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Kim JA, Kim SH, Seo JS, Noh H, Jeong H, Kim J, Jeon D, Kim JJ, On D, Yoon S, Lee SG, Lee YW, Jang HJ, Park IH, Oh J, Seok SH, Lee YJ, Hong SM, An SH, Bae JY, Choi JA, Kim SY, Kim YB, Hwang JY, Lee HJ, Kim HB, Jeong DG, Song D, Song M, Park MS, Choi KS, Park JW, Yun JW, Shin JS, Lee HY, Seo JY, Nam KT, Gee HY, Seong JK. Temporal Transcriptome Analysis of SARS-CoV-2-Infected Lung and Spleen in Human ACE2-Transgenic Mice. Mol Cells 2022; 45:896-910. [PMID: 36324270 PMCID: PMC9794551 DOI: 10.14348/molcells.2022.0089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2022] [Revised: 07/19/2022] [Accepted: 08/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) is a highly transmissible and potentially fatal virus. So far, most comprehensive analyses encompassing clinical and transcriptional manifestation have concentrated on the lungs. Here, we confirmed evident signs of viral infection in the lungs and spleen of SARS-CoV-2-infected K18-hACE2 mice, which replicate the phenotype and infection symptoms in hospitalized humans. Seven days post viral detection in organs, infected mice showed decreased vital signs, leading to death. Bronchopneumonia due to infiltration of leukocytes in the lungs and reduction in the spleen lymphocyte region were observed. Transcriptome profiling implicated the meticulous regulation of distress and recovery from cytokine-mediated immunity by distinct immune cell types in a time-dependent manner. In lungs, the chemokine-driven response to viral invasion was highly elevated at 2 days post infection (dpi). In late infection, diseased lungs, post the innate immune process, showed recovery signs. The spleen established an even more immediate line of defense than the lungs, and the cytokine expression profile dropped at 7 dpi. At 5 dpi, spleen samples diverged into two distinct groups with different transcriptome profile and pathophysiology. Inhibition of consecutive host cell viral entry and massive immunoglobulin production and proteolysis inhibition seemed that one group endeavored to survive, while the other group struggled with developmental regeneration against consistent viral intrusion through the replication cycle. Our results may contribute to improved understanding of the longitudinal response to viral infection and development of potential therapeutics for hospitalized patients affected by SARS-CoV-2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jung Ah Kim
- Department of Pharmacology, Graduate School of Medical Science, Brain Korea 21 Project, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul 03722, Korea
| | - Sung-Hee Kim
- Severance Biomedical Science Institute, Graduate School of Medical Science, Brain Korea 21 Project, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul 03722, Korea
| | - Jung Seon Seo
- Severance Biomedical Science Institute, Graduate School of Medical Science, Brain Korea 21 Project, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul 03722, Korea
| | - Hyuna Noh
- Korea Mouse Phenotyping Center, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Korea
| | - Haengdueng Jeong
- Severance Biomedical Science Institute, Graduate School of Medical Science, Brain Korea 21 Project, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul 03722, Korea
| | - Jiseon Kim
- Severance Biomedical Science Institute, Graduate School of Medical Science, Brain Korea 21 Project, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul 03722, Korea
| | - Donghun Jeon
- Severance Biomedical Science Institute, Graduate School of Medical Science, Brain Korea 21 Project, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul 03722, Korea
| | - Jeong Jin Kim
- Severance Biomedical Science Institute, Graduate School of Medical Science, Brain Korea 21 Project, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul 03722, Korea
| | - Dain On
- Korea Mouse Phenotyping Center, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Korea
- Laboratory of Developmental Biology and Genomics, Research Institute for Veterinary Science, and BK21 PLUS Program for Creative Veterinary Science Research, College of Veterinary Medicine, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Korea
| | - Suhyeon Yoon
- Korea Mouse Phenotyping Center, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Korea
| | - Sang Gyu Lee
- Interdisciplinary Program for Bioinformatics, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Korea
| | - Youn Woo Lee
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seongnam 13620, Korea
| | - Hui Jeong Jang
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seongnam 13620, Korea
| | - In Ho Park
- Severance Biomedical Science Institute, Graduate School of Medical Science, Brain Korea 21 Project, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul 03722, Korea
- Institute of Immunology and Immunological Diseases, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul 03722, Korea
| | - Jooyeon Oh
- Department of Microbiology, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul 03722, Korea
| | - Sang-Hyuk Seok
- Division of Biomedical Convergence, College of Biomedical Science, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon 24341, Korea
| | - Yu Jin Lee
- Division of Biomedical Convergence, College of Biomedical Science, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon 24341, Korea
| | - Seung-Min Hong
- Laboratory of Avian Diseases, BK21 PLUS Program for Veterinary Science and Research Institute for Veterinary Science, College of Veterinary Medicine, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Korea
| | - Se-Hee An
- Laboratory of Avian Diseases, BK21 PLUS Program for Veterinary Science and Research Institute for Veterinary Science, College of Veterinary Medicine, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Korea
| | - Joon-Yong Bae
- Department of Microbiology, Institute for Viral Diseases, Biosafety Center, Korea University College of Medicine, Seoul 02841, Korea
| | - Jung-ah Choi
- Science Unit, International Vaccine Institute, Seoul 08826, Korea
| | - Seo Yeon Kim
- Preclinical Research Center, Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seongnam 13620, Korea
| | - Young Been Kim
- Preclinical Research Center, Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seongnam 13620, Korea
| | - Ji-Yeon Hwang
- Preclinical Research Center, Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seongnam 13620, Korea
| | - Hyo-Jung Lee
- Department of Periodontology, Section of Dentistry, Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seongnam 13620, Korea
| | - Hong Bin Kim
- Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seongnam 13620, Korea
| | - Dae Gwin Jeong
- Bionanotechnology Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Daejeon 34141, Korea
| | - Daesub Song
- Department of Veterinary Medicine Virology Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine and Research Institute for Veterinary Science, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Korea
| | - Manki Song
- Science Unit, International Vaccine Institute, Seoul 08826, Korea
| | - Man-Seong Park
- Department of Microbiology, Institute for Viral Diseases, Biosafety Center, Korea University College of Medicine, Seoul 02841, Korea
| | - Kang-Seuk Choi
- Laboratory of Avian Diseases, BK21 PLUS Program for Veterinary Science and Research Institute for Veterinary Science, College of Veterinary Medicine, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Korea
| | - Jun Won Park
- Division of Biomedical Convergence, College of Biomedical Science, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon 24341, Korea
| | - Jun-Won Yun
- Laboratory of Veterinary Toxicology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Korea
| | - Jeon-Soo Shin
- Severance Biomedical Science Institute, Graduate School of Medical Science, Brain Korea 21 Project, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul 03722, Korea
- Institute of Immunology and Immunological Diseases, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul 03722, Korea
- Department of Microbiology, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul 03722, Korea
| | - Ho-Young Lee
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seongnam 13620, Korea
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul 03080, Korea
| | - Jun-Young Seo
- Severance Biomedical Science Institute, Graduate School of Medical Science, Brain Korea 21 Project, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul 03722, Korea
| | - Ki Taek Nam
- Severance Biomedical Science Institute, Graduate School of Medical Science, Brain Korea 21 Project, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul 03722, Korea
| | - Heon Yung Gee
- Department of Pharmacology, Graduate School of Medical Science, Brain Korea 21 Project, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul 03722, Korea
| | - Je Kyung Seong
- Korea Mouse Phenotyping Center, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Korea
- Laboratory of Developmental Biology and Genomics, Research Institute for Veterinary Science, and BK21 PLUS Program for Creative Veterinary Science Research, College of Veterinary Medicine, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Korea
- Interdisciplinary Program for Bioinformatics, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Korea
- BIO-MAX Institute, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Korea
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2
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Trautmann A. [Lymphocytes are endowed with molecular complexes looking like voltage-dependent calcium channels but that are not channels]. Med Sci (Paris) 2012; 28:781-2. [PMID: 22920881 DOI: 10.1051/medsci/2012288021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Alain Trautmann
- Institut Cochin, Inserm U1016, CNRS UMR 8104, 22, rue Méchain, 75014 Paris, France.
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3
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Abstract
For more than 25 years, it has been widely appreciated that Ca2+ influx is essential to trigger T-lymphocyte activation. Patch clamp analysis, molecular identification, and functional studies using blockers and genetic manipulation have shown that a unique contingent of ion channels orchestrates the initiation, intensity, and duration of the Ca2+ signal. Five distinct types of ion channels--Kv1.3, KCa3.1, Orai1+ stromal interacting molecule 1 (STIM1) [Ca2+-release activating Ca2+ (CRAC) channel], TRPM7, and Cl(swell)--comprise a network that performs functions vital for ongoing cellular homeostasis and for T-cell activation, offering potential targets for immunomodulation. Most recently, the roles of STIM1 and Orai1 have been revealed in triggering and forming the CRAC channel following T-cell receptor engagement. Kv1.3, KCa3.1, STIM1, and Orai1 have been found to cluster at the immunological synapse following contact with an antigen-presenting cell; we discuss how channels at the synapse might function to modulate local signaling. Immuno-imaging approaches are beginning to shed light on ion channel function in vivo. Importantly, the expression pattern of Ca2+ and K+ channels and hence the functional network can adapt depending upon the state of differentiation and activation, and this allows for different stages of an immune response to be targeted specifically.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael D Cahalan
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, and the Institute for Immunology, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697-4561, USA.
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Li-Weber M. New therapeutic aspects of flavones: the anticancer properties of Scutellaria and its main active constituents Wogonin, Baicalein and Baicalin. Cancer Treat Rev 2008; 35:57-68. [PMID: 19004559 DOI: 10.1016/j.ctrv.2008.09.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 610] [Impact Index Per Article: 38.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2008] [Revised: 09/08/2008] [Accepted: 09/17/2008] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Traditional Chinese medicines have been recently recognized as a new source of anticancer drugs and new chemotherapy adjuvant to enhance the efficacy of chemotherapy and to ameliorate the side effects of cancer chemotherapies however their healing mechanisms are still largely unknown. Scutellaria baicalensis is one of the most popular and multi-purpose herb used in China traditionally for treatment of inflammation, hypertension, cardiovascular diseases, and bacterial and viral infections. Accumulating evidence demonstrate that Scutellaria also possesses potent anticancer activities. The bioactive components of Scutellaria have been confirmed to be flavones. The major constituents of Scutellaria baicalensis are Wogonin, Baicalein and Baicalin. These phytochemicals are not only cytostatic but also cytotoxic to various human tumor cell lines in vitro and inhibit tumor growth in vivo. Most importantly, they show almost no or minor toxicity to normal epithelial and normal peripheral blood and myeloid cells. The antitumor functions of these flavones are largely due to their abilities to scavenge oxidative radicals, to attenuate NF-kappaB activity, to inhibit several genes important for regulation of the cell cycle, to suppress COX-2 gene expression and to prevent viral infections. The tumor-selectivity of Wogonin has recently been demonstrated to be due to its ability to differentially modulate the oxidation-reduction status of malignant vs. normal lymphocytic cells and to preferentially induce phospholipase C gamma 1, a key enzyme involved in Ca(2+) signaling, through H(2)O(2) signaling in malignant lymphocytes. This review is aimed to summarize the research results obtained since the last 20 years and to highlight the recently discovered molecular mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min Li-Weber
- Tumor Immunology Program D030, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Im Neuenheimer Feld 280, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany.
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5
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Ebert AM, McAnelly CA, Handschy AV, Mueller RL, Horne WA, Garrity DM. Genomic organization, expression, and phylogenetic analysis of Ca2+ channel beta4 genes in 13 vertebrate species. Physiol Genomics 2008; 35:133-44. [PMID: 18682574 DOI: 10.1152/physiolgenomics.90264.2008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The Ca(2+) channel beta-subunits, encoded by CACNB genes 1-4, are membrane-associated guanylate kinase (MAGUK) proteins. As auxiliary subunits of voltage-gated Ca(2+) channels, the beta-subunits facilitate membrane trafficking of the pore-forming alpha1 subunits and regulate voltage-dependent channel gating. In this report, we investigate whether two zebrafish beta4 genes, beta4.1 and beta4.2, have diverged in structure and function over time. Comparative expression analyses indicated that beta4.1 and beta4.2 were expressed in separable domains within the developing brain and other tissues. Alternative splicing in both genes was subject to differential temporal and spatial regulation, with some organs expressing different subsets of beta4.1 and beta4.2 transcript variants. We used several genomic tools to identify and compare predicted cDNAs for eight teleost and five tetrapod beta4 genes. Teleost species had either one or two beta4 paralogs, whereas each tetrapod species contained only one. Teleost beta4.1 and beta4.2 genes had regions of sequence divergence, but compared with tetrapod beta4s, they exhibited similar exon/intron structure, strong conservation of residues involved in alpha1 subunit binding, and similar 5' alternative splicing. Phylogenetic results are consistent with the duplicate teleost beta4 genes resulting from the teleost whole genome duplication. Following duplication, the beta4.1 genes have evolved faster than beta4.2 genes. We identified disproportionately large second and third introns in several beta4 genes, which we propose may provide regulatory elements contributing to their differential tissue expression. In sum, both mRNA expression data and phylogenetic analysis support the evolutionary divergence of beta4.1 and beta4.2 subunit function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alicia M Ebert
- Department of Biology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado 80523, USA
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6
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Wogonin preferentially kills malignant lymphocytes and suppresses T-cell tumor growth by inducing PLCγ1- and Ca2+-dependent apoptosis. Blood 2008; 111:2354-63. [DOI: 10.1182/blood-2007-06-096198] [Citation(s) in RCA: 118] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Herbs have successfully been used in traditional Chinese medicine for centuries. However, their curative mechanisms remain largely unknown. In this study, we show that Wogonin, derived from the traditional Chinese medicine Huang-Qin (Scutellaria baicalensis Georgi), induces apoptosis in malignant T cells in vitro and suppresses growth of human T-cell leukemia xenografts in vivo. Importantly, Wogonin shows almost no toxicity on T lymphocytes from healthy donors. Wogonin induces prolonged activation of PLCγ1 via H2O2 signaling in malignant T cells, which leads to sustained elevation of cytosolic Ca2+ in malignant but not normal T cells. Subsequently, a Ca2+ overload leads to disruption of the mitochondrial membrane. The selective effect of Wogonin is due to its differential regulation of the redox status of malignant versus normal T cells. In addition, we show that the L-type voltage-dependent Ca2+ channels are involved in the intracellular Ca2+ mobilization in T cells. Furthermore, we show that malignant T cells possess elevated amounts of voltage-dependent Ca2+ channels compared with normal T cells, which further enhance the cytotoxicity of Wogonin for malignant T cells. Taken together, our data show a therapeutic potential of Wogonin for the treatment of hematologic malignancies.
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7
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Badou A, Jha MK, Matza D, Mehal WZ, Freichel M, Flockerzi V, Flavell RA. Critical role for the beta regulatory subunits of Cav channels in T lymphocyte function. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2006; 103:15529-34. [PMID: 17028169 PMCID: PMC1622857 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.0607262103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Calcium ion is a universal signaling intermediate, which is known to control various biological processes. In excitable cells, voltage-gated calcium channels (Cav) are the major route of calcium entry and regulate multiple functions such as contraction, neurotransmitter release, and gene transcription. Here we show that T lymphocytes, which are nonexcitable cells, express both regulatory beta and pore-forming Cav1 alpha1 subunits of Cav channels, and we provide genetic evidence for a critical role of the Cav beta3 and Cav beta4 regulatory subunits in T lymphocyte function. Cav beta-deficient T lymphocytes fail to acquire normal functions, and they display impairment in the T cell receptor-mediated calcium response, nuclear factor of activated T cells activation, and cytokine production. In addition, unlike in excitable cells, our data suggest a minimal physiological role for depolarization in Cav channel opening in T cells. T cell receptor stimulation induces only a small depolarization of T cells, and artificial depolarization of T cells using KCl does not lead to calcium entry. These observations suggest that the Cav channels expressed by T cells have adopted novel regulation/gating mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Wajahat Z. Mehal
- *Section of Immunobiology
- Section of Digestive Diseases, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06510; and
| | - Marc Freichel
- Experimentelle und Klinische Pharmakologie und Toxikologie, Universität des Saarlandes, Gebäude 46, D-66421 Homburg, Germany
| | - Veit Flockerzi
- Experimentelle und Klinische Pharmakologie und Toxikologie, Universität des Saarlandes, Gebäude 46, D-66421 Homburg, Germany
| | - Richard A. Flavell
- *Section of Immunobiology
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, and
- To whom correspondence should be addressed. E-mail:
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8
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Yang SN, Berggren PO. The role of voltage-gated calcium channels in pancreatic beta-cell physiology and pathophysiology. Endocr Rev 2006; 27:621-76. [PMID: 16868246 DOI: 10.1210/er.2005-0888] [Citation(s) in RCA: 175] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Voltage-gated calcium (CaV) channels are ubiquitously expressed in various cell types throughout the body. In principle, the molecular identity, biophysical profile, and pharmacological property of CaV channels are independent of the cell type where they reside, whereas these channels execute unique functions in different cell types, such as muscle contraction, neurotransmitter release, and hormone secretion. At least six CaValpha1 subunits, including CaV1.2, CaV1.3, CaV2.1, CaV2.2, CaV2.3, and CaV3.1, have been identified in pancreatic beta-cells. These pore-forming subunits complex with certain auxiliary subunits to conduct L-, P/Q-, N-, R-, and T-type CaV currents, respectively. beta-Cell CaV channels take center stage in insulin secretion and play an important role in beta-cell physiology and pathophysiology. CaV3 channels become expressed in diabetes-prone mouse beta-cells. Point mutation in the human CaV1.2 gene results in excessive insulin secretion. Trinucleotide expansion in the human CaV1.3 and CaV2.1 gene is revealed in a subgroup of patients with type 2 diabetes. beta-Cell CaV channels are regulated by a wide range of mechanisms, either shared by other cell types or specific to beta-cells, to always guarantee a satisfactory concentration of Ca2+. Inappropriate regulation of beta-cell CaV channels causes beta-cell dysfunction and even death manifested in both type 1 and type 2 diabetes. This review summarizes current knowledge of CaV channels in beta-cell physiology and pathophysiology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shao-Nian Yang
- The Rolf Luft Research Center for Diabetes and Endocrinology L1:03, Karolinska University Hospital Solna, SE-171 76 Stockholm, Sweden.
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9
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Detre C, Kiss E, Varga Z, Ludányi K, Pászty K, Enyedi A, Kövesdi D, Panyi G, Rajnavölgyi E, Matkó J. Death or survival: Membrane ceramide controls the fate and activation of antigen-specific T-cells depending on signal strength and duration. Cell Signal 2006; 18:294-306. [PMID: 16099142 DOI: 10.1016/j.cellsig.2005.05.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2005] [Accepted: 05/04/2005] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
Sphingomyelinase (SMase)-mediated release of ceramide in the plasma membrane of T-lymphocytes induced by different stimuli such as ligation of Fas/CD95, irradiation, stress, inflammation or anticancer drugs primarily involves mitochondrial apoptosis signaling, but under specific conditions non-apoptotic Fas-signaling was also reported. Here we investigated, using a quantitative simulation model with exogenous C2-ceramide (and SMase), the dependence of activation and fate of T-cells on the strength and duration of ceramide accumulation. A murine, influenza virus hemagglutinin-specific T-helper cell (IP12-7) alone or together with interacting antigen presenting B-cells (APC) was used. C2-ceramide induced apoptosis of TH cells above a 'threshold' stimulus (>25 microM in 'strength' or >30 min in duration), while below the threshold C2-ceramide was non-apoptotic, as confirmed by early and late apoptotic markers (PS-translocation, mitochondrial depolarization, caspase-3 activation, DNA-fragmentation). The modest ceramide stimuli strongly suppressed the calcium response and inhibited several downstream signal events (e.g. ERK1/2-, JNK-phosphorylation, CD69 expression or IL-2 production) in TH cells during both anti-CD3 induced and APC-triggered activation. Ceramide moderately affected the Ca2+ -release from internal stores upon antigen-specific engagement of TCR in immunological synapses, while the influx phase was remarkably reduced in both amplitude and rate, suggesting that the major target(s) of ceramide-effects are membrane-proximal. Ceramide inhibited Kv1.3 potassium channels, store operated Ca2+ -entry (SOC) and depolarized the plasma membrane to which contribution of spontaneously formed ceramide channels is possible. The impaired function of these transporters may be coupled to the quantitative, membrane raft-remodeling effect of ceramide and responsible, in a concerted action, for the suppressed activation. Our results suggest that non-apoptotic Fas stimuli, received from previously activated, FasL+ interacting lymphocytes in the lymph nodes, may negatively regulate subsequent antigen-specific T-cell activation and thus modulate the antigen-specific T-cell response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cynthia Detre
- Department of Immunology, Eötvös Lorand University, Pázmány P. sétány 1/C, 1117, Budapest, Hungary
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Feske S, Prakriya M, Rao A, Lewis RS. A severe defect in CRAC Ca2+ channel activation and altered K+ channel gating in T cells from immunodeficient patients. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2006; 202:651-62. [PMID: 16147976 PMCID: PMC2212870 DOI: 10.1084/jem.20050687] [Citation(s) in RCA: 190] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Engagement of the TCR triggers sustained Ca2+ entry through Ca2+ release-activated Ca2+ (CRAC) channels, which helps drive gene expression underlying the T cell response to pathogens. The identity and activation mechanism of CRAC channels at a molecular level are unknown. We have analyzed ion channel expression and function in T cells from SCID patients which display 1–2% of the normal level of Ca2+ influx and severely impaired T cell activation. The lack of Ca2+ influx is not due to deficient regulation of Ca2+ stores or expression of several genes implicated in controlling Ca2+ entry in lymphocytes (kcna3/Kv1.3, kcnn4/IKCa1, trpc1, trpc3, trpv6, stim1). Instead, electrophysiologic measurements show that the influx defect is due to a nearly complete absence of functional CRAC channels. The lack of CRAC channel activity is correlated with diminished voltage sensitivity and slowed activation kinetics of the voltage-dependent Kv1.3 channel. These results demonstrate that CRAC channels provide the major, if not sole, pathway for Ca2+ entry activated by the TCR in human T cells. They also offer evidence for a functional link between CRAC and Kv1.3 channels, and establish a model system for molecular genetic studies of the CRAC channel.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefan Feske
- CBR Institute for Biomedical Research and Department of Pathology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
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11
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Flavell RA, Kaczmarek LK, Badou A, Boulpaep EL, Desai R, Basavappa S, Matza D, Peng YQ, Mehal WZ. Retraction. Science 2006; 310:1903. [PMID: 16373558 DOI: 10.1126/science.310.5756.1903b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
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12
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Sadighi Akha AA, Miller RA. Signal transduction in the aging immune system. Curr Opin Immunol 2005; 17:486-91. [PMID: 16061371 DOI: 10.1016/j.coi.2005.07.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2005] [Accepted: 07/19/2005] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
T cells from aged mice show defects in the early stages of the activation process, including alterations in cytoskeletal reorganization that precede discrimination, by the T cell receptor, of agonist from antagonist peptides. Aging also modifies the pattern of glycosylation of T cell surface macromolecules, and enzymatic cleavage of these modified glycoproteins can restore high level responses to T cells from aged mice. Alterations in plasma membrane lipids and cholesterol-rich microdomains might also contribute to age-related deficits in T cell signaling. Evidence for intrinsic signal defects in aged B cells is more limited, but might involve pathways that activate the transcription factor E47, which has been implicated in somatic hypermutation and class-switch recombination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amir A Sadighi Akha
- Department of Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109-0940, USA
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13
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Winckler T. [L-type calcium channels in T-cells]. PHARMAZIE IN UNSERER ZEIT 2005; 34:362. [PMID: 16180356 DOI: 10.1002/pauz.200590085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
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14
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Miglio G, Varsaldi F, Dianzani C, Fantozzi R, Lombardi G. Stimulation of group I metabotropic glutamate receptors evokes calcium signals and c-jun and c-fos gene expression in human T cells. Biochem Pharmacol 2005; 70:189-99. [PMID: 15935992 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2005.04.038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2005] [Accepted: 04/13/2005] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
To study if the activation of group I mGlu receptors in human T cells modifies intracellular Ca2+ concentration ([Ca2+](i)) and cell function, we measured [Ca2+](i) on cell suspensions (spectrofluorimetric method) or single cell (digital Ca2+ imaging system) using fura-2 as indicator. Early-inducible gene (c-jun and c-fos) expression was studied by reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction assay as representative of Ca(2+)-sensitive gene expression. (1S,3R)-ACPD (100 microM), the selective mGlu receptor agonist, evoked a significant increase (34.1+/-4.9%) of [Ca2+](i), pharmacologically characterized as mediated by group I mGlu receptors, since both (S)-3,5-DHPG (100 microM), a selective group I mGlu receptor agonist and CHPG (1mM), the specific mGlu5 receptor agonist, reproduced the effects, that were abolished by AIDA (1mM), a selective group I mGlu receptor antagonist. (S)-3,5-DHPG-induced a rapid [Ca2+](i) rise (initial phase) followed by a slow decrease (second phase) to the baseline. Both extracellular Ca2+ and Ca2+ released from intracellular stores contribute to the [Ca2+](i) increase which depend on PLC activation. In a Ca(2+)-free buffer, the second phase rapidly return to the baseline; LaCl3 (1-10 microM), an inhibitor of extracellular Ca2+ influx, significantly reduced the second phase only; thapsigargin (1microM), by discharging intracellular Ca2+ stores, U 73122 (10 microM) and D609 (300 microM), by inhibiting PLC activity, prevented both phases. In our system, PTX pre-treatment increased (S)-3,5-DHPG effects, demonstrating that PXT-sensitive G(i/o) proteins are involved. Finally, specific stimulation of these receptors in Jurkat cells upregulates c-jun and c-fos gene expression, thus activating multiple downstream signalling regulating important T cell functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gianluca Miglio
- DISCAFF, "Amedeo Avogadro" University of Eastern Piedmont, Via Bovio 6, 28100 Novara, Italy
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Freichel M, Vennekens R, Olausson J, Stolz S, Philipp SE, Weissgerber P, Flockerzi V. Functional role of TRPC proteins in native systems: implications from knockout and knock-down studies. J Physiol 2005; 567:59-66. [PMID: 15975974 PMCID: PMC1474153 DOI: 10.1113/jphysiol.2005.092999] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Available data on transient receptor potential channel (TRPC) protein functions indicate that these proteins represent essential constituents of agonist-activated and phospholipase C-dependent cation entry pathways in primary cells which contribute to the elevation of cytosolic Ca2+. In addition, a striking number of biological functions have already been assigned to the various TRPC proteins, including mechanosensing activity (TRPC1), chemotropic axon guidance (TRPC1 and TRPC3), pheromone sensing and the regulation of sexual and social behaviour (TRPC2), endothelial-dependent regulation of vascular tone, endothelial permeability and neurotransmitter release (TRPC4), axonal growth (TRPC5), modulation of smooth muscle tone in blood vessels and lung and regulation of podocyte structure and function in the kidney (TRPC6). The lack of compounds which specifically block or activate TRPC proteins impairs the analysis of TRPC function in primary cells. We therefore concentrate in this contribution on (i) studies of TRPC-deficient mouse lines, (ii) data obtained by gene-silencing approaches using antisense oligonucleotides or RNA interference, (iii) expression experiments employing dominant negative TRPC constructs, and (iv) recent data correlating mutations of TRPC genes associated with human disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marc Freichel
- Experimentelle und Klinische Pharmakologie und Toxikologie, Universität des Saarlandes, D 66421 Homburg, Germany.
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Yang S, Huang XY. Ca2+ influx through L-type Ca2+ channels controls the trailing tail contraction in growth factor-induced fibroblast cell migration. J Biol Chem 2005; 280:27130-7. [PMID: 15911622 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m501625200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 123] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Growth factor-induced cell migration underlies various physiological and pathological processes. The mechanisms by which growth factors regulate cell migration are not completely understood. Although intracellular elevation of Ca2+ is known to be critical in cell migration, the source of this Ca2+ elevation and the mechanism by which Ca2+ modulates this process in fibroblast cells are not well defined. Here we show that increase of cellular Ca2+ through Ca2+ influx, rather than Ca2+ release from intracellular stores, is essential for growth factor-induced fibroblast cell migration. Voltage-gated L-type Ca2+ channels, previously known to exist in excitable cells such as neurons and muscle cells, are shown here to be present in fibroblasts as well. Furthermore, these channels are responsible for the Ca2+ influx. L-type Ca2+ channel inhibitors block growth factor-induced Ca2+ influx and fibroblast cell migration. One mechanism by which Ca2+ signals control cell migration is to regulate the contraction of the trailing edge of migrating fibroblasts; this process is controlled by the small GTPase Rho in fast migrating cells such as leukocytes. Downstream of Ca2+, both calmodulin and myosin light chain kinase, but not calcineurin, are involved leading to phosphorylation of the myosin light chain at the trailing end. Thus, trailing edge contraction is critically regulated by Ca2+ influx through L-type Ca2+ channels in growth factor-induced fibroblast cell migration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shengyu Yang
- Department of Physiology, Cornell University Weill Medical College, New York, New York 10021, USA
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Affiliation(s)
- Monte M Winslow
- Immunology Program, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
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