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Ming L, Wu H, Fan Q, Dong Z, Huang J, Xiao Z, Xiao N, Huang H, Liu H, Li Z. Bio-inspired drug delivery systems: A new attempt from bioinspiration to biomedical applications. Int J Pharm 2024; 658:124221. [PMID: 38750980 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2024.124221] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2024] [Revised: 05/06/2024] [Accepted: 05/08/2024] [Indexed: 05/19/2024]
Abstract
Natural organisms have evolved sophisticated and multiscale hierarchical structures over time to enable survival. Currently, bionic design is revolutionizing drug delivery systems (DDS), drawing inspiration from the structure and properties of natural organisms that offer new possibilities to overcome the challenges of traditional drug delivery systems. Bionic drug delivery has contributed to a significant improvement in therapeutic outcomes, providing personalized regimens for patients with various diseases and enhancing both their quality of life and drug efficacy. Therefore, it is important to summarize the progress made so far and to discuss the challenges and opportunities for future development. Herein, we review the recent advances in bio-inspired materials, bio-inspired drug vehicles, and drug-loading platforms of biomimetic structures and properties, emphasizing the importance of adapting the structure and function of organisms to meet the needs of drug delivery systems. Finally, we highlight the delivery strategies of bionics in DDS to provide new perspectives and insights into the research and exploration of bionics in DDS. Hopefully, this review will provide future insights into utilizing biologically active vehicles, bio-structures, and bio-functions, leading to better clinical outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liangshan Ming
- Institute for Advanced Study, Key Laboratory of Modern Preparation of TCM, Ministry of Education, Jiangxi University of Chinese Medicine, Jiangxi, Nanchang 330004, China
| | - Hailian Wu
- Institute for Advanced Study, Key Laboratory of Modern Preparation of TCM, Ministry of Education, Jiangxi University of Chinese Medicine, Jiangxi, Nanchang 330004, China
| | - Qimeng Fan
- Institute for Advanced Study, Key Laboratory of Modern Preparation of TCM, Ministry of Education, Jiangxi University of Chinese Medicine, Jiangxi, Nanchang 330004, China
| | - Zishu Dong
- Institute for Advanced Study, Key Laboratory of Modern Preparation of TCM, Ministry of Education, Jiangxi University of Chinese Medicine, Jiangxi, Nanchang 330004, China
| | - Jia Huang
- Institute for Advanced Study, Key Laboratory of Modern Preparation of TCM, Ministry of Education, Jiangxi University of Chinese Medicine, Jiangxi, Nanchang 330004, China
| | - Zijian Xiao
- Institute for Advanced Study, Key Laboratory of Modern Preparation of TCM, Ministry of Education, Jiangxi University of Chinese Medicine, Jiangxi, Nanchang 330004, China
| | - Nan Xiao
- Institute for Advanced Study, Key Laboratory of Modern Preparation of TCM, Ministry of Education, Jiangxi University of Chinese Medicine, Jiangxi, Nanchang 330004, China
| | - Hao Huang
- National Engineering Research Center for Modernization of Traditional Chinese Medicine-Hakka Medical Resources Branch, College of Pharmacy, Gannan Medical, University, Jiangxi, Ganzhou 341000, China.
| | - Hongning Liu
- Institute for Advanced Study, Key Laboratory of Modern Preparation of TCM, Ministry of Education, Jiangxi University of Chinese Medicine, Jiangxi, Nanchang 330004, China.
| | - Zhe Li
- Institute for Advanced Study, Key Laboratory of Modern Preparation of TCM, Ministry of Education, Jiangxi University of Chinese Medicine, Jiangxi, Nanchang 330004, China.
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2
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Song W, Li L, Liu X, Zhu Y, Yu S, Wang H, Wang L. Hydrogel microrobots for biomedical applications. Front Chem 2024; 12:1416314. [PMID: 38841335 PMCID: PMC11150770 DOI: 10.3389/fchem.2024.1416314] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2024] [Accepted: 04/30/2024] [Indexed: 06/07/2024] Open
Abstract
Recent years have witnessed a surge in the application of microrobots within the medical sector, with hydrogel microrobots standing out due to their distinctive advantages. These microrobots, characterized by their exceptional biocompatibility, adjustable physico-mechanical attributes, and acute sensitivity to biological environments, have emerged as pivotal tools in advancing medical applications such as targeted drug delivery, wound healing enhancement, bio-imaging, and precise surgical interventions. The capability of hydrogel microrobots to navigate and perform tasks within complex biological systems significantly enhances the precision, efficiency, and safety of therapeutic procedures. Firstly, this paper delves into the material classification and properties of hydrogel microrobots and compares the advantages of different hydrogel materials. Furthermore, it offers a comprehensive review of the principal categories and recent innovations in the synthesis, actuation mechanisms, and biomedical application of hydrogel-based microrobots. Finally, the manuscript identifies prevailing obstacles and future directions in hydrogel microrobot research, aiming to furnish insights that could propel advancements in this field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenping Song
- State Key Laboratory of Robotics and System, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, China
- Chongqing Research Institute of HIT, Chongqing, China
| | - Leike Li
- State Key Laboratory of Robotics and System, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, China
| | - Xuejia Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Robotics and System, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, China
- Department of Medical Imaging, The Fourth Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Yanhe Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Robotics and System, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, China
| | - Shimin Yu
- College of Engineering, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, China
| | - Haocheng Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Robotics and System, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, China
| | - Lin Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Robotics and System, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, China
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3
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Dong M, Liu W, Dai CF, Jiao D, Zhu QL, Hong W, Yin J, Zheng Q, Wu ZL. Photo-steered rapid and multimodal locomotion of 3D-printed tough hydrogel robots. MATERIALS HORIZONS 2024; 11:2143-2152. [PMID: 38376773 DOI: 10.1039/d3mh02247a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/21/2024]
Abstract
Hydrogels are an ideal material to develop soft robots. However, it remains a grand challenge to develop miniaturized hydrogel robots with mechanical robustness, rapid actuation, and multi-gait motions. Reported here is a facile strategy to fabricate hydrogel-based soft robots by three-dimensional (3D) printing of responsive and nonresponsive tough gels for programmed morphing and locomotion upon stimulations. Highly viscoelastic poly(acrylic acid-co-acrylamide) and poly(acrylic acid-co-N-isopropyl acrylamide) aqueous solutions, as well as their mixtures, are printed with multiple nozzles into 3D constructs followed by incubation in a solution of zirconium ions to form robust carboxyl-Zr4+ coordination complexes, to produce tough metallo-supramolecular hydrogel fibers. Gold nanorods are incorporated into ink to afford printed gels with response to light. Owing to the mechanical excellence and small diameter of gel fibers, the printed hydrogel robots exhibit high robustness, fast response, and agile motions when remotely steered by dynamic light. The design of printed constructs and steering with spatiotemporal light allow for multimodal motions with programmable trajectories of the gel robots. The hydrogel robots can walk, turn, flip, and transport cargos upon light stimulations. Such printed hydrogels with good mechanical performances, fast response, and agile locomotion may open opportunities for soft robots in biomedical and engineering fields.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min Dong
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Macromolecular Synthesis and Functionalization, Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China.
| | - Weixuan Liu
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Soft Mechanics & Smart Manufacturing, Department of Mechanics and Aerospace Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Chen Fei Dai
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Macromolecular Synthesis and Functionalization, Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China.
| | - Dejin Jiao
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Macromolecular Synthesis and Functionalization, Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China.
| | - Qing Li Zhu
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Macromolecular Synthesis and Functionalization, Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China.
| | - Wei Hong
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Soft Mechanics & Smart Manufacturing, Department of Mechanics and Aerospace Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Jun Yin
- The State Key Laboratory of Fluid Power and Mechatronic Systems, Key Laboratory of 3D Printing Process and Equipment of Zhejiang Province, School of Mechanical Engineering Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Qiang Zheng
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Macromolecular Synthesis and Functionalization, Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China.
| | - Zi Liang Wu
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Macromolecular Synthesis and Functionalization, Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China.
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Wang Y, Chen H, Xie L, Liu J, Zhang L, Yu J. Swarm Autonomy: From Agent Functionalization to Machine Intelligence. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2024:e2312956. [PMID: 38653192 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202312956] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2023] [Revised: 04/17/2024] [Indexed: 04/25/2024]
Abstract
Swarm behaviors are common in nature, where individual organisms collaborate via perception, communication, and adaptation. Emulating these dynamics, large groups of active agents can self-organize through localized interactions, giving rise to complex swarm behaviors, which exhibit potential for applications across various domains. This review presents a comprehensive summary and perspective of synthetic swarms, to bridge the gap between the microscale individual agents and potential applications of synthetic swarms. It is begun by examining active agents, the fundamental units of synthetic swarms, to understand the origins of their motility and functionality in the presence of external stimuli. Then inter-agent communications and agent-environment communications that contribute to the swarm generation are summarized. Furthermore, the swarm behaviors reported to date and the emergence of machine intelligence within these behaviors are reviewed. Eventually, the applications enabled by distinct synthetic swarms are summarized. By discussing the emergent machine intelligence in swarm behaviors, insights are offered into the design and deployment of autonomous synthetic swarms for real-world applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yibin Wang
- School of Science and Engineering, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shenzhen, 518172, China
- Shenzhen Institute of Artificial Intelligence and Robotics for Society, Shenzhen, 518172, China
| | - Hui Chen
- School of Science and Engineering, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shenzhen, 518172, China
- Shenzhen Institute of Artificial Intelligence and Robotics for Society, Shenzhen, 518172, China
| | - Leiming Xie
- School of Science and Engineering, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shenzhen, 518172, China
- Shenzhen Institute of Artificial Intelligence and Robotics for Society, Shenzhen, 518172, China
| | - Jinbo Liu
- School of Science and Engineering, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shenzhen, 518172, China
- Shenzhen Institute of Artificial Intelligence and Robotics for Society, Shenzhen, 518172, China
| | - Li Zhang
- Department of Mechanical and Automation Engineering, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, 999077, China
| | - Jiangfan Yu
- School of Science and Engineering, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shenzhen, 518172, China
- Shenzhen Institute of Artificial Intelligence and Robotics for Society, Shenzhen, 518172, China
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5
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Wang L, Zou W, Shen J, Yang S, Wu J, Ying T, Cai X, Zhang L, Wu J, Zheng Y. Dual-Functional Laser-Guided Magnetic Nanorobot Collectives against Gravity for On-Demand Thermo-Chemotherapy of Peritoneal Metastasis. Adv Healthc Mater 2024; 13:e2303361. [PMID: 38115718 DOI: 10.1002/adhm.202303361] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2023] [Revised: 12/13/2023] [Indexed: 12/21/2023]
Abstract
Combining hyperthermic intraperitoneal chemotherapy with cytoreductive surgery is the main treatment modality for peritoneal metastatic (PM) carcinoma despite the off-target effects of chemotherapy drugs and the ineluctable side effects of total abdominal heating. Herein, a laser-integrated magnetic actuation system that actively delivers doxorubicin (DOX)-grafted magnetic nanorobot collectives to the tumor site in model mice for local hyperthermia and chemotherapy is reported. With intraluminal movements controlled by a torque-force hybrid magnetic field, these magnetic nanorobots gather at a fixed point coinciding with the position of the localization laser, moving upward against gravity over a long distance and targeting tumor sites under ultrasound imaging guidance. Because aggregation enhances the photothermal effect, controlled local DOX release is achieved under near-infrared laser irradiation. The targeted on-demand photothermal therapy of multiple PM carcinomas while minimizing off-target tissue damage is demonstrated. Additionally, a localization/treatment dual-functional laser-integrated magnetic actuation system is developed and validated in vivo, offering a potentially clinically feasible drug delivery strategy for targeting PM and other intraluminal tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Longchen Wang
- Department of Ultrasound in Medicine, Shanghai Sixth People's Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, No. 600, Yishan Road, Shanghai, 200233, P. R. China
| | - Weijuan Zou
- Department of Ultrasound in Medicine, Shanghai Sixth People's Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, No. 600, Yishan Road, Shanghai, 200233, P. R. China
| | - Jian Shen
- Department of Ultrasound in Medicine, Shanghai Sixth People's Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, No. 600, Yishan Road, Shanghai, 200233, P. R. China
| | - Shihao Yang
- Department of Mechanical and Automation Engineering, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, 999077, P. R. China
| | - Jingjing Wu
- Department of Ultrasound in Medicine, Shanghai Sixth People's Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, No. 600, Yishan Road, Shanghai, 200233, P. R. China
| | - Tao Ying
- Department of Ultrasound in Medicine, Shanghai Sixth People's Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, No. 600, Yishan Road, Shanghai, 200233, P. R. China
| | - Xiaojun Cai
- Department of Ultrasound in Medicine, Shanghai Sixth People's Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, No. 600, Yishan Road, Shanghai, 200233, P. R. China
| | - Li Zhang
- Department of Mechanical and Automation Engineering, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, 999077, P. R. China
| | - Jianrong Wu
- Department of Ultrasound in Medicine, Shanghai Sixth People's Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, No. 600, Yishan Road, Shanghai, 200233, P. R. China
| | - Yuanyi Zheng
- Department of Ultrasound in Medicine, Shanghai Sixth People's Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, No. 600, Yishan Road, Shanghai, 200233, P. R. China
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Zhang Q, Zeng Y, Zhao Y, Peng X, Ren E, Liu G. Bio-Hybrid Magnetic Robots: From Bioengineering to Targeted Therapy. Bioengineering (Basel) 2024; 11:311. [PMID: 38671732 PMCID: PMC11047666 DOI: 10.3390/bioengineering11040311] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2024] [Revised: 03/19/2024] [Accepted: 03/21/2024] [Indexed: 04/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Magnetic robots possess an innate ability to navigate through hard-to-reach cavities in the human body, making them promising tools for diagnosing and treating diseases minimally invasively. Despite significant advances, the development of robots with desirable locomotion and full biocompatibility under harsh physiological conditions remains challenging, which put forward new requirements for magnetic robots' design and material synthesis. Compared to robots that are synthesized with inorganic materials, natural organisms like cells, bacteria or other microalgae exhibit ideal properties for in vivo applications, such as biocompatibility, deformability, auto-fluorescence, and self-propulsion, as well as easy for functional therapeutics engineering. In the process, these organisms can provide autonomous propulsion in biological fluids or external magnetic fields, while retaining their functionalities with integrating artificial robots, thus aiding targeted therapeutic delivery. This kind of robotics is named bio-hybrid magnetic robotics, and in this mini-review, recent progress including their design, engineering and potential for therapeutics delivery will be discussed. Additionally, the historical context and prominent examples will be introduced, and the complexities, potential pitfalls, and opportunities associated with bio-hybrid magnetic robotics will be discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qian Zhang
- Institute of Artificial Intelligence, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, China; (Q.Z.); (Y.Z.); (Y.Z.); (G.L.)
| | - Yun Zeng
- Institute of Artificial Intelligence, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, China; (Q.Z.); (Y.Z.); (Y.Z.); (G.L.)
- State Key Laboratory of Vaccines for Infectious Diseases, Center for Molecular Imaging and Translational Medicine, Xiang An Biomedicine Laboratory, School of Public Health, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, China
| | - Yang Zhao
- Institute of Artificial Intelligence, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, China; (Q.Z.); (Y.Z.); (Y.Z.); (G.L.)
| | - Xuqi Peng
- Institute of Artificial Intelligence, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, China; (Q.Z.); (Y.Z.); (Y.Z.); (G.L.)
- State Key Laboratory of Vaccines for Infectious Diseases, Center for Molecular Imaging and Translational Medicine, Xiang An Biomedicine Laboratory, School of Public Health, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, China
| | - En Ren
- Institute of Artificial Intelligence, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, China; (Q.Z.); (Y.Z.); (Y.Z.); (G.L.)
- Key Laboratory of Advanced Drug Delivery Systems, Zhejiang Province College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Gang Liu
- Institute of Artificial Intelligence, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, China; (Q.Z.); (Y.Z.); (Y.Z.); (G.L.)
- State Key Laboratory of Vaccines for Infectious Diseases, Center for Molecular Imaging and Translational Medicine, Xiang An Biomedicine Laboratory, School of Public Health, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, China
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7
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Wu J, Jiao N, Lin D, Li N, Ma T, Tung S, Cheng W, Wu A, Liu L. Dual-Responsive Nanorobot-Based Marsupial Robotic System for Intracranial Cross-Scale Targeting Drug Delivery. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2024; 36:e2306876. [PMID: 37899660 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202306876] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2023] [Revised: 10/27/2023] [Indexed: 10/31/2023]
Abstract
Nanorobots capable of active movement are an exciting technology for targeted therapeutic intervention. However, the extensive motion range and hindrance of the blood-brain barrier impeded their clinical translation in glioblastoma therapy. Here, a marsupial robotic system constructed by integrating chemical/magnetic hybrid nanorobots (child robots) with a miniature magnetic continuum robot (mother robot) for intracranial cross-scale targeting drug delivery is reported. For primary targeting on macroscale, the continuum robot enters the cranial cavity through a minimally invasive channel (e.g., Ommaya device) in the skull and transports the nanorobots to pathogenic regions. Upon circumventing the blood-brain barrier, the released nanorobots perform secondary targeting on microscale to further enhance the spatial resolution of drug delivery. In vitro experiments against primary glioblastoma cells derived from different patients are conducted for personalized treatment guidance. The operation feasibility within organisms is shown in ex vivo swine brain experiments. The biosafety of the treatment system is suggested in in vivo experiments. Owing to the hierarchical targeting method, the targeting rate, targeting accuracy, and treatment efficacy have improved greatly. The marsupial robotic system offers a novel intracranial local therapeutic strategy and constitutes a key milestone in the development of glioblastoma treatment platforms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junfeng Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Robotics, Shenyang Institute of Automation, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenyang, 110016, China
- Institutes for Robotics and Intelligent Manufacturing, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenyang, 110016, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Niandong Jiao
- State Key Laboratory of Robotics, Shenyang Institute of Automation, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenyang, 110016, China
- Institutes for Robotics and Intelligent Manufacturing, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenyang, 110016, China
| | - Daojing Lin
- State Key Laboratory of Robotics, Shenyang Institute of Automation, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenyang, 110016, China
- Institutes for Robotics and Intelligent Manufacturing, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenyang, 110016, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Na Li
- State Key Laboratory of Robotics, Shenyang Institute of Automation, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenyang, 110016, China
- Institutes for Robotics and Intelligent Manufacturing, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenyang, 110016, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Tianyang Ma
- Department of Neurosurgery, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, 110022, China
| | - Steve Tung
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Arkansas, Arkansas, 72701, USA
| | - Wen Cheng
- Department of Neurosurgery, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, 110022, China
| | - Anhua Wu
- Department of Neurosurgery, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, 110022, China
| | - Lianqing Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Robotics, Shenyang Institute of Automation, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenyang, 110016, China
- Institutes for Robotics and Intelligent Manufacturing, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenyang, 110016, China
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8
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Jiang F, Zheng Q, Zhao Q, Qi Z, Wu D, Li W, Wu X, Han C. Magnetic propelled hydrogel microrobots for actively enhancing the efficiency of lycorine hydrochloride to suppress colorectal cancer. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2024; 12:1361617. [PMID: 38449675 PMCID: PMC10915283 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2024.1361617] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2023] [Accepted: 01/23/2024] [Indexed: 03/08/2024] Open
Abstract
Research and development in the field of micro/nano-robots have made significant progress in the past, especially in the field of clinical medicine, where further research may lead to many revolutionary achievements. Through the research and experiment of microrobots, a controllable drug delivery system will be realized, which will solve many problems in drug treatment. In this work, we design and study the ability of magnetic-driven hydrogel microrobots to carry Lycorine hydrochloride (LH) to inhibit colorectal cancer (CRC) cells. We have successfully designed a magnetic field driven, biocompatible drug carrying hydrogel microsphere robot with Fe3O4 particles inside, which can achieve magnetic field response, and confirmed that it can transport drug through fluorescence microscope. We have successfully demonstrated the motion mode of hydrogel microrobots driven by a rotating external magnetic field. This driving method allows the microrobots to move in a precise and controllable manner, providing tremendous potential for their use in various applications. Finally, we selected drug LH and loaded it into the hydrogel microrobot for a series of experiments. LH significantly inhibited CRC cells proliferation in a dose- and time-dependent manner. LH inhibited the proliferation, mobility of CRC cells and induced apoptosis. This delivery system can significantly improve the therapeutic effect of drugs on tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fengqi Jiang
- Department of Urology, Xuzhou Clinical School of Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou Central Hospital, Xuzhou, Jiangsu, China
- Department of General Surgery, Heilongjiang Provincial Hospital, Harbin, China
- School of Life Sciences, Jiangsu Normal University, Xuzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Qiuyan Zheng
- Department of Pharmacy, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Qingsong Zhao
- Postdoctoral Programme of Meteria Medica Institute of Harbin University of Commerce, Harbin, China
| | - Zijuan Qi
- Department of Pathology, Heilongjiang Provincial Hospital, Harbin, China
| | - Di Wu
- Department of General Surgery, Heilongjiang Provincial Hospital, Harbin, China
| | - Wenzhong Li
- Department of General Surgery, Heilongjiang Provincial Hospital, Harbin, China
| | - Xiaoke Wu
- Department of Urology, Xuzhou Clinical School of Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou Central Hospital, Xuzhou, Jiangsu, China
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, First Affiliated Hospital, Heilongjiang University of Chinese Medicine, Harbin, China
| | - Conghui Han
- Department of Urology, Xuzhou Clinical School of Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou Central Hospital, Xuzhou, Jiangsu, China
- School of Life Sciences, Jiangsu Normal University, Xuzhou, Jiangsu, China
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9
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Hu X, Kim K, Ali A, Kim H, Kang Y, Yoon J, Torati SR, Reddy V, Im MY, Lim B, Kim C. Magnetically Selective Versatile Transport of Microrobotic Carriers. SMALL METHODS 2024:e2301495. [PMID: 38308323 DOI: 10.1002/smtd.202301495] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2023] [Revised: 12/28/2023] [Indexed: 02/04/2024]
Abstract
Field-driven transport systems offer great promise for use as biofunctionalized carriers in microrobotics, biomedicine, and cell delivery applications. Despite the construction of artificial microtubules using several micromagnets, which provide a promising transport pathway for the synchronous delivery of microrobotic carriers to the targeted location inside microvascular networks, the selective transport of different microrobotic carriers remains an unexplored challenge. This study demonstrated the selective manipulation and transport of microrobotics along a patterned micromagnet using applied magnetic fields. Owing to varied field strengths, the magnetic beads used as the microrobotic carriers with different sizes revealed varied locomotion, including all of them moving along the same direction, selective rotation, bidirectional locomotion, and all of them moving in a reversed direction. Furthermore, cells immobilized with magnetic beads and nanoparticles also revealed varied locomotion. It is expected that such steering strategies of microrobotic carriers can be used in microvascular channels for the targeted delivery of drugs or cells in an organized manner.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinghao Hu
- Department of Physics and Chemistry, DGIST, Daegu, 42988, Republic of Korea
- State Key Laboratory of Solidification Processing, Center of Advanced Lubrication and Seal Materials, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an, 710072, China
| | - Keonmok Kim
- Department of Physics and Chemistry, DGIST, Daegu, 42988, Republic of Korea
| | - Abbas Ali
- Department of Physics and Chemistry, DGIST, Daegu, 42988, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyeonseol Kim
- Department of Physics and Chemistry, DGIST, Daegu, 42988, Republic of Korea
| | - Yumin Kang
- Department of Physics and Chemistry, DGIST, Daegu, 42988, Republic of Korea
| | - Jonghwan Yoon
- Department of Physics and Chemistry, DGIST, Daegu, 42988, Republic of Korea
| | - Sri Ramulu Torati
- Department of Physics and Chemistry, DGIST, Daegu, 42988, Republic of Korea
| | - Venu Reddy
- Department of Physics and Chemistry, DGIST, Daegu, 42988, Republic of Korea
| | - Mi-Young Im
- Department of Physics and Chemistry, DGIST, Daegu, 42988, Republic of Korea
- Center for X-ray Optics, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
| | - Byeonghwa Lim
- Department of Smart Sensor Engineering, Andong National University, Andong, 36729, Republic of Korea
| | - CheolGi Kim
- Department of Physics and Chemistry, DGIST, Daegu, 42988, Republic of Korea
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10
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Sun T, Chen J, Zhang J, Zhao Z, Zhao Y, Sun J, Chang H. Application of micro/nanorobot in medicine. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2024; 12:1347312. [PMID: 38333078 PMCID: PMC10850249 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2024.1347312] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2023] [Accepted: 01/02/2024] [Indexed: 02/10/2024] Open
Abstract
The development of micro/nanorobots and their application in medical treatment holds the promise of revolutionizing disease diagnosis and treatment. In comparison to conventional diagnostic and treatment methods, micro/nanorobots exhibit immense potential due to their small size and the ability to penetrate deep tissues. However, the transition of this technology from the laboratory to clinical applications presents significant challenges. This paper provides a comprehensive review of the research progress in micro/nanorobotics, encompassing biosensors, diagnostics, targeted drug delivery, and minimally invasive surgery. It also addresses the key issues and challenges facing this technology. The fusion of micro/nanorobots with medical treatments is poised to have a profound impact on the future of medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tianhao Sun
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, Heilongjiang, China
| | - Jingyu Chen
- Department of Oncology, The Fourth Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, Heilongjiang, China
| | - Jiayang Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Translational Research (Ministry of Education/Beijing), Department of Breast Oncology, Peking University Cancer Hospital and Institute, Beijing, China
| | - Zhihong Zhao
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, Heilongjiang, China
| | - Yiming Zhao
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, Heilongjiang, China
| | - Jingxue Sun
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Hao Chang
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, Heilongjiang, China
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11
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Li R, Jiang M, Liu B, Jiang S, Chen C, Liang M, Qu L, Wang C, Zhao G, Hu Y, Wu D, Chu J, Li J. High-performance magnetic metal microrobot prepared by a two-photon polymerization and sintering method. LAB ON A CHIP 2024. [PMID: 38235769 DOI: 10.1039/d3lc01084h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2024]
Abstract
Magnetically-actuated microrobots (MARs) exhibit great potential in biomedicine owing to their precise navigation, wireless actuation and remote operation in confined space. However, most previously explored MARs unfold the drawback of hypodynamic magnetic torque due to low magnetic content, leading to their limited applications in controlled locomotion in fast-flowing fluid and massive cargo carrying to the target position. Here, we report a high-performance pure-nickel magnetically-actuated microrobot (Ni-MAR), prepared by a femtosecond laser polymerization followed by sintering method. Our Ni-MAR possesses a high magnetic content (∼90 wt%), thus resulting in enhanced magnetic torque under low-strength rotating magnetic fields, which enables the microrobot to exhibit high-speed swimming and superior cargo carrying. The maximum velocity of our Ni-MAR, 12.5 body lengths per second, outperforms the velocity of traditional helical MARs. The high-speed Ni-MAR is capable of maintaining controlled locomotion in fast-flowing fluid. Moreover, the Ni-MAR with massive cargo carrying capability can push a 200-times heavier microcube with translation and rotation motion. A single cell and multiple cells can be transported facilely by a single Ni-MAR to the target position. This work provides a scheme for fabricating high-performance magnetic microrobots, which holds great promise for targeted therapy and drug delivery in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rui Li
- CAS Key Laboratory of Mechanical Behavior and Design of Materials, Key Laboratory of Precision Scientific Instrumentation of Anhui Higher Education Institutes, Department of Precision Machinery and Precision Instrumentation, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230027, China.
| | - Modong Jiang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Mechanical Behavior and Design of Materials, Key Laboratory of Precision Scientific Instrumentation of Anhui Higher Education Institutes, Department of Precision Machinery and Precision Instrumentation, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230027, China.
| | - Bingrui Liu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Mechanical Behavior and Design of Materials, Key Laboratory of Precision Scientific Instrumentation of Anhui Higher Education Institutes, Department of Precision Machinery and Precision Instrumentation, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230027, China.
| | - Shaojun Jiang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Mechanical Behavior and Design of Materials, Key Laboratory of Precision Scientific Instrumentation of Anhui Higher Education Institutes, Department of Precision Machinery and Precision Instrumentation, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230027, China.
| | - Chao Chen
- Department of Materials Physics and New Energy Device, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei 230009, China
| | - Mengxue Liang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Urban Pollutant Conversion, Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
| | - Lijie Qu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Mechanical Behavior and Design of Materials, Key Laboratory of Precision Scientific Instrumentation of Anhui Higher Education Institutes, Department of Precision Machinery and Precision Instrumentation, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230027, China.
| | - Chaowei Wang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Mechanical Behavior and Design of Materials, Key Laboratory of Precision Scientific Instrumentation of Anhui Higher Education Institutes, Department of Precision Machinery and Precision Instrumentation, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230027, China.
| | - Gang Zhao
- CAS Key Laboratory of Mechanical Behavior and Design of Materials, Key Laboratory of Precision Scientific Instrumentation of Anhui Higher Education Institutes, Department of Precision Machinery and Precision Instrumentation, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230027, China.
| | - Yanlei Hu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Mechanical Behavior and Design of Materials, Key Laboratory of Precision Scientific Instrumentation of Anhui Higher Education Institutes, Department of Precision Machinery and Precision Instrumentation, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230027, China.
| | - Dong Wu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Mechanical Behavior and Design of Materials, Key Laboratory of Precision Scientific Instrumentation of Anhui Higher Education Institutes, Department of Precision Machinery and Precision Instrumentation, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230027, China.
| | - Jiaru Chu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Mechanical Behavior and Design of Materials, Key Laboratory of Precision Scientific Instrumentation of Anhui Higher Education Institutes, Department of Precision Machinery and Precision Instrumentation, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230027, China.
| | - Jiawen Li
- CAS Key Laboratory of Mechanical Behavior and Design of Materials, Key Laboratory of Precision Scientific Instrumentation of Anhui Higher Education Institutes, Department of Precision Machinery and Precision Instrumentation, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230027, China.
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12
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Chen T, Yang J, Zhao H, Li D, Luo X, Fan Z, Ren B, Cai Y, Dong R. Ultrasound-propelled nanomotors for efficient cancer cell ferroptosis. J Mater Chem B 2024; 12:667-677. [PMID: 38063821 DOI: 10.1039/d3tb02041j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2024]
Abstract
Ferroptosis is a non-apoptotic form of cell death that is dependent on the accumulation of intracellular iron that causes elevation of toxic lipid peroxides. Therefore, it is crucial to improve the levels of intracellular iron and reactive oxygen species (ROS) in a short time. Here, we first propose ultrasound (US)-propelled Janus nanomotors (Au-FeOx/PEI/ICG, AFPI NMs) to accelerate cellular internalization and induce cancer cell ferroptosis. This nanomotor consists of a gold-iron oxide rod-like Janus nanomotor (Au-FeOx, AF NMs) and a photoactive indocyanine green (ICG) dye on the surface. It not only exhibits accelerating cellular internalization (∼4-fold) caused by its attractive US-driven propulsion but also shows good intracellular motion behavior. In addition, this Janus nanomotor shows excellent intracellular ROS generation performance due to the synergistic effect of the "Fenton or Fenton-like reaction" and the "photochemical reaction". As a result, the killing efficiency of actively moving nanomotors on cancer cells is 88% higher than that of stationary nanomotors. Unlike previous passive strategies, this work is a significant step toward accelerating cellular internalization and inducing cancer-cell ferroptosis in an active way. These novel US-propelled Janus nanomotors with strong propulsion, efficient cellular internalization and excellent ROS generation are suitable as a novel cell biology research tool.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ting Chen
- School of Chemistry, South China Normal University, Guangzhou 510006, China.
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510640, China.
| | - Jie Yang
- School of Chemistry, South China Normal University, Guangzhou 510006, China.
| | - He Zhao
- School of Chemistry, South China Normal University, Guangzhou 510006, China.
| | - Dajian Li
- School of Chemistry, South China Normal University, Guangzhou 510006, China.
| | - Xiaoyong Luo
- School of Chemistry, South China Normal University, Guangzhou 510006, China.
| | - Zhiyu Fan
- School of Chemistry, South China Normal University, Guangzhou 510006, China.
| | - Biye Ren
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510640, China.
| | - Yuepeng Cai
- School of Chemistry, South China Normal University, Guangzhou 510006, China.
| | - Renfeng Dong
- School of Chemistry, South China Normal University, Guangzhou 510006, China.
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13
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Zheng J, Huang R, Lin Z, Chen S, Yuan K. Nano/Micromotors for Cancer Diagnosis and Therapy: Innovative Designs to Improve Biocompatibility. Pharmaceutics 2023; 16:44. [PMID: 38258055 PMCID: PMC10821023 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics16010044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2023] [Revised: 12/18/2023] [Accepted: 12/21/2023] [Indexed: 01/24/2024] Open
Abstract
Nano/micromotors are artificial robots at the nano/microscale that are capable of transforming energy into mechanical movement. In cancer diagnosis or therapy, such "tiny robots" show great promise for targeted drug delivery, cell removal/killing, and even related biomarker sensing. Yet biocompatibility is still the most critical challenge that restricts such techniques from transitioning from the laboratory to clinical applications. In this review, we emphasize the biocompatibility aspect of nano/micromotors to show the great efforts made by researchers to promote their clinical application, mainly including non-toxic fuel propulsion (inorganic catalysts, enzyme, etc.), bio-hybrid designs, ultrasound propulsion, light-triggered propulsion, magnetic propulsion, dual propulsion, and, in particular, the cooperative swarm-based strategy for increasing therapeutic effects. Future challenges in translating nano/micromotors into real applications and the potential directions for increasing biocompatibility are also described.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiahuan Zheng
- Department of Chemistry, Shantou University Medical College, Shantou 515041, China;
| | - Rui Huang
- Bio-Analytical Laboratory, Shantou University Medical College, Shantou 515041, China; (R.H.); (Z.L.)
| | - Zhexuan Lin
- Bio-Analytical Laboratory, Shantou University Medical College, Shantou 515041, China; (R.H.); (Z.L.)
| | - Shaoqi Chen
- Department of Ultrasound, First Affiliated Hospital of Shantou University Medical College, Shantou 515041, China
| | - Kaisong Yuan
- Bio-Analytical Laboratory, Shantou University Medical College, Shantou 515041, China; (R.H.); (Z.L.)
- Department of Ultrasound, First Affiliated Hospital of Shantou University Medical College, Shantou 515041, China
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14
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Zimmermann CJ, Petruska AJ, Neeves KB, Marr DWM. Coupling magnetic torque and force for colloidal microbot assembly and manipulation. ADVANCED INTELLIGENT SYSTEMS (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2023; 5:2300332. [PMID: 38737989 PMCID: PMC11086969 DOI: 10.1002/aisy.202300332] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2023] [Indexed: 05/14/2024]
Abstract
For targeted transport in the body, biomedical microbots (μbots) must move effectively in three-dimensional (3D) microenvironments. Swimming μbots translate via asymmetric or screw-like motions while rolling ones use friction with available surfaces to generate propulsive forces. We have previously shown that planar rotating magnetic fields assemble μm-scale superparamagnetic beads into circular μbots that roll along surfaces. In this, gravity is required to pull μbots near the surface; however, this is not necessarily practical in complex geometries. Here we show that rotating magnetic fields, in tandem with directional magnetic gradient forces, can be used to roll μbots on surfaces regardless of orientation. Simplifying implementation, we use a spinning permanent magnet to generate differing ratios of rotating and gradient fields, optimizing control for different environments. This use of a single magnetic actuator sidesteps the need for complex electromagnet or tandem field setups, removes requisite gravitational load forces, and enables μbot targeting in complex 3D biomimetic microenvironments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Coy J Zimmermann
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Colorado School of Mines, Golden, CO, USA
| | - Andrew J Petruska
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Colorado School of Mines, Golden, CO, USA
| | - Keith B Neeves
- Departments of Bioengineering and Pediatrics, University of Colorado Denver | Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO
| | - David W M Marr
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Colorado School of Mines, Golden, CO, USA
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15
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Wang Q, Yang S, Zhang L. Untethered Micro/Nanorobots for Remote Sensing: Toward Intelligent Platform. NANO-MICRO LETTERS 2023; 16:40. [PMID: 38032461 PMCID: PMC10689342 DOI: 10.1007/s40820-023-01261-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2023] [Accepted: 10/25/2023] [Indexed: 12/01/2023]
Abstract
Untethered micro/nanorobots that can wirelessly control their motion and deformation state have gained enormous interest in remote sensing applications due to their unique motion characteristics in various media and diverse functionalities. Researchers are developing micro/nanorobots as innovative tools to improve sensing performance and miniaturize sensing systems, enabling in situ detection of substances that traditional sensing methods struggle to achieve. Over the past decade of development, significant research progress has been made in designing sensing strategies based on micro/nanorobots, employing various coordinated control and sensing approaches. This review summarizes the latest developments on micro/nanorobots for remote sensing applications by utilizing the self-generated signals of the robots, robot behavior, microrobotic manipulation, and robot-environment interactions. Providing recent studies and relevant applications in remote sensing, we also discuss the challenges and future perspectives facing micro/nanorobots-based intelligent sensing platforms to achieve sensing in complex environments, translating lab research achievements into widespread real applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qianqian Wang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Design and Manufacture of Micro-Nano Biomedical Instruments, School of Mechanical Engineering, Southeast University, Nanjing, 211189, People's Republic of China.
| | - Shihao Yang
- Department of Mechanical and Automation Engineering, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, Hong Kong, 999077, People's Republic of China
| | - Li Zhang
- Department of Mechanical and Automation Engineering, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, Hong Kong, 999077, People's Republic of China.
- Chow Yuk Ho Technology Centre for Innovative Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, Hong Kong, 999077, People's Republic of China.
- T Stone Robotics Institute, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, Hong Kong, 999077, People's Republic of China.
- Department of Surgery, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, Hong Kong, 999077, People's Republic of China.
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16
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Wang H, Jing Y, Yu J, Ma B, Sui M, Zhu Y, Dai L, Yu S, Li M, Wang L. Micro/nanorobots for remediation of water resources and aquatic life. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2023; 11:1312074. [PMID: 38026904 PMCID: PMC10666170 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2023.1312074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2023] [Accepted: 10/30/2023] [Indexed: 12/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Nowadays, global water scarcity is becoming a pressing issue, and the discharge of various pollutants leads to the biological pollution of water bodies, which further leads to the poisoning of living organisms. Consequently, traditional water treatment methods are proving inadequate in addressing the growing demands of various industries. As an effective and eco-friendly water treatment method, micro/nanorobots is making significant advancements. Based on researches conducted between 2019 and 2023 in the field of water pollution using micro/nanorobots, this paper comprehensively reviews the development of micro/nanorobots in water pollution control from multiple perspectives, including propulsion methods, decontamination mechanisms, experimental techniques, and water monitoring. Furthermore, this paper highlights current challenges and provides insights into the future development of the industry, providing guidance on biological water pollution control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haocheng Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Robotics and System, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, China
| | - Yizhan Jing
- State Key Laboratory of Robotics and System, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, China
| | - Jiuzheng Yu
- Oil & Gas Technology Research Institute, PetroChina Changqing Oilfield Company, Xi’an, China
| | - Bo Ma
- State Engineering Laboratory of Exploration and Development of Low-Permeability Oil & Gas Field, Xi’an, China
| | - Mingyang Sui
- State Key Laboratory of Robotics and System, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, China
| | - Yanhe Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Robotics and System, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, China
| | - Lizhou Dai
- State Key Laboratory of Robotics and System, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, China
| | - Shimin Yu
- College of Engineering, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, China
| | - Mu Li
- Department of Pharmacy, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Lin Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Robotics and System, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, China
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17
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Liu X, Jing Y, Xu C, Wang X, Xie X, Zhu Y, Dai L, Wang H, Wang L, Yu S. Medical Imaging Technology for Micro/Nanorobots. NANOMATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 13:2872. [PMID: 37947717 PMCID: PMC10648532 DOI: 10.3390/nano13212872] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2023] [Revised: 10/23/2023] [Accepted: 10/26/2023] [Indexed: 11/12/2023]
Abstract
Due to their enormous potential to be navigated through complex biological media or narrow capillaries, microrobots have demonstrated their potential in a variety of biomedical applications, such as assisted fertilization, targeted drug delivery, tissue repair, and regeneration. Numerous initial studies have been conducted to demonstrate the biomedical applications in test tubes and in vitro environments. Microrobots can reach human areas that are difficult to reach by existing medical devices through precise navigation. Medical imaging technology is essential for locating and tracking this small treatment machine for evaluation. This article discusses the progress of imaging in tracking the imaging of micro and nano robots in vivo and analyzes the current status of imaging technology for microrobots. The working principle and imaging parameters (temporal resolution, spatial resolution, and penetration depth) of each imaging technology are discussed in depth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuejia Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Robotics and System, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150001, China; (X.L.); (Y.J.); (C.X.); (X.W.); (X.X.); (Y.Z.); (L.D.); (L.W.)
| | - Yizhan Jing
- State Key Laboratory of Robotics and System, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150001, China; (X.L.); (Y.J.); (C.X.); (X.W.); (X.X.); (Y.Z.); (L.D.); (L.W.)
| | - Chengxin Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Robotics and System, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150001, China; (X.L.); (Y.J.); (C.X.); (X.W.); (X.X.); (Y.Z.); (L.D.); (L.W.)
| | - Xiaoxiao Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Robotics and System, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150001, China; (X.L.); (Y.J.); (C.X.); (X.W.); (X.X.); (Y.Z.); (L.D.); (L.W.)
| | - Xiaopeng Xie
- State Key Laboratory of Robotics and System, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150001, China; (X.L.); (Y.J.); (C.X.); (X.W.); (X.X.); (Y.Z.); (L.D.); (L.W.)
| | - Yanhe Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Robotics and System, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150001, China; (X.L.); (Y.J.); (C.X.); (X.W.); (X.X.); (Y.Z.); (L.D.); (L.W.)
| | - Lizhou Dai
- State Key Laboratory of Robotics and System, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150001, China; (X.L.); (Y.J.); (C.X.); (X.W.); (X.X.); (Y.Z.); (L.D.); (L.W.)
| | - Haocheng Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Robotics and System, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150001, China; (X.L.); (Y.J.); (C.X.); (X.W.); (X.X.); (Y.Z.); (L.D.); (L.W.)
| | - Lin Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Robotics and System, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150001, China; (X.L.); (Y.J.); (C.X.); (X.W.); (X.X.); (Y.Z.); (L.D.); (L.W.)
| | - Shimin Yu
- College of Engineering, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266100, China
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18
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Mu G, Qiao Y, Sui M, Grattan KTV, Dong H, Zhao J. Acoustic-propelled micro/nanomotors and nanoparticles for biomedical research, diagnosis, and therapeutic applications. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2023; 11:1276485. [PMID: 37929199 PMCID: PMC10621749 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2023.1276485] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2023] [Accepted: 10/09/2023] [Indexed: 11/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Acoustic manipulation techniques have gained significant attention across various fields, particularly in medical diagnosis and biochemical research, due to their biocompatibility and non-contact operation. In this article, we review the broad range of biomedical applications of micro/nano-motors that use acoustic manipulation methods, with a specific focus on cell manipulation, targeted drug release for cancer treatment and genetic disease diagnosis. These applications are facilitated by acoustic-propelled micro/nano-motors and nanoparticles which are manipulated by acoustic tweezers. Acoustic systems enable high precision positioning and can be effectively combined with magnetic manipulation techniques. Furthermore, acoustic propulsion facilitates faster transportation speeds, making it suitable for tasks in blood flow, allowing for precise positioning and in-body manipulation of cells, microprobes, and drugs. By summarizing and understanding these acoustic manipulation methods, this review aims to provide a summary and discussion of the acoustic manipulation methods for biomedical research, diagnostic, and therapeutic applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guanyu Mu
- State Key Laboratory of Robotics and System, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, China
| | - Yu Qiao
- State Key Laboratory of Robotics and System, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, China
| | - Mingyang Sui
- State Key Laboratory of Robotics and System, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, China
| | - Kenneth T. V. Grattan
- State Key Laboratory of Robotics and System, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, China
- School of Science and Technology, University of London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Huijuan Dong
- State Key Laboratory of Robotics and System, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, China
| | - Jie Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Robotics and System, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, China
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19
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Niu J, Liu C, Yang X, Liang W, Wang Y. Construction of micro-nano robots: living cells and functionalized biological cell membranes. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2023; 11:1277964. [PMID: 37781535 PMCID: PMC10539914 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2023.1277964] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2023] [Accepted: 08/31/2023] [Indexed: 10/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Micro-nano robots have emerged as a promising research field with vast potential applications in biomedicine. The motor is the key component of micro-nano robot research, and the design of the motor is crucial. Among the most commonly used motors are those derived from living cells such as bacteria with flagella, sperm, and algal cells. Additionally, scientists have developed numerous self-adaptive biomimetic motors with biological functions, primarily cell membrane functionalized micromotors. This novel type of motor exhibits remarkable performance in complex media. This paper provides a comprehensive review of the structure and performance of micro-nano robots that utilize living cells and functionalized biological cell membranes. We also discuss potential practical applications of these mirco-nano robots as well as potential challenges that may arise in future development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiawen Niu
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Chenlu Liu
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Xiaopeng Yang
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Wenlong Liang
- Department of Breast Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Yufu Wang
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
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20
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Zhao P, Yan L, Gao X. Millirobot Based on a Phase-Transformable Magnetorheological Liquid Metal. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2023; 15:37658-37667. [PMID: 37503740 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.3c06648] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/29/2023]
Abstract
Droplet robots have attracted much attention in recent years due to their large-scale deformability and flexible mobility in confined spaces. However, droplet robots are always difficult to maintain rigid shapes, making them difficult to manipulate objects with large inertia. Moreover, their low conductivity makes them unable to complete tasks such as circuit repair. Herein, a millirobot made from magnetorheological liquid metal is proposed to address the problems. Specifically, the magnetorheological liquid metal (MLM) robot is made by engulfing iron particles into gallium-indium alloy, and the mass fraction of the MLM robot is determined by microscopic observation and rheological test. The MLM robot possesses both solid and liquid properties, enabling the robot with plasticity, large-scale deformability, good conductivity, motion flexibility, and good object manipulation. The MLM robot can achieve almost all of the functions of existing droplet robots, including splitting, merging, navigating in narrow channels, and pushing objects. In addition, it can also accomplish some other tasks that are difficult for existing droplet robots, such as pulling large objects, repairing damaged circuits selectively and reversibly, and repairing suspended circuits through plasticity. The demos show that MLM robots can traverse narrow spaces and repair circuit damage selectively and reversibly. It is believed that MLM robots can enrich diverse functionalities in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peiran Zhao
- School of Automation Science and Electrical Engineering, Beihang University, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Liang Yan
- School of Automation Science and Electrical Engineering, Beihang University, Beijing 100191, China
- Ningbo Institute of Technology, Beihang University, Ningbo 315800, China
- Tianmushan Laboratory, Hangzhou 310023, China
- Science and Technology on Aircraft Control Laboratory, Beihang University, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Xiaoshan Gao
- School of Automation Science and Electrical Engineering, Beihang University, Beijing 100191, China
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21
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Zhao Q, Cheng N, Sun X, Yan L, Li W. The application of nanomedicine in clinical settings. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2023; 11:1219054. [PMID: 37441195 PMCID: PMC10335748 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2023.1219054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2023] [Accepted: 06/05/2023] [Indexed: 07/15/2023] Open
Abstract
As nanotechnology develops in the fields of mechanical engineering, electrical engineering, information and communication, and medical care, it has shown great promises. In recent years, medical nanorobots have made significant progress in terms of the selection of materials, fabrication methods, driving force sources, and clinical applications, such as nanomedicine. It involves bypassing biological tissues and delivering drugs directly to lesions and target cells using nanorobots, thus increasing concentration. It has also proved useful for monitoring disease progression, complementary diagnosis, and minimally invasive surgery. Also, we examine the development of nanomedicine and its applications in medicine, focusing on the use of nanomedicine in the treatment of various major diseases, including how they are generalized and how they are modified. The purpose of this review is to provide a summary and discussion of current research for the future development in nanomedicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qingsong Zhao
- Postdoctoral Programme of Meteria Medica Institute of Harbin University of Commerce, Harbin, China
| | - Nuo Cheng
- Department of Endocrinology, The Fourth Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Xuyan Sun
- Department of Endocrinology, The Fourth Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Lijun Yan
- Postdoctoral Programme of Meteria Medica Institute of Harbin University of Commerce, Harbin, China
| | - Wenlan Li
- Postdoctoral Programme of Meteria Medica Institute of Harbin University of Commerce, Harbin, China
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Claws like a tardigrade's give swimming microrobots a grip. Nature 2023; 617:440. [PMID: 37165223 DOI: 10.1038/d41586-023-01541-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
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