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Feltracco M, Zangrando R, Barbaro E, Becagli S, Park KT, Vecchiato M, Caiazzo L, Traversi R, Severi M, Barbante C, Gambaro A. Characterization of free L- and D-amino acids in size-segregated background aerosols over the Ross Sea, Antarctica. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2023; 879:163070. [PMID: 36990237 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.163070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2023] [Revised: 03/10/2023] [Accepted: 03/22/2023] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
The study of airborne chemical markers is crucial for identifying sources of aerosols, and their atmospheric processes of transport and transformation. The investigation of free amino acids and their differentiation between the L- and D- enantiomers are even more important to understand their sources and atmospheric fate. Aerosol samples were collected with a high-volume sampler with cascade impactor at Mario Zucchelli Station (MZS) on the coast of the Ross Sea (Antarctica) for two summer campaigns (2018/19 and 2019/20). The total mean concentration of free amino acids in PM10 was 4 ± 2 pmol m-3 for both campaigns and most of free amino acids were distributed in fine particles. The coarse mode of airborne D-Alanine and dimethylsufoniopropionate in seawater showed a similar trend during both Antarctic campaigns. Thus, the study of D/L Ala ratio in fine, coarse and PM10 fractions indicated the microlayer as the local source. This paper demonstrated that free amino acids follow the trend of DMS and MSA release occurred in the Ross Sea, confirming their applicability as markers for phytoplankton bloom also in paleoclimatic studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matteo Feltracco
- Department of Environmental Sciences, Informatics and Statistics, Ca' Foscari University of Venice, Via Torino, 155 - 30172 Venice Mestre (VE), Italy.
| | - Roberta Zangrando
- Institute of Polar Sciences, National Research Council (CNR-ISP), Via Torino, 155 - 30172 Venice Mestre (VE), Italy; Department of Environmental Sciences, Informatics and Statistics, Ca' Foscari University of Venice, Via Torino, 155 - 30172 Venice Mestre (VE), Italy
| | - Elena Barbaro
- Institute of Polar Sciences, National Research Council (CNR-ISP), Via Torino, 155 - 30172 Venice Mestre (VE), Italy; Department of Environmental Sciences, Informatics and Statistics, Ca' Foscari University of Venice, Via Torino, 155 - 30172 Venice Mestre (VE), Italy
| | - Silvia Becagli
- Department of Chemistry, University of Florence, Via della Lastruccia 3, Sesto Fiorentino, 50019 Florence, Italy; Institute of Polar Sciences, National Research Council (CNR-ISP), Via Torino, 155 - 30172 Venice Mestre (VE), Italy
| | - Ki-Tae Park
- Korea Polar Research Institute (KOPRI), Incheon 21990, South Korea
| | - Marco Vecchiato
- Institute of Polar Sciences, National Research Council (CNR-ISP), Via Torino, 155 - 30172 Venice Mestre (VE), Italy; Department of Environmental Sciences, Informatics and Statistics, Ca' Foscari University of Venice, Via Torino, 155 - 30172 Venice Mestre (VE), Italy
| | - Laura Caiazzo
- ENEA Laboratory of Observations and Measurements for the Environment and Climate, Rome, Italy
| | - Rita Traversi
- Department of Chemistry, University of Florence, Via della Lastruccia 3, Sesto Fiorentino, 50019 Florence, Italy; Institute of Polar Sciences, National Research Council (CNR-ISP), Via Torino, 155 - 30172 Venice Mestre (VE), Italy
| | - Mirko Severi
- Department of Chemistry, University of Florence, Via della Lastruccia 3, Sesto Fiorentino, 50019 Florence, Italy; Institute of Polar Sciences, National Research Council (CNR-ISP), Via Torino, 155 - 30172 Venice Mestre (VE), Italy
| | - Carlo Barbante
- Institute of Polar Sciences, National Research Council (CNR-ISP), Via Torino, 155 - 30172 Venice Mestre (VE), Italy; Department of Environmental Sciences, Informatics and Statistics, Ca' Foscari University of Venice, Via Torino, 155 - 30172 Venice Mestre (VE), Italy
| | - Andrea Gambaro
- Department of Environmental Sciences, Informatics and Statistics, Ca' Foscari University of Venice, Via Torino, 155 - 30172 Venice Mestre (VE), Italy; Institute of Polar Sciences, National Research Council (CNR-ISP), Via Torino, 155 - 30172 Venice Mestre (VE), Italy
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Boreddy SKR, Kawamura K, Gowda D, Deshmukh DK, Narasimhulu K, Ramagopal K. Sulfate-associated liquid water amplifies the formation of oxalic acid at a semi-arid tropical location over peninsular India during winter. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2023; 874:162365. [PMID: 36822414 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.162365] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2022] [Revised: 02/16/2023] [Accepted: 02/16/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Aerosol liquid water (ALW) can serve as an aqueous-phase medium for numerous chemical reactions and consequently enhance the formation of secondary aerosols in a highly humid atmosphere. However, the aqueous-phase formation of secondary organic aerosols (SOAs) is not well understood in the Indian regions, particularly in tropical peninsular India. In this study, we collected total suspended particulate samples (n = 30) at a semiarid station (Ballari; 15.15°N, 76.93°E; 495 m asl) in tropical peninsular India during the winter of 2016. Homologous series of dicarboxylic acids (C2-C12), oxoacids (ωC2-ωC9), pyruvic acid (Pyr), and glyoxal (Gly) were determined by employing a water-extraction of aerosol and analyzed using capillary gas chromatography (GC). Results show that oxalic acid (C2) was the most abundant organic acid, followed by succinic (C4), malonic (C3), azelaic (C9), and glyoxylic (ωC2) or phthalic (Ph) acids. Total diacids-C accounted for 1.7-5.8 % of water-soluble organic carbon (WSOC) and 0.6-3.6 % of total carbon (TC). ALW, estimated from the ISORROPIA 2.1 model, showed a strong linear relationship with sulfate (SO42-), C2, C3, C4, ωC2, Pyr, and Gly. Based on molecular distribution, specific mass ratios (C2/C3, C2/C4, C2/Gly, and Ph/C9), linear relationships among the measured organic acids, ALW, organic (levoglucosan and oleic acid), and inorganic (SO42-) marker compounds, we emphasize that diacids and related organic compounds, especially C2, majorly form via aqueous-phase oxidation of precursor compounds including aromatic hydrocarbons (HCs) and unsaturated fatty acids (FAs) originated from biomass burning and combustion-related sources. The present study demonstrates that sulfate driven ALW largely enhances the formation of SOAs via the aqueous-phase reactions over tropical peninsular India during winter.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suresh K R Boreddy
- Space Physics Laboratory, Vikram Sarabhai Space Centre, Thiruvananthapuram 695022, India; Institute of Low Temperature Sciences, Hokkaido University, Sapporo 060-0819, Japan.
| | - Kimitaka Kawamura
- Institute of Low Temperature Sciences, Hokkaido University, Sapporo 060-0819, Japan; Chubu Institute for Advanced Studies, Chubu University, Kasugai 487-8501, Japan
| | - Divyavani Gowda
- Institute of Low Temperature Sciences, Hokkaido University, Sapporo 060-0819, Japan; Faculty of Health Sciences, Hokkaido University, Sapporo 060-0812, Japan
| | - Dhananjay K Deshmukh
- Space Physics Laboratory, Vikram Sarabhai Space Centre, Thiruvananthapuram 695022, India
| | - K Narasimhulu
- Department of Physics, SSA Govt. First Grade College, Ballari 583101, India
| | - K Ramagopal
- Department of Physics, Sri Krishnadevaraya University, Anantapur 515003, India
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3
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Rashid MH, Borca CN, Xto JM, Huthwelker T. X-Ray absorption spectroscopy on airborne aerosols. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE: ATMOSPHERES 2022; 2:1338-1350. [PMID: 36561554 PMCID: PMC9648630 DOI: 10.1039/d2ea00016d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2022] [Accepted: 09/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Here we demonstrate a method for performing X-ray absorption spectroscopy (XAS) on airborne aerosols. XAS provides unique insight into elemental composition, chemical and phase state, local coordination and electronic structure of both crystalline and amorphous matter. The aerosol is generated from different salt solutions using a commercial atomizer and dried using a diffusion drier. Embedded in a carrier gas, the aerosol is guided into the experimental chamber for XAS analysis. Typical particle sizes range from some 10 to a few 100 nm. Inside the chamber the aerosol bearing gas is then confined into a region of about 1-2 cm3 in size, by a pure flow of helium, generating a stable free-flowing stream of aerosol. It is hit by a monochromatic X-ray beam, and the emitted fluorescent light is used for spectroscopic analysis. Using an aerosol generated from CaCl2, KCl, and (NH4)2SO4 salt solutions, we demonstrate the functionality of the system in studying environmentally relevant systems. In addition, we show that the detection limits are sufficient to also observe subtle spectroscopic signatures in XAS spectra with integration times of about 1-2 hours using a bright undulator beamline. This novel setup opens new research opportunities for studying the nucleation of new phases in multicomponent aerosol systems in situ, and for investigating (photo-) chemical reactions on airborne matter, as relevant to both atmospheric science and also for general chemical application.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muhammad H. Rashid
- Paul Scherrer Institute, Swiss Light Source, Laboratory for FemtochemistryForschungsstrasse 111Villigen PSISwitzerland
| | - Camelia N. Borca
- Paul Scherrer Institute, Swiss Light Source, Laboratory for FemtochemistryForschungsstrasse 111Villigen PSISwitzerland
| | - Jacinta M. Xto
- Paul Scherrer Institute, Swiss Light Source, Laboratory for FemtochemistryForschungsstrasse 111Villigen PSISwitzerland
| | - Thomas Huthwelker
- Paul Scherrer Institute, Swiss Light Source, Laboratory for FemtochemistryForschungsstrasse 111Villigen PSISwitzerland
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Lyu X, Guo H, Yao D, Lu H, Huo Y, Xu W, Kreisberg N, Goldstein AH, Jayne J, Worsnop D, Tan Y, Lee SC, Wang T. In Situ Measurements of Molecular Markers Facilitate Understanding of Dynamic Sources of Atmospheric Organic Aerosols. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2020; 54:11058-11069. [PMID: 32805105 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.0c02277] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Reducing the amount of organic aerosol (OA) is crucial to mitigation of particulate pollution in China. We present time and air-origin dependent variations of OA markers and source contributions at a regionally urban background site in South China. The continental air contained primary OA markers indicative of source categories, such as levoglucosan, fatty acids, and oleic acid. Secondary OA (SOA) markers derived from isoprene and monoterpenes also exhibited higher concentrations in continental air, due to more emissions of their precursors from terrestrial ecosystems and facilitation of anthropogenic sulfate for monoterpenes SOA. The marine air and continental-marine mixed air had more abundant hydroxyl dicarboxylic acids (OHDCA), with anthropogenic unsaturated organics as potential precursors. However, OHDCA formation in continental air was likely attributable to both biogenic and anthropogenic precursors. The production efficiency of OHDCA was highest in marine air, related to the presence of sulfur dioxide and/or organic precursors in ship emissions. Regional biomass burning (BB) was identified as the largest contributor of OA in continental air, with contributions fluctuating from 8% to 74%. In contrast, anthropogenic SOA accounted for the highest fraction of OA in marine (37 ± 4%) and mixed air (31 ± 3%), overriding the contributions from BB. This study demonstrates the utility of molecular markers for discerning OA pollution sources in the offshore marine atmosphere, where continental and marine air pollutants interact and atmospheric oxidative capacity may be enhanced.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaopu Lyu
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong
| | - Hai Guo
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong
| | - Dawen Yao
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong
| | - Haoxian Lu
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong
| | - Yunxi Huo
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong
| | - Wen Xu
- Center for Aerosol and Cloud Chemistry, Aerodyne Research Incorporated, Billerica, Massachusetts 01821, United States
| | - Nathan Kreisberg
- Aerosol Dynamics Incorporated, Berkeley, California 94710, United States
| | - Allen H Goldstein
- Department of Environmental Science, Policy, and Management, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - John Jayne
- Center for Aerosol and Cloud Chemistry, Aerodyne Research Incorporated, Billerica, Massachusetts 01821, United States
| | - Douglas Worsnop
- Center for Aerosol and Cloud Chemistry, Aerodyne Research Incorporated, Billerica, Massachusetts 01821, United States
| | - Yan Tan
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong
| | - Shun-Cheng Lee
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong
| | - Tao Wang
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong
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5
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Pye HOT, Nenes A, Alexander B, Ault AP, Barth MC, Clegg SL, Collett JL, Fahey KM, Hennigan CJ, Herrmann H, Kanakidou M, Kelly JT, Ku IT, McNeill VF, Riemer N, Schaefer T, Shi G, Tilgner A, Walker JT, Wang T, Weber R, Xing J, Zaveri RA, Zuend A. The Acidity of Atmospheric Particles and Clouds. ATMOSPHERIC CHEMISTRY AND PHYSICS 2020; 20:4809-4888. [PMID: 33424953 PMCID: PMC7791434 DOI: 10.5194/acp-20-4809-2020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 155] [Impact Index Per Article: 38.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Acidity, defined as pH, is a central component of aqueous chemistry. In the atmosphere, the acidity of condensed phases (aerosol particles, cloud water, and fog droplets) governs the phase partitioning of semi-volatile gases such as HNO3, NH3, HCl, and organic acids and bases as well as chemical reaction rates. It has implications for the atmospheric lifetime of pollutants, deposition, and human health. Despite its fundamental role in atmospheric processes, only recently has this field seen a growth in the number of studies on particle acidity. Even with this growth, many fine particle pH estimates must be based on thermodynamic model calculations since no operational techniques exist for direct measurements. Current information indicates acidic fine particles are ubiquitous, but observationally-constrained pH estimates are limited in spatial and temporal coverage. Clouds and fogs are also generally acidic, but to a lesser degree than particles, and have a range of pH that is quite sensitive to anthropogenic emissions of sulfur and nitrogen oxides, as well as ambient ammonia. Historical measurements indicate that cloud and fog droplet pH has changed in recent decades in response to controls on anthropogenic emissions, while the limited trend data for aerosol particles indicates acidity may be relatively constant due to the semi-volatile nature of the key acids and bases and buffering in particles. This paper reviews and synthesizes the current state of knowledge on the acidity of atmospheric condensed phases, specifically particles and cloud droplets. It includes recommendations for estimating acidity and pH, standard nomenclature, a synthesis of current pH estimates based on observations, and new model calculations on the local and global scale.
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Affiliation(s)
- Havala O. T. Pye
- Office of Research and Development, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, NC, 27711, USA
| | - Athanasios Nenes
- School of Architecture, Civil and Environmental Engineering, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, Lausanne, CH-1015, Switzerland
- Institute for Chemical Engineering Sciences, Foundation for Research and Technology Hellas, Patras, GR-26504, Greece
| | - Becky Alexander
- Department of Atmospheric Science, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, 98195, USA
| | - Andrew P. Ault
- Department of Chemistry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109-1055, USA
| | - Mary C. Barth
- National Center for Atmospheric Research, Boulder, CO, 80307, USA
| | - Simon L. Clegg
- School of Environmental Sciences, University of East Anglia, Norwich NR4 7TJ, UK
| | - Jeffrey L. Collett
- Department of Atmospheric Science, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, 80523, USA
| | - Kathleen M. Fahey
- Office of Research and Development, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, NC, 27711, USA
| | - Christopher J. Hennigan
- Department of Chemical, Biochemical, and Environmental Engineering, University of Maryland Baltimore County, Baltimore, MD, 21250, USA
| | - Hartmut Herrmann
- Leibniz Institute for Tropospheric Research (TROPOS), Atmospheric Chemistry Department (ACD), Leipzig, 04318, Germany
| | - Maria Kanakidou
- Department of Chemistry, University of Crete, Voutes, Heraklion Crete, 71003, Greece
| | - James T. Kelly
- Office of Air Quality Planning & Standards, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, NC, 27711, USA
| | - I-Ting Ku
- Department of Atmospheric Science, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, 80523, USA
| | - V. Faye McNeill
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Columbia University, New York, NY, 10027, USA
| | - Nicole Riemer
- Department of Atmospheric Sciences, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana-Champaign, Illinois, 61801, USA
| | - Thomas Schaefer
- Leibniz Institute for Tropospheric Research (TROPOS), Atmospheric Chemistry Department (ACD), Leipzig, 04318, Germany
| | - Guoliang Shi
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Urban Ambient Air Particulate Matter Pollution Prevention and Control, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300071, China
| | - Andreas Tilgner
- Leibniz Institute for Tropospheric Research (TROPOS), Atmospheric Chemistry Department (ACD), Leipzig, 04318, Germany
| | - John T. Walker
- Office of Research and Development, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, NC, 27711, USA
| | - Tao Wang
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hung Hom, Kowloon, Hong Kong, China
| | - Rodney Weber
- School of Earth and Atmospheric Sciences, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, 30332, USA
| | - Jia Xing
- School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China
| | - Rahul A. Zaveri
- Atmospheric Sciences & Global Change Division, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, WA, 99352, USA
| | - Andreas Zuend
- Department of Atmospheric and Oceanic Sciences, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, H3A 0B9, Canada
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Xian P, Reid JS, Hyer EJ, Sampson CR, Rubin JI, Ades M, Asencio N, Basart S, Benedetti A, Bhattacharjee PS, Brooks ME, Colarco PR, da Silva AM, Eck TF, Guth J, Jorba O, Kouznetsov R, Kipling Z, Sofiev M, Perez Garcia‐Pando C, Pradhan Y, Tanaka T, Wang J, Westphal DL, Yumimoto K, Zhang J. Current state of the global operational aerosol multi-model ensemble: An update from the International Cooperative for Aerosol Prediction (ICAP). QUARTERLY JOURNAL OF THE ROYAL METEOROLOGICAL SOCIETY. ROYAL METEOROLOGICAL SOCIETY (GREAT BRITAIN) 2019; 145:176-209. [PMID: 31787783 PMCID: PMC6876662 DOI: 10.1002/qj.3497] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2018] [Revised: 11/08/2018] [Accepted: 01/24/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Since the first International Cooperative for Aerosol Prediction (ICAP) multi-model ensemble (MME) study, the number of ICAP global operational aerosol models has increased from five to nine. An update of the current ICAP status is provided, along with an evaluation of the performance of ICAP-MME over 2012-2017, with a focus on June 2016-May 2017. Evaluated with ground-based Aerosol Robotic Network (AERONET) aerosol optical depth (AOD) and data assimilation quality MODerate-resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) retrieval products, the ICAP-MME AOD consensus remains the overall top-scoring and most consistent performer among all models in terms of root-mean-square error (RMSE), bias and correlation for total, fine- and coarse-mode AODs as well as dust AOD; this is similar to the first ICAP-MME study. Further, over the years, the performance of ICAP-MME is relatively stable and reliable compared to more variability in the individual models. The extent to which the AOD forecast error of ICAP-MME can be predicted is also examined. Leading predictors are found to be the consensus mean and spread. Regression models of absolute forecast errors were built for AOD forecasts of different lengths for potential applications. ICAP-MME performance in terms of modal AOD RMSEs of the 21 regionally representative sites over 2012-2017 suggests a general tendency for model improvements in fine-mode AOD, especially over Asia. No significant improvement in coarse-mode AOD is found overall for this time period.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peng Xian
- Marine Meteorology DivisionNaval Research LaboratoryMontereyCalifornia
| | - Jeffrey S. Reid
- Marine Meteorology DivisionNaval Research LaboratoryMontereyCalifornia
| | - Edward J. Hyer
- Marine Meteorology DivisionNaval Research LaboratoryMontereyCalifornia
| | | | - Juli I. Rubin
- Remote Sensing DivisionNaval Research LaboratoryWashingtonDistrict of Columbia
| | - Melanie Ades
- European Centre for Medium‐Range Weather ForecastsReadingUK
| | | | - Sara Basart
- Earth Sciences DepartmentBarcelona Supercomputing CenterBarcelonaSpain
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Tom F. Eck
- NASA Goddard Space Flight CenterGreenbeltMaryland
| | | | - Oriol Jorba
- Earth Sciences DepartmentBarcelona Supercomputing CenterBarcelonaSpain
| | - Rostislav Kouznetsov
- Atmospheric Composition UnitFinnish Meteorological InstituteHelsinkiFinland
- Obukhov Institute for Atmospheric PhysicsMoscowRussia
| | - Zak Kipling
- European Centre for Medium‐Range Weather ForecastsReadingUK
| | - Mikhail Sofiev
- Atmospheric Composition UnitFinnish Meteorological InstituteHelsinkiFinland
| | | | | | - Taichu Tanaka
- Atmospheric Environment and Applied Meteorology Research DepartmentMeteorological Research Institute, Japan Meteorological AgencyTsukubaJapan
| | - Jun Wang
- I.M. System Group at NOAA/NCEP/EMCCollege ParkMaryland
- NOAA NCEPCollege ParkMaryland
| | | | - Keiya Yumimoto
- Atmospheric Environment and Applied Meteorology Research DepartmentMeteorological Research Institute, Japan Meteorological AgencyTsukubaJapan
- Research Institute for Applied Mechanics, Kyushu UniversityFukuokaJapan
| | - Jianglong Zhang
- Department of Atmospheric SciencesUniversity of North DakotaGrand ForksNorth Dakota
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7
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Jacobs MI, Xu B, Kostko O, Wiegel AA, Houle FA, Ahmed M, Wilson KR. Using Nanoparticle X-ray Spectroscopy to Probe the Formation of Reactive Chemical Gradients in Diffusion-Limited Aerosols. J Phys Chem A 2019; 123:6034-6044. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpca.9b04507] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Michael I. Jacobs
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
- Chemical Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Bo Xu
- Chemical Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Oleg Kostko
- Chemical Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Aaron A. Wiegel
- Chemical Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Frances A. Houle
- Chemical Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Musahid Ahmed
- Chemical Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Kevin R. Wilson
- Chemical Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
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8
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Pattammattel A, Leppert VJ, Forman HJ, O’Day PA. Surface characterization and chemical speciation of adsorbed iron(iii) on oxidized carbon nanoparticles. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE. PROCESSES & IMPACTS 2019; 21:548-563. [PMID: 30702742 PMCID: PMC6426675 DOI: 10.1039/c8em00545a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
Carbonaceous nanomaterials represent a significant portion of ultra-fine airborne particulate matter, and iron is the most abundant transition metal in air particles. Owing to their high surface area and atmospheric oxidation, carbon nanoparticles (CNP) are enriched with surface carbonyl functional groups and act as a host for metals and small molecules. Using a synthetic model, concentration-dependent changes in the chemical speciation of iron adsorbed on oxidized carbon surfaces were investigated by a combination of X-ray and electron microscopic and spectroscopic methods. Carbon K-edge absorption spectra demonstrated that the CNP surface was enriched with carboxylic acid groups after chemical oxidation but that microporosity was unchanged. Oxidized CNP showed a high affinity for sorption of Fe(iii) from solution (75-95% uptake) and spectroscopic measurements confirmed a 3+ oxidation state of Fe on CNP irrespective of surface loading. The bonding of adsorbed Fe(iii) at variable loadings was determined by iron K-edge X-ray absorption spectroscopy. At low loadings (3 and 10 μmol Fe m-2 CNP), mononuclear Fe was octahedrally coordinated to oxygen atoms of carboxylate groups. As Fe surface coverage increased (21 and 31 μmol Fe m-2 CNP), Fe-Fe backscatters were observed at interatomic distances indicating iron (oxy)hydroxide particle formation on CNP. Electron-donating surface carboxylate groups on CNP coordinated and stabilized mononuclear Fe(iii). Saturation of high-affinity sites may have promoted hydroxide particle nucleation at higher loading, demonstrating that the chemical form of reactive metal ions may change with surface concentration and degree of CNP surface oxidation. Model systems such as those discussed here, with controlled surface properties and known chemical speciation of adsorbed metals, are needed to establish structure-activity models for toxicity assessments of environmentally relevant nanoparticles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ajith Pattammattel
- School of Natural Sciences and Sierra Nevada Research Institute, University of California, Merced, California, USA
- Corresponding authors ,
| | - Valerie J. Leppert
- School of Engineering, University of California, Merced, California, USA
| | - Henry Jay Forman
- Leonard Davis School of Gerontology, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Peggy A. O’Day
- School of Natural Sciences and Sierra Nevada Research Institute, University of California, Merced, California, USA
- Corresponding authors ,
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Lyu XP, Guo H, Cheng HR, Wang XM, Ding X, Lu HX, Yao DW, Xu C. Observation of SOA tracers at a mountainous site in Hong Kong: Chemical characteristics, origins and implication on particle growth. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2017; 605-606:180-189. [PMID: 28667845 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2017.06.161] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2017] [Revised: 06/20/2017] [Accepted: 06/20/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Secondary organic aerosol (SOA) is an important constituent of airborne fine particles. PM2.5 (particles with aerodynamic diameters≤2.5μm) samples were collected at a mountainous site in Hong Kong in autumn of 2010, and analyzed for SOA tracers. Results indicated that the concentrations of isoprene SOA tracers (54.7±22.7ng/m3) and aromatics SOA tracers (2.1±1.6ng/m3) were on relatively high levels in Hong Kong. Secondary organic carbon (SOC) derived from isoprene, monoterpenes, sesquiterpenes and aromatics was estimated with the SOA tracer based approach, which constituted 0.35±0.15μg/m3 (40.6±5.7%), 0.20±0.03μg/m3 (30.4±5.5%), 0.05±0.02μg/m3 (5.6±1.7%) and 0.26±0.20μg/m3 (21.3±8.2%) of the total estimated SOC. Biogenic SOC (0.60±0.18μg/m3) dominated over anthropogenic SOC (0.26±0.20μg/m3) at this site. In addition to the total estimated SOC (17.8±4.6% of organic carbon (OC) in PM2.5), primary organic carbon (POC) emitted from biomass burning also accounted for a considerable proportion of OC (11.6±3.2%). Insight into the OC origins found that regional transport significantly (p<0.05) elevated SOC from 0.37±0.17 to 1.04±0.39μg/m3. Besides, SOC load could also increase significantly if there was influence from local ship emission. Biomass burning related POC in regional air masses (0.81±0.24μg/m3) was also higher (p<0.05) than that in samples affected by local air (0.29±0.35μg/m3). Evidences indicated that SOA formation was closely related to new particle formation and the growth of nucleation mode particles, while biomass burning was responsible for some particle burst events in Hong Kong. This is the first SOA study in afforested areas of Hong Kong.
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Affiliation(s)
- X P Lyu
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong
| | - H Guo
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong.
| | - H R Cheng
- Department of Environmental Engineering, School of Resource and Environmental Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China.
| | - X M Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, China
| | - X Ding
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, China
| | - H X Lu
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong
| | - D W Yao
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong
| | - C Xu
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong
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10
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Bzdek BR, Reid JP. Perspective: Aerosol microphysics: From molecules to the chemical physics of aerosols. J Chem Phys 2017; 147:220901. [DOI: 10.1063/1.5002641] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Bryan R. Bzdek
- School of Chemistry, University of Bristol, Bristol BS8 1TS,
United Kingdom
| | - Jonathan P. Reid
- School of Chemistry, University of Bristol, Bristol BS8 1TS,
United Kingdom
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11
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Quantitative or only qualitative measurements of sulfur compounds in ambient air at ppb level? Uncertainties assessment for active sampling with Tenax TA®. Microchem J 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.microc.2017.01.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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12
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Jacobs MI, Xu B, Kostko O, Heine N, Ahmed M, Wilson KR. Probing the Heterogeneous Ozonolysis of Squalene Nanoparticles by Photoemission. J Phys Chem A 2016; 120:8645-8656. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpca.6b09061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Michael I. Jacobs
- Department
of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
- Chemical
Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Bo Xu
- Chemical
Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Oleg Kostko
- Chemical
Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Nadja Heine
- Chemical
Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Musahid Ahmed
- Chemical
Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Kevin R. Wilson
- Chemical
Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
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13
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Piens DS, Kelly ST, Harder TH, Petters MD, O'Brien RE, Wang B, Teske K, Dowell P, Laskin A, Gilles MK. Measuring Mass-Based Hygroscopicity of Atmospheric Particles through in Situ Imaging. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2016; 50:5172-5180. [PMID: 27088454 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.6b00793] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Quantifying how atmospheric particles interact with water vapor is critical for understanding the effects of aerosols on climate. We present a novel method to measure the mass-based hygroscopicity of particles while characterizing their elemental and carbon functional group compositions. Since mass-based hygroscopicity is insensitive to particle geometry, it is advantageous for probing the hygroscopic behavior of atmospheric particles, which can have irregular morphologies. Combining scanning electron microscopy with energy dispersive X-ray analysis (SEM/EDX), scanning transmission X-ray microscopy (STXM) analysis, and in situ STXM humidification experiments, this method was validated using laboratory-generated, atmospherically relevant particles. Then, the hygroscopicity and elemental composition of 15 complex atmospheric particles were analyzed by leveraging quantification of C, N, and O from STXM, and complementary elemental quantification from SEM/EDX. We found three types of hygroscopic responses, and correlated high hygroscopicity with Na and Cl content. The mixing state of 158 other particles from the sample broadly agreed with those of the humidified particles, indicating the potential to infer atmospheric hygroscopic behavior from a selected subset of particles. These methods offer unique quantitative capabilities to characterize and correlate the hygroscopicity and chemistry of individual submicrometer atmospheric particles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dominique S Piens
- Chemical Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory , Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Stephen T Kelly
- Chemical Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory , Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Tristan H Harder
- Chemical Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory , Berkeley, California 94720, United States
- Department of Chemistry, University of California , Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Markus D Petters
- Department of Marine Earth and Atmospheric Sciences, North Carolina State University , Raleigh, North Carolina 27695, United States
| | - Rachel E O'Brien
- Chemical Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory , Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Bingbing Wang
- William R. Wiley Environmental and Molecular Sciences Laboratory, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory , Richland, Washington 99352, United States
| | - Ken Teske
- Atmospheric Radiation Monitoring (Southern Great Plains Climate Research Facility), 109596 Coal Road, Billings, Oklahoma 74630 United States
| | - Pat Dowell
- Atmospheric Radiation Monitoring (Southern Great Plains Climate Research Facility), 109596 Coal Road, Billings, Oklahoma 74630 United States
| | - Alexander Laskin
- William R. Wiley Environmental and Molecular Sciences Laboratory, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory , Richland, Washington 99352, United States
| | - Mary K Gilles
- Chemical Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory , Berkeley, California 94720, United States
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14
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Metcalf AR, Boyer HC, Dutcher CS. Interfacial Tensions of Aged Organic Aerosol Particle Mimics Using a Biphasic Microfluidic Platform. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2016; 50:1251-9. [PMID: 26713671 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.5b04880] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Secondary organic aerosol (SOA) particles are a major component of atmospheric particulate matter, yet their formation processes and ambient properties are not well understood. These complex particles often contain multiple interfaces due to internal aqueous- and organic-phase partitioning. Aerosol interfaces can profoundly affect the fate of condensable organic compounds emitted into the atmosphere by altering the way in which ambient organic vapors interact with suspended particles. To accurately predict the evolution of SOA in the atmosphere, we must improve our understanding of aerosol interfaces. In this work, biphasic microscale flows are used to measure interfacial tension of reacting methylglyoxal, formaldehyde, and ammonium sulfate aqueous mixtures with a surrounding oil phase. Our experiments show a suppression of interfacial tension as a function of organic content that remains constant with reaction time for methylglyoxal-ammonium sulfate systems. We also reveal an unexpected time dependence of interfacial tension over a period of 48 h for ternary solutions of both methylglyoxal and formaldehyde in aqueous ammonium sulfate, indicating a more complicated behavior of surface activity where there is competition among dissolved organics. From these interfacial tension measurements, the morphology of aged atmospheric aerosols with internal liquid-liquid phase separation is inferred.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew R Metcalf
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Minnesota, Twin Cities , Minneapolis, Minnesota, 55455 United States
| | - Hallie C Boyer
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Minnesota, Twin Cities , Minneapolis, Minnesota, 55455 United States
| | - Cari S Dutcher
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Minnesota, Twin Cities , Minneapolis, Minnesota, 55455 United States
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15
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Park JS, Song IH, Park SM, Shin H, Hong Y. The Characteristics and Seasonal Variations of OC and EC for PM 2.5 in Seoul Metropolitan Area in 2014. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2015. [DOI: 10.14249/eia.2015.24.6.578] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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16
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Boyer H, Wexler A, Dutcher CS. Parameter Interpretation and Reduction for a Unified Statistical Mechanical Surface Tension Model. J Phys Chem Lett 2015; 6:3384-3389. [PMID: 26275040 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpclett.5b01346] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Surface properties of aqueous solutions are important for environments as diverse as atmospheric aerosols and biocellular membranes. Previously, we developed a surface tension model for both electrolyte and nonelectrolyte aqueous solutions across the entire solute concentration range (Wexler and Dutcher, J. Phys. Chem. Lett. 2013, 4, 1723-1726). The model differentiated between adsorption of solute molecules in the bulk and surface of solution using the statistical mechanics of multilayer sorption solution model of Dutcher et al. (J. Phys. Chem. A 2013, 117, 3198-3213). The parameters in the model had physicochemical interpretations, but remained largely empirical. In the current work, these parameters are related to solute molecular properties in aqueous solutions. For nonelectrolytes, sorption tendencies suggest a strong relation with molecular size and functional group spacing. For electrolytes, surface adsorption of ions follows ion surface-bulk partitioning calculations by Pegram and Record (J. Phys. Chem. B 2007, 111, 5411-5417).
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Affiliation(s)
- Hallie Boyer
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Minnesota , Twin Cities, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, United States
| | - Anthony Wexler
- Air Quality Research Center, University of California , Davis, California 95616, United States
| | - Cari S Dutcher
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Minnesota , Twin Cities, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, United States
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17
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Ervens B. Modeling the processing of aerosol and trace gases in clouds and fogs. Chem Rev 2015; 115:4157-98. [PMID: 25898144 DOI: 10.1021/cr5005887] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Barbara Ervens
- Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental Sciences, University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado 80302, United States.,Chemical Sciences Division, NOAA Earth System Research Laboratory, Boulder, Colorado 80305, United States
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18
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Farmer DK, Cappa CD, Kreidenweis SM. Atmospheric Processes and Their Controlling Influence on Cloud Condensation Nuclei Activity. Chem Rev 2015; 115:4199-217. [DOI: 10.1021/cr5006292] [Citation(s) in RCA: 151] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Christopher D. Cappa
- Department
of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of California, Davis, Davis, California 95616, United States
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19
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20
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Zhang P, Sun W, Li N, Wang Y, Shu J, Yang B, Dong L. Effects of humidity and [NO3]/[N2O5] ratio on the heterogeneous reaction of fluoranthene and pyrene with N2O5/NO3/NO2. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2014; 48:13130-7. [PMID: 25329713 DOI: 10.1021/es504508v] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
Atmospheric 2-nitrofluoranthene (2-NFL) and 2-nitropyrene (2-NPY) were two important nitro-polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (NPAHs). Especially, 2-NFL was recognized to be the most abundant particle-associated NPAH (Ramdahl et al., 1986). In previous studies, these two products were observed in the gas-phase reaction between N2O5/NO3/NO2 and their parent polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), while the heterogeneous reaction generated other nitro-PAH isomers (1, 3, 7, 8-NFL and 1-NPY) (Atkinson et al. 1990). To clarify the possible reasons for this difference, the heterogeneous reactions of suspended fluoranthene (FL) and pyrene (PY) particles under different relative humidity (RH; 0.5%-43%) and [NO3]/[N2O5] ratios were carried out. Under low humidity (0.5% RH) or a relatively high ratio of [NO3]/[N2O5], 2-NFL and 2-NPY were observed as the major nitro-FL isomers for the first time in the heterogeneous reaction. Decreasing the humidity or increasing the [NO3]/[N2O5] ratio in the reaction essentially increases the concentration radio of [NO3(g)]/[NO2(+)(aq)] on the particle surface (NO2(+) is derived from the ionization of N2O5). Thus, it can be concluded that under different atmospheric conditions, the change of [NO3(g)]/[NO2(+)(aq)] in the particle surface has an influence on the product distribution of FL and PY in the atmosphere. The experimental results provide evidence for the heterogeneous formations of particle-bound 2-NFL and 2-NPY. However, relative to the gas-phase formation, they will be negligible in the real atmosphere. 2-NFL and 2-NPY observed in the ambient particles should mainly derive from deposition of gas-phase reactions. Additionally, this study also clarifies the reason for different nitro-PAHs isomers observed between gas and particulate reactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peng Zhang
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environment Simulation and Pollution Control, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing 100085, China
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21
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Sequential derivatization of polar organic compounds in cloud water using O-(2,3,4,5,6-pentafluorobenzyl)hydroxylamine hydrochloride, N,O-bis(trimethylsilyl)trifluoroacetamide, and gas-chromatography/mass spectrometry analysis. J Chromatogr A 2014; 1362:16-24. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2014.08.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2013] [Revised: 07/08/2014] [Accepted: 08/03/2014] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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22
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An exploration on the suitability of airborne carbonyl compounds analysis in relation to differences in instrumentation (GC-MS versus HPLC-UV) and standard phases (gas versus liquid). ScientificWorldJournal 2014; 2014:308405. [PMID: 24719571 PMCID: PMC3956549 DOI: 10.1155/2014/308405] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2013] [Accepted: 12/23/2013] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The relative performance figure of merits was investigated for the two most common analytical methods employed for carbonyl compounds (CC), for example, between high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC)-UV detector (with 2,4-dinitrophenylhydrazine (DNPH) derivatization) and thermal desorption (TD)-gas chromatography (GC)-mass spectrometry (MS) (without derivatization). To this end, the suitability of each method is assessed by computing the relative recovery (RR) between the gas- and liquid-phase standards containing a suite of CC such as formaldehyde (FA), acetaldehyde (AA), propionaldehyde (PA), butyraldehyde (BA), isovaleraldehyde (IA), and valeraldehyde (VA) along with benzene (B) as a recovery reference for the GC method. The results confirm that a TD-GC-MS is advantageous to attain the maximum recovery for the heavier CCs (i.e., with molecular weights (MW) above BA−MW ≥ 74). On the other hand, the HPLC-UV is favorable for the lighter CCs (like FA and AA) with the least bias. Such compound-specific responses for each platform are validated by relative ordering of CCs as a function of response factor (RF), method detection limit (MDL), and recovery pattern. It is thus desirable to understand the advantages and limitations of each method to attain the CC data with the least experimental bias.
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23
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Chalbot MC, Nikolich G, Etyemezian V, Dubois DW, King J, Shafer D, Gamboa da Costa G, Hinton JF, Kavouras IG. Soil humic-like organic compounds in prescribed fire emissions using nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2013; 181:167-71. [PMID: 23867697 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2013.06.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2013] [Revised: 06/07/2013] [Accepted: 06/09/2013] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
Here we present the chemical characterization of the water-soluble organic carbon fraction of atmospheric aerosol collected during a prescribed fire burn in relation to soil organic matter and biomass combustion. Using nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy, we observed that humic-like substances in fire emissions have been associated with soil organic matter rather than biomass. Using a chemical mass balance model, we estimated that soil organic matter may contribute up to 41% of organic hydrogen and up to 27% of water-soluble organic carbon in fire emissions. Dust particles, when mixed with fresh combustion emissions, substantially enhances the atmospheric oxidative capacity, particle formation and microphysical properties of clouds influencing the climatic responses of atmospheric aeroso. Owing to the large emissions of combustion aerosol during fires, the release of dust particles from soil surfaces that are subjected to intense heating and shear stress has, so far, been lacking.
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Affiliation(s)
- M-C Chalbot
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, 4301 W. Markham St., Little Rock, AR 72205, USA.
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24
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Blower PG, Ota ST, Valley NA, Wood SR, Richmond GL. Sink or Surf: Atmospheric Implications for Succinic Acid at Aqueous Surfaces. J Phys Chem A 2013; 117:7887-903. [DOI: 10.1021/jp405067y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Patrick G. Blower
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Oregon, Eugene, Oregon 97403, United States
| | - Stephanie T. Ota
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Oregon, Eugene, Oregon 97403, United States
| | - Nicholas A. Valley
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Oregon, Eugene, Oregon 97403, United States
| | - Suzannah R. Wood
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Oregon, Eugene, Oregon 97403, United States
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25
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von Stackelberg K, Buonocore J, Bhave PV, Schwartz JA. Public health impacts of secondary particulate formation from aromatic hydrocarbons in gasoline. Environ Health 2013; 12:19. [PMID: 23425393 PMCID: PMC3652775 DOI: 10.1186/1476-069x-12-19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2012] [Accepted: 02/13/2013] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Aromatic hydrocarbons emitted from gasoline-powered vehicles contribute to the formation of secondary organic aerosol (SOA), which increases the atmospheric mass concentration of fine particles (PM2.5). Here we estimate the public health burden associated with exposures to the subset of PM2.5 that originates from vehicle emissions of aromatics under business as usual conditions. METHODS The PM2.5 contribution from gasoline aromatics is estimated using the Community Multiscale Air Quality (CMAQ) modeling system and the results are compared to ambient measurements from the literature. Marginal PM2.5 annualized concentration changes are used to calculate premature mortalities using concentration-response functions, with a value of mortality reduction approach used to monetize the social cost of mortality impacts. Morbidity impacts are qualitatively discussed. RESULTS Modeled aromatic SOA concentrations from CMAQ fall short of ambient measurements by approximately a factor of two nationwide, with strong regional differences. After accounting for this model bias, the estimated public health impacts from exposure to PM2.5 originating from aromatic hydrocarbons in gasoline lead to a central estimate of approximately 3800 predicted premature mortalities nationwide, with estimates ranging from 1800 to over 4700 depending on the specific concentration-response function used. These impacts are associated with total social costs of $28.2B, and range from $13.6B to $34.9B in 2006$. CONCLUSIONS These preliminary quantitative estimates indicate particulates from vehicular emissions of aromatic hydrocarbons demonstrate a nontrivial public health burden. The results provide a baseline from which to evaluate potential public health impacts of changes in gasoline composition.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Jonathan Buonocore
- Harvard Center for Risk Analysis, 401 Park Drive, Landmark 404J, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | - Prakash V Bhave
- National Exposure Research Laboratory, Office of Research & Development, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 109 T.W. Alexander Dr. Research Triangle Park, Durham, NC, 27711, USA
| | - Joel A Schwartz
- Harvard Center for Risk Analysis, 401 Park Drive, Landmark 404J, Boston, MA 02215, USA
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26
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Liu S, Ahlm L, Day DA, Russell LM, Zhao Y, Gentner DR, Weber RJ, Goldstein AH, Jaoui M, Offenberg JH, Kleindienst TE, Rubitschun C, Surratt JD, Sheesley RJ, Scheller S. Secondary organic aerosol formation from fossil fuel sources contribute majority of summertime organic mass at Bakersfield. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012. [DOI: 10.1029/2012jd018170] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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27
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Pöhlker C, Wiedemann KT, Sinha B, Shiraiwa M, Gunthe SS, Smith M, Su H, Artaxo P, Chen Q, Cheng Y, Elbert W, Gilles MK, Kilcoyne ALD, Moffet RC, Weigand M, Martin ST, Pöschl U, Andreae MO. Biogenic potassium salt particles as seeds for secondary organic aerosol in the Amazon. Science 2012; 337:1075-8. [PMID: 22936773 DOI: 10.1126/science.1223264] [Citation(s) in RCA: 147] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
The fine particles serving as cloud condensation nuclei in pristine Amazonian rainforest air consist mostly of secondary organic aerosol. Their origin is enigmatic, however, because new particle formation in the atmosphere is not observed. Here, we show that the growth of organic aerosol particles can be initiated by potassium-salt-rich particles emitted by biota in the rainforest. These particles act as seeds for the condensation of low- or semi-volatile organic compounds from the atmospheric gas phase or multiphase oxidation of isoprene and terpenes. Our findings suggest that the primary emission of biogenic salt particles directly influences the number concentration of cloud condensation nuclei and affects the microphysics of cloud formation and precipitation over the rainforest.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher Pöhlker
- Biogeochemistry Department, Max Planck Institute for Chemistry, Mainz 55020, Germany.
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28
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Friedman CL, Selin NE. Long-range atmospheric transport of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons: a global 3-D model analysis including evaluation of Arctic sources. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2012; 46:9501-9510. [PMID: 22856669 DOI: 10.1021/es301904d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
We use the global 3-D chemical transport model GEOS-Chem to simulate long-range atmospheric transport of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs). To evaluate the model's ability to simulate PAHs with different volatilities, we conduct analyses for phenanthrene (PHE), pyrene (PYR), and benzo[a]pyrene (BaP). GEOS-Chem captures observed seasonal trends with no statistically significant difference between simulated and measured mean annual concentrations. GEOS-Chem also captures variability in observed concentrations at nonurban sites (r = 0.64, 0.72, and 0.74, for PHE, PYR, and BaP). Sensitivity simulations suggest snow/ice scavenging is important for gas-phase PAHs, and on-particle oxidation and temperature-dependency of gas-particle partitioning have greater effects on transport than irreversible partitioning or increased particle concentrations. GEOS-Chem estimates mean atmospheric lifetimes of <1 day for all three PAHs. Though corresponding half-lives are lower than the 2-day screening criterion for international policy action, we simulate concentrations at the high-Arctic station of Spitsbergen within four times observed concentrations with strong correlation (r = 0.70, 0.68, and 0.70 for PHE, PYR, and BaP). European and Russian emissions combined account for ~80% of episodic high-concentration events at Spitsbergen.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carey L Friedman
- Center for Global Change Science, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States.
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29
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephanie T. Ota
- Department of Chemistry, University of Oregon, Eugene, Oregon 97403, United States
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30
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31
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Donahue NM, Robinson AL, Trump ER, Riipinen I, Kroll JH. Volatility and Aging of Atmospheric Organic Aerosol. Top Curr Chem (Cham) 2012; 339:97-143. [DOI: 10.1007/128_2012_355] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/02/2022]
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32
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Huang Y, Wu S, Dubey MK, French NHF. Impact of aging mechanism on model simulated carbonaceous aerosols. ATMOSPHERIC CHEMISTRY AND PHYSICS 2012; 12:6329-6343. [PMID: 24174929 DOI: 10.5194/acp-13-6329-2013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Carbonaceous aerosols including organic carbon and black carbon have significant implications for both climate and air quality. In the current global climate or chemical transport models, a fixed hydrophobic-to-hydrophilic conversion lifetime for carbonaceous aerosol (τ) is generally assumed, which is usually around one day. We have implemented a new detailed aging scheme for carbonaceous aerosols in a chemical transport model (GEOS-Chem) to account for both the chemical oxidation and the physical condensation-coagulation effects, where τ is affected by local atmospheric environment including atmospheric concentrations of water vapor, ozone, hydroxyl radical and sulfuric acid. The updated τ exhibits large spatial and temporal variations with the global average (up to 11 km altitude) calculated to be 2.6 days. The chemical aging effects are found to be strongest over the tropical regions driven by the low ozone concentrations and high humidity there. The τ resulted from chemical aging generally decreases with altitude due to increases in ozone concentration and decreases in humidity. The condensation-coagulation effects are found to be most important for the high-latitude areas, in particular the polar regions, where the τ values are calculated to be up to 15 days. When both the chemical aging and condensation-coagulation effects are considered, the total atmospheric burdens and global average lifetimes of BC, black carbon, (OC, organic carbon) are calculated to increase by 9% (3%) compared to the control simulation, with considerable enhancements of BC and OC concentrations in the Southern Hemisphere. Model evaluations against data from multiple datasets show that the updated aging scheme improves model simulations of carbonaceous aerosols for some regions, especially for the remote areas in the Northern Hemisphere. The improvement helps explain the persistent low model bias for carbonaceous aerosols in the Northern Hemisphere reported in literature. Further model sensitivity simulations focusing on the continental outflow of carbonaceous aerosols demonstrate that previous studies using the old aging scheme could have significantly underestimated the intercontinental transport of carbonaceous aerosols.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y Huang
- Department of Geological and Mining Engineering and Sciences, Michigan Technological University, Houghton, MI 49931, USA
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Huang Y, Wu S, Dubey M, French NHF. Impact of aging mechanism on model simulated carbonaceous aerosols. ATMOSPHERIC CHEMISTRY AND PHYSICS 2012; 12:10.5194/acpd-12-28993-2012. [PMID: 24174929 PMCID: PMC3809914 DOI: 10.5194/acpd-12-28993-2012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Carbonaceous aerosols including organic carbon and black carbon have significant implications for both climate and air quality. In the current global climate or chemical transport models, a fixed hydrophobic-to-hydrophilic conversion lifetime for carbonaceous aerosol (τ) is generally assumed, which is usually around one day. We have implemented a new detailed aging scheme for carbonaceous aerosols in a chemical transport model (GEOS-Chem) to account for both the chemical oxidation and the physical condensation-coagulation effects, where τ is affected by local atmospheric environment including atmospheric concentrations of water vapor, ozone, hydroxyl radical and sulfuric acid. The updated τ exhibits large spatial and temporal variations with the global average (up to 11 km altitude) calculated to be 2.6 days. The chemical aging effects are found to be strongest over the tropical regions driven by the low ozone concentrations and high humidity there. The τ resulted from chemical aging generally decreases with altitude due to increases in ozone concentration and decreases in humidity. The condensation-coagulation effects are found to be most important for the high-latitude areas, in particular the polar regions, where the τ values are calculated to be up to 15 days. When both the chemical aging and condensation-coagulation effects are considered, the total atmospheric burdens and global average lifetimes of BC, black carbon, (OC, organic carbon) are calculated to increase by 9% (3%) compared to the control simulation, with considerable enhancements of BC and OC concentrations in the Southern Hemisphere. Model evaluations against data from multiple datasets show that the updated aging scheme improves model simulations of carbonaceous aerosols for some regions, especially for the remote areas in the Northern Hemisphere. The improvement helps explain the persistent low model bias for carbonaceous aerosols in the Northern Hemisphere reported in literature. Further model sensitivity simulations focusing on the continental outflow of carbonaceous aerosols demonstrate that previous studies using the old aging scheme could have significantly underestimated the intercontinental transport of carbonaceous aerosols.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y. Huang
- Department of Geological and Mining Engineering and Sciences, Michigan Technological University, Houghton, MI 49931, USA
| | - S. Wu
- Atmospheric Science Program, Department of Geological and Mining Engineering and Sciences, Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Michigan Technological University, Houghton, MI 49931, USA
| | - M.K. Dubey
- Earth System Observations, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, NM 87545, USA
| | - N. H. F. French
- Michigan Tech Research Institute, Michigan Technological University, Ann Arbor, MI 48105, USA
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Pavuluri CM, Kawamura K, Swaminathan T, Tachibana E. Stable carbon isotopic compositions of total carbon, dicarboxylic acids and glyoxylic acid in the tropical Indian aerosols: Implications for sources and photochemical processing of organic aerosols. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2011. [DOI: 10.1029/2011jd015617] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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35
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Friedman B, Kulkarni G, Beránek J, Zelenyuk A, Thornton JA, Cziczo DJ. Ice nucleation and droplet formation by bare and coated soot particles. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2011. [DOI: 10.1029/2011jd015999] [Citation(s) in RCA: 96] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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36
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Erlick C, Haspel M, Rudich Y. Simultaneous retrieval of the complex refractive indices of the core and shell of coated aerosol particles from extinction measurements using simulated annealing. APPLIED OPTICS 2011; 50:4393-4402. [PMID: 21833116 DOI: 10.1364/ao.50.004393] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Simultaneously retrieving the complex refractive indices of the core and shell of coated aerosol particles given the measured extinction efficiency as a function of particle dimensions (core diameter and coated diameter) is much more difficult than retrieving the complex refractive index of homogeneous aerosol particles. Not only must the minimization be performed over a four-parameter space, making it less efficient, but in addition the absolute value of the difference between the measured extinction and the calculated extinction does not have an easily distinguished global minimum. Rather, there are a number of local minima to which almost all conventional retrieval algorithms converge. In this work, we develop a new (to our knowledge) retrieval algorithm that employs the numerical method known as simulated annealing with an innovative "temperature" schedule. This study is limited only to spherical particles with a concentric shell and to cases in which the diameter of both the core and the coated particle are known. We find that when the top ranking particle sizes according to their information content are combined from separate experiments to make up the particle size distribution, the simulated annealing retrieval algorithm is quite robust and by far superior to a greedy random perturbation approach often used.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carynelisa Erlick
- Fredy and Nadine Herrmann Institute of Earth Sciences, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, Israel.
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37
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Dust inputs and bacteria influence dissolved organic matter in clear alpine lakes. Nat Commun 2011; 2:405. [PMID: 21792184 PMCID: PMC3144587 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms1411] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2011] [Accepted: 06/27/2011] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
Remote lakes are usually unaffected by direct human influence, yet they receive inputs of atmospheric pollutants, dust, and other aerosols, both inorganic and organic. In remote, alpine lakes, these atmospheric inputs may influence the pool of dissolved organic matter, a critical constituent for the biogeochemical functioning of aquatic ecosystems. Here, to assess this influence, we evaluate factors related to aerosol deposition, climate, catchment properties, and microbial constituents in a global dataset of 86 alpine and polar lakes. We show significant latitudinal trends in dissolved organic matter quantity and quality, and uncover new evidence that this geographic pattern is influenced by dust deposition, flux of incident ultraviolet radiation, and bacterial processing. Our results suggest that changes in land use and climate that result in increasing dust flux, ultraviolet radiation, and air temperature may act to shift the optical quality of dissolved organic matter in clear, alpine lakes. Dissolved organic matter, the main form of aquatic organic carbon, supports the aquatic food web and regulates light penetration in lakes. This study probes the main influences on the optical properties of dissolved organic matter in a global dataset of alpine and remote lakes revealing latitudinal trends.
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Shiraiwa M, Ammann M, Koop T, Pöschl U. Gas uptake and chemical aging of semisolid organic aerosol particles. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2011; 108:11003-8. [PMID: 21690350 PMCID: PMC3131339 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1103045108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 238] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Organic substances can adopt an amorphous solid or semisolid state, influencing the rate of heterogeneous reactions and multiphase processes in atmospheric aerosols. Here we demonstrate how molecular diffusion in the condensed phase affects the gas uptake and chemical transformation of semisolid organic particles. Flow tube experiments show that the ozone uptake and oxidative aging of amorphous protein is kinetically limited by bulk diffusion. The reactive gas uptake exhibits a pronounced increase with relative humidity, which can be explained by a decrease of viscosity and increase of diffusivity due to hygroscopic water uptake transforming the amorphous organic matrix from a glassy to a semisolid state (moisture-induced phase transition). The reaction rate depends on the condensed phase diffusion coefficients of both the oxidant and the organic reactant molecules, which can be described by a kinetic multilayer flux model but not by the traditional resistor model approach of multiphase chemistry. The chemical lifetime of reactive compounds in atmospheric particles can increase from seconds to days as the rate of diffusion in semisolid phases can decrease by multiple orders of magnitude in response to low temperature or low relative humidity. The findings demonstrate that the occurrence and properties of amorphous semisolid phases challenge traditional views and require advanced formalisms for the description of organic particle formation and transformation in atmospheric models of aerosol effects on air quality, public health, and climate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manabu Shiraiwa
- Biogeochemistry Department, Max Planck Institute for Chemistry, P.O. Box 3060, 55128 Mainz, Germany
| | - Markus Ammann
- Laboratory of Radiochemistry and Environmental Chemistry, Paul Scherrer Institut, CH-5232 Villigen, Switzerland; and
| | - Thomas Koop
- Faculty of Chemistry, Bielefeld University, Universitätsstraße 25, 33615 Bielefeld, Germany
| | - Ulrich Pöschl
- Biogeochemistry Department, Max Planck Institute for Chemistry, P.O. Box 3060, 55128 Mainz, Germany
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Frossard AA, Shaw PM, Russell LM, Kroll JH, Canagaratna MR, Worsnop DR, Quinn PK, Bates TS. Springtime Arctic haze contributions of submicron organic particles from European and Asian combustion sources. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2011. [DOI: 10.1029/2010jd015178] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Lu JW, Flores JM, Lavi A, Abo-Riziq A, Rudich Y. Changes in the optical properties of benzo[a]pyrene-coated aerosols upon heterogeneous reactions with NO2 and NO3. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2011; 13:6484-92. [PMID: 21373662 DOI: 10.1039/c0cp02114h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Chemical reactions can alter the chemical, physical, and optical properties of aerosols. It has been postulated that nitration of aerosols can account for atmospheric absorbance over urban areas. To study this potentially important process, the change in optical properties of laboratory-generated benzo[a]pyrene (BaP)-coated aerosols following exposure to NO(2) and NO(3) was investigated at 355 nm and 532 nm by three aerosol analysis techniques. The extinction coefficient was determined at 355 nm and 532 nm from cavity ring-down aerosol spectroscopy (CRD-AS); the absorption coefficient was measured by photoacoustic spectroscopy (PAS) at 532 nm, while an on-line aerosol mass spectrometer (AMS) supplied real-time quantitative information about the chemical composition of aerosols. In this study, 240 nm polystyrene latex (PSL) spheres were thinly coated with BaP to form 300 or 310 nm aerosols that were exposed to high concentrations of NO(2) and NO(3) and measured with CRD-AS, PAS, and the AMS. The extinction efficiencies (Q(ext)) changed after exposure to NO(2) and NO(3) at both wavelengths. Prior to reaction, Q(ext) for the 355 nm and 532 nm wavelengths were 4.36 ± 0.04 and 2.39 ± 0.05, respectively, and Q(ext) increased to 5.26 ± 0.04 and 2.79 ± 0.05 after exposure. The absorption cross-section at 532 nm, determined with PAS, reached σ(abs) = (0.039 ± 0.001) × 10(-8) cm(2), indicating that absorption increased with formation of nitro-BaP, the main reaction product detected by the AMS. The single-scattering albedo (SSA), a measure of particle scattering efficiency, decreased from 1 to 0.85 ± 0.03, showing that changes in the optical properties of BaP-covered aerosols due to nitration may have implications for regional radiation budget and, hence, climate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica W Lu
- Dept. of Environmental Sciences, Weizmann Institute, Rehovot 76100, Israel
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41
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Vander Wal RL, Bryg VM, Hays MD. XPS Analysis of Combustion Aerosols for Chemical Composition, Surface Chemistry, and Carbon Chemical State. Anal Chem 2011; 83:1924-30. [DOI: 10.1021/ac102365s] [Citation(s) in RCA: 99] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Randy L. Vander Wal
- The Department of Energy and Mineral Engineering and The EMS Energy Institute, Penn State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, United States
| | - Vicky M. Bryg
- The Universities Space Research Association (USRA), The NASA-Glenn Research Center, Cleveland, Ohio 44135, United States
| | - Michael D. Hays
- National Risk Management Research Laboratory, United States Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27711, United States
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Knopf DA, Forrester SM, Slade JH. Heterogeneous oxidation kinetics of organic biomass burning aerosol surrogates by O3, NO2, N2O5, and NO3. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2011; 13:21050-62. [DOI: 10.1039/c1cp22478f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
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43
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Zobrist B, Soonsin V, Luo BP, Krieger UK, Marcolli C, Peter T, Koop T. Ultra-slow water diffusion in aqueous sucrose glasses. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2011; 13:3514-26. [DOI: 10.1039/c0cp01273d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 218] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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44
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Martinez IS, Peterson MD, Ebben CJ, Hayes PL, Artaxo P, Martin ST, Geiger FM. On molecular chirality within naturally occurring secondary organic aerosol particles from the central Amazon Basin. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2011; 13:12114-22. [DOI: 10.1039/c1cp20428a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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45
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An amorphous solid state of biogenic secondary organic aerosol particles. Nature 2010; 467:824-7. [PMID: 20944744 DOI: 10.1038/nature09455] [Citation(s) in RCA: 268] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2010] [Accepted: 08/25/2010] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Secondary organic aerosol (SOA) particles are formed in the atmosphere from condensable oxidation products of anthropogenic and biogenic volatile organic compounds (VOCs). On a global scale, biogenic VOCs account for about 90% of VOC emissions and of SOA formation (90 billion kilograms of carbon per year). SOA particles can scatter radiation and act as cloud condensation or ice nuclei, and thereby influence the Earth's radiation balance and climate. They consist of a myriad of different compounds with varying physicochemical properties, and little information is available on the phase state of SOA particles. Gas-particle partitioning models usually assume that SOA particles are liquid, but here we present experimental evidence that they can be solid under ambient conditions. We investigated biogenic SOA particles formed from oxidation products of VOCs in plant chamber experiments and in boreal forests within a few hours after atmospheric nucleation events. On the basis of observed particle bouncing in an aerosol impactor and of electron microscopy we conclude that biogenic SOA particles can adopt an amorphous solid-most probably glassy-state. This amorphous solid state should provoke a rethinking of SOA processes because it may influence the partitioning of semi-volatile compounds, reduce the rate of heterogeneous chemical reactions, affect the particles' ability to accommodate water and act as cloud condensation or ice nuclei, and change the atmospheric lifetime of the particles. Thus, the results of this study challenge traditional views of the kinetics and thermodynamics of SOA formation and transformation in the atmosphere and their implications for air quality and climate.
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46
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Morino Y, Takahashi K, Fushimi A, Tanabe K, Ohara T, Hasegawa S, Uchida M, Takami A, Yokouchi Y, Kobayashi S. Contrasting diurnal variations in fossil and nonfossil secondary organic aerosol in urban outflow, Japan. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2010; 44:8581-8586. [PMID: 20886860 DOI: 10.1021/es102392r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
Diurnal variations of fossil secondary organic carbon (SOC) and nonfossil SOC were determined for the first time using a combination of several carbonaceous aerosol measurement techniques, including radiocarbon (¹⁴C) determinations by accelerator mass spectrometry, and a receptor model (chemical mass balance, CMB) at a site downwind of Tokyo during the summer of 2007. Fossil SOC showed distinct diurnal variation with a maximum during daytime, whereas diurnal variation of nonfossil SOC was relatively small. This behavior was reproduced by a chemical transport model (CTM). However, the CTM underestimated the concentration of anthropogenic secondary organic aerosol (ASOA) by a factor of 4-7, suggesting that ASOA enhancement during daytime is not explained by production from volatile organic compounds that are traditionally considered major ASOA precursors. This result suggests that unidentified semivolatile organic compounds or multiphase chemistry may contribute largely to ASOA production. As our knowledge of production pathways of secondary organic aerosol (SOA) is still limited, diurnal variations of fossil and nonfossil SOC in our estimate give an important experimental constraint for future development of SOA models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Morino
- National Institute for Environmental Studies, Ibaraki, Japan.
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47
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Huthwelker T, Zelenay V, Birrer M, Krepelova A, Raabe J, Tzvetkov G, Vernooij MGC, Ammann M. An in situ cell to study phase transitions in individual aerosol particles on a substrate using scanning transmission x-ray microspectroscopy. THE REVIEW OF SCIENTIFIC INSTRUMENTS 2010; 81:113706. [PMID: 21133477 DOI: 10.1063/1.3494604] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
A new in situ cell to study phase transitions and chemical processes on individual aerosol particles in the x-ray transmission microscope at the PolLux beamline of the Swiss light source has been built. The cell is machined from stainless steel and aluminum components and is designed to be used in the standard mount of the microscope without need of complicated rearrangements of the microscope. The cell consists of two parts, a back part which contains connections for the gas supply, heating, cooling devices, and temperature measurement. The second part is a removable clip, which hosts the sample. This clip can be easily exchanged and brought into a sampling unit for aerosol particles. Currently, the cell can be operated at temperatures ranging from -40 to +50 °C. The function of the cell is demonstrated using two systems of submicron size: inorganic sodium bromide aerosols and soot originating from a diesel passenger car. For the sodium bromide we demonstrate how phase transitions can be studied in these systems and that O1s spectra from aqueous sodium bromide solution can be taken from submicron sized particles. For the case of soot, we demonstrate that the uptake of water onto individual soot particles can be studied.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Huthwelker
- Paul Scherrer Institut (PSI), 5232 Villigen PSI, Switzerland
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48
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Moffet RC, Henn T, Laskin A, Gilles MK. Automated Chemical Analysis of Internally Mixed Aerosol Particles Using X-ray Spectromicroscopy at the Carbon K-Edge. Anal Chem 2010; 82:7906-14. [DOI: 10.1021/ac1012909] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ryan C. Moffet
- Chemical Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California, 94720-8226, Department of Physics, University of Würzburg, Am Hubland, 97074 Würzburg, Germany, and W. R. Wiley Environmental Molecular Sciences Laboratory, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, Washington, 99352
| | - Tobias Henn
- Chemical Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California, 94720-8226, Department of Physics, University of Würzburg, Am Hubland, 97074 Würzburg, Germany, and W. R. Wiley Environmental Molecular Sciences Laboratory, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, Washington, 99352
| | - Alexander Laskin
- Chemical Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California, 94720-8226, Department of Physics, University of Würzburg, Am Hubland, 97074 Würzburg, Germany, and W. R. Wiley Environmental Molecular Sciences Laboratory, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, Washington, 99352
| | - Mary K. Gilles
- Chemical Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California, 94720-8226, Department of Physics, University of Würzburg, Am Hubland, 97074 Würzburg, Germany, and W. R. Wiley Environmental Molecular Sciences Laboratory, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, Washington, 99352
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Meinen J, Khasminskaya S, Eritt M, Leisner T, Antonsson E, Langer B, Rühl E. Core level photoionization on free sub-10-nm nanoparticles using synchrotron radiation. THE REVIEW OF SCIENTIFIC INSTRUMENTS 2010; 81:085107. [PMID: 20815628 DOI: 10.1063/1.3475154] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
A novel instrument is presented, which permits studies on singly charged free nanoparticles in the diameter range from 1 to 30 nm using synchrotron radiation in the soft x-ray regime. It consists of a high pressure nanoparticle source, a high efficiency nanoparticle beam inlet, and an electron time-of-flight spectrometer suitable for probing surface and bulk properties of free, levitated nanoparticles. We show results from x-ray photoelectron spectroscopy study near the Si L(3,2)-edge on 8.2 nm SiO(2) particles prepared in a nanoparticle beam. The possible use of this apparatus regarding chemical reactions on the surface of nanometer-sized particles is highlighted. This approach has the potential to be exploited for process studies on heterogeneous atmospheric chemistry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jan Meinen
- Institute for Environmental Physics, University of Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 229, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany.
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50
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Colarco P, da Silva A, Chin M, Diehl T. Online simulations of global aerosol distributions in the NASA GEOS-4 model and comparisons to satellite and ground-based aerosol optical depth. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2010. [DOI: 10.1029/2009jd012820] [Citation(s) in RCA: 323] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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