not only reveal the quality of the entanglement but also verify the deterministic nature of the entanglement creation process. By harnessing two pairs of such spin-photon entanglement, it becomes straightforward to entangle remote quantum nodes at long distance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ren-Zhou Fang
- Hefei National Research Center for Physical Sciences at the Microscale and School of Physical Sciences, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
- CAS Center for Excellence in Quantum Information and Quantum Physics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
- Hefei National Laboratory, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230088, China
| | - Xiao-Yi Lai
- Hefei National Research Center for Physical Sciences at the Microscale and School of Physical Sciences, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
- CAS Center for Excellence in Quantum Information and Quantum Physics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
- Hefei National Laboratory, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230088, China
| | - Tao Li
- Hefei National Research Center for Physical Sciences at the Microscale and School of Physical Sciences, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
- CAS Center for Excellence in Quantum Information and Quantum Physics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
- Hefei National Laboratory, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230088, China
| | - Ren-Zhu Su
- Hefei National Research Center for Physical Sciences at the Microscale and School of Physical Sciences, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
- CAS Center for Excellence in Quantum Information and Quantum Physics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
- Hefei National Laboratory, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230088, China
| | - Bo-Wei Lu
- Hefei National Research Center for Physical Sciences at the Microscale and School of Physical Sciences, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
- CAS Center for Excellence in Quantum Information and Quantum Physics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
- Hefei National Laboratory, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230088, China
| | - Chao-Wei Yang
- Hefei National Research Center for Physical Sciences at the Microscale and School of Physical Sciences, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
- CAS Center for Excellence in Quantum Information and Quantum Physics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
- Hefei National Laboratory, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230088, China
| | - Run-Ze Liu
- Hefei National Research Center for Physical Sciences at the Microscale and School of Physical Sciences, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
- CAS Center for Excellence in Quantum Information and Quantum Physics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
- Hefei National Laboratory, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230088, China
| | - Yu-Kun Qiao
- Hefei National Research Center for Physical Sciences at the Microscale and School of Physical Sciences, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
- CAS Center for Excellence in Quantum Information and Quantum Physics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
- Hefei National Laboratory, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230088, China
| | - Cheng Li
- National Synchrotron Radiation Laboratory, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230029, China
| | - Zhi-Gang He
- National Synchrotron Radiation Laboratory, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230029, China
| | - Jia Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Materials for Integrated Circuits, Shanghai Institute of Microsystem and Information Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 865 Changning Road, Shanghai 200050, China
| | - Hao Li
- State Key Laboratory of Materials for Integrated Circuits, Shanghai Institute of Microsystem and Information Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 865 Changning Road, Shanghai 200050, China
| | - Li-Xing You
- State Key Laboratory of Materials for Integrated Circuits, Shanghai Institute of Microsystem and Information Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 865 Changning Road, Shanghai 200050, China
| | - Yong-Heng Huo
- Hefei National Research Center for Physical Sciences at the Microscale and School of Physical Sciences, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
- CAS Center for Excellence in Quantum Information and Quantum Physics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
- Hefei National Laboratory, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230088, China
| | - Xiao-Hui Bao
- Hefei National Research Center for Physical Sciences at the Microscale and School of Physical Sciences, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
- CAS Center for Excellence in Quantum Information and Quantum Physics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
- Hefei National Laboratory, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230088, China
| | - Jian-Wei Pan
- Hefei National Research Center for Physical Sciences at the Microscale and School of Physical Sciences, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
- CAS Center for Excellence in Quantum Information and Quantum Physics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
- Hefei National Laboratory, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230088, China
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9
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Zhang Y, Fan W, Yang J, Guan H, Zhang Q, Qin X, Duan C, de Boo GG, Johnson BC, McCallum JC, Sellars MJ, Rogge S, Yin C, Du J. Photoionisation detection of a single Er 3+ ion with sub-100-ns time resolution. Natl Sci Rev 2024; 11:nwad134. [PMID: 38487492 PMCID: PMC10939366 DOI: 10.1093/nsr/nwad134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2023] [Revised: 04/04/2023] [Accepted: 05/04/2023] [Indexed: 03/17/2024] Open
Abstract
Efficient detection of single optical centres in solids is essential for quantum information processing, sensing and single-photon generation applications. In this work, we use radio-frequency (RF) reflectometry to electrically detect the photoionisation induced by a single Er3+ ion in Si. The high bandwidth and sensitivity of the RF reflectometry provide sub-100-ns time resolution for the photoionisation detection. With this technique, the optically excited state lifetime of a single Er3+ ion in a Si nano-transistor is measured for the first time to be [Formula: see text]s. Our results demonstrate an efficient approach for detecting a charge state change induced by Er excitation and relaxation. This approach could be used for fast readout of other single optical centres in solids and is attractive for large-scale integrated optical quantum systems thanks to the multi-channel RF reflectometry demonstrated with frequency multiplexing techniques.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yangbo Zhang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Microscale Magnetic Resonance and School of Physical Sciences, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
- CAS Center for Excellence in Quantum Information and Quantum Physics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
| | - Wenda Fan
- CAS Key Laboratory of Microscale Magnetic Resonance and School of Physical Sciences, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
- CAS Center for Excellence in Quantum Information and Quantum Physics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
| | - Jiliang Yang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Microscale Magnetic Resonance and School of Physical Sciences, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
- CAS Center for Excellence in Quantum Information and Quantum Physics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
| | - Hao Guan
- CAS Key Laboratory of Microscale Magnetic Resonance and School of Physical Sciences, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
- CAS Center for Excellence in Quantum Information and Quantum Physics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
- Hefei National Laboratory, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230088, China
| | - Qi Zhang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Microscale Magnetic Resonance and School of Physical Sciences, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
- CAS Center for Excellence in Quantum Information and Quantum Physics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
| | - Xi Qin
- CAS Key Laboratory of Microscale Magnetic Resonance and School of Physical Sciences, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
- CAS Center for Excellence in Quantum Information and Quantum Physics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
- Hefei National Laboratory, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230088, China
| | - Changkui Duan
- CAS Key Laboratory of Microscale Magnetic Resonance and School of Physical Sciences, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
- CAS Center for Excellence in Quantum Information and Quantum Physics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
| | - Gabriele G de Boo
- Centre of Excellence for Quantum Computation and Communication Technology, School of Physics, University of New South Wales, NSW 2052, Australia
| | - Brett C Johnson
- Centre of Excellence for Quantum Computation and Communication Technology, School of Engineering, RMIT University, Victoria 3001, Australia
- Centre of Excellence for Quantum Computation and Communication Technology, School of Physics, University of Melbourne, Victoria 3010, Australia
| | - Jeffrey C McCallum
- Centre of Excellence for Quantum Computation and Communication Technology, School of Physics, University of Melbourne, Victoria 3010, Australia
| | - Matthew J Sellars
- Centre of Excellence for Quantum Computation and Communication Technology, Research School of Physics and Engineering, Australian National University, ACT 0200, Australia
| | - Sven Rogge
- Centre of Excellence for Quantum Computation and Communication Technology, School of Physics, University of New South Wales, NSW 2052, Australia
| | - Chunming Yin
- CAS Key Laboratory of Microscale Magnetic Resonance and School of Physical Sciences, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
- CAS Center for Excellence in Quantum Information and Quantum Physics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
- Hefei National Laboratory, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230088, China
| | - Jiangfeng Du
- CAS Key Laboratory of Microscale Magnetic Resonance and School of Physical Sciences, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
- CAS Center for Excellence in Quantum Information and Quantum Physics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
- Hefei National Laboratory, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230088, China
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10
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Li J, Jin Y, Yu J, Yang W, Zhu T. Accurate Excitation Energies of Point Defects from Fast Particle-Particle Random Phase Approximation Calculations. J Phys Chem Lett 2024:2757-2764. [PMID: 38436573 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpclett.4c00184] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/05/2024]
Abstract
We present an efficient particle-particle random phase approximation (ppRPA) approach that predicts accurate excitation energies of point defects, including the nitrogen-vacancy (NV-) and silicon-vacancy (SiV0) centers in diamond and the divacancy center (VV0) in 4H silicon carbide, with errors of ±0.2 eV compared with experimental values. Starting from the (N + 2)-electron ground state calculated with density functional theory (DFT), the ppRPA excitation energies of the N-electron system are calculated as the differences between the two-electron removal energies of the (N + 2)-electron system. We demonstrate that the ppRPA excitation energies converge rapidly with a few hundred canonical active-space orbitals. We also show that active-space ppRPA has weak DFT starting-point dependence and is significantly cheaper than the corresponding ground-state DFT calculation. This work establishes ppRPA as an accurate and low-cost tool for investigating excited-state properties of point defects and opens up new opportunities for applications of ppRPA to periodic bulk materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiachen Li
- Department of Chemistry, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut 06520, United States
| | - Yu Jin
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60637, United States
| | - Jincheng Yu
- Department of Chemistry, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina 27708, United States
| | - Weitao Yang
- Department of Chemistry, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina 27708, United States
| | - Tianyu Zhu
- Department of Chemistry, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut 06520, United States
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11
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Guo Y, Ji W, Kong X, Wang M, Sun H, Zhou J, Chai Z, Rong X, Shi F, Wang Y, Du J. Single-Shot Readout of a Solid-State Electron Spin Qutrit. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2024; 132:060601. [PMID: 38394571 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.132.060601] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2023] [Accepted: 01/09/2024] [Indexed: 02/25/2024]
Abstract
Quantum systems usually feature a rich multilevel structure with promising resources for developing superior quantum technologies compared with their binary counterpart. Single-shot readout of these high-dimensional quantum systems is essential for exploiting their potential. Although there have been various high-spin systems, the single-shot readout of the overall state of high-spin systems remains a challenging issue. Here we demonstrate a reliable single-shot readout of spin qutrit state in a low-temperature solid-state system utilizing a binary readout scheme. We achieve a single-shot readout of an electron spin qutrit associated with a single nitrogen-vacancy center in diamond with an average fidelity of 87.80%. We use this spin qutrit system to verify quantum contextuality, a fundamental test of quantum mechanics. We observe a violation of the noncontextual hidden variable inequality with the developed single-shot readout in contrast to the conventional binary readout. These results pave the way for developing quantum information processing based on spin qutrits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuhang Guo
- CAS Key Laboratory of Microscale Magnetic Resonance and School of Physical Sciences, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
- CAS Center for Excellence in Quantum Information and Quantum Physics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
| | - Wentao Ji
- CAS Key Laboratory of Microscale Magnetic Resonance and School of Physical Sciences, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
- CAS Center for Excellence in Quantum Information and Quantum Physics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
- Hefei National Laboratory, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230088, China
| | - Xi Kong
- The State Key Laboratory of Solid State Microstructures and Department of Physics, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210093, China
| | - Mengqi Wang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Microscale Magnetic Resonance and School of Physical Sciences, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
- CAS Center for Excellence in Quantum Information and Quantum Physics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
- Hefei National Laboratory, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230088, China
| | - Haoyu Sun
- CAS Key Laboratory of Microscale Magnetic Resonance and School of Physical Sciences, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
- CAS Center for Excellence in Quantum Information and Quantum Physics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
| | - Jingyang Zhou
- CAS Key Laboratory of Microscale Magnetic Resonance and School of Physical Sciences, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
- CAS Center for Excellence in Quantum Information and Quantum Physics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
| | - Zihua Chai
- CAS Key Laboratory of Microscale Magnetic Resonance and School of Physical Sciences, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
- CAS Center for Excellence in Quantum Information and Quantum Physics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
| | - Xing Rong
- CAS Key Laboratory of Microscale Magnetic Resonance and School of Physical Sciences, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
- CAS Center for Excellence in Quantum Information and Quantum Physics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
- Hefei National Laboratory, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230088, China
| | - Fazhan Shi
- CAS Key Laboratory of Microscale Magnetic Resonance and School of Physical Sciences, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
- CAS Center for Excellence in Quantum Information and Quantum Physics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
- Hefei National Laboratory, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230088, China
| | - Ya Wang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Microscale Magnetic Resonance and School of Physical Sciences, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
- CAS Center for Excellence in Quantum Information and Quantum Physics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
- Hefei National Laboratory, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230088, China
| | - Jiangfeng Du
- CAS Key Laboratory of Microscale Magnetic Resonance and School of Physical Sciences, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
- CAS Center for Excellence in Quantum Information and Quantum Physics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
- Hefei National Laboratory, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230088, China
- School of Physics, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China
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12
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Zhu Y, Yu VWZ, Galli G. First-Principles Investigation of Near-Surface Divacancies in Silicon Carbide. NANO LETTERS 2023; 23:11453-11460. [PMID: 38051297 DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.3c02880] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/07/2023]
Abstract
The realization of quantum sensors using spin defects in semiconductors requires a thorough understanding of the physical properties of the defects in the proximity of surfaces. We report a study of the divacancy (VSiVC) in 3C-SiC, a promising material for quantum applications, as a function of surface reconstruction and termination with -H, -OH, -F and oxygen groups. We show that a VSiVC close to hydrogen-terminated (2 × 1) surfaces is a robust spin-defect with a triplet ground state and no surface states in the band gap and with small variations of many of its physical properties relative to the bulk, including the zero-phonon line and zero-field splitting. However, the Debye-Waller factor decreases in the vicinity of the surface and our calculations indicate it may be improved by strain-engineering. Overall our results show that the VSiVC close to SiC surfaces is a promising spin defect for quantum applications, similar to its bulk counterpart.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yizhi Zhu
- Pritzker School of Molecular Engineering, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60637, United States
| | - Victor Wen-Zhe Yu
- Materials Science Division, Argonne National Laboratory, Lemont, Illinois 60439, United States
| | - Giulia Galli
- Pritzker School of Molecular Engineering, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60637, United States
- Materials Science Division, Argonne National Laboratory, Lemont, Illinois 60439, United States
- Department of Chemistry, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60637, United States
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13
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Castelletto S, Lew CTK, Lin WX, Xu JS. Quantum systems in silicon carbide for sensing applications. REPORTS ON PROGRESS IN PHYSICS. PHYSICAL SOCIETY (GREAT BRITAIN) 2023; 87:014501. [PMID: 38029424 DOI: 10.1088/1361-6633/ad10b3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2023] [Accepted: 11/29/2023] [Indexed: 12/01/2023]
Abstract
This paper summarizes recent studies identifying key qubit systems in silicon carbide (SiC) for quantum sensing of magnetic, electric fields, and temperature at the nano and microscale. The properties of colour centres in SiC, that can be used for quantum sensing, are reviewed with a focus on paramagnetic colour centres and their spin Hamiltonians describing Zeeman splitting, Stark effect, and hyperfine interactions. These properties are then mapped onto various methods for their initialization, control, and read-out. We then summarised methods used for a spin and charge state control in various colour centres in SiC. These properties and methods are then described in the context of quantum sensing applications in magnetometry, thermometry, and electrometry. Current state-of-the art sensitivities are compiled and approaches to enhance the sensitivity are proposed. The large variety of methods for control and read-out, combined with the ability to scale this material in integrated photonics chips operating in harsh environments, places SiC at the forefront of future quantum sensing technology based on semiconductors.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Castelletto
- School of Engineering, RMIT University, Melbourne, Victoria 3001, Australia
| | - C T-K Lew
- School of Physics, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria 3010, Australia
| | - Wu-Xi Lin
- CAS Key Laboratory of Quantum Information, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230026, People's Republic of China
- CAS Center For Excellence in Quantum Information and Quantum Physics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230026, People's Republic of China
- Hefei National Laboratory, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230088, People's Republic of China
| | - Jin-Shi Xu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Quantum Information, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230026, People's Republic of China
- CAS Center For Excellence in Quantum Information and Quantum Physics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230026, People's Republic of China
- Hefei National Laboratory, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230088, People's Republic of China
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14
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Cilibrizzi P, Arshad MJ, Tissot B, Son NT, Ivanov IG, Astner T, Koller P, Ghezellou M, Ul-Hassan J, White D, Bekker C, Burkard G, Trupke M, Bonato C. Ultra-narrow inhomogeneous spectral distribution of telecom-wavelength vanadium centres in isotopically-enriched silicon carbide. Nat Commun 2023; 14:8448. [PMID: 38114478 PMCID: PMC10730896 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-43923-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2023] [Accepted: 11/23/2023] [Indexed: 12/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Spin-active quantum emitters have emerged as a leading platform for quantum technologies. However, one of their major limitations is the large spread in optical emission frequencies, which typically extends over tens of GHz. Here, we investigate single V4+ vanadium centres in 4H-SiC, which feature telecom-wavelength emission and a coherent S = 1/2 spin state. We perform spectroscopy on single emitters and report the observation of spin-dependent optical transitions, a key requirement for spin-photon interfaces. By engineering the isotopic composition of the SiC matrix, we reduce the inhomogeneous spectral distribution of different emitters down to 100 MHz, significantly smaller than any other single quantum emitter. Additionally, we tailor the dopant concentration to stabilise the telecom-wavelength V4+ charge state, thereby extending its lifetime by at least two orders of magnitude. These results bolster the prospects for single V emitters in SiC as material nodes in scalable telecom quantum networks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pasquale Cilibrizzi
- School of Engineering and Physical Sciences, SUPA, Heriot-Watt University, Edinburgh, EH14 4AS, United Kingdom
| | - Muhammad Junaid Arshad
- School of Engineering and Physical Sciences, SUPA, Heriot-Watt University, Edinburgh, EH14 4AS, United Kingdom
| | - Benedikt Tissot
- Department of Physics, University of Konstanz, D-78457, Konstanz, Germany
| | - Nguyen Tien Son
- Department of Physics, Chemistry and Biology, Linköping University, SE-581 83, Linköping, Sweden
| | - Ivan G Ivanov
- Department of Physics, Chemistry and Biology, Linköping University, SE-581 83, Linköping, Sweden
| | - Thomas Astner
- Institute for Quantum Optics and Quantum Information (IQOQI), Austrian Academy of Sciences, A-1090, Vienna, Austria
| | - Philipp Koller
- Institute for Quantum Optics and Quantum Information (IQOQI), Austrian Academy of Sciences, A-1090, Vienna, Austria
| | - Misagh Ghezellou
- Department of Physics, Chemistry and Biology, Linköping University, SE-581 83, Linköping, Sweden
| | - Jawad Ul-Hassan
- Department of Physics, Chemistry and Biology, Linköping University, SE-581 83, Linköping, Sweden
| | - Daniel White
- School of Engineering and Physical Sciences, SUPA, Heriot-Watt University, Edinburgh, EH14 4AS, United Kingdom
| | - Christiaan Bekker
- School of Engineering and Physical Sciences, SUPA, Heriot-Watt University, Edinburgh, EH14 4AS, United Kingdom
| | - Guido Burkard
- Department of Physics, University of Konstanz, D-78457, Konstanz, Germany
| | - Michael Trupke
- Institute for Quantum Optics and Quantum Information (IQOQI), Austrian Academy of Sciences, A-1090, Vienna, Austria.
| | - Cristian Bonato
- School of Engineering and Physical Sciences, SUPA, Heriot-Watt University, Edinburgh, EH14 4AS, United Kingdom.
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15
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Jin Y, Yu VWZ, Govoni M, Xu AC, Galli G. Excited State Properties of Point Defects in Semiconductors and Insulators Investigated with Time-Dependent Density Functional Theory. J Chem Theory Comput 2023. [PMID: 38039161 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jctc.3c00986] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/03/2023]
Abstract
We present a formulation of spin-conserving and spin-flip hybrid time-dependent density functional theory (TDDFT), including the calculation of analytical forces, which allows for efficient calculations of excited state properties of solid-state systems with hundreds to thousands of atoms. We discuss an implementation on both GPU- and CPU-based architectures along with several acceleration techniques. We then apply our formulation to the study of several point defects in semiconductors and insulators, specifically the negatively charged nitrogen-vacancy and neutral silicon-vacancy centers in diamond, the neutral divacancy center in 4H silicon carbide, and the neutral oxygen-vacancy center in magnesium oxide. Our results highlight the importance of taking into account structural relaxations in excited states in order to interpret and predict optical absorption and emission mechanisms in spin defects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Jin
- Department of Chemistry, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60637, United States
| | - Victor Wen-Zhe Yu
- Materials Science Division, Argonne National Laboratory, Lemont, Illinois 60439, United States
| | - Marco Govoni
- Materials Science Division, Argonne National Laboratory, Lemont, Illinois 60439, United States
- Department of Physics, Computer Science, and Mathematics, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Modena 41125, Italy
- Pritzker School of Molecular Engineering, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60637, United States
| | - Andrew C Xu
- Pritzker School of Molecular Engineering, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60637, United States
| | - Giulia Galli
- Department of Chemistry, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60637, United States
- Materials Science Division, Argonne National Laboratory, Lemont, Illinois 60439, United States
- Pritzker School of Molecular Engineering, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60637, United States
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16
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Zhang C, Gygi F, Galli G. Engineering the formation of spin-defects from first principles. Nat Commun 2023; 14:5985. [PMID: 37752139 PMCID: PMC10522650 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-41632-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2023] [Accepted: 09/08/2023] [Indexed: 09/28/2023] Open
Abstract
The full realization of spin qubits for quantum technologies relies on the ability to control and design the formation processes of spin defects in semiconductors and insulators. We present a computational protocol to investigate the synthesis of point-defects at the atomistic level, and we apply it to the study of a promising spin-qubit in silicon carbide, the divacancy (VV). Our strategy combines electronic structure calculations based on density functional theory and enhanced sampling techniques coupled with first principles molecular dynamics. We predict the optimal annealing temperatures for the formation of VVs at high temperature and show how to engineer the Fermi level of the material to optimize the defect's yield for several polytypes of silicon carbide. Our results are in excellent agreement with available experimental data and provide novel atomistic insights into point defect formation and annihilation processes as a function of temperature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cunzhi Zhang
- Pritzker School of Molecular Engineering, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Francois Gygi
- Department of Computer Science, University of California Davis, Davis, CA, USA
| | - Giulia Galli
- Pritzker School of Molecular Engineering, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA.
- Department of Chemistry, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA.
- Materials Science Division and Center for Molecular Engineering, Argonne National Laboratory, Lemont, IL, USA.
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17
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Rizzato R, Schalk M, Mohr S, Hermann JC, Leibold JP, Bruckmaier F, Salvitti G, Qian C, Ji P, Astakhov GV, Kentsch U, Helm M, Stier AV, Finley JJ, Bucher DB. Extending the coherence of spin defects in hBN enables advanced qubit control and quantum sensing. Nat Commun 2023; 14:5089. [PMID: 37607945 PMCID: PMC10444786 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-40473-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2023] [Accepted: 07/26/2023] [Indexed: 08/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Negatively-charged boron vacancy centers ([Formula: see text]) in hexagonal Boron Nitride (hBN) are attracting increasing interest since they represent optically-addressable qubits in a van der Waals material. In particular, these spin defects have shown promise as sensors for temperature, pressure, and static magnetic fields. However, their short spin coherence time limits their scope for quantum technology. Here, we apply dynamical decoupling techniques to suppress magnetic noise and extend the spin coherence time by two orders of magnitude, approaching the fundamental T1 relaxation limit. Based on this improvement, we demonstrate advanced spin control and a set of quantum sensing protocols to detect radiofrequency signals with sub-Hz resolution. The corresponding sensitivity is benchmarked against that of state-of-the-art NV-diamond quantum sensors. This work lays the foundation for nanoscale sensing using spin defects in an exfoliable material and opens a promising path to quantum sensors and quantum networks integrated into ultra-thin structures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roberto Rizzato
- Technical University of Munich, TUM School of Natural Sciences, Department of Chemistry, Lichtenbergstraße 4, Garching bei München, 85748, Germany.
- University of Bari, Department of Physics "M. Merlin", Via Amendola 173, Bari, 70125, Italy.
| | - Martin Schalk
- Walter Schottky Institute, TUM School of Natural Sciences, Am Coulombwall 4, Garching bei München, 85748, Germany
- Munich Center for Quantum Science and Technology (MCQST), Schellingstr. 4, München, D-80799, Germany
| | - Stephan Mohr
- Technical University of Munich, TUM School of Natural Sciences, Department of Chemistry, Lichtenbergstraße 4, Garching bei München, 85748, Germany
| | - Jens C Hermann
- Technical University of Munich, TUM School of Natural Sciences, Department of Chemistry, Lichtenbergstraße 4, Garching bei München, 85748, Germany
- Munich Center for Quantum Science and Technology (MCQST), Schellingstr. 4, München, D-80799, Germany
| | - Joachim P Leibold
- Technical University of Munich, TUM School of Natural Sciences, Department of Chemistry, Lichtenbergstraße 4, Garching bei München, 85748, Germany
- Technical University of Munich, TUM School of Natural Sciences, Department of Physics, James-Franck-Str. 1, Garching bei München, 85748, Germany
| | - Fleming Bruckmaier
- Technical University of Munich, TUM School of Natural Sciences, Department of Chemistry, Lichtenbergstraße 4, Garching bei München, 85748, Germany
| | - Giovanna Salvitti
- Technical University of Munich, TUM School of Natural Sciences, Department of Chemistry, Lichtenbergstraße 4, Garching bei München, 85748, Germany
- University of Bologna, Department of Chemistry "G. Ciamician", Via Selmi, 2, Bologna, 40126, Italy
| | - Chenjiang Qian
- Walter Schottky Institute, TUM School of Natural Sciences, Am Coulombwall 4, Garching bei München, 85748, Germany
| | - Peirui Ji
- Walter Schottky Institute, TUM School of Natural Sciences, Am Coulombwall 4, Garching bei München, 85748, Germany
| | - Georgy V Astakhov
- Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden-Rossendorf, Institute of Ion Beam Physics and Materials Research, Bautzner Landstraße 400, Dresden, 01328, Germany
| | - Ulrich Kentsch
- Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden-Rossendorf, Institute of Ion Beam Physics and Materials Research, Bautzner Landstraße 400, Dresden, 01328, Germany
| | - Manfred Helm
- Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden-Rossendorf, Institute of Ion Beam Physics and Materials Research, Bautzner Landstraße 400, Dresden, 01328, Germany
- TU Dresden, 01062, Dresden, Germany
| | - Andreas V Stier
- Walter Schottky Institute, TUM School of Natural Sciences, Am Coulombwall 4, Garching bei München, 85748, Germany
- Munich Center for Quantum Science and Technology (MCQST), Schellingstr. 4, München, D-80799, Germany
| | - Jonathan J Finley
- Walter Schottky Institute, TUM School of Natural Sciences, Am Coulombwall 4, Garching bei München, 85748, Germany
- Munich Center for Quantum Science and Technology (MCQST), Schellingstr. 4, München, D-80799, Germany
| | - Dominik B Bucher
- Technical University of Munich, TUM School of Natural Sciences, Department of Chemistry, Lichtenbergstraße 4, Garching bei München, 85748, Germany.
- Munich Center for Quantum Science and Technology (MCQST), Schellingstr. 4, München, D-80799, Germany.
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18
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Quan WK, Liu L, Luo QY, Liu XD, Wang JF. Fiber-coupled silicon carbide divacancy magnetometer and thermometer. OPTICS EXPRESS 2023; 31:15592-15598. [PMID: 37157657 DOI: 10.1364/oe.483411] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
Divacancy in silicon carbide has become an important solid-state system for quantum metrologies. To make it more beneficial for practical applications, we realize a fiber-coupled divacancy-based magnetometer and thermometer simultaneously. First, we realize an efficient coupling between the divacancy in a silicon carbide slice with a multimode fiber. Then the optimization of the power broadening in optically detected magnetic resonance (ODMR) of divacancy is performed to obtain a higher sensing sensitivity of 3.9 μT/Hz1/2. We then use it to detect the strength of an external magnetic field. Finally, we use the Ramsey methods to realize a temperature sensing with a sensitivity of 163.2 mK/Hz1/2. The experiments demonstrate that the compact fiber-coupled divacancy quantum sensor can be used for multiple practical quantum sensing.
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19
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Day AM, Dietz JR, Sutula M, Yeh M, Hu EL. Laser writing of spin defects in nanophotonic cavities. NATURE MATERIALS 2023:10.1038/s41563-023-01544-x. [PMID: 37106131 DOI: 10.1038/s41563-023-01544-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2022] [Accepted: 03/28/2023] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
High-yield engineering and characterization of cavity-emitter coupling is an outstanding challenge in developing scalable quantum network nodes. Ex situ defect formation systems prevent real-time analysis, and previous in situ methods are limited to bulk substrates or require further processing to improve the emitter properties1-6. Here we demonstrate the direct laser writing of cavity-integrated spin defects using a nanosecond pulsed above-bandgap laser. Photonic crystal cavities in 4H-silicon carbide serve as a nanoscope monitoring silicon-monovacancy defect formation within the approximately 200 nm3 cavity-mode volume. We observe spin resonance, cavity-integrated photoluminescence and excited-state lifetimes consistent with conventional defect formation methods, without the need for post-irradiation thermal annealing. We further find an exponential reduction in excited-state lifetime at fluences approaching the cavity amorphization threshold and show the single-shot annealing of intrinsic background defects at silicon-monovacancy formation sites. This real-time in situ method of localized defect formation, paired with cavity-integrated defect spins, is necessary towards engineering cavity-emitter coupling for quantum networking.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aaron M Day
- John A. Paulson School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Jonathan R Dietz
- John A. Paulson School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Madison Sutula
- Department of Physics, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Matthew Yeh
- John A. Paulson School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Evelyn L Hu
- John A. Paulson School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA.
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20
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Luo QY, Zhao S, Hu QC, Quan WK, Zhu ZQ, Li JJ, Wang JF. High-sensitivity silicon carbide divacancy-based temperature sensing. NANOSCALE 2023; 15:8432-8436. [PMID: 37093058 DOI: 10.1039/d3nr00430a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Color centers in silicon carbide have become potentially versatile quantum sensors. Particularly, wide temperature-range temperature sensing has been realized in recent years. However, the sensitivity is limited due to the short dephasing time of the color centers. In this work, we developed a high-sensitivity silicon carbide divacancy-based thermometer using the thermal Carr-Purcell-Meiboom-Gill (TCPMG) method. First, the zero-field splitting D of the PL6 divacancy as a function of temperature was measured with a linear slope of -99.7 kHz K-1. The coherence times of TCPMG pulses linearly increased with the pulse number and the longest coherence time was about 21 μs, which was ten times higher than . The corresponding temperature-sensing sensitivity was 13.4 mK Hz-1/2, which was about 15 times higher than previous results. Finally, we monitored the laboratory temperature variations for 24 hours using the TCMPG pulse. The experiments pave the way for the application of silicon carbide-based high-sensitivity thermometers in the semiconductor industry, biology, and materials sciences.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qin-Yue Luo
- College of Physics, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, People's Republic of China.
| | - Shuang Zhao
- College of Physics, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, People's Republic of China.
| | - Qi-Cheng Hu
- College of Physics, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, People's Republic of China.
| | - Wei-Ke Quan
- College of Physics, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, People's Republic of China.
| | - Zi-Qi Zhu
- College of Physics, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, People's Republic of China.
| | - Jia-Jun Li
- College of Physics, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, People's Republic of China.
| | - Jun-Feng Wang
- College of Physics, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, People's Republic of China.
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21
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Tang H, Barr AR, Wang G, Cappellaro P, Li J. First-Principles Calculation of the Temperature-Dependent Transition Energies in Spin Defects. J Phys Chem Lett 2023; 14:3266-3273. [PMID: 36977131 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpclett.3c00314] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Spin qubits associated with color centers are promising platforms for various quantum technologies. However, to be deployed in robust quantum devices, the variations of their intrinsic properties with the external conditions, in particular temperature and strain, should be known with high precision. Unfortunately, a predictive theory on the temperature dependence of the resonance frequency of electron and nuclear spin defects in solids remains lacking. In this work, we develop a first-principles method for the temperature dependence of the zero-field splitting, hyperfine interaction, and nuclear quadrupole interaction of color centers. As a testbed, we compare our ab initio calculations with experiments for the nitrogen-vacancy (NV-) center in diamond, finding good agreements. We identify the major origin of the temperature dependence as a second-order effect of dynamic phonon vibrations, instead of the thermal-expansion strain. The method can be applied to different color centers and provides a theoretical tool for designing high-precision quantum sensors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hao Tang
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Ariel Rebekah Barr
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Guoqing Wang
- Research Laboratory of Electronics, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
- Department of Nuclear Science and Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Paola Cappellaro
- Research Laboratory of Electronics, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
- Department of Nuclear Science and Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
- Department of Physics, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Ju Li
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
- Department of Nuclear Science and Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
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22
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Yan FF, Wang JF, He ZX, Li Q, Lin WX, Zhou JY, Xu JS, Li CF, Guo GC. Magnetic-field-dependent spin properties of divacancy defects in silicon carbide. NANOSCALE 2023; 15:5300-5304. [PMID: 36810581 DOI: 10.1039/d2nr06624f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
In recent years, spin defects in silicon carbide have become promising platforms for quantum sensing, quantum information processing and quantum networks. It has been shown that their spin coherence times can be dramatically extended with an external axial magnetic field. However, little is known about the effect of magnetic-angle-dependent coherence time, which is an essential complement to defect spin properties. Here, we investigate the optically detected magnetic resonance (ODMR) spectra of divacancy spins in silicon carbide with a magnetic field orientation. The ODMR contrast decreases as the off-axis magnetic field strength increases. We then study the coherence times of divacancy spins in two different samples with magnetic field angles, and both of the coherence times decrease with the angle. The experiments pave the way for all-optical magnetic field sensing and quantum information processing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fei-Fei Yan
- CAS Key Laboratory of Quantum Information, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China.
- Synergetic Innovation Center of Quantum Information and Quantum Physics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
| | - Jun-Feng Wang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Quantum Information, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China.
- College of Physics, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610065, China
- Synergetic Innovation Center of Quantum Information and Quantum Physics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
| | - Zhen-Xuan He
- CAS Key Laboratory of Quantum Information, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China.
- Synergetic Innovation Center of Quantum Information and Quantum Physics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
| | - Qiang Li
- CAS Key Laboratory of Quantum Information, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China.
- Synergetic Innovation Center of Quantum Information and Quantum Physics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
| | - Wu-Xi Lin
- CAS Key Laboratory of Quantum Information, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China.
- Synergetic Innovation Center of Quantum Information and Quantum Physics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
| | - Ji-Yang Zhou
- CAS Key Laboratory of Quantum Information, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China.
- Synergetic Innovation Center of Quantum Information and Quantum Physics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
| | - Jin-Shi Xu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Quantum Information, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China.
- Synergetic Innovation Center of Quantum Information and Quantum Physics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
- Hefei National Laboratory, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230088, China
| | - Chuan-Feng Li
- CAS Key Laboratory of Quantum Information, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China.
- Synergetic Innovation Center of Quantum Information and Quantum Physics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
- Hefei National Laboratory, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230088, China
| | - Guang-Can Guo
- CAS Key Laboratory of Quantum Information, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China.
- Synergetic Innovation Center of Quantum Information and Quantum Physics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
- Hefei National Laboratory, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230088, China
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23
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Huang B, Sheng N, Govoni M, Galli G. Quantum Simulations of Fermionic Hamiltonians with Efficient Encoding and Ansatz Schemes. J Chem Theory Comput 2023; 19:1487-1498. [PMID: 36791415 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jctc.2c01119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/17/2023]
Abstract
We propose a computational protocol for quantum simulations of fermionic Hamiltonians on a quantum computer, enabling calculations on spin defect systems which were previously not feasible using conventional encodings and a unitary coupled-cluster ansatz of variational quantum eigensolvers. We combine a qubit-efficient encoding scheme mapping Slater determinants onto qubits with a modified qubit-coupled cluster ansatz and noise-mitigation techniques. Our strategy leads to a substantial improvement in the scaling of circuit gate counts and in the number of required qubits, and to a decrease in the number of required variational parameters, thus increasing the resilience to noise. We present results for spin defects of interest for quantum technologies, going beyond minimum models for the negatively charged nitrogen vacancy center in diamonds and the double vacancy in 4H silicon carbide (4H-SiC) and tackling a defect as complex as negatively charged silicon vacancy in 4H-SiC for the first time.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benchen Huang
- Department of Chemistry, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60637, United States
| | - Nan Sheng
- Department of Chemistry, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60637, United States
| | - Marco Govoni
- Pritzker School of Molecular Engineering, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60637, United States.,Materials Science Division and Center for Molecular Engineering, Argonne National Laboratory, Lemont, Illinois 60439, United States
| | - Giulia Galli
- Pritzker School of Molecular Engineering, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60637, United States.,Materials Science Division and Center for Molecular Engineering, Argonne National Laboratory, Lemont, Illinois 60439, United States.,Department of Chemistry, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60637, United States
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24
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Utilizing photonic band gap in triangular silicon carbide structures for efficient quantum nanophotonic hardware. Sci Rep 2023; 13:4112. [PMID: 36914853 PMCID: PMC10011533 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-31362-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2022] [Accepted: 03/10/2023] [Indexed: 03/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Silicon carbide is among the leading quantum information material platforms due to the long spin coherence and single-photon emitting properties of its color center defects. Applications of silicon carbide in quantum networking, computing, and sensing rely on the efficient collection of color center emission into a single optical mode. Recent hardware development in this platform has focused on angle-etching processes that preserve emitter properties and produce triangularly shaped devices. However, little is known about the light propagation in this geometry. We explore the formation of photonic band gap in structures with a triangular cross-section, which can be used as a guiding principle in developing efficient quantum nanophotonic hardware in silicon carbide. Furthermore, we propose applications in three areas: the TE-pass filter, the TM-pass filter, and the highly reflective photonic crystal mirror, which can be utilized for efficient collection and propagating mode selection of light emission.
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25
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Wood A, Lozovoi A, Zhang ZH, Sharma S, López-Morales GI, Jayakumar H, de Leon NP, Meriles CA. Room-Temperature Photochromism of Silicon Vacancy Centers in CVD Diamond. NANO LETTERS 2023; 23:1017-1022. [PMID: 36668997 DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.2c04514] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
The silicon vacancy (SiV) center in diamond is typically found in three stable charge states, SiV0, SiV-, and SiV2-, but studying the processes leading to their formation is challenging, especially at room temperature, due to their starkly different photoluminescence rates. Here, we use confocal fluorescence microscopy to activate and probe charge interconversion between all three charge states under ambient conditions. In particular, we witness the formation of SiV0 via the two-step capture of diffusing, photogenerated holes, a process we expose both through direct SiV0 fluorescence measurements at low temperatures and confocal microscopy observations in the presence of externally applied electric fields. In addition, we show that continuous red illumination induces the converse process, first transforming SiV0 into SiV- and then into SiV2-. Our results shed light on the charge dynamics of SiV and promise opportunities for nanoscale sensing and quantum information processing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander Wood
- Department. of Physics, CUNY-City College of New York, New York, New York 10031, United States
- University of Melbourne, Parkville VIC 3010, Australia
| | - Artur Lozovoi
- Department. of Physics, CUNY-City College of New York, New York, New York 10031, United States
| | - Zi-Huai Zhang
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey 08544, United States
| | - Sachin Sharma
- Department. of Physics, CUNY-City College of New York, New York, New York 10031, United States
| | - Gabriel I López-Morales
- Department. of Physics, CUNY-City College of New York, New York, New York 10031, United States
| | - Harishankar Jayakumar
- Department. of Physics, CUNY-City College of New York, New York, New York 10031, United States
- University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, United States
| | - Nathalie P de Leon
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey 08544, United States
| | - Carlos A Meriles
- Department. of Physics, CUNY-City College of New York, New York, New York 10031, United States
- CUNY-Graduate Center, New York, New York 10016, United States
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26
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Inam FA, Castelletto S. Metal-Dielectric Nanopillar Antenna-Resonators for Efficient Collected Photon Rate from Silicon Carbide Color Centers. NANOMATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 13:195. [PMID: 36616105 PMCID: PMC9824870 DOI: 10.3390/nano13010195] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2022] [Revised: 12/25/2022] [Accepted: 12/28/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
A yet unresolved challenge in developing quantum technologies based on color centres in high refractive index semiconductors is the efficient fluorescence enhancement of point defects in bulk materials. Optical resonators and antennas have been designed to provide directional emission, spontaneous emission rate enhancement and collection efficiency enhancement at the same time. While collection efficiency enhancement can be achieved by individual nanopillars or nanowires, fluorescent emission enhancement is achieved using nanoresonators or nanoantennas. In this work, we optimise the design of a metal-dielectric nanopillar-based antenna/resonator fabricated in a silicon carbide (SiC) substrate with integrated quantum emitters. Here we consider various color centres known in SiC such as silicon mono-vacancy and the carbon antisite vacancy pair, that show single photon emission and quantum sensing functionalities with optical electron spin read-out, respectively. We model the dipole emission fluorescence rate of these color centres into the metal-dielectric nanopillar hybrid antenna resonator using multi-polar electromagnetic scattering resonances and near-field plasmonic field enhancement and confinement. We calculate the fluorescence collected photon rate enhancement for these solid state vacancy-centers in SiC in these metal-dielectric nanopillar resonators, showing a trade-off effect between the collection efficiency and radiative Purcell factor enhancement. We obtained a collected photon rate enhancement from a silicon monovacancy vacancy center embedded in an optimised hybrid antenna-resonator two orders of magnitude larger compared to the case of the color centres in bulk material.
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Affiliation(s)
- Faraz Ahmed Inam
- Department of Physics, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh 20002, India
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27
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Laorenza DW, Freedman DE. Could the Quantum Internet Be Comprised of Molecular Spins with Tunable Optical Interfaces? J Am Chem Soc 2022; 144:21810-21825. [DOI: 10.1021/jacs.2c07775] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Daniel W. Laorenza
- Department of Chemistry, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts02139, United States
| | - Danna E. Freedman
- Department of Chemistry, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts02139, United States
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28
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Sauza-de la Vega A, Pandharkar R, Stroscio GD, Sarkar A, Truhlar DG, Gagliardi L. Multiconfiguration Pair-Density Functional Theory for Chromium(IV) Molecular Qubits. JACS AU 2022; 2:2029-2037. [PMID: 36186551 PMCID: PMC9516709 DOI: 10.1021/jacsau.2c00306] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2022] [Revised: 08/19/2022] [Accepted: 08/19/2022] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
Pseudotetrahedral organometallic complexes containing chromium(IV) and aryl ligands have been experimentally identified as promising molecular qubit candidates. Here we present a computational protocol based on multiconfiguration pair-density functional theory for computing singlet-triplet gaps and zero-field splitting (ZFS) parameters in Cr(IV) aryl complexes. We find that two multireference methods, multistate complete active space second-order perturbation theory (MS-CASPT2) and hybrid multistate pair-density functional theory (HMS-PDFT), perform better than Kohn-Sham density functional theory for singlet-triplet gaps. Despite the very small values of the ZFS parameters, both multireference methods performed qualitatively well. MS-CASPT2 and HMS-PDFT performed particularly well for predicting the trend in the ratio of the rhombic and axial ZFS parameters, |E/D|. We have also investigated the dependence and sensitivity of the calculated ZFS parameters on the active space and the molecular geometry. The methodologies outlined here can guide future prediction of ZFS parameters in molecular qubit candidates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arturo Sauza-de la Vega
- Department
of Chemistry, Pritzker School of Molecular Engineering, James Franck
Institute, Chicago Center for Theoretical Chemistry, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60637, United States
| | - Riddhish Pandharkar
- Department
of Chemistry, Pritzker School of Molecular Engineering, James Franck
Institute, Chicago Center for Theoretical Chemistry, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60637, United States
- Argonne
National Laboratory, Lemont, Illinois 60439, United States
| | - Gautam D. Stroscio
- Department
of Chemistry, Pritzker School of Molecular Engineering, James Franck
Institute, Chicago Center for Theoretical Chemistry, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60637, United States
| | - Arup Sarkar
- Department
of Chemistry, Pritzker School of Molecular Engineering, James Franck
Institute, Chicago Center for Theoretical Chemistry, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60637, United States
| | - Donald G. Truhlar
- Department
of Chemistry, Chemical Theory Center, and Minnesota Supercomputing
Institute, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455−0431, United States
| | - Laura Gagliardi
- Department
of Chemistry, Pritzker School of Molecular Engineering, James Franck
Institute, Chicago Center for Theoretical Chemistry, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60637, United States
- Argonne
National Laboratory, Lemont, Illinois 60439, United States
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