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Wu J, Bei N, Liu W, Xing M, Liu S, Song T, Li X, Wang R, Jiang Q, Bo H, Tie X, Cao J, Li G. Why is the air humid during wintertime heavy haze days in Beijing? THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2022; 853:158597. [PMID: 36089039 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.158597] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2022] [Revised: 08/30/2022] [Accepted: 09/04/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Atmospheric humidity has been shown to promote haze formation, but it remains unclear why the air is humid during heavy haze days in winter. Here we combine water vapor isotope measurements with WRF-Chem simulations to elucidate increasing humidity with aggravation of haze during wintertime in urban Beijing. The vapor isotopic analysis in Beijing shows that the combustion-derived water (CDW) constitutes 11.0± 6.2 % of the atmospheric moisture and its fraction in total moisture increases with aggravation of haze. Modeling results reveal that, in addition to the water vapor transported from south or east to Beijing with occurrence of haze, CDW has a considerable impact on the increasing humidity when haze becomes heavy or severe. Aerosol-radiation interactions generally decrease the water vapor content and only increase humidity with occurrence of severe haze with hourly PM2.5 concentrations exceeding 250μg m-3. Although CDW is insignificant in the global atmospheric vapor budget, it could play an important role in modifying the local weather during haze days.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiarui Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Loess and Quaternary Geology, Institute of Earth Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xi'an 710061, China; National Observation and Research Station of Regional Ecological Environment Change and Comprehensive Management in the Guanzhong Plain, Shaanxi, China
| | - Naifang Bei
- School of Human Settlements and Civil Engineering, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710049, China
| | - Weiguo Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Loess and Quaternary Geology, Institute of Earth Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xi'an 710061, China
| | - Meng Xing
- State Key Laboratory of Loess and Quaternary Geology, Institute of Earth Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xi'an 710061, China.
| | - Suixin Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Loess and Quaternary Geology, Institute of Earth Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xi'an 710061, China; National Observation and Research Station of Regional Ecological Environment Change and Comprehensive Management in the Guanzhong Plain, Shaanxi, China
| | - Tao Song
- State Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Boundary Layer Physics and Atmospheric Chemistry, Institute of Atmospheric Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Xia Li
- State Key Laboratory of Loess and Quaternary Geology, Institute of Earth Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xi'an 710061, China; National Observation and Research Station of Regional Ecological Environment Change and Comprehensive Management in the Guanzhong Plain, Shaanxi, China
| | - Ruonan Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Loess and Quaternary Geology, Institute of Earth Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xi'an 710061, China; National Observation and Research Station of Regional Ecological Environment Change and Comprehensive Management in the Guanzhong Plain, Shaanxi, China
| | - Qian Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Loess and Quaternary Geology, Institute of Earth Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xi'an 710061, China; National Observation and Research Station of Regional Ecological Environment Change and Comprehensive Management in the Guanzhong Plain, Shaanxi, China
| | - Hu Bo
- State Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Boundary Layer Physics and Atmospheric Chemistry, Institute of Atmospheric Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Xuexi Tie
- State Key Laboratory of Loess and Quaternary Geology, Institute of Earth Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xi'an 710061, China
| | - Junji Cao
- State Key Laboratory of Loess and Quaternary Geology, Institute of Earth Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xi'an 710061, China
| | - Guohui Li
- State Key Laboratory of Loess and Quaternary Geology, Institute of Earth Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xi'an 710061, China; National Observation and Research Station of Regional Ecological Environment Change and Comprehensive Management in the Guanzhong Plain, Shaanxi, China; CAS Center for Excellence in Quaternary Science and Global Change, Xi'an 710061, China.
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2
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Chen TL, Ober DC, Miri R, Bui TQ, Shen L, Okumura M. Optically Switched Dual-Wavelength Cavity Ring-Down Spectrometer for High-Precision Isotope Ratio Measurements of Methane δD in the Near Infrared. Anal Chem 2021; 93:6375-6384. [PMID: 33843199 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.0c05090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
We report a spectrometer employing optically switched dual-wavelength cavity ring-down spectroscopy (OSDW-CRDS) for high-precision measurements of methane isotope ratios. A waveguide optical switch rapidly alternated between two wavelengths to detect absorption by two isotopologues using near-infrared CRDS. This approach alleviated common-mode noise that originated primarily from temperature and frequency fluctuations. We demonstrated the measurement of δD in natural abundance methane to a precision of 2.3 ‰, despite the lack of active temperature or frequency stabilization of the cavity. The ability of alternating OSDW-CRDS to improve the isotope precision in the absence of cavity stabilization were measured by comparing the Allan deviation with that obtained when frequency-stabilizing the cavity length. The system can be extended to a wide variety of applications such as isotope analysis of other species, kinetic isotope effects, ortho-para ratio measurements, and isomer abundance measurements. Furthermore, our technique can be extended to multiple isotope analysis or two species involved in kinetics studies through the use of multiport or high-speed optical switches, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tzu-Ling Chen
- Division of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, California Institute of Technology, 1200 East California Boulevard, Pasadena, California 91125, United States
| | - Douglas C Ober
- Division of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, California Institute of Technology, 1200 East California Boulevard, Pasadena, California 91125, United States
| | - Robin Miri
- Division of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, California Institute of Technology, 1200 East California Boulevard, Pasadena, California 91125, United States.,École Normale Supérieure de Cachan and Université de Sorbonne, 24 rue Lhomond 75005, Paris, France
| | - Thinh Q Bui
- Division of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, California Institute of Technology, 1200 East California Boulevard, Pasadena, California 91125, United States
| | - Linhan Shen
- Division of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, California Institute of Technology, 1200 East California Boulevard, Pasadena, California 91125, United States
| | - Mitchio Okumura
- Division of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, California Institute of Technology, 1200 East California Boulevard, Pasadena, California 91125, United States
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3
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Han X, Lang Y, Wang T, Liu CQ, Li F, Wang F, Guo Q, Li S, Liu M, Wang Y, Xu A. Temporal and spatial variations in stable isotopic compositions of precipitation during the typhoon Lekima (2019), China. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2021; 762:143143. [PMID: 33121782 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.143143] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2020] [Revised: 10/06/2020] [Accepted: 10/11/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
A clear understanding of factors governing stable isotopic variations in precipitation of tropical cyclones is critical for constraining atmospheric hydrological model simulations. The temporal and spatial variations in stable isotopic compositions of precipitation during the typhoon Lekima (2019) were investigated, based on rainwater samples collected at four sampling sites along its track between August 10 and August 12, 2019. Results showed that the δ18O and δD values of rainwater samples varied from -15.5‰ to -2.9‰ and from -112.4‰ to -17.3‰, respectively. The large ranges of δ18O and δD values in rainwater from the typhoon Lekima were most likely caused by the changes in rainfall intensity and its complex interaction with local water vapor. In addition, it was observed that the δ18O and δD values gradually decreased from the outer rainbands to the inner rainbands, and their values were more depleted of heavy isotopes than those of local rain. We speculated that both the high stratiform precipitation fractions and the deep convection system may be responsible for the isotopic depletion of rainwater related with the typhoon Lekima. It reveals that the rain type fractions and the intensity of convection should be considered in the elucidation of δ18O signals in extreme precipitation events. This study also has important implications for understanding atmospheric moisture cycles in tropical cyclones.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaokun Han
- Institute of Surface-Earth System Science, School of Earth System Science, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China; Tianjin Key Laboratory of Earth Critical Zone Science and Sustainable Development in Bohai Rim, Tianjin University, Weijin Road 92, Tianjin 300072, China
| | - Yunchao Lang
- Institute of Surface-Earth System Science, School of Earth System Science, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China; Tianjin Key Laboratory of Earth Critical Zone Science and Sustainable Development in Bohai Rim, Tianjin University, Weijin Road 92, Tianjin 300072, China.
| | - Tiejun Wang
- Institute of Surface-Earth System Science, School of Earth System Science, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China; Tianjin Key Laboratory of Earth Critical Zone Science and Sustainable Development in Bohai Rim, Tianjin University, Weijin Road 92, Tianjin 300072, China
| | - Cong-Qiang Liu
- Institute of Surface-Earth System Science, School of Earth System Science, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China; Tianjin Key Laboratory of Earth Critical Zone Science and Sustainable Development in Bohai Rim, Tianjin University, Weijin Road 92, Tianjin 300072, China
| | - Feili Li
- College of Biological and Environmental Engineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310032, China
| | - Fushun Wang
- School of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Shanghai University, 201800, China
| | - Qingjun Guo
- Center for Environmental Remediation, Institute of Geographic Sciences and Natural Resources Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Siliang Li
- Institute of Surface-Earth System Science, School of Earth System Science, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China; Tianjin Key Laboratory of Earth Critical Zone Science and Sustainable Development in Bohai Rim, Tianjin University, Weijin Road 92, Tianjin 300072, China
| | - Mingxuan Liu
- Institute of Surface-Earth System Science, School of Earth System Science, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China
| | - Yue Wang
- Institute of Surface-Earth System Science, School of Earth System Science, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China
| | - Aizhe Xu
- Institute of Surface-Earth System Science, School of Earth System Science, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China
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4
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Li X, Zhang Q, Zhou L, An Y. Chemical composition of a hailstone: evidence for tracking hailstone trajectory in deep convection. Sci Bull (Beijing) 2020; 65:1337-1339. [PMID: 36659211 DOI: 10.1016/j.scib.2020.04.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2020] [Revised: 04/09/2020] [Accepted: 04/10/2020] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Xiaofei Li
- Department of Atmospheric and Oceanic Sciences, School of Physics, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China; Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Earth Surface System and Environmental Carrying Capacity, Institute of Earth Surface System and Hazards, College of Urban and Environmental Sciences, Northwest University, Xi'an 710127, China
| | - Qinghong Zhang
- Department of Atmospheric and Oceanic Sciences, School of Physics, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China.
| | - Liping Zhou
- Department of Physical Geography and Natural Resources, College of Urban and Environmental Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Yongrui An
- Department of Physical Geography and Natural Resources, College of Urban and Environmental Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
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5
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Cui X, Chen W, Sigrist MW, Fertein E, Flament P, De Bondt K, Mattielli N. Analysis of the Stable Isotope Ratios ( 18O/ 16O, 17O/ 16O, and D/H) in Glacier Water by Laser Spectrometry. Anal Chem 2020; 92:4512-4517. [PMID: 32083471 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.9b05679] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
A compact isotope ratio sensor based on laser absorption spectroscopy at 2.7 μm was developed for high precision and simultaneous measurements of the D/H, 18O/16O and 17O/16O isotope ratios in glacier water. Measurements of the oxygen and hydrogen isotope ratios in glacier water demonstrate a 1σ precision of 0.3‰ for δ18O, 0.2‰ for δ17O, and 0.5‰ for δ2H, respectively. The δ values of the working standard glacier water obtained by the calibrated sensor system is basically identical to the IRMS measurement results with a very high calibration accuracy from 0.17‰ to 0.75‰. Preliminary results on the reproducibility measurements display a standard deviation of 0.13‰ for δ18O, 0.13‰ for δ17O, and 0.64‰ for δ2H, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaojuan Cui
- Anhui Provincial Key Laboratory of Photonic Devices and Materials, Anhui Institute of Optics and Fine Mechanics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei 230031, China
| | - Weidong Chen
- Laboratoire de Physicochimie de l'Atmosphère, Université du Littoral Côte d'Opale, 189A Avenue, Maurice Schumann, 59140 Dunkerque, France
| | - Markus Werner Sigrist
- ETH Zurich, Institute for Quantum Electronics, Otto-Stern-Weg 1, CH-8093 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Eric Fertein
- Laboratoire de Physicochimie de l'Atmosphère, Université du Littoral Côte d'Opale, 189A Avenue, Maurice Schumann, 59140 Dunkerque, France
| | - Pascal Flament
- Laboratoire de Physicochimie de l'Atmosphère, Université du Littoral Côte d'Opale, 189A Avenue, Maurice Schumann, 59140 Dunkerque, France
| | - Kevin De Bondt
- Department of Analytical, Environmental and Geo-Chemistry (AMGC), Université Libre de Bruxelles, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Nadine Mattielli
- Department of Analytical, Environmental and Geo-Chemistry (AMGC), Université Libre de Bruxelles, Brussels, Belgium
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6
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Cossel KC, Waxman EM, Finneran IA, Blake GA, Ye J, Newbury NR. Gas-phase broadband spectroscopy using active sources: progress, status, and applications. JOURNAL OF THE OPTICAL SOCIETY OF AMERICA. B, OPTICAL PHYSICS 2017; 34:104-129. [PMID: 28630530 PMCID: PMC5473295 DOI: 10.1364/josab.34.000104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
Broadband spectroscopy is an invaluable tool for measuring multiple gas-phase species simultaneously. In this work we review basic techniques, implementations, and current applications for broadband spectroscopy. We discuss components of broad-band spectroscopy including light sources, absorption cells, and detection methods and then discuss specific combinations of these components in commonly-used techniques. We finish this review by discussing potential future advances in techniques and applications of broad-band spectroscopy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kevin C. Cossel
- National Institute of Standards and Technology, 325 Broadway, Boulder, Colorado 80305, USA
| | - Eleanor M. Waxman
- National Institute of Standards and Technology, 325 Broadway, Boulder, Colorado 80305, USA
| | - Ian A. Finneran
- Division of Chemistry & Chemical Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91125
| | - Geoffrey A. Blake
- Division of Chemistry & Chemical Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91125
| | - Jun Ye
- JILA, National Institute of Standards and Technology and University of Colorado, Department of Physics, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO 80309, USA
| | - Nathan R. Newbury
- National Institute of Standards and Technology, 325 Broadway, Boulder, Colorado 80305, USA
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7
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Galewsky J, Steen-Larsen HC, Field RD, Worden J, Risi C, Schneider M. Stable isotopes in atmospheric water vapor and applications to the hydrologic cycle. REVIEWS OF GEOPHYSICS (WASHINGTON, D.C. : 1985) 2016; 54:809-865. [PMID: 32661517 PMCID: PMC7357203 DOI: 10.1002/2015rg000512] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
The measurement and simulation of water vapor isotopic composition has matured rapidly over the last decade, with long-term datasets and comprehensive modeling capabilities now available. Theories for water vapor isotopic composition have been developed by extending the theories that have been used for the isotopic composition of precipitation to include a more nuanced understanding of evaporation, large-scale mixing, deep convection, and kinetic fractionation. The technologies for in-situ and remote sensing measurements of water vapor isotopic composition have developed especially rapidly over the last decade, with discrete water vapor sampling methods, based on mass spectroscopy, giving way to laser spectroscopic methods and satellite- and ground-based infrared absorption techniques. The simulation of water vapor isotopic composition has evolved from General Circulation Model (GCM) methods for simulating precipitation isotopic composition to sophisticated isotope-enabled microphysics schemes using higher-order moments for water- and ice-size distributions. The incorporation of isotopes into GCMs has enabled more detailed diagnostics of the water cycle and has led to improvements in its simulation. The combination of improved measurement and modeling of water vapor isotopic composition opens the door to new advances in our understanding of the atmospheric water cycle, in processes ranging from the marine boundary layer, through deep convection and tropospheric mixing, and into the water cycle of the stratosphere. Finally, studies of the processes governing modern water vapor isotopic composition provide an improved framework for the interpretation of paleoclimate proxy records of the hydrological cycle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph Galewsky
- Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, New Mexico, USA
| | | | - Robert D Field
- NASA Goddard Institute for Space Studies, New York, New York, USA
- Department of Applied Physics and Applied Mathematics, Columbia University, New York, New York, USA
| | - John Worden
- Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California, USA
| | - Camille Risi
- Laboratoire de Meteorologie Dynamique, Institut Pierre Simon Laplace, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Paris, France
| | - Matthias Schneider
- Institute for Meteorology and Climate Research (IMK-ASF), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Karlsruhe, Germany
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8
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Dong W, Lin Y, Wright JS, Ming Y, Xie Y, Wang B, Luo Y, Huang W, Huang J, Wang L, Tian L, Peng Y, Xu F. Summer rainfall over the southwestern Tibetan Plateau controlled by deep convection over the Indian subcontinent. Nat Commun 2016; 7:10925. [PMID: 26948491 PMCID: PMC4786685 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms10925] [Citation(s) in RCA: 103] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2015] [Accepted: 02/02/2016] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Despite the importance of precipitation and moisture transport over the Tibetan Plateau for glacier mass balance, river runoff and local ecology, changes in these quantities remain highly uncertain and poorly understood. Here we use observational data and model simulations to explore the close relationship between summer rainfall variability over the southwestern Tibetan Plateau (SWTP) and that over central-eastern India (CEI), which exists despite the separation of these two regions by the Himalayas. We show that this relationship is maintained primarily by ‘up-and-over' moisture transport, in which hydrometeors and moisture are lifted by convective storms over CEI and the Himalayan foothills and then swept over the SWTP by the mid-tropospheric circulation, rather than by upslope flow over the Himalayas. Sensitivity simulations confirm the importance of up-and-over transport at event scales, and an objective storm classification indicates that this pathway accounts for approximately half of total summer rainfall over the SWTP. While precipitation over the Tibetan Plateau is a vital resource for glacier mass balance, river runoff and local ecology, the controlling mechanisms are poorly understood. Here, the authors combine observations and simulations and show that convective storms over India sweep moisture up and over the plateau.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenhao Dong
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory for Earth System Modeling, Center for Earth System Science, and Joint Center for Global Change Studies (JCGCS), Tsinghua University, Room S813, MengMinwei Science Building, Qinghuayuan 1, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Yanluan Lin
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory for Earth System Modeling, Center for Earth System Science, and Joint Center for Global Change Studies (JCGCS), Tsinghua University, Room S813, MengMinwei Science Building, Qinghuayuan 1, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Jonathon S Wright
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory for Earth System Modeling, Center for Earth System Science, and Joint Center for Global Change Studies (JCGCS), Tsinghua University, Room S813, MengMinwei Science Building, Qinghuayuan 1, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Yi Ming
- Geophysical Fluid Dynamics Laboratory, Princeton/NOAA, Princeton, New Jersey 08540-6649, USA
| | - Yuanyu Xie
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory for Earth System Modeling, Center for Earth System Science, and Joint Center for Global Change Studies (JCGCS), Tsinghua University, Room S813, MengMinwei Science Building, Qinghuayuan 1, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Bin Wang
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory for Earth System Modeling, Center for Earth System Science, and Joint Center for Global Change Studies (JCGCS), Tsinghua University, Room S813, MengMinwei Science Building, Qinghuayuan 1, Beijing 100084, China.,State Key Laboratory of Numerical Modeling for Atmospheric Science and Geophysical Fluid Dynamics, Institute of Atmospheric Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Yong Luo
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory for Earth System Modeling, Center for Earth System Science, and Joint Center for Global Change Studies (JCGCS), Tsinghua University, Room S813, MengMinwei Science Building, Qinghuayuan 1, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Wenyu Huang
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory for Earth System Modeling, Center for Earth System Science, and Joint Center for Global Change Studies (JCGCS), Tsinghua University, Room S813, MengMinwei Science Building, Qinghuayuan 1, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Jianbin Huang
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory for Earth System Modeling, Center for Earth System Science, and Joint Center for Global Change Studies (JCGCS), Tsinghua University, Room S813, MengMinwei Science Building, Qinghuayuan 1, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Lei Wang
- Key Laboratory of Tibetan Environment Changes and Land Surface Processes, Institute of Tibetan Plateau Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), and the CAS Center for Excellence in Tibetan Plateau Earth Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Lide Tian
- Key Laboratory of Tibetan Environment Changes and Land Surface Processes, Institute of Tibetan Plateau Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), and the CAS Center for Excellence in Tibetan Plateau Earth Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Yiran Peng
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory for Earth System Modeling, Center for Earth System Science, and Joint Center for Global Change Studies (JCGCS), Tsinghua University, Room S813, MengMinwei Science Building, Qinghuayuan 1, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Fanghua Xu
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory for Earth System Modeling, Center for Earth System Science, and Joint Center for Global Change Studies (JCGCS), Tsinghua University, Room S813, MengMinwei Science Building, Qinghuayuan 1, Beijing 100084, China
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9
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Wang WE, Michel APM, Wang L, Tsai T, Baeck ML, Smith JA, Wysocki G. A quantum cascade laser-based water vapor isotope analyzer for environmental monitoring. THE REVIEW OF SCIENTIFIC INSTRUMENTS 2014; 85:093103. [PMID: 25273703 DOI: 10.1063/1.4894161] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
A field-deployable mid-infrared quantum cascade laser-based spectrometer was designed and developed for measurements of H2(16)O and H2(18)O at 7.12 μm. H2(16)O and H2(18)O absorption features at 1390.52 cm(-1) and 1389.91 cm(-1), respectively, accessible within current tuning range of the laser, were targeted. The target lines were carefully selected to assure similar absorption levels and similar temperature sensitivities of the line strength due to comparable lower state energies. A real-time spectral fitting algorithm was implemented for isotopic concentration retrieval. Detection limits for H2(16)O and H2(18)O of 2.2 ppm and 7.0 ppb, respectively, were achieved at a dew point of 14 °C (volume mixing ratio of 15,766 ppm) in 1 s integration time, which resulted in a δ(18)O isotopic ratio measurement precision of 0.25‰. The ultimate minimum detection limits obtained after 160 s integration time for H2(16)O and H2(18)O, and δ(18)O measurements were 0.6 ppm, 1.7 ppb, and 0.05‰, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- W E Wang
- Department of Electrical Engineering, Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey 08544, USA
| | - A P M Michel
- Princeton Institute for the Science and Technology of Materials, Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey 08540, USA
| | - L Wang
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey 08544, USA
| | - T Tsai
- Department of Electrical Engineering, Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey 08544, USA
| | - M L Baeck
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey 08544, USA
| | - J A Smith
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey 08544, USA
| | - G Wysocki
- Department of Electrical Engineering, Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey 08544, USA
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10
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Wu T, Chen W, Fertein E, Masselin P, Gao X, Zhang W, Wang Y, Koeth J, Brückner D, He X. Measurement of the D/H, ¹⁸O/¹⁶O, and ¹⁷O/¹⁶O isotope ratios in water by laser absorption spectroscopy at 2.73 μm. SENSORS 2014; 14:9027-45. [PMID: 24854363 PMCID: PMC4063013 DOI: 10.3390/s140509027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2014] [Revised: 05/12/2014] [Accepted: 05/15/2014] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
A compact isotope ratio laser spectrometry (IRLS) instrument was developed for simultaneous measurements of the D/H, 18O/16O and 17O/16O isotope ratios in water by laser absorption spectroscopy at 2.73 μm. Special attention is paid to the spectral data processing and implementation of a Kalman adaptive filtering to improve the measurement precision. Reduction of up to 3-fold in standard deviation in isotope ratio determination was obtained by the use of a Fourier filtering to remove undulation structure from spectrum baseline. Application of Kalman filtering enables isotope ratio measurement at 1 s time intervals with a precision (<1‰) better than that obtained by conventional 30 s averaging, while maintaining a fast system response. The implementation of the filter is described in detail and its effects on the accuracy and the precision of the isotope ratio measurements are investigated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tao Wu
- Key Laboratory of Nondestructive Test (Ministry of Education), Nanchang Hangkong University, Nanchang 330063, China.
| | - Weidong Chen
- Laboratoire de Physicochimie de l'Atmosphère, Université du Littoral Côte d'Opale, 189A, Av. Maurice Schumann, 59140 Dunkerque, France.
| | - Eric Fertein
- Laboratoire de Physicochimie de l'Atmosphère, Université du Littoral Côte d'Opale, 189A, Av. Maurice Schumann, 59140 Dunkerque, France.
| | - Pascal Masselin
- Laboratoire de Physicochimie de l'Atmosphère, Université du Littoral Côte d'Opale, 189A, Av. Maurice Schumann, 59140 Dunkerque, France.
| | - Xiaoming Gao
- Anhui Institute of Optics & Fine Mechanics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei 230031, China.
| | - Weijun Zhang
- Anhui Institute of Optics & Fine Mechanics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei 230031, China.
| | - Yingjian Wang
- Anhui Institute of Optics & Fine Mechanics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei 230031, China.
| | - Johannes Koeth
- Nanoplus Nanosystems and Technologies GmbH, Oberer Kirschberg 4, 97218 Gerbrunn, Germany.
| | - Daniela Brückner
- Nanoplus Nanosystems and Technologies GmbH, Oberer Kirschberg 4, 97218 Gerbrunn, Germany.
| | - Xingdao He
- Key Laboratory of Nondestructive Test (Ministry of Education), Nanchang Hangkong University, Nanchang 330063, China.
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11
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Landsberg J, Romanini D, Kerstel E. Very high finesse optical-feedback cavity-enhanced absorption spectrometer for low concentration water vapor isotope analyses. OPTICS LETTERS 2014; 39:1795-1798. [PMID: 24686607 DOI: 10.1364/ol.39.001795] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
So far, cavity-enhanced absorption spectroscopy (CEAS) has been based on optical cavities with a high finesse F that, however, has been limited by mirror reflectivity and by cavity transmission considerations to a few times 10,000. Here, we demonstrate a compact near-infrared optical-feedback CEAS instrument for water vapor isotope ratio measurements, with F>140,000. We show that this very high finesse can be effectively exploited to improve the detection sensitivity to the full extent predicted by the increased effective path length to reach a noise equivalent absorption sensitivity of 5.7×10(-11) cm(-1) Hz(-1/2) for a full spectrum registration (including possible effects of interference fringes and fit model inadequacies).
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12
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Simultaneous measurement of δ2H, δ17O, and δ18O in H2O using a commercial cavity ringdown spectrometer. Anal Chim Acta 2013; 804:176-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2013.10.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2013] [Revised: 10/03/2013] [Accepted: 10/05/2013] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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13
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Webster CR, Mahaffy PR, Flesch GJ, Niles PB, Jones JH, Leshin LA, Atreya SK, Stern JC, Christensen LE, Owen T, Franz H, Pepin RO, Steele A. Isotope Ratios of H, C, and O in CO
2
and H
2
O of the Martian Atmosphere. Science 2013; 341:260-3. [PMID: 23869013 DOI: 10.1126/science.1237961] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Chris R. Webster
- Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91109, USA
| | | | - Gregory J. Flesch
- Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91109, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Lance E. Christensen
- Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91109, USA
| | - Tobias Owen
- University of Hawaii, Honolulu, HI 96822, USA
| | - Heather Franz
- NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, MD 20771, USA
| | | | - Andrew Steele
- Carnegie Institution of Washington, Washington, DC 20015, USA
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14
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Risi C, Noone D, Worden J, Frankenberg C, Stiller G, Kiefer M, Funke B, Walker K, Bernath P, Schneider M, Wunch D, Sherlock V, Deutscher N, Griffith D, Wennberg PO, Strong K, Smale D, Mahieu E, Barthlott S, Hase F, García O, Notholt J, Warneke T, Toon G, Sayres D, Bony S, Lee J, Brown D, Uemura R, Sturm C. Process-evaluation of tropospheric humidity simulated by general circulation models using water vapor isotopologues: 1. Comparison between models and observations. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012. [DOI: 10.1029/2011jd016621] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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15
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Risi C, Noone D, Worden J, Frankenberg C, Stiller G, Kiefer M, Funke B, Walker K, Bernath P, Schneider M, Bony S, Lee J, Brown D, Sturm C. Process-evaluation of tropospheric humidity simulated by general circulation models using water vapor isotopic observations: 2. Using isotopic diagnostics to understand the mid and upper tropospheric moist bias in the tropics and subtropics. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012. [DOI: 10.1029/2011jd016623] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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16
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Berkelhammer M, Risi C, Kurita N, Noone DC. The moisture source sequence for the Madden-Julian Oscillation as derived from satellite retrievals of HDO and H2O. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012. [DOI: 10.1029/2011jd016803] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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17
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Kurita N, Noone D, Risi C, Schmidt GA, Yamada H, Yoneyama K. Intraseasonal isotopic variation associated with the Madden-Julian Oscillation. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2011. [DOI: 10.1029/2010jd015209] [Citation(s) in RCA: 96] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Naoyuki Kurita
- Japan Agency for Marine-Earth Science and Technology (JAMSTEC); Yokosuka Japan
| | - David Noone
- Department of Atmospheric and Oceanic Science and Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental Sciences; University of Colorado at Boulder; Boulder Colorado USA
| | - Camille Risi
- Department of Atmospheric and Oceanic Science and Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental Sciences; University of Colorado at Boulder; Boulder Colorado USA
| | | | - Hiroyuki Yamada
- Japan Agency for Marine-Earth Science and Technology (JAMSTEC); Yokosuka Japan
| | - Kunio Yoneyama
- Japan Agency for Marine-Earth Science and Technology (JAMSTEC); Yokosuka Japan
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18
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Tremoy G, Vimeux F, Cattani O, Mayaki S, Souley I, Favreau G. Measurements of water vapor isotope ratios with wavelength-scanned cavity ring-down spectroscopy technology: new insights and important caveats for deuterium excess measurements in tropical areas in comparison with isotope-ratio mass spectrometry. RAPID COMMUNICATIONS IN MASS SPECTROMETRY : RCM 2011; 25:3469-3480. [PMID: 22095494 DOI: 10.1002/rcm.5252] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
The new infrared laser spectroscopic techniques enable us to measure the isotopic composition (δ(18)O and δ(2)H) of atmospheric water vapor. With the objective of monitoring the isotopic composition of tropical water vapor (West Africa, South America), and to discuss deuterium excess variability (d=δ(2)H - 8δ(18)O) with an accuracy similar to measurements arising from isotope-ratio mass spectrometry (IRMS), we have conducted a number of tests and calibrations using a wavelength-scanned cavity ring-down spectroscopy (WS-CRDS) technique. We focus in this paper on four main aspects regarding (1) the tubing material, (2) the humidity calibration of the instrument, (3) the water vapor concentration effects on δ, and (4) the isotopic calibration of the instrument. First, we show that Synflex tubing strongly affects δ(2)H measurements and thus leads to unusable d values. Second, we show that the mixing ratio as measured by WS-CRDS has to be calibrated versus atmospheric mixing ratio measurements and we also suggest possible non-linear effects over the whole mixing ratio range (~2 to 20 g/kg). Third, we show that significant non-linear effects are induced by water vapor concentration variations on δ measurements, especially for mixing ratios lower than ~5 g/kg. This effect induces a 5 to 10‰ error in deuterium excess and is instrument-dependent. Finally, we show that an isotopic calibration (comparison between measured and true values of isotopic water standards) is needed to avoid errors on deuterium excess that can attain ~10‰.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guillaume Tremoy
- Institut Pierre Simon Laplace (IPSL), Laboratoire des Sciences du Climat et de l'Environnement (LSCE), UMR 8212 (CEA-CNRS-UVSQ), CE Saclay, Orme des Merisiers, Bât. 701, 91191 Gif-sur-Yvette, Cedex, France.
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19
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Noone D, Galewsky J, Sharp ZD, Worden J, Barnes J, Baer D, Bailey A, Brown DP, Christensen L, Crosson E, Dong F, Hurley JV, Johnson LR, Strong M, Toohey D, Van Pelt A, Wright JS. Properties of air mass mixing and humidity in the subtropics from measurements of the D/H isotope ratio of water vapor at the Mauna Loa Observatory. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2011. [DOI: 10.1029/2011jd015773] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- David Noone
- Department of Atmospheric and Oceanic Sciences; University of Colorado at Boulder; Boulder Colorado USA
- Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental Sciences; University of Colorado at Boulder; Boulder Colorado USA
| | - Joseph Galewsky
- Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences; University of New Mexico; Albuquerque New Mexico USA
| | - Zachary D. Sharp
- Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences; University of New Mexico; Albuquerque New Mexico USA
| | - John Worden
- Jet Propulsion Laboratory; California Institute of Technology; Pasadena California USA
| | - John Barnes
- Mauna Loa Observatory; National Atmospheric and Oceanic Administration; Hilo Hawaii USA
| | - Doug Baer
- Los Gatos Research, Inc.; Mountain View California USA
| | - Adriana Bailey
- Department of Atmospheric and Oceanic Sciences; University of Colorado at Boulder; Boulder Colorado USA
- Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental Sciences; University of Colorado at Boulder; Boulder Colorado USA
| | - Derek P. Brown
- Department of Atmospheric and Oceanic Sciences; University of Colorado at Boulder; Boulder Colorado USA
- Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental Sciences; University of Colorado at Boulder; Boulder Colorado USA
| | - Lance Christensen
- Jet Propulsion Laboratory; California Institute of Technology; Pasadena California USA
| | | | - Feng Dong
- Los Gatos Research, Inc.; Mountain View California USA
| | - John V. Hurley
- Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences; University of New Mexico; Albuquerque New Mexico USA
| | - Leah R. Johnson
- Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences; University of New Mexico; Albuquerque New Mexico USA
| | - Mel Strong
- Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences; University of New Mexico; Albuquerque New Mexico USA
| | - Darin Toohey
- Department of Atmospheric and Oceanic Sciences; University of Colorado at Boulder; Boulder Colorado USA
| | | | - Jonathon S. Wright
- Department of Applied Mathematics and Theoretical Physics; University of Cambridge; Cambridge UK
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20
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Yoshimura K, Frankenberg C, Lee J, Kanamitsu M, Worden J, Röckmann T. Comparison of an isotopic atmospheric general circulation model with new quasi-global satellite measurements of water vapor isotopologues. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2011. [DOI: 10.1029/2011jd016035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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21
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Werner M, Langebroek PM, Carlsen T, Herold M, Lohmann G. Stable water isotopes in the ECHAM5 general circulation model: Toward high-resolution isotope modeling on a global scale. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2011. [DOI: 10.1029/2011jd015681] [Citation(s) in RCA: 209] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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22
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23
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Schmidt M, Maseyk K, Lett C, Biron P, Richard P, Bariac T, Seibt U. Concentration effects on laser-based δ18 O and δ2 H measurements and implications for the calibration of vapour measurements with liquid standards. RAPID COMMUNICATIONS IN MASS SPECTROMETRY : RCM 2010; 24:3553-3561. [PMID: 21080508 DOI: 10.1002/rcm.4813] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Recently available isotope ratio infrared spectroscopy can directly measure the isotopic composition of atmospheric water vapour (δ(18) O, δ(2) H), overcoming one of the main limitations of isotope ratio mass spectrometry (IRMS) methods. Calibrating these gas-phase instruments requires the vapourisation of liquid standards since primary standards in principle are liquids. Here we test the viability of calibrating a wavelength-scanned cavity ring-down spectroscopy (CRDS) instrument with vapourised liquid standards. We also quantify the dependency of the measured isotope values on the water concentration for a range of isotopic compositions. In both liquid and vapour samples, we found an increase in δ(18) O and δ(2) H with water vapour concentration. For δ(18) O, the slope of this increase was similar for liquid and vapour, with a slight positive relationship with sample δ-value. For δ(2) H, we found diverging patterns for liquid and vapour samples, with no dependence on δ-value for vapour, but a decreasing slope for liquid samples. We also quantified tubing memory effects to step changes in isotopic composition, avoiding concurrent changes in the water vapour concentration. Dekabon tubing exhibited much stronger, concentration-dependent, memory effects for δ(2) H than stainless steel or perfluoroalkoxy (PFA) tubing. Direct vapour measurements with CRDS in a controlled experimental chamber agreed well with results obtained from vapour simultaneously collected in cold traps analysed by CRDS and IRMS. We conclude that vapour measurements can be calibrated reliably with liquid standards. We demonstrate how to take the concentration dependencies of the δ-values into account. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
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Affiliation(s)
- Markus Schmidt
- BIOEMCO (UMR 7618: UPMC-Paris 6, INRA, CNRS, ENS, AgroParisTech, IRD, Paris 12), Campus AgroParisTech, Bâtiment EGER, 78850 Thiverval-Grignon, France.
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24
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Risi C, Bony S, Vimeux F, Frankenberg C, Noone D, Worden J. Understanding the Sahelian water budget through the isotopic composition of water vapor and precipitation. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2010. [DOI: 10.1029/2010jd014690] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Camille Risi
- Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental Sciences; University of Colorado at Boulder; Boulder Colorado USA
- Laboratoire de Météorologie Dynamique; Paris France
| | | | - Françoise Vimeux
- Insitut de Recherche pour le Développement; Laboratoire HydroSciences Montpellier (UMR, CNRS, IRD, UM1, UM2) and Laboratoire des Sciences du Climat et de l'Environnement (UMR CEA-CNRS-UVSQ); Gif-sur-Yvette France
| | - Christian Frankenberg
- Jet Propulsion Laboratory; California Institute of Technology; Pasadena California USA
| | - David Noone
- Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental Sciences; University of Colorado at Boulder; Boulder Colorado USA
| | - John Worden
- Jet Propulsion Laboratory; California Institute of Technology; Pasadena California USA
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25
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Blossey PN, Kuang Z, Romps DM. Isotopic composition of water in the tropical tropopause layer in cloud-resolving simulations of an idealized tropical circulation. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2010. [DOI: 10.1029/2010jd014554] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Peter N. Blossey
- Atmospheric Sciences; University of Washington; Seattle Washington USA
| | - Zhiming Kuang
- Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences; Harvard University; Cambridge Massachusetts USA
| | - David M. Romps
- Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences; Harvard University; Cambridge Massachusetts USA
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26
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Galewsky J, Hurley JV. An advection-condensation model for subtropical water vapor isotopic ratios. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2010. [DOI: 10.1029/2009jd013651] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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27
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Deuterium excess reveals diurnal sources of water vapor in forest air. Oecologia 2010; 165:213-23. [PMID: 20652594 DOI: 10.1007/s00442-010-1721-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2010] [Accepted: 07/01/2010] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
An understanding of atmospheric water vapor content and its isotopic composition is important if we are to be able to model future water vapor dynamics and their potential feedback on future climate change. Here we present diurnal and vertical patterns of water isotope ratios in forest air (δ(2)H(v) and δ(18)O(v)) not observed previously. Water vapor observed at three heights over 3 consecutive days in a coniferous forest in the Pacific Northwest of the United States, shows a stratified nocturnal structure of δ(2)H(v) and δ(18)O(v), with the most positive values consistently observed above the canopy (60 m). Differences between 0.5 m and 60 m range between 2-6‰ for δ(18)O and 20-40‰ for δ(2)H at night. Using a box model, we simulated H(2)O isotope fluxes and showed that the low to high δ(2)H(v) and δ(18)O(v) profiles can be explained by the vapor flux associated with evaporation from the forest floor and canopy transpiration. We used d-excess as a diagnostic tracer to identify processes that contribute to the diurnal variation in atmospheric moisture. Values of d-excess derived from water vapor measurements showed a repeated diel pattern, with the lowest values occurring in the early morning and the highest values occurring at midday. The isotopic composition of rain water, collected during a light rain event in the first morning of our experiment, suggested that considerable below-cloud secondary evaporation occurred during the descent of raindrops. We conclude that atmospheric entrainment appears to drive the isotopic variation of water vapor in the early morning when the convective boundary layer rapidly develops, while evapotranspiration becomes more important in the mid-afternoon as a primary moisture source of water vapor in this forest. Our results demonstrate the interplay between the effects of vegetation and boundary layer mixing under the influence of rain evaporation, which has implications for larger-scale predictions of precipitation across the terrestrial landscape.
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28
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Barras V, Simmonds I. Observation and modeling of stable water isotopes as diagnostics of rainfall dynamics over southeastern Australia. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2009. [DOI: 10.1029/2009jd012132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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29
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Iannone RQ, Kassi S, Jost HJ, Chenevier M, Romanini D, Meijer HAJ, Dhaniyala S, Snels M, Kerstel ERT. Development and airborne operation of a compact water isotope ratio infrared spectrometer. ISOTOPES IN ENVIRONMENTAL AND HEALTH STUDIES 2009; 45:303-20. [PMID: 19670069 DOI: 10.1080/10256010903172715] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
A sensitive laser spectrometer, named IRIS (water isotope ratio infrared spectrometer), was developed for the in situ detection of the isotopic composition of water vapour in the upper troposphere and the lower stratosphere. Isotope ratio measurements can be used to quantify troposphere-stratosphere exchange, and to study the water chemistry in the stratosphere. IRIS is based on the technique of optical feedback cavity-enhanced absorption spectroscopy. It uses a room temperature near-infrared laser, and does not require cryogenic cooling of laser or detectors. The instrument weighs 51 kg including its support structure. Airborne operation was demonstrated during three flights aboard the European M55-Geophysica stratospheric research aircraft, as part of the AMMA/SCOUT-03 (African Monsoon Multidisciplinary Analysis/Stratospheric Climate links with emphasis on the Upper Troposphere and lower stratosphere) campaign in Burkina Faso in August 2006. One-second averaged, vertical profiles of delta(2)H, delta(17)O and delta(18)O in the upper troposphere are shown, as are the delta(17)O-delta(18)O and delta(2)H-delta(18)O relations. The data are discussed with reference to a Rayleigh distillation model. As expected, there is no indication of non-mass-dependent fractionation (also known as mass-independent fractionation) in the troposphere. Furthermore, improvements to the thermal management system and a move to a (cryogen-free) longer-wavelength laser source are discussed, which together should result in approximately two orders of magnitude improvement of the sensitivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rosario Q Iannone
- Centrum voor IsotopenOnderzoek (CIO), University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
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30
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Frankenberg C, Yoshimura K, Warneke T, Aben I, Butz A, Deutscher N, Griffith D, Hase F, Notholt J, Schneider M, Schrijver H, Röckmann T. Dynamic processes governing lower-tropospheric HDO/H2O ratios as observed from space and ground. Science 2009; 325:1374-7. [PMID: 19745148 DOI: 10.1126/science.1173791] [Citation(s) in RCA: 171] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
The hydrological cycle and its response to environmental variability such as temperature changes is of prime importance for climate reconstruction and prediction. We retrieved deuterated water/water (HDO/H2O) abundances using spaceborne absorption spectroscopy, providing an almost global perspective on the near-surface distribution of water vapor isotopologs. We observed an unexpectedly high HDO/H2O seasonality in the inner Sahel region, pointing to a strong isotopic depletion in the subsiding branch of the Hadley circulation and its misrepresentation in general circulation models. An extension of the analysis at high latitudes using ground-based observations of deltaD and a model study shows that dynamic processes can entirely compensate for temperature effects on the isotopic composition of precipitation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian Frankenberg
- SRON-Netherlands Institute for Space Research, Sorbonnelaan 2, 3584CA Utrecht, Netherlands.
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31
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Bony S, Risi C, Vimeux F. Influence of convective processes on the isotopic composition (δ18O andδD) of precipitation and water vapor in the tropics: 1. Radiative-convective equilibrium and Tropical Ocean–Global Atmosphere–Coupled Ocean-Atmosphere Response Experiment (TOGA-COARE) simulations. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2008. [DOI: 10.1029/2008jd009942] [Citation(s) in RCA: 164] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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32
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Yoshimura K, Kanamitsu M, Noone D, Oki T. Historical isotope simulation using Reanalysis atmospheric data. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2008. [DOI: 10.1029/2008jd010074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 266] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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33
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Brown D, Worden J, Noone D. Comparison of atmospheric hydrology over convective continental regions using water vapor isotope measurements from space. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2008. [DOI: 10.1029/2007jd009676] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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34
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St Clair JM, Hanisco TF, Weinstock EM, Moyer EJ, Sayres DS, Keutsch FN, Kroll JH, Demusz JN, Allen NT, Smith JB, Spackman JR, Anderson JG. A new photolysis laser-induced fluorescence instrument for the detection of H2O and HDO in the lower stratosphere. THE REVIEW OF SCIENTIFIC INSTRUMENTS 2008; 79:064101. [PMID: 18601418 DOI: 10.1063/1.2940221] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
We present a new instrument, Hoxotope, for the in situ measurement of H(2)O and its heavy deuterium isotopologue (HDO) in the upper troposphere and lower stratosphere aboard the NASA WB-57. Sensitive measurements of deltaD are accomplished through the vacuum UV photolysis of water followed by laser-induced fluorescence detection of the resultant OH and OD photofragments. The photolysis laser-induced fluorescence technique can obtain S/N>20 for 1 ppbv HDO and S/N>30 for 5 ppmv H(2)O for 10 s data, providing the sensitivity required for deltaD measurements in the tropopause region. The technique responds rapidly to changing water concentrations due to its inherently small sampling volume, augmented by steps taken to minimize water uptake on instrument plumbing. Data from the summer 2005 Aura Validation Experiment Water Isotope Intercomparison Flights (AVE-WIIF) out of Houston, TX show agreement for H(2)O between Hoxotope and the Harvard water vapor instrument and for HDO between Hoxotope and the Harvard ICOS water isotope instrument, to within stated instrument uncertainties. The successful intercomparison validates Hoxotope as a credible source of deltaD data in the upper troposphere and lower stratosphere.
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Affiliation(s)
- J M St Clair
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA.
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35
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Nassar R, Bernath PF, Boone CD, Gettelman A, McLeod SD, Rinsland CP. Variability in HDO/H2O abundance ratios in the tropical tropopause layer. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2007. [DOI: 10.1029/2007jd008417] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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36
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Dessler AE, Hanisco TF, Fueglistaler S. Effects of convective ice lofting on H2O and HDO in the tropical tropopause layer. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2007. [DOI: 10.1029/2007jd008609] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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37
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Lee JE, Fung I, DePaolo DJ, Henning CC. Analysis of the global distribution of water isotopes using the NCAR atmospheric general circulation model. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2007. [DOI: 10.1029/2006jd007657] [Citation(s) in RCA: 154] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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38
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39
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Joly L, Zéninari V, Parvitte B, Courtois D, Durry G. Water-vapor isotope ratio measurements in air with a quantum-cascade laser spectrometer. OPTICS LETTERS 2006; 31:143-5. [PMID: 16441010 DOI: 10.1364/ol.31.000143] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
A spectrometer was used in the laboratory to study water-vapor isotope ratio measurements in air: H2 18O/H2 16O and HDO/H2 16O near 6.7 microm. The spectral region ranging from 1483 to 1487 cm(-1), which is suitable for the in situ laser sensing of major water-vapor isotopologues in the middle atmosphere from airborne or balloonborne platforms, was investigated by use of a continuous-wave distributed feedback quantum-cascade laser. The concentrations obtained were compared with the concentrations obtained with a hygrometer. The sigma(18O) values were found to be in excellent agreement with the standard value for two individual lines. The sigma(D) value was slightly higher than the standard value.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Joly
- Groupe de Spectrometrie Moléculaire et Atmosphérique, Centre National de Recherche Scientifique, UFR Sciences, Reims, France.
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Coffey MT, Hannigan JW, Goldman A. Observations of upper tropospheric/lower stratospheric water vapor and its isotopes. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2006. [DOI: 10.1029/2005jd006093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Worden J, Bowman K, Noone D, Beer R, Clough S, Eldering A, Fisher B, Goldman A, Gunson M, Herman R, Kulawik SS, Lampel M, Luo M, Osterman G, Rinsland C, Rodgers C, Sander S, Shephard M, Worden H. Tropospheric Emission Spectrometer observations of the tropospheric HDO/H2O ratio: Estimation approach and characterization. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2006. [DOI: 10.1029/2005jd006606] [Citation(s) in RCA: 153] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Werle P, Dyroff C, Zahn A, Mazzinghi P, D'amato F. A new concept for sensitive in situ stable isotope ratio infrared spectroscopy based on sample modulation. ISOTOPES IN ENVIRONMENTAL AND HEALTH STUDIES 2005; 41:323-33. [PMID: 16543188 DOI: 10.1080/10256010500384366] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
Diode-laser absorption spectroscopy finds increasing applications in the emerging field of stable isotope research. To meet the requirements of the water isotopes measurement challenge in environmental research, ways have to be found to cope with the present limitations of spectroscopic systems. In this article, we discuss an approach based on the Stark effect in molecular spectra to reduce the influence of time-dependent, unwanted background structures generally superimposed on the desired signal from the spectral feature under investigation. A road map to high-sensitivity isotopic ratio measurements of water isotopes is presented. On the basis of an Allan Variance analysis of measured data, the detection limits have been calculated as a function of the integration time. To achieve the required optical density of about 6 x 10(-7) for H(2)(17)O measurements, the duty cycle has to be optimized and the implementation of a sample modulation within an optical multipass cell is a promising approach to increase the stability of spectroscopic instrumentation required for ecosystem research and airborne atmospheric platforms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter Werle
- National Institute for Applied Optics, Largo E. Fermi, 6, Florence, Italy.
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Kerstel ERT, Wel LGVD, Meijer HAJ. First real-time measurement of the evolving 2H/1H ratio during water evaporation from plant leaves. ISOTOPES IN ENVIRONMENTAL AND HEALTH STUDIES 2005; 41:207-16. [PMID: 16126516 DOI: 10.1080/10256010500230007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
We have studied the temporal behaviour of the deuterium isotope ratio of water vapour emerging from a freshly cut plant leaf placed in a dry nitrogen atmosphere. The leaf material was placed directly inside the sample gas cell of the stable isotope ratio infrared spectrometer. At the reduced pressure ( approximately 40 mbar) inside the cell, the appearance of water evaporating from the leaf is easily probed by the spectrometer, as well as the evolving isotope ratios, with a precision of about 1 per thousand. The demonstration experiment we describe measures the 2H/1H isotope ratio only, but the experiment can be easily extended to include the 18O/16O and 17O/16O isotope ratios. Plant leaf water isotope ratios provide important information towards quantification of the different components in the ecosystem water and carbon dioxide exchange.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erik R T Kerstel
- CIO-Center for Isotope Research, University of Groningen, Nijenborgh, 4, 9747, AG Groningen, The Netherlands.
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Webster CR. Measuring methane and its isotopes 12CH4, 13CH4, and CH3D on the surface of Mars with in situ laser spectroscopy. APPLIED OPTICS 2005; 44:1226-1235. [PMID: 15765703 DOI: 10.1364/ao.44.001226] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
In light of the recent discovery of methane on Mars and its possible biological origin, a strategy is described for making in situ measurements of methane and its isotopes on the surface of Mars by laser spectroscopy in the 3.3-microm wavelength region. An instrument of reasonable mass (approximately 1 lb) and power (few watts) is capable of measuring mixing ratios down to 0.1 part per 10(9) by volume, a hundred times lower than recently reported observations. Making accurate measurements of 13CH4 and CH3D will be more difficult. For measuring delta13C to 10/1000 and deltaD to 50/1000, sample preconcentration will be required to approximately 3 parts per 10(6) by volume for delta13C and to approximately 40 parts per 10(6) by volume for deltaD. This need would be mitigated by the discovery of larger local abundances of methane near the source regions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher R Webster
- Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, 4800 Oak Grove Drive, Pasadena, California 91109, USA.
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Gettelman A. Simulations of water isotope abundances in the upper troposphere and lower stratosphere and implications for stratosphere troposphere exchange. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2005. [DOI: 10.1029/2004jd004812] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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46
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Kokhanovsky AA. Satellite-based retrieval of ice cloud properties using a semianalytical algorithm. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2005. [DOI: 10.1029/2004jd005744] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Duxbury G, Langford N, McCulloch MT, Wright S. Quantum cascade semiconductor infrared and far-infrared lasers: from trace gas sensing to non-linear optics. Chem Soc Rev 2005; 34:921-34. [PMID: 16239994 DOI: 10.1039/b400914m] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The Quantum cascade (QC) laser is an entirely new type of semiconductor device in which the laser wavelength depends on the band-gap engineering. It can be made to operate over a much larger range than lead salt lasers, covering significant parts of both the infrared and submillimetre regions, and with higher output power. In this tutorial review we survey some of the applications of these new lasers, which range from trace gas detection for atmospheric or medical purposes to sub-Doppler and time dependent non-linear spectroscopy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Geoffrey Duxbury
- Department of Physics, University of Strathclyde, John Anderson Building, 107 Rottenrow, Glasgow, UK G4 0NG
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Schmidt GA, Hoffmann G, Shindell DT, Hu Y. Modeling atmospheric stable water isotopes and the potential for constraining cloud processes and stratosphere-troposphere water exchange. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2005. [DOI: 10.1029/2005jd005790] [Citation(s) in RCA: 167] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Jensen E. Formation of a tropopause cirrus layer observed over Florida during CRYSTAL-FACE. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2005. [DOI: 10.1029/2004jd004671] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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