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Zhang J, Chen J, Lin K. Immunogenic cell death-based oncolytic virus therapy: A sharp sword of tumor immunotherapy. Eur J Pharmacol 2024; 981:176913. [PMID: 39154830 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2024.176913] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2024] [Revised: 07/30/2024] [Accepted: 08/15/2024] [Indexed: 08/20/2024]
Abstract
Tumor immunotherapy, especially immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs), has been applied in clinical practice, but low response to immune therapies remains a thorny issue. Oncolytic viruses (OVs) are considered promising for cancer treatment because they can selectively target and destroy tumor cells followed by spreading to nearby tumor tissues for a new round of infection. Immunogenic cell death (ICD), which is the major mechanism of OVs' anticancer effects, is induced by endoplasmic reticulum stress and reactive oxygen species overload after virus infection. Subsequent release of specific damage-associated molecular patterns (DAMPs) from different types of tumor cells can transform the tumor microenvironment from "cold" to "hot". In this paper, we broadly define ICD as those types of cell death that is immunogenic, and describe their signaling pathways respectively. Focusing on ICD, we also elucidate the advantages and disadvantages of recent combination therapies and their future prospects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingyu Zhang
- The First Clinical College of Wenzhou Medical University, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Jiahe Chen
- The First Clinical College of Wenzhou Medical University, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Kezhi Lin
- Wenzhou Key Laboratory of Cancer-related Pathogens and Immunity, Experiential Center of Basic Medicine, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China.
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2
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Zhu J, Ma J, Huang M, Deng H, Shi G. Emerging delivery strategy for oncolytic virotherapy. MOLECULAR THERAPY. ONCOLOGY 2024; 32:200809. [PMID: 38845744 PMCID: PMC11153257 DOI: 10.1016/j.omton.2024.200809] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2024]
Abstract
Oncolytic virotherapy represents a promising approach in cancer immunotherapy. The primary delivery method for oncolytic viruses (OVs) is intratumoral injection, which apparently limits their clinical application. For patients with advanced cancer with disseminated metastasis, systemic administration is considered the optimal approach. However, the direct delivery of naked viruses through intravenous injection presents challenges, including rapid clearance by the immune system, inadequate accumulation in tumors, and significant side effects. Consequently, the development of drug delivery strategies has led to the emergence of various bio-materials serving as viral vectors, thereby improving the anti-tumor efficacy of oncolytic virotherapy. This review provides an overview of innovative strategies for delivering OVs, with a focus on nanoparticle-based or cell-based delivery systems. Recent pre-clinical and clinical studies are examined to highlight the enhanced efficacy of systemic delivery using these novel platforms. In addition, prevalent challenges in current research are briefly discussed, and potential solutions are proposed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiao Zhu
- Department of Biotherapy, Cancer Center and State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
- Division of Thoracic Tumor Multimodality Treatment and Department of Medical Oncology, Cancer Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Jinhu Ma
- Department of Biotherapy, Cancer Center and State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Meijuan Huang
- Division of Thoracic Tumor Multimodality Treatment and Department of Medical Oncology, Cancer Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Hongxin Deng
- Department of Biotherapy, Cancer Center and State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Gang Shi
- Department of Biotherapy, Cancer Center and State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
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Nia GE, Nikpayam E, Farrokhi M, Bolhassani A, Meuwissen R. Advances in cell-based delivery of oncolytic viruses as therapy for lung cancer. MOLECULAR THERAPY. ONCOLOGY 2024; 32:200788. [PMID: 38596310 PMCID: PMC10976516 DOI: 10.1016/j.omton.2024.200788] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/11/2024]
Abstract
Lung cancer's intractability is enhanced by its frequent resistance to (chemo)therapy and often high relapse rates that make it the leading cause of cancer death worldwide. Improvement of therapy efficacy is a crucial issue that might lead to a significant advance in the treatment of lung cancer. Oncolytic viruses are desirable combination partners in the developing field of cancer immunotherapy due to their direct cytotoxic effects and ability to elicit an immune response. Systemic oncolytic virus administration through intravenous injection should ideally lead to the highest efficacy in oncolytic activity. However, this is often hampered by the prevalence of host-specific, anti-viral immune responses. One way to achieve more efficient systemic oncolytic virus delivery is through better protection against neutralization by several components of the host immune system. Carrier cells, which can even have innate tumor tropism, have shown their appropriateness as effective vehicles for systemic oncolytic virus infection through circumventing restrictive features of the immune system and can warrant oncolytic virus delivery to tumors. In this overview, we summarize promising results from studies in which carrier cells have shown their usefulness for improved systemic oncolytic virus delivery and better oncolytic virus therapy against lung cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giti Esmail Nia
- Faculty of Allied Medicine, Cellular and Molecular Research Centre, Iran University of Medical Science, Tehran, Iran
- Department of Basic Oncology, Health Institute of Ege University, Izmir, Turkey
| | - Elahe Nikpayam
- Department of Regenerative and Cancer Biology, Albany Medical College, Albany, NY, USA
| | | | - Azam Bolhassani
- Department of Hepatitis and AIDS, Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran, Iran
| | - Ralph Meuwissen
- Department of Basic Oncology, Health Institute of Ege University, Izmir, Turkey
- Ege University Translational Pulmonary Research Center (EgeSAM), Ege University, Izmir, Turkey
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Jafari M, Kadkhodazadeh M, Shapourabadi MB, Goradel NH, Shokrgozar MA, Arashkia A, Abdoli S, Sharifzadeh Z. Immunovirotherapy: The role of antibody based therapeutics combination with oncolytic viruses. Front Immunol 2022; 13:1012806. [PMID: 36311790 PMCID: PMC9608759 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.1012806] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2022] [Accepted: 09/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Despite the fact that the new drugs and targeted therapies have been approved for cancer therapy during the past 30 years, the majority of cancer types are still remain challenging to be treated. Due to the tumor heterogeneity, immune system evasion and the complex interaction between the tumor microenvironment and immune cells, the great majority of malignancies need multimodal therapy. Unfortunately, tumors frequently develop treatment resistance, so it is important to have a variety of therapeutic choices available for the treatment of neoplastic diseases. Immunotherapy has lately shown clinical responses in malignancies with unfavorable outcomes. Oncolytic virus (OV) immunotherapy is a cancer treatment strategy that employs naturally occurring or genetically-modified viruses that multiply preferentially within cancer cells. OVs have the ability to not only induce oncolysis but also activate cells of the immune system, which in turn activates innate and adaptive anticancer responses. Despite the fact that OVs were translated into clinical trials, with T-VECs receiving FDA approval for melanoma, their use in fighting cancer faced some challenges, including off-target side effects, immune system clearance, non-specific uptake, and intratumoral spread of OVs in solid tumors. Although various strategies have been used to overcome the challenges, these strategies have not provided promising outcomes in monotherapy with OVs. In this situation, it is increasingly common to use rational combinations of immunotherapies to improve patient benefit. With the development of other aspects of cancer immunotherapy strategies, combinational therapy has been proposed to improve the anti-tumor activities of OVs. In this regard, OVs were combined with other biotherapeutic platforms, including various forms of antibodies, nanobodies, chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) T cells, and dendritic cells, to reduce the side effects of OVs and enhance their efficacy. This article reviews the promising outcomes of OVs in cancer therapy, the challenges OVs face and solutions, and their combination with other biotherapeutic agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mahdie Jafari
- Department of Immunology, Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran, Iran
| | | | | | - Nasser Hashemi Goradel
- Department of Medical Biotechnology, School of Advanced Technologies in Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | | | - Arash Arashkia
- Department of Molecular Virology, Pasture Institute of Iran, Tehran, Iran
| | - Shahriyar Abdoli
- School of Advanced Medical Technologies, Golestan University of Medical Sciences, Gorgan, Iran
- *Correspondence: Zahra Sharifzadeh, ; Shahriyar Abdoli,
| | - Zahra Sharifzadeh
- Department of Immunology, Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran, Iran
- *Correspondence: Zahra Sharifzadeh, ; Shahriyar Abdoli,
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Mussafi O, Mei J, Mao W, Wan Y. Immune checkpoint inhibitors for PD-1/PD-L1 axis in combination with other immunotherapies and targeted therapies for non-small cell lung cancer. Front Oncol 2022; 12:948405. [PMID: 36059606 PMCID: PMC9430651 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2022.948405] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2022] [Accepted: 07/22/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
It has been widely acknowledged that the use of immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICI) is an effective therapeutic treatment in many late-stage cancers. However, not all patients could benefit from ICI therapy. Several biomarkers, such as high expression of PD-L1, high mutational burden, and higher number of tumor infiltration lymphocytes have shown to predict clinical benefit from immune checkpoint therapies. One approach using ICI in combination with other immunotherapies and targeted therapies is now being investigated to enhance the efficacy of ICI alone. In this review, we summarized the use of other promising immunotherapies and targeted therapies in combination with ICI in treatment of lung cancers. The results from multiple animals and clinical trials were reviewed. We also briefly discussed the possible outlooks for future treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ofek Mussafi
- Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, The Affiliated Wuxi People’s Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Wuxi, China
- The Pq Laboratory of BiomeDx/Rx, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Binghamton University-SUNY, Binghamton, NY, United States
| | - Jie Mei
- Department of Oncology, The Affiliated Wuxi People’s Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Wuxi, China
| | - Wenjun Mao
- Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, The Affiliated Wuxi People’s Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Wuxi, China
| | - Yuan Wan
- The Pq Laboratory of BiomeDx/Rx, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Binghamton University-SUNY, Binghamton, NY, United States
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Ladak RJ, He AJ, Huang YH, Ding Y. The Current Landscape of mRNA Vaccines Against Viruses and Cancer-A Mini Review. Front Immunol 2022; 13:885371. [PMID: 35603213 PMCID: PMC9120423 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.885371] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2022] [Accepted: 04/14/2022] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Both infectious viral diseases and cancer have historically been some of the most common causes of death worldwide. The COVID-19 pandemic is a decidedly relevant example of the former. Despite progress having been made over past decades, new and improved techniques are still needed to address the limitations faced by current treatment standards, with mRNA-based therapy emerging as a promising solution. Highly flexible, scalable and cost-effective, mRNA therapy is proving to be a compelling vaccine platform against viruses. Likewise, mRNA vaccines show similar promise against cancer as a platform capable of encoding multiple antigens for a diverse array of cancers, including those that are patient specific as a novel form of personalized medicine. In this review, the molecular mechanisms, biotechnological aspects, and clinical developments of mRNA vaccines against viral infections and cancer are discussed to provide an informative update on the current state of mRNA therapy research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Reese Jalal Ladak
- Rosalind and Morris Goodman Cancer Institute, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
- Department of Biochemistry, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Alexander J. He
- Kennedy Institute of Rheumatology, Nuffield Department of Orthopaedics, Rheumatology and Musculoskeletal Sciences, Oxford University, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Yu-Hsun Huang
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Yu Ding
- Department of Biochemistry, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
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Hu Y, Sun Y, Wan C, Dai X, Wu S, Lo PC, Huang J, Lovell JF, Jin H, Yang K. Microparticles: biogenesis, characteristics and intervention therapy for cancers in preclinical and clinical research. J Nanobiotechnology 2022; 20:189. [PMID: 35418077 PMCID: PMC9006557 DOI: 10.1186/s12951-022-01358-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2022] [Accepted: 03/08/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Extracellular vesicles (EVs), spherical biological vesicles, mainly contain nucleic acids, proteins, lipids and metabolites for biological information transfer between cells. Microparticles (MPs), a subtype of EVs, directly emerge from plasma membranes, and have gained interest in recent years. Specific cell stimulation conditions, such as ultraviolet and X-rays irradiation, can induce the release of MPs, which are endowed with unique antitumor functionalities, either for therapeutic vaccines or as direct antitumor agents. Moreover, the size of MPs (100–1000 nm) and their spherical structures surrounded by a lipid bilayer membrane allow MPs to function as delivery vectors for bioactive antitumor compounds, with favorable phamacokinetic behavior, immunostimulatory activity and biological function, without inherent carrier-specific toxic side effects. In this review, the mechanisms underlying MP biogenesis, factors that influence MP production, properties of MP membranes, size, composition and isolation methods of MPs are discussed. Additionally, the applications and mechanisms of action of MPs, as well as the main hurdles for their applications in cancer management, are introduced.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Hu
- Cancer Center, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430022, China
| | - Yajie Sun
- Cancer Center, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430022, China
| | - Chao Wan
- Cancer Center, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430022, China
| | - Xiaomeng Dai
- Department of Medical Oncology, The First Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Shuhui Wu
- Cancer Center, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430022, China
| | - Pui-Chi Lo
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, City University of Hong Kong, Tat Chee Avenue, Kowloon, Hong kong, China
| | - Jing Huang
- College of Biomedicine and Health and College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China
| | - Jonathan F Lovell
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University at Buffalo, State University of New York, Buffalo, NY, 14260, USA
| | - Honglin Jin
- Cancer Center, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430022, China. .,College of Biomedicine and Health and College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China.
| | - Kunyu Yang
- Cancer Center, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430022, China.
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A method of delivering an anti-p21Ras single-chain antibody fragment to tumor sites in vivo. J Drug Deliv Sci Technol 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jddst.2021.103024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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9
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Oncolytic viruses: A novel treatment strategy for breast cancer. Genes Dis 2021; 10:430-446. [DOI: 10.1016/j.gendis.2021.11.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2021] [Revised: 09/27/2021] [Accepted: 11/19/2021] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
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10
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Interdonato A, Choblet S, Sana M, Valgardsdottir R, Cribioli S, Alzani R, Roth M, Duonor-Cerutti M, Golay J. BL-01, an Fc-bearing, tetravalent CD20 × CD5 bispecific antibody, redirects multiple immune cells to kill tumors in vitro and in vivo. Cytotherapy 2021; 24:161-171. [PMID: 34538717 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcyt.2021.07.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2021] [Revised: 07/12/2021] [Accepted: 07/25/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AIMS The authors describe here a novel therapeutic strategy combining a bispecific antibody (bsAb) with cytokine-induced killer (CIK) cells. METHODS The authors have designed, produced and purified a novel tetravalent IgG1-like CD20 × CD5 bsAb called BL-01. The bsAb is composed of a fused heavy chain and two free light chains that pair correctly to the heavy chain sequences thanks to complementary mutations in the monoclonal antibody 2 CH1/CL sequences. RESULTS The authors show that BL-01 can bind specifically to CD20 and CD5 with an affinity of 4-6 nM, demonstrating correct pairing of two light chains to the fused heavy chain. The CD20 × CD5 BL-01 bsAb has a functional human IgG1 Fc and can induce up to 65% complement-dependent cytotoxicity of a CD20+ lymphoma cell line in the presence of human complement, similar to anti-CD20 rituximab. The bsAb also induces significant natural killer cell activation and antibody-dependent cytotoxicity of up to 25% as well as up to 65% phagocytosis by human macrophages in the presence of CD20+ tumor cells. The BL-01 bsAb binds to CD20 and CD5 simultaneously and can redirect CIK cells in vitro to kill CD20+ targets, increasing the cytotoxicity of CIK cells by about 3-fold. The authors finally show that the CD20 × CD5 BL-01 bsAb synergizes with CIK cells in vivo in controlling tumor growth and prolonging survival of nonobese diabetic/severe combined immunodeficiency mice inoculated with a patient-derived, aggressive diffuse large B-cell lymphoma xenograft. CONCLUSIONS The authors suggest that the efficacy of bsAb in vivo is due to the combined activation of innate immunity by Fc and redirection of CIK cells to kill the tumor target.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonella Interdonato
- Division of Hematology, Center of Cellular Therapy "G. Lanzani," Azienda Socio Sanitaria Territoriale Papa Giovanni XXIII, Bergamo, Italy
| | - Sylvie Choblet
- Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique UAR3426 "Baculovirus et Thérapie," Saint-Christol-Lez Alès, France
| | - Mirco Sana
- Division of Hematology, Center of Cellular Therapy "G. Lanzani," Azienda Socio Sanitaria Territoriale Papa Giovanni XXIII, Bergamo, Italy
| | - Rut Valgardsdottir
- Division of Hematology, Center of Cellular Therapy "G. Lanzani," Azienda Socio Sanitaria Territoriale Papa Giovanni XXIII, Bergamo, Italy
| | | | | | - Muriel Roth
- Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique UAR3426 "Baculovirus et Thérapie," Saint-Christol-Lez Alès, France
| | - Martine Duonor-Cerutti
- Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique UAR3426 "Baculovirus et Thérapie," Saint-Christol-Lez Alès, France
| | - Josée Golay
- Division of Hematology, Center of Cellular Therapy "G. Lanzani," Azienda Socio Sanitaria Territoriale Papa Giovanni XXIII, Bergamo, Italy; Fondazione per la Ricerca Ospedale Maggiore, Bergamo, Italy.
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Sarwar A, Hashim L, Faisal MS, Haider MZ, Ahmed Z, Ahmed TF, Shahzad M, Ansar I, Ali S, Aslam MM, Anwer F. Advances in viral oncolytics for treatment of multiple myeloma - a focused review. Expert Rev Hematol 2021; 14:1071-1083. [PMID: 34428997 DOI: 10.1080/17474086.2021.1972802] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Oncolytic viruses are genetically engineered viruses that target myeloma-affected cells by detecting specific cell surface receptors (CD46, CD138), causing cell death by activating the signaling pathway to induce apoptosis or by immune-mediated cellular destruction. AREAS COVERED This article summarizes oncolytic virotherapy advancements such as the therapeutic use of viruses by targeting cell surface proteins of myeloma cells as well as the carriers to deliver viruses to the target tissues safely. The major classes of viruses that have been studied for this include measles, myxoma, adenovirus, reovirus, vaccinia, vesicular-stomatitis virus, coxsackie, and others. The measles virus acts as oncolytic viral therapy by binding to the CD46 receptors on the myeloma cells to utilize its surface H protein. These H-protein and CD46 interactions lead to cellular syncytia formation resulting in cellular apoptosis. Vesicular-stomatitis virus acts by downregulation of anti-apoptotic factors (Mcl-2, BCL-2). Based upon the published literature searches till December 2020, we have summarized the data supporting the advances in viral oncolytic for the treatment of MM. EXPERT OPINION Oncolytic virotherapy is an experimental approach in multiple myeloma (MM); many issues need to be addressed for safe viral delivery to the target tissue.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ayesha Sarwar
- Department of Internal Medicine, King Edward Medical University, Lahore, Pakistan
| | | | - Muhammad Salman Faisal
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Hematology, The Ohio State University Columbus Oh, USA
| | | | - Zahoor Ahmed
- Department of Internal Medicine, King Edward Medical University, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Tehniat Faraz Ahmed
- Department of Biochemistry, Dow University of Health Sciences, Karachi, Pakistan
| | - Moazzam Shahzad
- Department of Internal Medicine, St Mary's Medical Center, Huntington, WV, USA
| | - Iqraa Ansar
- Department of Internal medicine, Riverside Methodist hospital, Columbus OH
| | - Sundas Ali
- Department of Internal medicine, Rawalpindi Medical University, Rawalpindi, Pakistan
| | | | - Faiz Anwer
- Department of Hematology and Oncology, Taussig Cancer Center, Cleveland Clinic, Ohio, USA
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12
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Qian J, Yang M, Feng Q, Pan XY, Yang LL, Yang JL. Inhibition of glioma by adenovirus KGHV500 encoding anti-p21Ras scFv and carried by cytokine-induced killer cells. Exp Biol Med (Maywood) 2021; 246:1228-1238. [PMID: 33535808 PMCID: PMC8142110 DOI: 10.1177/1535370220986769] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2020] [Accepted: 12/17/2020] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Ras gene mutation or overexpression can lead to tumorigenesis in multiple kinds of cancer, including glioma. However, no drugs targeting Ras or its expression products have been approved for clinical application thus far. Adenoviral gene therapy is a promising method for the treatment of glioma. In this study, the human glioma cell line U251 was co-cultured with recombinant adenovirus KGHV500, and the anti-tumor effects of KGHV500 were determined by MTT, scratch test, Transwell invasion, and apoptosis assays. Then, KGHV500 was delivered via the intravenous injection of CIK cells into glioma xenografts. Tumor volume, ki67 proliferation index, apoptosis levels, and anti-p21Ras scFv expression were tested to evaluate targeting ability, anti-tumor efficacy, and safety. We found that the KGHV500 exhibited anti-tumor activity in U251 cells and increased the intracellular expression of anti-p21Ras scFv compared with that in the control groups. CIK cells delivered KGHV500 to U251 glioma cell xenografts and enhanced anti-tumor activity against glioma xenografts compared to that produced by the control treatment. In conclusion, targeting Ras is a useful therapeutic strategy for gliomas and other Ras-driven cancers, and the delivery of anti-p21Ras scFv by recombinant adenovirus and CIK cells may play an essential role in the therapy of Ras-driven cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Qian
- Faculty of Life Science and Technology, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming 650500, PR China
- Medical School, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming 650500, PR China
- Department of Pathology, 920th Hospital of the Joint Logistics Support Force of PLA, Kunming 650032, PR China
| | - Mo Yang
- Department of Pathology, 920th Hospital of the Joint Logistics Support Force of PLA, Kunming 650032, PR China
| | - Qiang Feng
- Department of Pathology, 920th Hospital of the Joint Logistics Support Force of PLA, Kunming 650032, PR China
| | - Xin-Yan Pan
- Department of Pathology, 920th Hospital of the Joint Logistics Support Force of PLA, Kunming 650032, PR China
| | - Li-Lin Yang
- Department of Pathology, 920th Hospital of the Joint Logistics Support Force of PLA, Kunming 650032, PR China
| | - Ju-Lun Yang
- Department of Pathology, 920th Hospital of the Joint Logistics Support Force of PLA, Kunming 650032, PR China
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13
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Visualizing Extracellular Vesicles and Their Function in 3D Tumor Microenvironment Models. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22094784. [PMID: 33946403 PMCID: PMC8125158 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22094784] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2021] [Revised: 04/27/2021] [Accepted: 04/28/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are cell-derived nanostructures that mediate intercellular communication by delivering complex signals in normal tissues and cancer. The cellular coordination required for tumor development and maintenance is mediated, in part, through EV transport of molecular cargo to resident and distant cells. Most studies on EV-mediated signaling have been performed in two-dimensional (2D) monolayer cell cultures, largely because of their simplicity and high-throughput screening capacity. Three-dimensional (3D) cell cultures can be used to study cell-to-cell and cell-to-matrix interactions, enabling the study of EV-mediated cellular communication. 3D cultures may best model the role of EVs in formation of the tumor microenvironment (TME) and cancer cell-stromal interactions that sustain tumor growth. In this review, we discuss EV biology in 3D culture correlates of the TME. This includes EV communication between cell types of the TME, differences in EV biogenesis and signaling associated with differing scaffold choices and in scaffold-free 3D cultures and cultivation of the premetastatic niche. An understanding of EV biogenesis and signaling within a 3D TME will improve culture correlates of oncogenesis, enable molecular control of the TME and aid development of drug delivery tools based on EV-mediated signaling.
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14
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Dai F, Zhang PB, Feng Q, Pan XY, Song SL, Cui J, Yang JL. Cytokine-induced killer cells carrying recombinant oncolytic adenovirus expressing p21Ras scFv inhibited liver cancer. J Cancer 2021; 12:2768-2776. [PMID: 33854636 PMCID: PMC8040716 DOI: 10.7150/jca.51434] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2020] [Accepted: 02/18/2021] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Background: Oncolytic adenovirus-mediated gene therapy is an emerging strategy for cancer treatment. However, oncolytic adenoviruses are mainly administered locally at tumor site. Intravenous administration of oncolytic adenovirus for cancer gene therapy is a problem that needs to be solved urgently. Methods: We constructed recombinant oncolytic adenovirus KGHV500 carrying anti-p21Ras scFv and employed CIK cells to deliver KGHV500. TUNEL, wound healing, MTT, and Transwell invasion assays were used to determine the anti-tumor efficacy of KGHV500 on liver cancer cells in vitro. Nude mouse xenograft model was used to examine the anti-tumor efficacy of CIK cells combined with KGHV500 in vivo. Furthermore, KGHV500 accumulation in different organs was detected to assess the safety. Results: KGHV500 inhibited the migration, proliferation, invasion, and induced the apoptosis of liver cancer cells. CIK cells carrying KGHV500 reached tumor site and exerted much better anti-tumor efficacy than CIK cells or KGHV500 alone in nude mouse xenograft model. Moreover, we detected KGHV500 and anti-p21Ras scFv in different organs of nude mice, with little effects on the organs. Conclusions: We develop a novel strategy for the treatment of Ras-driven liver cancer by combining CIK cells with oncolytic adenovirus expressing anti-p21Ras scFv. Intravenous injection of CIK cells carrying KGHV500 in vivo significantly inhibits tumor growth, has little effect on normal organs, and is relatively safe.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fang Dai
- Graduate School, Kunming Medical University, Kunming, Yunnan, China.,920 th Hospital of the Joint Logistics Support Force of PLA, Kunming, Yunnan, China
| | - Peng-Bo Zhang
- Medical School, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming, Yunnan, China
| | - Qiang Feng
- 920 th Hospital of the Joint Logistics Support Force of PLA, Kunming, Yunnan, China
| | - Xin-Yan Pan
- 920 th Hospital of the Joint Logistics Support Force of PLA, Kunming, Yunnan, China
| | - Shu-Ling Song
- 920 th Hospital of the Joint Logistics Support Force of PLA, Kunming, Yunnan, China
| | - Jing Cui
- 920 th Hospital of the Joint Logistics Support Force of PLA, Kunming, Yunnan, China
| | - Ju-Lun Yang
- Graduate School, Kunming Medical University, Kunming, Yunnan, China.,920 th Hospital of the Joint Logistics Support Force of PLA, Kunming, Yunnan, China
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15
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Parking CAR T Cells in Tumours: Oncolytic Viruses as Valets or Vandals? Cancers (Basel) 2021; 13:cancers13051106. [PMID: 33807553 PMCID: PMC7961585 DOI: 10.3390/cancers13051106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2021] [Revised: 03/01/2021] [Accepted: 03/03/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Oncolytic viruses (OVs) and adoptive T cell therapy (ACT) each possess direct tumour cytolytic capabilities, and their combination potentially seems like a match made in heaven to complement the strengths and weakness of each modality. While providing strong innate immune stimulation that can mobilize adaptive responses, the magnitude of anti-tumour T cell priming induced by OVs is often modest. Chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) modified T cells bypass conventional T cell education through introduction of a synthetic receptor; however, realization of their full therapeutic properties can be stunted by the heavily immune-suppressive nature of the tumour microenvironment (TME). Oncolytic viruses have thus been seen as a natural ally to overcome immunosuppressive mechanisms in the TME which limit CAR T cell infiltration and functionality. Engineering has further endowed viruses with the ability to express transgenes in situ to relieve T cell tumour-intrinsic resistance mechanisms and decorate the tumour with antigen to overcome antigen heterogeneity or loss. Despite this helpful remodeling of the tumour microenvironment, it has simultaneously become clear that not all virus induced effects are favourable for CAR T, begging the question whether viruses act as valets ushering CAR T into their active site, or vandals which cause chaos leading to both tumour and T cell death. Herein, we summarize recent studies combining these two therapeutic modalities and seek to place them within the broader context of viral T cell immunology which will help to overcome the current limitations of effective CAR T therapy to make the most of combinatorial strategies.
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16
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Zhu W, Liang J, Tan J, Guo L, Cai J, Hu J, Yan G, Liu Y, Zhang J, Song D, Dan J, Wong CW, Su X, Qiu P, Lin Y. Real-Time Visualization and Quantification of Oncolytic M1 Virus In Vitro and In Vivo. Hum Gene Ther 2021; 32:158-165. [PMID: 33504253 DOI: 10.1089/hum.2020.273] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Alphavirus M1 is a promising oncolytic virus for cancer therapy. Here, we constructed a fluorescent reporter virus for real-time visualization and quantification of M1 virus both in vitro and in vivo. The reporter-encoding M1 virus maintained the characteristics of parental virus in the aspects of structure, replication capacity, the feature to induce cytopathic cell death, and the property of tumor targeting. The fluorescence is positively correlated with virus replication both in vitro and in vivo. More importantly, the reporter can be stably expressed for at least 10 generations in a serial passage assay. In summary, we successfully constructed stable and authentic reporter viruses for studying M1 virus and provided a feasible technical route for gene modification of oncolytic virus M1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenbo Zhu
- Department of Pharmacology, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jiankai Liang
- Department of Pharmacology, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jingyi Tan
- Department of Pharmacology, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Li Guo
- Department of Pharmacology, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jing Cai
- Department of Pharmacology, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jun Hu
- Department of Pharmacology, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Guangmei Yan
- Department of Pharmacology, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yang Liu
- Department of Pharmacology, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jiayu Zhang
- Department of Pharmacology, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Deli Song
- Department of Pharmacology, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jia Dan
- Department of Pharmacology, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Chun-Wa Wong
- Department of Pharmacology, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xingwen Su
- Department of Pharmacology, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Pengxin Qiu
- Department of Pharmacology, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yuan Lin
- Department of Pharmacology, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
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17
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Functional Imaging Using Bioluminescent Reporter Genes in Living Subjects. Mol Imaging 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-816386-3.00004-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
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18
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Xie M, Viviani M, Fussenegger M. Engineering precision therapies: lessons and motivations from the clinic. Synth Biol (Oxf) 2020; 6:ysaa024. [PMID: 33817342 PMCID: PMC7998714 DOI: 10.1093/synbio/ysaa024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2020] [Revised: 11/02/2020] [Accepted: 11/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
In the past decade, gene- and cell-based therapies have been at the forefront of the biomedical revolution. Synthetic biology, the engineering discipline of building sophisticated 'genetic software' to enable precise regulation of gene activities in living cells, has been a decisive success factor of these new therapies. Here, we discuss the core technologies and treatment strategies that have already gained approval for therapeutic applications in humans. We also review promising preclinical work that could either enhance the efficacy of existing treatment strategies or pave the way for new precision medicines to treat currently intractable human conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mingqi Xie
- Key Laboratory of Growth Regulation and Translational Research of Zhejiang Province, School of Life Sciences, Westlake University, Hangzhou 310024, Zheijang, China
- Westlake Laboratory of Life Sciences and Biomedicine, Hangzhou 310024, Zhejiang, China
- Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Westlake Institute for Advanced Study, Hangzhou 310024, Zheijang, China
| | - Mirta Viviani
- Key Laboratory of Growth Regulation and Translational Research of Zhejiang Province, School of Life Sciences, Westlake University, Hangzhou 310024, Zheijang, China
- Westlake Laboratory of Life Sciences and Biomedicine, Hangzhou 310024, Zhejiang, China
- Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Westlake Institute for Advanced Study, Hangzhou 310024, Zheijang, China
| | - Martin Fussenegger
- Department of Biosystems Science and Engineering, ETH Zurich, Basel, Switzerland
- Faculty of Science, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
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19
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Cao GD, He XB, Sun Q, Chen S, Wan K, Xu X, Feng X, Li PP, Chen B, Xiong MM. The Oncolytic Virus in Cancer Diagnosis and Treatment. Front Oncol 2020; 10:1786. [PMID: 33014876 PMCID: PMC7509414 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2020.01786] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2020] [Accepted: 08/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Cancer has always been an enormous threat to human health and survival. Surgery, radiotherapy, and chemotherapy could improve the survival of cancer patients, but most patients with advanced cancer usually have a poor survival or could not afford the high cost of chemotherapy. The emergence of oncolytic viruses provided a new strategy for us to alleviate or even cure malignant tumors. An oncolytic virus can be described as a genetically engineered or naturally existing virus that can selectively replicate in cancer cells and then kill them without damaging the healthy cells. There have been many kinds of oncolytic viruses, such as herpes simplex virus, adenovirus, and Coxsackievirus. Moreover, they have different clinical applications in cancer treatment. This review focused on the clinical application of oncolytic virus and predicted the prospect by analyzing the advantages and disadvantages of oncolytic virotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guo-dong Cao
- Department of General Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
| | - Xiao-bo He
- Department of General Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
| | - Qiang Sun
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Biological Cancer, Cancer Institute, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, China
| | - Sihan Chen
- Department of General Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
| | - Ke Wan
- Department of Oncology, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
| | - Xin Xu
- Department of General Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
| | - Xudong Feng
- Department of Infectious Disease, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Peng-ping Li
- Department of General Surgery, The First People’s Hospital of Xiaoshan District, Hangzhou, China
| | - Bo Chen
- Department of General Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
| | - Mao-ming Xiong
- Department of General Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
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20
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Multidirectional Strategies for Targeted Delivery of Oncolytic Viruses by Tumor Infiltrating Immune Cells. Pharmacol Res 2020; 161:105094. [PMID: 32795509 DOI: 10.1016/j.phrs.2020.105094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2020] [Revised: 07/18/2020] [Accepted: 07/20/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Oncolytic virus (OV) immunotherapy has demonstrated to be a promising approach in cancer treatment due to tumor-specific oncolysis. However, their clinical use so far has been largely limited due to the lack of suitable delivery strategies with high efficacy. Direct 'intratumoral' injection is the way to cross the hurdles of systemic toxicity, while providing local effects. Progress in this field has enabled the development of alternative way using 'systemic' oncolytic virotherapy for producing better results. One major potential roadblock to systemic OV delivery is the low virus persistence in the face of hostile immune system. The delivery challenge is even greater when attempting to target the oncolytic viruses into the entire tumor mass, where not all tumor cells are equally exposed to exactly the same microenvironment. The microenvironment of many tumors is known to be massively infiltrated with various types of leucocytes in both primary and metastatic sites. Interestingly, this intratumoral immune cell heterogeneity exhibits a degree of organized distribution inside the tumor bed as evidenced, for example, by the hypoxic tumor microenviroment where predominantly recruits tumor-associated macrophages. Although in vivo OV delivery seems complicated and challenging, recent results are encouraging for decreasing the limitations of systemically administered oncolytic viruses and an improved efficiency of oncolytic viral therapy in targeting cancerous tissues in vitro. Here, we review the latest developments of carrier cell-based oncolytic virus delivery using tumor-infiltrating immune cells with a focus on the main features of each cellular vehicle.
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21
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Jayawardena N, Poirier JT, Burga LN, Bostina M. Virus-Receptor Interactions and Virus Neutralization: Insights for Oncolytic Virus Development. Oncolytic Virother 2020; 9:1-15. [PMID: 32185149 PMCID: PMC7064293 DOI: 10.2147/ov.s186337] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2019] [Accepted: 02/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Oncolytic viruses (OVs) are replication competent agents that selectively target cancer cells. After penetrating the tumor cell, viruses replicate and eventually trigger cell lysis, releasing the new viral progeny, which at their turn will attack and kill neighbouring cells. The ability of OVs to self-amplify within the tumor while sparing normal cells can provide several advantages including the capacity to encode and locally produce therapeutic protein payloads, and to prime the host immune system. OVs targeting of cancer cells is mediated by host factors that are differentially expressed between normal tissue and tumors, including viral receptors and internalization factors. In this review article, we will discuss the evolution of oncolytic viruses that have reached the stage of clinical trials, their mechanisms of oncolysis, cellular receptors, strategies for targeting cancers, viral neutralization and developments to bypass virus neutralization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nadishka Jayawardena
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
| | - John T Poirier
- Department of Medicine and Molecular Pharmacology Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Laura N Burga
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
| | - Mihnea Bostina
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
- Otago Micro and Nano Imaging, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
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22
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Frank MJ, Olsson N, Huang A, Tang SW, Negrin RS, Elias JE, Meyer EH. A novel antibody-cell conjugation method to enhance and characterize cytokine-induced killer cells. Cytotherapy 2020; 22:135-143. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jcyt.2020.01.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2019] [Revised: 12/24/2019] [Accepted: 01/08/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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23
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Mesenchymal stem cells used as carrier cells of oncolytic adenovirus results in enhanced oncolytic virotherapy. Sci Rep 2020; 10:425. [PMID: 31949228 PMCID: PMC6965634 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-57240-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2019] [Accepted: 12/21/2019] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) loaded with oncolytic viruses are presently being investigated as a new modality of advanced/metastatic tumors treatment and enhancement of virotherapy. MSCs can, however, either promote or suppress tumor growth. To address the critical question of how MSCs loaded with oncolytic viruses affect virotherapy outcomes and tumor growth patterns in a tumor microenvironment, we developed and analyzed an integrated mathematical-experimental model. We used the model to describe both the growth dynamics in our experiments of firefly luciferase-expressing Hep3B tumor xenografts and the effects of the immune response during the MSCs-based virotherapy. We further employed it to explore the conceptual clinical feasibility, particularly, in evaluating the relative significance of potential immune promotive/suppressive mechanisms induced by MSCs loaded with oncolytic viruses. We were able to delineate conditions which may significantly contribute to the success or failure of MSC-based virotherapy as well as generate new hypotheses. In fact, one of the most impactful outcomes shown by this investigation, not inferred from the experiments alone, was the initially counter-intuitive fact that using tumor-promoting MSCs as carriers is not only helpful but necessary in achieving tumor control. Considering the fact that it is still currently a controversial debate whether MSCs exert a pro- or anti-tumor action, mathematical models such as this one help to quantitatively predict the consequences of using MSCs for delivering virotherapeutic agents in vivo. Taken together, our results show that MSC-mediated systemic delivery of oncolytic viruses is a promising strategy for achieving synergistic anti-tumor efficacy with improved safety profiles.
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Lemos de Matos A, Franco LS, McFadden G. Oncolytic Viruses and the Immune System: The Dynamic Duo. MOLECULAR THERAPY-METHODS & CLINICAL DEVELOPMENT 2020; 17:349-358. [PMID: 32071927 PMCID: PMC7015832 DOI: 10.1016/j.omtm.2020.01.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 139] [Impact Index Per Article: 34.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Oncolytic viruses (OVs) constitute a new and promising immunotherapeutic approach toward cancer treatment. This therapy takes advantage of the natural propensity of most tumor cells to be infected by specific OVs. Besides the direct killing potential (oncolysis), what makes OV administration attractive for the present cancer immunotherapeutic scenario is the capacity to induce two new overlapping, but distinct, immunities: anti-tumoral and anti-viral. OV infection and oncolysis naturally elicit both innate and adaptive immune responses (required for long-term anti-tumoral immunity); at the same time, the viral infection prompts an anti-viral response. In this review, we discuss the dynamic interaction between OVs and the triggered responses of the immune system. The anti-OV immunological events that lead to viral clearance and the strategies to deal with such potential loss of the therapeutic virus are discussed. Additionally, we review the immune stimulatory actions induced by OVs through different inherent strategies, such as modulation of the tumor microenvironment, the role of immunogenic cell death, and the consequences of genetically modifying OVs by arming them with therapeutic transgenes. An understanding of the balance between the OV-induced anti-tumoral versus anti-viral immunities will provide insight when choosing the appropriate virotherapy for any specific cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Lemos de Matos
- Biodesign Center for Immunotherapy, Vaccines, and Virotherapy (B-CIVV), The Biodesign Institute, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ 85287, USA
| | - Lina S Franco
- Biodesign Center for Immunotherapy, Vaccines, and Virotherapy (B-CIVV), The Biodesign Institute, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ 85287, USA
| | - Grant McFadden
- Biodesign Center for Immunotherapy, Vaccines, and Virotherapy (B-CIVV), The Biodesign Institute, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ 85287, USA
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25
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Clinical Trials with Combination of Cytokine-Induced Killer Cells and Dendritic Cells for Cancer Therapy. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:ijms20174307. [PMID: 31484350 PMCID: PMC6747410 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20174307] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2019] [Revised: 08/23/2019] [Accepted: 08/30/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Adoptive cellular immunotherapy (ACI) is a promising treatment for a number of cancers. Cytokine-induced killer cells (CIKs) are considered to be major cytotoxic immunologic effector cells. Usually cancer cells are able to suppress antitumor responses by secreting immunosuppressive factors. CIKs have significant antitumor activity and are capable of eradicating tumors with few side effects. They are a very encouraging cell population used against hematological and solid tumors, with an inexpensive expansion protocol which could yield to superior clinical outcome in clinical trials employing adoptive cellular therapy combination. In the last decade, clinical protocols have been modified by enriching lymphocytes with CIK cells. They are a subpopulation of lymphocytes characterized by the expression of CD3+ and CD56+ wich are surface markers common to T lymphocytes and natural killer NK cells. CIK cells are mainly used in two diseases: in hematological patients who suffer relapse after allogeneic transplantation and in patients with hepatic carcinoma after surgical ablation to eliminate residual tumor cells. Dendritic cells DCs could play a pivotal role in enhancing the antitumor efficacy of CIKs.
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26
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Zhao L, Li W, Wang Z, Yang Y, Zhang Y, Shang Y, Ren X, Gao Q. Survival benefit from RectroNectin-activated cytokine-induced killer cells combined with chemotherapy in advanced EGFR wild-type lung adenocarcinoma. Immunotherapy 2019; 10:501-510. [PMID: 29562855 DOI: 10.2217/imt-2017-0140] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
AIM To investigate the efficacy of chemotherapy and RectroNectin-activated cytokine-induced killer (R-CIK) cell immunotherapy in patients with advanced EGFR wild-type lung adenocarcinoma. METHODS Using data gathered from a single institution, 125 patients with stage IIIB or IV EGFR wild-type lung adenocarcinoma between January 2009 and June 2015 were identified and enrolled in this retrospective study. RESULTS The disease control rates and median overall survival was better in R-CIK group compared with control group. Multivariate survival analysis showed that R-CIK cell treatment was an independent prognostic factor for overall survival. CONCLUSION R-CIK cell immunotherapy may prolong survival of patients with advanced EGFR wild-type lung adenocarcinoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lingdi Zhao
- Department of Immunotherapy, Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Zhengzhou University & Henan Cancer Hospital, No.127, Dongming Road, Jinshui District, Zhengzhou, 450008, China
| | - Wei Li
- Department of Immunotherapy, Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Zhengzhou University & Henan Cancer Hospital, No.127, Dongming Road, Jinshui District, Zhengzhou, 450008, China
| | - Zibing Wang
- Department of Immunotherapy, Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Zhengzhou University & Henan Cancer Hospital, No.127, Dongming Road, Jinshui District, Zhengzhou, 450008, China
| | - Yonghao Yang
- Department of Immunotherapy, Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Zhengzhou University & Henan Cancer Hospital, No.127, Dongming Road, Jinshui District, Zhengzhou, 450008, China
| | - Yong Zhang
- Department of Immunotherapy, Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Zhengzhou University & Henan Cancer Hospital, No.127, Dongming Road, Jinshui District, Zhengzhou, 450008, China
| | - Yiman Shang
- Department of Immunotherapy, Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Zhengzhou University & Henan Cancer Hospital, No.127, Dongming Road, Jinshui District, Zhengzhou, 450008, China
| | - Xiubao Ren
- Department of Immunology, Tianjin Medical University Cancer Institute & Hospital, Tianjin, China
| | - Quanli Gao
- Department of Immunotherapy, Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Zhengzhou University & Henan Cancer Hospital, No.127, Dongming Road, Jinshui District, Zhengzhou, 450008, China
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Nakatake M, Kurosaki H, Kuwano N, Horita K, Ito M, Kono H, Okamura T, Hasegawa K, Yasutomi Y, Nakamura T. Partial Deletion of Glycoprotein B5R Enhances Vaccinia Virus Neutralization Escape while Preserving Oncolytic Function. MOLECULAR THERAPY-ONCOLYTICS 2019; 14:159-171. [PMID: 31236440 PMCID: PMC6580015 DOI: 10.1016/j.omto.2019.05.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2018] [Accepted: 05/09/2019] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
Vaccinia virus (VV) has been utilized in oncolytic virotherapy, but it risks a host antiviral immune response. VV has an extracellular enveloped virus (EEV) form consisting of a normal virion covered with a host-derived outer membrane that enables its spread via circulation while evading host immune mechanisms. However, the immune resistance of EEV is only partial, owing to expression of the surface protein B5R, which has four short consensus repeat (SCR) domains that are targeted by host immune factors. To engineer a more effective virus for oncolytic virotherapy, we developed an enhanced immune-evading oncolytic VV by removing the SCRs from the attenuated strain LC16mO. Although deletion of only the SCRs preserved viral replication, progeny production, and oncolytic activity, deletion of whole B5R led to attenuation of the virus. Importantly, SCR-deleted EEV had higher neutralization resistance than did B5R-wild-type EEV against VV-immunized animal serum; moreover, it retained oncolytic function, thereby prolonging the survival of tumor-bearing mice treated with anti-VV antibody. These results demonstrate that partial SCR deletion increases neutralization escape without affecting the oncolytic potency of VV, making it useful for the treatment of tumors under the anti-virus antibody existence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Motomu Nakatake
- Division of Molecular Medicine, Department of Biomedical Science, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Tottori University, 86 Nishi-cho, Yonago 683-8503, Japan
| | - Hajime Kurosaki
- Division of Molecular Medicine, Department of Biomedical Science, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Tottori University, 86 Nishi-cho, Yonago 683-8503, Japan
| | - Nozomi Kuwano
- Division of Molecular Medicine, Department of Biomedical Science, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Tottori University, 86 Nishi-cho, Yonago 683-8503, Japan
| | - Kosuke Horita
- Division of Molecular Medicine, Department of Biomedical Science, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Tottori University, 86 Nishi-cho, Yonago 683-8503, Japan
| | - Mai Ito
- Division of Molecular Medicine, Department of Biomedical Science, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Tottori University, 86 Nishi-cho, Yonago 683-8503, Japan
| | - Hiromichi Kono
- Division of Molecular Medicine, Department of Biomedical Science, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Tottori University, 86 Nishi-cho, Yonago 683-8503, Japan
| | - Tomotaka Okamura
- Laboratory of Immunoregulation and Vaccine Research, Tsukuba Primate Research Center, National Institutes of Biomedical Innovation, Health and Nutrition, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-0843, Japan
| | - Kosei Hasegawa
- Department of Gynecologic Oncology, Saitama Medical University International Medical Center, 1397-1, Yamane, Hidaka-City, Saitama 350-1298, Japan
| | - Yasuhiro Yasutomi
- Laboratory of Immunoregulation and Vaccine Research, Tsukuba Primate Research Center, National Institutes of Biomedical Innovation, Health and Nutrition, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-0843, Japan
| | - Takafumi Nakamura
- Division of Molecular Medicine, Department of Biomedical Science, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Tottori University, 86 Nishi-cho, Yonago 683-8503, Japan
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Narayan R, Benjamin JE, Shah O, Tian L, Tate K, Armstrong R, Xie BJ, Lowsky R, Laport G, Negrin RS, Meyer EH. Donor-Derived Cytokine-Induced Killer Cell Infusion as Consolidation after Nonmyeloablative Allogeneic Transplantation for Myeloid Neoplasms. Biol Blood Marrow Transplant 2019; 25:1293-1303. [PMID: 30951840 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbmt.2019.03.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2018] [Revised: 03/15/2019] [Accepted: 03/28/2019] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Non-myeloablative conditioning, such as with total lymphoid irradiation and antithymocyte globulin (TLI-ATG), has allowed allogeneic hematopoietic cell transplantation (allo-HCT) with curative potential for older patients and those with comorbid medical conditions with myeloid neoplasms. However, early achievement of full donor chimerism (FDC) and relapse remain challenging. Cytokine-induced killer (CIK) cells have been shown to have antitumor cytotoxicity. Infusion of donor-derived CIK cells has been studied for hematologic malignancies relapsed after allo-HCT but has not been evaluated as post-transplant consolidation. In this phase II study, we prospectively studied whether a one-time infusion of 1 × 108/kg CD3+ donor-derived CIK cells administered between day +21 and day +35 after TLI-ATG conditioning could improve achievement of FDC by day +90 and 2-year clinical outcomes in patients with myeloid neoplasms. CIK cells, containing predominantly CD3+CD8+NKG2D+ cells along with significantly expanded CD3+CD56+ cells, were infused in 31 of 44 patients. Study outcomes were compared to outcomes of a retrospective historical cohort of 100 patients. We found that this one-time CIK infusion did not increase the rate of FDC by day +90. On an intention-to-treat analysis, 2-year non-relapse mortality (6.8%; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0-14.5%), event-free survival (27.3%; 95% CI, 16.8-44.2%), and overall survival (50.6%; 95% CI, 37.5-68.2%) were similar to the values seen in the historical cohort. The cumulative incidence of grade II-IV acute graft-versus-host disease at 1-year was 25.1% (95% CI, 12-38.2%). On univariate analysis, the presence of monosomal or complex karyotype was adversely associated with relapse-free survival and overall survival. Given the favorable safety profile of CIK cell infusion, strategies such as repeat dosing or genetic modification merit exploration. This trial was registered at ClinicalTrials.gov (NCT01392989).
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Affiliation(s)
- Rupa Narayan
- Division of Blood and Marrow Transplantation, Department of Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, California
| | - Jonathan E Benjamin
- Division of Blood and Marrow Transplantation, Department of Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, California
| | - Omid Shah
- Division of Blood and Marrow Transplantation, Department of Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, California
| | - Lu Tian
- Department of Health Research and Policy, Stanford University, Stanford, California
| | - Keri Tate
- Stanford Laboratory for Cell and Gene Medicine, Stanford, California
| | - Randall Armstrong
- Division of Blood and Marrow Transplantation, Department of Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, California
| | - Bryan J Xie
- Division of Blood and Marrow Transplantation, Department of Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, California
| | - Robert Lowsky
- Division of Blood and Marrow Transplantation, Department of Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, California
| | - Ginna Laport
- Division of Blood and Marrow Transplantation, Department of Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, California
| | - Robert S Negrin
- Division of Blood and Marrow Transplantation, Department of Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, California
| | - Everett H Meyer
- Division of Blood and Marrow Transplantation, Department of Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, California.
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Lin XR, Zhou XL, Feng Q, Pan XY, Song SL, Fang H, Lei J, Yang JL. CIK cell-based delivery of recombinant adenovirus KGHV500 carrying the anti-p21Ras scFv gene enhances the anti-tumor effect and safety in lung cancer. J Cancer Res Clin Oncol 2019; 145:1123-1132. [PMID: 30796510 DOI: 10.1007/s00432-019-02857-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2018] [Accepted: 02/06/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Adenovirus (Ads) is one of the most popular vectors used in gene therapy for the treatment of cancer. However, systemic therapy is limited by circulating antiviral antibodies and poor viral delivery in vivo. In this study, we used cytokine-induced killer (CIK) cells as delivery vehicles of Ads KGHV500 carrying the anti-p21Ras scFv gene to treat Ras gene-related lung cancer and investigate the anti-tumor effect in vitro and in vivo. METHODS The human lung cancer cell line A549 was employed to investigate the anti-tumor activity of recombinant Ads KGHV500 harboring the anti-p21Ras scFv gene using MTT, wound healing, transwell invasion, and apoptosis assays in vitro. Next, CIK cells were used as delivery vehicles to deliver KGHV500 carrying the anti-p21Ras scFv gene to treat A549-transplanted tumors in nude mice, and viral replication, p21Ras scFv expression, and the therapeutic efficacy were assessed. RESULTS In vitro studies showed that KGHV500 had potent anti-tumor activity. In addition, in vivo, this combination therapy significantly inhibited the growth of lung cancer xenografts compared with mice treated with KGHV500 alone. KGHV500 and anti-p21Ras scFv were observed in tumor tissue, but were nearly undetectable in normal tissues. CONCLUSIONS The co-delivery of anti-p21Ras scFv by CIK cells and KGHV500 could increase the anti-tumor effect and safety, and possess considerable advantages for the treatment of Ras-related cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin-Rui Lin
- Graduate School, Kunming Medical University, Chenggong District, Kunming, People's Republic of China.,Department of Pathology, 920th Hospital of the Joint Logistics Support Force of PLA, 212 Daguan Road, Kunming, 650032, Yunnan, People's Republic of China
| | - Xin-Liang Zhou
- Department of Pathology, Medical Faculty, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming, People's Republic of China
| | - Qiang Feng
- Department of Pathology, 920th Hospital of the Joint Logistics Support Force of PLA, 212 Daguan Road, Kunming, 650032, Yunnan, People's Republic of China
| | - Xin-Yan Pan
- Department of Pathology, 920th Hospital of the Joint Logistics Support Force of PLA, 212 Daguan Road, Kunming, 650032, Yunnan, People's Republic of China
| | - Shu-Ling Song
- Department of Pathology, 920th Hospital of the Joint Logistics Support Force of PLA, 212 Daguan Road, Kunming, 650032, Yunnan, People's Republic of China
| | - Hong Fang
- Department of Pathology, 920th Hospital of the Joint Logistics Support Force of PLA, 212 Daguan Road, Kunming, 650032, Yunnan, People's Republic of China
| | - Jin Lei
- Department of Pathology, 920th Hospital of the Joint Logistics Support Force of PLA, 212 Daguan Road, Kunming, 650032, Yunnan, People's Republic of China
| | - Ju-Lun Yang
- Graduate School, Kunming Medical University, Chenggong District, Kunming, People's Republic of China. .,Department of Pathology, 920th Hospital of the Joint Logistics Support Force of PLA, 212 Daguan Road, Kunming, 650032, Yunnan, People's Republic of China. .,Department of Pathology, Medical Faculty, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming, People's Republic of China.
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30
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Liu FR, Bai S, Feng Q, Pan XY, Song SL, Fang H, Cui J, Yang JL. Anti-colorectal cancer effects of anti-p21Ras scFv delivered by the recombinant adenovirus KGHV500 and cytokine-induced killer cells. BMC Cancer 2018; 18:1087. [PMID: 30419845 PMCID: PMC6233365 DOI: 10.1186/s12885-018-4989-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2018] [Accepted: 10/23/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Colorectal cancer (CRC) is the most common type of gastrointestinal cancer. CRC gene therapy mediated by adenovirus holds great promise for the treatment of malignancies. However, intravenous delivery of adenovirus exhibits limited anti-tumor activity in vivo when used alone. METHODS In this study, the antitumor activity of the recombinant adenovirus KGHV500 was assessed with the MTT, TUNEL, Matrigel invasion and cell migration assays. To enhance the intravenous delivery of KGHV500 in vivo, cytokine-induced killer (CIK) cells were used as a second vector to carry KGHV500. We explored whether CIK cells could carry the recombinant adenovirus KGHV500 containing the anti-p21Ras single chain fragment variable antibody (scFv) gene into tumors and enhance antitumor potency. RESULTS Our results showed that KGHV500 exhibited significant antitumor activity in vitro. In the nude mouse SW480 tumor xenograft model, the combination of CIK cells with KGHV500 could induce higher antitumor activity against colorectal cancer in vivo than that induced by either CIK or KGHV500 alone. After seven days of treatment, adenovirus and scFv were detected in tumor tissue but were not detected in normal tissues by immunohistochemistry. Therefore, KGHV500 replicates in tumors and successfully expresses anti-p21Ras scFv in a colorectal cancer xenograft model. CONCLUSIONS Our study provides a novel strategy for the treatment of colorectal cancer by combining CIK cells with the recombinant adenovirus KGHV500 which carried anti-p21 Ras scFv.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fang-Rui Liu
- Faculty of Medicine, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming, Yunnan, 650500, China
| | - Shuang Bai
- Faculty of Medicine, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming, Yunnan, 650500, China
| | - Qiang Feng
- Department of Pathology, Kunming General Hospital, 212 Daguan Road, Kunming, Yunnan, 650032, People's Republic of China
| | - Xin-Yan Pan
- Department of Pathology, Kunming General Hospital, 212 Daguan Road, Kunming, Yunnan, 650032, People's Republic of China
| | - Shu-Ling Song
- Department of Pathology, Kunming General Hospital, 212 Daguan Road, Kunming, Yunnan, 650032, People's Republic of China
| | - Hong Fang
- Department of Pathology, Kunming General Hospital, 212 Daguan Road, Kunming, Yunnan, 650032, People's Republic of China
| | - Jing Cui
- Department of Pathology, Kunming General Hospital, 212 Daguan Road, Kunming, Yunnan, 650032, People's Republic of China
| | - Ju-Lun Yang
- Faculty of Medicine, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming, Yunnan, 650500, China. .,Department of Pathology, Kunming General Hospital, 212 Daguan Road, Kunming, Yunnan, 650032, People's Republic of China.
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31
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Recombinant Adenovirus KGHV500 and CIK Cells Codeliver Anti-p21-Ras scFv for the Treatment of Gastric Cancer with Wild-Type Ras Overexpression. MOLECULAR THERAPY-ONCOLYTICS 2018; 11:90-101. [PMID: 30534583 PMCID: PMC6280635 DOI: 10.1016/j.omto.2018.10.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2018] [Accepted: 10/16/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
The development of gastric cancer is frequently related to the overexpression of wild-type p21 proteins, but it is rarely related to mutated Ras proteins. We previously constructed a broad-spectrum anti-p21-Ras single-chain variable fragment antibody (scFv), which was carried by the oncolytic adenovirus KGHV500. Here we explored the antitumor effects of this recombinant oncolytic adenovirus carried by cytokine-induced killer (CIK) cells on human gastric SGC7901 cells that overexpress wild-type Ras. The MTT assay, scratch test, Transwell assay, and terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase-mediated dUTP nick end labeling (TUNEL) assay were performed in vitro to investigate the proliferation, migration, invasiveness, and cell apoptosis rate, respectively, of the human gastric cell line SGC7901 treated with KGHV500 adenovirus. Then, the tumor-targeting ability and systemic safety of KGHV500 adenovirus delivered by CIK cells were explored in vivo. We found that KGHV500 adenovirus could significantly inhibit proliferation, migration, and invasiveness and promote cell apoptosis in SGC7901 cells in vitro. In vivo studies showed that CIK cells could successfully deliver KGHV500 adenovirus to the tumor site; the two vectors synergistically killed tumor cells, and the treatment was relatively safe for normal tissues. In conclusion, this therapeutic strategy of recombinant adenovirus KGHV500 delivered by CIK cells offers a positive prospect for the targeted therapy of Ras-related cancers.
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Shi SB, Ma TH, Li CH, Tang XY. Effect of Maintenance Therapy with Dendritic Cells: Cytokine-Induced Killer Cells in Patients with Advanced Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer. TUMORI JOURNAL 2018; 98:314-9. [DOI: 10.1177/030089161209800306] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Aims and background The incidence and development of cancer are closely related to dysfunction of immune function. The immune system cannot identify and remove malignant and mutant cells, which cause tumor cells to escape from surveillance and clearance of the immune system. Immunobiological cancer therapy plays an important role in strengthening body immunological surveillance function and killing remaining tumor cells in the body. We investigated the role of DC/CIK (dendritic cell/cytokine-induced killer cells) immunobiological cancer therapy in maintenance therapy of advanced non-small cell lung cancer. Methods When 60 cases of non-small cell lung cancer patients in stage IIIb and IV reached stable disease after treatment with 4 cycles of a two-drug regimen with platinum, they were randomly divided into two groups. One group was treated with DC/CIK immunobiological cancer therapy, and the other was taken as a control group. Finally, cancer progression time and toxicity reaction of the two groups were evaluated. Results DC/CIK treatment prolongs progression-free survival (3.20 months [95% CI, 2.94–3.50] vs 2.56 months [95% CI, 2.39–2.73]; P <0.05). In the treatment group, the proportion of NK cells, T-cell subgroups CD3+, CD4+ and CD8+ had a significant change before and after treatment. Liver and kidney function and blood tests of the treatment group were within the normal range before and after treatment. In the treatment group, 1 case suffered from chest distress, 3 cases suffered from acratia, and 4 cases suffered from pyrexia. Conclusions DC/CIK treatment had potential benefit for patients with advanced non-small cell lung cancer compared with the control group and had no obvious side effects. DC/CIK treatment is a safe and effective method for maintenance therapy of advanced non-small cell lung cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sheng Bin Shi
- Department of Internal Medicine V, Shang Dong Tumor
Hospital, Jinan, PRC
| | - Ting Hang Ma
- Department of Internal Medicine V, Shang Dong Tumor
Hospital, Jinan, PRC
| | - Chun Hua Li
- Department of Internal Medicine V, Shang Dong Tumor
Hospital, Jinan, PRC
| | - Xiao Yong Tang
- Department of Internal Medicine V, Shang Dong Tumor
Hospital, Jinan, PRC
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33
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Introna M. CIK as therapeutic agents against tumors. J Autoimmun 2017; 85:32-44. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jaut.2017.06.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2017] [Revised: 06/19/2017] [Accepted: 06/19/2017] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
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Cao J, Chen C, Gao Y, Hu L, Liang Y, Xiao J. Identification of a protein associated with the activity of cytokine-induced killer cells. Oncol Lett 2017; 14:6937-6942. [PMID: 29163711 DOI: 10.3892/ol.2017.7042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2016] [Accepted: 07/14/2017] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Cytokine-induced killer cells (CIKs) adoptive immunotherapy for efficient antitumor ability is used clinically, but details regarding the proteins associated with CIK activity remain unclear. In the current study, the cytotoxicity of CIKs on hepatoma was identified to be significantly downregulated by 1.61-fold following gentamincin treatment. Further research revealed that a differentially expressed protein (P43) was significantly downregulated by 1.22-fold using one-dimensional gel electrophoresis analysis. Of these, the P43 was identified as human haptoglobin using liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry. Western blotting demonstrated that the haptoglobin specifically reacted with rabbit anti-human-haptoglobin. Furthermore, western blotting results verified that the haptoglobin was significantly downregulated by 1.17-fold compared with the control group. In addition, the expression of haptoglobin mRNA was significantly downregulated by 1.73-fold following gentamincin treatment. Taken together, the results of the present study demonstrated that the expression of haptoglobin protein was associated with the activity of CIKs, and the results will be beneficial to the further investigation of CIK activity-enhancement mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingsong Cao
- Institute of Pathogenic Biology, Medical College, Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory for Special Pathogens Prevention and Control, University of South China, Hengyang, Hunan 421001, P.R. China.,Hunan Province Cooperative Innovation Center for Molecular Target New Drug Study, University of South China, Hengyang, Hunan 421001, P.R. China
| | - Cong Chen
- Laboratory Department, The Second Hospital, University of South China, Hengyang, Hunan 421001, P.R. China
| | - Yongqiang Gao
- Institute of Pathogenic Biology, Medical College, Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory for Special Pathogens Prevention and Control, University of South China, Hengyang, Hunan 421001, P.R. China.,Hunan Province Cooperative Innovation Center for Molecular Target New Drug Study, University of South China, Hengyang, Hunan 421001, P.R. China
| | - Li Hu
- Institute of Pathogenic Biology, Medical College, Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory for Special Pathogens Prevention and Control, University of South China, Hengyang, Hunan 421001, P.R. China.,Hunan Province Cooperative Innovation Center for Molecular Target New Drug Study, University of South China, Hengyang, Hunan 421001, P.R. China
| | - Yu Liang
- Institute of Pathogenic Biology, Medical College, Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory for Special Pathogens Prevention and Control, University of South China, Hengyang, Hunan 421001, P.R. China.,Hunan Province Cooperative Innovation Center for Molecular Target New Drug Study, University of South China, Hengyang, Hunan 421001, P.R. China
| | - Jianhua Xiao
- Institute of Pathogenic Biology, Medical College, Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory for Special Pathogens Prevention and Control, University of South China, Hengyang, Hunan 421001, P.R. China.,Hunan Province Cooperative Innovation Center for Molecular Target New Drug Study, University of South China, Hengyang, Hunan 421001, P.R. China
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35
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Ajina A, Maher J. Prospects for combined use of oncolytic viruses and CAR T-cells. J Immunother Cancer 2017; 5:90. [PMID: 29157300 PMCID: PMC5696728 DOI: 10.1186/s40425-017-0294-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2017] [Accepted: 10/17/2017] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
With the approval of talimogene laherparepvec (T-VEC) for inoperable locally advanced or metastatic malignant melanoma in the USA and Europe, oncolytic virotherapy is now emerging as a viable therapeutic option for cancer patients. In parallel, following the favourable results of several clinical trials, adoptive cell transfer using chimeric antigen receptor (CAR)-redirected T-cells is anticipated to enter routine clinical practice for the management of chemotherapy-refractory B-cell malignancies. However, CAR T-cell therapy for patients with advanced solid tumours has proved far less successful. This Review draws upon recent advances in the design of novel oncolytic viruses and CAR T-cells and provides a comprehensive overview of the synergistic potential of combination oncolytic virotherapy with CAR T-cell adoptive cell transfer for the management of solid tumours, drawing particular attention to the methods by which recombinant oncolytic viruses may augment CAR T-cell trafficking into the tumour microenvironment, mitigate or reverse local immunosuppression and enhance CAR T-cell effector function and persistence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adam Ajina
- Department of Oncology, Royal Free London NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK
| | - John Maher
- King’s College London, CAR Mechanics Group, School of Cancer and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guy’s Hospital Campus, Great Maze Pond, London, SE1 9RT UK
- Department of Clinical Immunology and Allergy, King’s College Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK
- Department of Immunology, Eastbourne Hospital, East Sussex, UK
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36
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Zhao X, Ouyang W, Chester C, Long S, Wang N, He Z. Cytokine-induced killer cell delivery enhances the antitumor activity of oncolytic reovirus. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0184816. [PMID: 28922411 PMCID: PMC5602626 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0184816] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2016] [Accepted: 08/31/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Oncolytic viruses (OV) have recently emerged as a promising therapeutic modality in cancer treatment. OV selectively infect and kill tumor cells, while sparing untransformed cells. The direct cytotoxic effects combined with the capacity to trigger an immune response make OV an appealing combination partner in the burgeoning field of cancer immunotherapy. One of the leading OV therapeutic candidates is the double-stranded RNA virus reovirus. In order to improve the oncolytic activity of reovirus and allow for systemic administration despite the prevalence of neutralizing antibodies, cytokine-induced killer (CIK) cells were explored as cell carriers for reovirus delivery. In this study, CIK cells were successfully loaded with reovirus ex vivo, and viral replication was limited in CIK cells. Confocal microscopy and flow cytometry demonstrated that CIK cells retained reovirus on the surface. Moreover, CIK cells could promote reovirus infection of tumor cells in the presence of neutralizing antibodies; meanwhile, cytotoxicity of CIK cells was increased after loading with reovirus. These findings support further investigation of reovirus and CIK combination for antitumor therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xing Zhao
- Stem Cell and Tissue Engineering Research Center, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, Guizhou, China
- Department of Immunology, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, Guizhou, China
| | - Weiwei Ouyang
- Department of Thoracic Oncology, Affiliated Hospital of Guizhou Medical University, and Guizhou Cancer Hospital, Guiyang, Guizhou, China
| | - Cariad Chester
- Department of Medicine, Division of Oncology, Stanford University, Stanford, California, United States of America
| | - Shiqi Long
- Department of Immunology, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, Guizhou, China
| | - Nianxue Wang
- Department of Immunology, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, Guizhou, China
| | - Zhixu He
- Stem Cell and Tissue Engineering Research Center, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, Guizhou, China
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Tiefenboeck P, Kim JA, Trunk F, Eicher T, Russo E, Teijeira A, Halin C, Leroux JC. Microinjection for the ex Vivo Modification of Cells with Artificial Organelles. ACS NANO 2017; 11:7758-7769. [PMID: 28777538 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.7b01404] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Microinjection is extensively used across fields to deliver material intracellularly. Here we address the fundamental aspects of introducing exogenous organelles into cells to endow them with artificial functions. Nanocarriers encapsulating biologically active cargo or extreme intraluminal pH were injected directly into the cytosol of cells, where they bypassed subcellular processing pathways and remained intact for several days. Nanocarriers' size was found to dictate their intracellular distribution pattern upon injection, with larger vesicles adopting polarized agglomerated distributions and smaller colloids spreading evenly in the cytosol. This in turn determined the symmetry or asymmetry of their dilution following cell division, ultimately affecting the intracellular dose at a cell population level. As an example of microinjection's applicability, a cell type relevant for cell-based therapies (dendritic cells) was injected with vesicles, and its migratory properties were studied in a co-culture system mimicking lymphatic capillaries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter Tiefenboeck
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Department of Chemistry and Applied Biosciences, ETH Zürich , 8093 Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Jong Ah Kim
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Department of Chemistry and Applied Biosciences, ETH Zürich , 8093 Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Ferdinand Trunk
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Department of Chemistry and Applied Biosciences, ETH Zürich , 8093 Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Tamara Eicher
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Department of Chemistry and Applied Biosciences, ETH Zürich , 8093 Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Erica Russo
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Department of Chemistry and Applied Biosciences, ETH Zürich , 8093 Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Alvaro Teijeira
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Department of Chemistry and Applied Biosciences, ETH Zürich , 8093 Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Cornelia Halin
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Department of Chemistry and Applied Biosciences, ETH Zürich , 8093 Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Jean-Christophe Leroux
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Department of Chemistry and Applied Biosciences, ETH Zürich , 8093 Zürich, Switzerland
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38
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Introna M, Lussana F, Algarotti A, Gotti E, Valgardsdottir R, Micò C, Grassi A, Pavoni C, Ferrari ML, Delaini F, Todisco E, Cavattoni I, Deola S, Biagi E, Balduzzi A, Rovelli A, Parma M, Napolitano S, Sgroi G, Marrocco E, Perseghin P, Belotti D, Cabiati B, Gaipa G, Golay J, Biondi A, Rambaldi A. Phase II Study of Sequential Infusion of Donor Lymphocyte Infusion and Cytokine-Induced Killer Cells for Patients Relapsed after Allogeneic Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplantation. Biol Blood Marrow Transplant 2017; 23:2070-2078. [PMID: 28712935 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbmt.2017.07.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2017] [Accepted: 07/07/2017] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Seventy-four patients who relapsed after allogeneic stem cell transplantation were enrolled in a phase IIA study and treated with the sequential infusion of donor lymphocyte infusion (DLI) followed by cytokine-induced killer (CIK) cells. Seventy-three patients were available for the intention to treat analysis. At least 1 infusion of CIK cells was given to 59 patients, whereas 43 patients received the complete cell therapy planned (58%). Overall, 12 patients (16%) developed acute graft-versus-host disease (aGVHD) of grades I to II in 7 cases and grades III to IV in 5). In 8 of 12 cases, aGVHD developed during DLI treatment, leading to interruption of the cellular program in 3 patients, whereas in the remaining 5 cases aGVHD was controlled by steroids treatment, thus allowing the subsequent planned administration of CIK cells. Chronic GVHD (cGVHD) was observed in 11 patients (15%). A complete response was observed in 19 (26%), partial response in 3 (4%), stable disease in 8 (11%), early death in 2 (3%), and disease progression in 41 (56%). At 1 and 3 years, rates of progression-free survival were 31% and 29%, whereas rates of overall survival were 51% and 40%, respectively. By multivariate analysis, the type of relapse, the presence of cGVHD, and a short (<6 months) time from allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation to relapse were the significant predictors of survival. In conclusion, a low incidence of GVHD is observed after the sequential administration of DLI and CIK cells, and disease control can be achieved mostly after a cytogenetic or molecular relapse.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martino Introna
- USS Center of Cell Therapy "G. Lanzani" ASST Papa Giovanni XXIII Bergamo, Bergamo,Italy.
| | - Federico Lussana
- USC Hematology and Bone Marrow Transplant Unit ASST Papa Giovanni XXIII Bergamo, Bergamo, Italy
| | - Alessandra Algarotti
- USC Hematology and Bone Marrow Transplant Unit ASST Papa Giovanni XXIII Bergamo, Bergamo, Italy
| | - Elisa Gotti
- USS Center of Cell Therapy "G. Lanzani" ASST Papa Giovanni XXIII Bergamo, Bergamo,Italy
| | - Rut Valgardsdottir
- USS Center of Cell Therapy "G. Lanzani" ASST Papa Giovanni XXIII Bergamo, Bergamo,Italy
| | - Caterina Micò
- USC Hematology and Bone Marrow Transplant Unit ASST Papa Giovanni XXIII Bergamo, Bergamo, Italy
| | - Anna Grassi
- USC Hematology and Bone Marrow Transplant Unit ASST Papa Giovanni XXIII Bergamo, Bergamo, Italy
| | - Chiara Pavoni
- USC Hematology and Bone Marrow Transplant Unit ASST Papa Giovanni XXIII Bergamo, Bergamo, Italy
| | - Maria Luisa Ferrari
- USC Hematology and Bone Marrow Transplant Unit ASST Papa Giovanni XXIII Bergamo, Bergamo, Italy
| | - Federica Delaini
- USC Hematology and Bone Marrow Transplant Unit ASST Papa Giovanni XXIII Bergamo, Bergamo, Italy
| | - Elisabetta Todisco
- Department of Oncology and Hematology, Humanitas Cancer Center, IRCCS Rozzano, Rozzano, Italy
| | - Irene Cavattoni
- Division of Hematology and TMO, Ospedale Centrale Bolzano, Bolzano, Italy
| | - Sara Deola
- Division of Hematology and TMO, Ospedale Centrale Bolzano, Bolzano, Italy
| | - Ettore Biagi
- University of Milano Bicocca, MBBM Foundation, ASST Monza Ospedale San Gerardo, Monza, Italy
| | - Adriana Balduzzi
- Pediatric Department, Foundation MBBM, ASST Monza Ospedale San Gerardo, Monza, Italy
| | - Attilio Rovelli
- Pediatric Department, Foundation MBBM, ASST Monza Ospedale San Gerardo, Monza, Italy
| | - Matteo Parma
- Division of Hematology, ASST Monza Ospedale San Gerardo, Monza, Italy
| | - Sara Napolitano
- Pediatric Department, Foundation MBBM, ASST Monza Ospedale San Gerardo, Monza, Italy
| | - Giusy Sgroi
- Pediatric Department, Foundation MBBM, ASST Monza Ospedale San Gerardo, Monza, Italy
| | - Emanuela Marrocco
- Pediatric Department, Foundation MBBM, ASST Monza Ospedale San Gerardo, Monza, Italy
| | - Paolo Perseghin
- UOS Apheresis and New Transfusion Technologies, ASST Monza Ospedale San Gerardo, Monza, Italy
| | - Daniela Belotti
- Laboratory of Cell and Gene Therapy, "Stefano Verri" ASST Monza Ospedale San Gerardo, Monza, Italy
| | - Benedetta Cabiati
- Laboratory of Cell and Gene Therapy, "Stefano Verri" ASST Monza Ospedale San Gerardo, Monza, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Gaipa
- Laboratory of Cell and Gene Therapy, "Stefano Verri" ASST Monza Ospedale San Gerardo, Monza, Italy
| | - Josée Golay
- USS Center of Cell Therapy "G. Lanzani" ASST Papa Giovanni XXIII Bergamo, Bergamo,Italy
| | - Andrea Biondi
- University of Milano Bicocca, MBBM Foundation, ASST Monza Ospedale San Gerardo, Monza, Italy
| | - Alessandro Rambaldi
- USC Hematology and Bone Marrow Transplant Unit ASST Papa Giovanni XXIII Bergamo, Bergamo, Italy; Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan Italy
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39
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Meng Y, Yu Z, Wu Y, Du T, Chen S, Meng F, Su N, Ma Y, Li X, Sun S, Zhang G. Cell-based immunotherapy with cytokine-induced killer (CIK) cells: From preparation and testing to clinical application. Hum Vaccin Immunother 2017; 13:1-9. [PMID: 28301281 PMCID: PMC5489295 DOI: 10.1080/21645515.2017.1285987] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2016] [Revised: 01/11/2017] [Accepted: 01/19/2017] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Cell-based immunotherapy holds promise in the quest for the treatment of cancer, having potential synergy with surgery, chemotherapy and radiotherapy. As a novel approach for adoptive cell-based immunotherapy, cytokine-induced killer (CIK) cells have moved from the 'bench to bedside'. CIK cells are a heterogeneous subset of ex-vitro expanded, polyclonal T-effector cells with both natural killer (NK) and T-cell properties, which present potent non-major histocompatibility complex-restricted cytotoxicity against a variety of tumor target cells. Initial clinical studies on CIK cell therapy have provided encouraging results and revealed synergistic antitumor effects when combined with standard therapeutic procedures. At the same time, issues such as inadequate quality control and quantity of CIK cells as well as exaggerated propaganda were continuously emerging. Thus, the Ministry of Health in China stopped CIK cell therapy in May 2016, which was a major setback for the innovation of CIK cell-based immunotherapy. Thus, it is very important to modify technical criteria to develop a standardized operation procedure (SOP) and standardized system for evaluating antitumor efficacy in a safe way.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yiming Meng
- Central Laboratory, Cancer Hospital of China Medical University, Dadong District, Shenyang, China
| | - Zhifu Yu
- Department of Epidemiology, Cancer Hospital of China Medical University, Dadong District, Shenyang, China
| | - Yefeng Wu
- Central Laboratory, Cancer Hospital of China Medical University, Dadong District, Shenyang, China
| | - Tianzhao Du
- Central Laboratory, Cancer Hospital of China Medical University, Dadong District, Shenyang, China
| | - Shi Chen
- Central Laboratory, Cancer Hospital of China Medical University, Dadong District, Shenyang, China
| | - Fanjuan Meng
- Central Laboratory, Cancer Hospital of China Medical University, Dadong District, Shenyang, China
| | - Nan Su
- Central Laboratory, Cancer Hospital of China Medical University, Dadong District, Shenyang, China
| | - Yushu Ma
- Central Laboratory, Cancer Hospital of China Medical University, Dadong District, Shenyang, China
| | - Xiaoxi Li
- Central Laboratory, Cancer Hospital of China Medical University, Dadong District, Shenyang, China
| | - Sulan Sun
- Central Laboratory, Cancer Hospital of China Medical University, Dadong District, Shenyang, China
| | - Guirong Zhang
- Central Laboratory, Cancer Hospital of China Medical University, Dadong District, Shenyang, China
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40
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Filley AC, Dey M. Immune System, Friend or Foe of Oncolytic Virotherapy? Front Oncol 2017; 7:106. [PMID: 28589085 PMCID: PMC5440545 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2017.00106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 94] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2017] [Accepted: 05/08/2017] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Oncolytic viruses (OVs) are an emerging class of targeted anticancer therapies designed to selectively infect, replicate in, and lyse malignant cells without causing harm to normal, healthy tissues. In addition to direct oncolytic activity, OVs have shown dual promise as immunotherapeutic agents. The presence of viral infection and subsequently generated immunogenic tumor cell death trigger innate and adaptive immune responses that mediate further tumor destruction. However, antiviral immune responses can intrinsically limit OV infection, spread, and overall therapeutic efficacy. Host immune system can act both as a barrier as well as a facilitator and sometimes both at the same time based on the phase of viral infection. Thus, manipulating the host immune system to minimize antiviral responses and viral clearance while still promoting immune-mediated tumor destruction remains a key challenge facing oncolytic virotherapy. Recent clinical trials have established the safety, tolerability, and efficacy of virotherapies in the treatment of a variety of malignancies. Most notably, talimogene laherparepvec (T-VEC), a genetically engineered oncolytic herpesvirus-expressing granulocyte macrophage colony stimulating factor, was recently approved for the treatment of melanoma, representing the first OV to be approved by the FDA as an anticancer therapy in the US. This review discusses OVs and their antitumor properties, their complex interactions with the immune system, synergy between virotherapy and existing cancer treatments, and emerging strategies to augment the efficacy of OVs as anticancer therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna C Filley
- Department of Neurosurgery, Indiana University-Purdue University Indianapolis, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - Mahua Dey
- Department of Neurosurgery, Indiana University-Purdue University Indianapolis, Indianapolis, IN, USA
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41
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Haddad D. Genetically Engineered Vaccinia Viruses As Agents for Cancer Treatment, Imaging, and Transgene Delivery. Front Oncol 2017; 7:96. [PMID: 28589082 PMCID: PMC5440573 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2017.00096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2017] [Accepted: 04/27/2017] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Despite advances in technology, the formidable challenge of treating cancer, especially if advanced, still remains with no significant improvement in survival rates, even with the most common forms of cancer. Oncolytic viral therapies have shown great promise for the treatment of various cancers, with the possible advantages of stronger treatment efficacy compared to conventional therapy due to higher tumor selectivity, and less toxicity. They are able to preferentially and selectively propagate in cancer cells, consequently destroying tumor tissue mainly via cell lysis, while leaving non-cancerous tissues unharmed. Several wild-type and genetically engineered vaccinia virus (VACV) strains have been tested in both preclinical and clinical trials with promising results. Greater understanding and advancements in molecular biology have enabled the generation of genetically engineered oncolytic viruses for safer and more efficacious treatment, including arming VACVs with cytokines and immunostimulatory molecules, anti-angiogenic agents, and enzyme prodrug therapy, in addition to combining VACVs with conventional external and systemic radiotherapy, chemotherapy, immunotherapy, and other virus strains. Furthermore, novel oncolytic vaccinia virus strains have been generated that express reporter genes for the tracking and imaging of viral therapy and monitoring of therapeutic response. Further study is needed to unlock VACVs’ full potential as part of the future of cancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dana Haddad
- Department of Radiology, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
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42
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Liu J, Wang L, Wang Y, Zhang W, Cao Y. Phenotypic characterization and anticancer capacity of CD8+ cytokine-induced killer cells after antigen-induced expansion. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0175704. [PMID: 28426690 PMCID: PMC5398541 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0175704] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2016] [Accepted: 03/30/2017] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Cytokine-induced killer cells (CIK) have been used in clinic for adoptive immunotherapy in a variety of malignant tumors and have improved the prognosis of cancer patients. However, there are individual differences in the CIK cell preparations including the obvious differences in the ratio of effector CIK cells among different cancer patients. Infusion of such heterogeneous immune cell preparation is an important factor that would affect the therapeutic efficacy. We report here the enrichment and expansion of CD8+ cells from CIK cells cultured for one week using magnetic activated cell sorting (MACS). These enriched CD8+ CIK cells expressed T cell marker CD3 and antigen recognition receptor NKG2D. Phenotypic analysis showed that CD8+ CIK cells contained 32.4% of CD3+ CD56+ natural killer (NK)-like T cells, 23.6% of CD45RO+ CD28+, and 50.5% of CD45RA+ CD27+ memory T cells. In vitro cytotoxic activity assay demonstrated that the enriched CD8+ CIK cells had significant cytotoxic activity against K562 cells and five ovarian cancer cell lines. Intriguingly, CD8+ CIK cells had strong cytotoxic activity against OVCAR3 cells that has weak binding capability to NKG2D. Flow cytometry and quantitative RT-PCR analysis revealed that OVCAR3 cells expressed HLA-I and OCT4 and Sox2, suggesting that CD8+ CIK cells recognize surface antigen via specific T cell receptor and effectively kill the target cells. The results suggest that transplantation of such in vitro enriched and expanded OCT4-specific CD8+ CIK cells may improve the specific immune defense mechanism against cancer stem cells, providing a novel avenue of cancer stem cell targeted immunotherapy for clinical treatment of ovarian cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianhua Liu
- Department of Plastic Surgery, Shanghai Ninth People’s Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Lu Wang
- Department of Plastic Surgery, Shanghai Ninth People’s Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Yaoling Wang
- Department of Plastic Surgery, Shanghai Ninth People’s Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Wenjie Zhang
- Department of Plastic Surgery, Shanghai Ninth People’s Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
- * E-mail: (YC); (WZ)
| | - Yilin Cao
- Department of Plastic Surgery, Shanghai Ninth People’s Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
- * E-mail: (YC); (WZ)
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43
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Biotherapy in Inflammatory Diseases of the CNS: Current Knowledge and Applications. Curr Treat Options Neurol 2017; 19:19. [DOI: 10.1007/s11940-017-0456-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
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44
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Chaurasiya S, Warner S. Viroimmunotherapy for Colorectal Cancer: Clinical Studies. Biomedicines 2017; 5:E11. [PMID: 28536354 PMCID: PMC5423497 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines5010011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2017] [Accepted: 03/02/2017] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Colorectal cancer is a leading cause of cancer incidence and death. Therapies for those with unresectable or recurrent disease are not considered curative at present. More effective and less toxic therapies are desperately needed. Historically, the immune system was thought to be an enemy to oncolytic viral therapy. Thinking that oncolysis would be the only mechanism for cell death, oncolytic virologists theorized that immune clearance was a detriment to oncolysis. Recent advances in our understanding of the tumor microenvironment, and the interplay of tumor survival and a patient's immune system have called into question our understanding of both arenas. It remains unclear what combination of restrictions or enhancements of innate and/or cell-mediated immunity can yield the highest likelihood of viral efficacy. This article reviews the variety of mechanisms explored for viruses such as immunotherapy for colorectal cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shyambabu Chaurasiya
- Beckman Research Institute, City of Hope National Medical Center, Duarte 91010, CA, USA.
| | - Susanne Warner
- Beckman Research Institute, City of Hope National Medical Center, Duarte 91010, CA, USA.
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45
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Holay N, Kim Y, Lee P, Gujar S. Sharpening the Edge for Precision Cancer Immunotherapy: Targeting Tumor Antigens through Oncolytic Vaccines. Front Immunol 2017; 8:800. [PMID: 28751892 PMCID: PMC5507961 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2017.00800] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2017] [Accepted: 06/26/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Cancer immunotherapy represents a promising, modern-age option for treatment of cancers. Among the many immunotherapies being developed, oncolytic viruses (OVs) are slowly moving to the forefront of potential clinical therapeutic agents, especially considering the fact that the first oncolytic virus was recently approved by the Food and Drug Administration for the treatment of melanoma. OVs were originally discovered for their ability to kill cancer cells, but they have emerged as unconventional cancer immunotherapeutics due to their ability to activate a long-term antitumor immune response. This immune response not only eliminates cancer cells but also offers potential for preventing cancer recurrence. A fundamental requirement for the generation of such a strong antitumor T cell response is the recognition of an immunogenic tumor antigen by the antitumor T cell. Several tumor antigens capable of activating these antitumor T cells have been identified and are now being expressed through genetically engineered OVs to potentiate antitumor immunity. With the emergence of novel technologies for identifying tumor antigens and immunogenic epitopes in a myriad of cancers, design of "oncolytic vaccines" expressing highly specific tumor antigens provides a great strategy for targeting tumors. Here, we highlight the various OVs engineered to target tumor antigens and discuss multiple studies and strategies used to develop oncolytic vaccine regimens. We also contend how, going forward, a combination of technologies for identifying novel immunogenic tumor antigens and rational design of oncolytic vaccines will pave the way for the next generation of clinically efficacious cancer immunotherapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Namit Holay
- Department of Pathology, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS, Canada
| | - Youra Kim
- Department of Pathology, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS, Canada
| | - Patrick Lee
- Department of Pathology, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS, Canada
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS, Canada
| | - Shashi Gujar
- Department of Pathology, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS, Canada
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS, Canada
- Department of Biology, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS, Canada
- Centre for Innovative and Collaborative Health Sciences Research, Quality and System Performance, IWK Health Centre, Halifax, NS, Canada
- *Correspondence: Shashi Gujar,
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46
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Gemcitabine treatment enhanced the anti-tumor effect of cytokine induced killer cells by depletion of CD4+CD25bri regulatory T cells. Immunol Lett 2017; 181:36-44. [DOI: 10.1016/j.imlet.2016.11.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2016] [Revised: 10/19/2016] [Accepted: 11/16/2016] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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47
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Onishi T, Tazawa H, Hashimoto Y, Takeuchi M, Otani T, Nakamura S, Sakurai F, Mizuguchi H, Kishimoto H, Umeda Y, Shirakawa Y, Urata Y, Kagawa S, Fujiwara T. Tumor-specific delivery of biologics by a novel T-cell line HOZOT. Sci Rep 2016; 6:38060. [PMID: 27901098 PMCID: PMC5129011 DOI: 10.1038/srep38060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2016] [Accepted: 11/03/2016] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
“Cell-in-cell” denotes an invasive phenotype in which one cell actively internalizes in another. The novel human T-cell line HOZOT, established from human umbilical cord blood, was shown to penetrate a variety of human cancer cells but not normal cells. Oncolytic viruses are emerging as biological therapies for human cancers; however, efficient viral delivery is limited by a lack of tumor-specific homing and presence of pre-existing or therapy-induced neutralizing antibodies. Here, we report a new, intriguing approach using HOZOT cells to transmit biologics such as oncolytic viruses into human cancer cells by cell-in-cell invasion. HOZOT cells were successfully loaded via human CD46 antigen with an attenuated adenovirus containing the fiber protein of adenovirus serotype 35 (OBP-401/F35), in which the telomerase promoter regulates viral replication. OBP-401/F35–loaded HOZOT cells were efficiently internalized into human cancer cells and exhibited tumor-specific killing by release of viruses, even in the presence of anti-viral neutralizing antibodies. Moreover, intraperitoneal administration of HOZOT cells loaded with OBP-401/F35 significantly suppressed peritoneally disseminated tumor growth in mice. This unique cell-in-cell property provides a platform for selective delivery of biologics into human cancer cells, which has important implications for the treatment of human cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Teppei Onishi
- Department of Gastroenterological Surgery, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama 700-8558, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Tazawa
- Department of Gastroenterological Surgery, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama 700-8558, Japan.,Center for Innovative Clinical Medicine, Okayama University Hospital, Okayama 700-8558, Japan
| | - Yuuri Hashimoto
- Department of Gastroenterological Surgery, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama 700-8558, Japan
| | | | - Takeshi Otani
- R&D Center, Hayashibara Co., Ltd., Okayama 702-8006, Japan
| | - Shuji Nakamura
- R&D Center, Hayashibara Co., Ltd., Okayama 702-8006, Japan
| | - Fuminori Sakurai
- Laboratory of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Osaka University, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Mizuguchi
- Laboratory of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Osaka University, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Kishimoto
- Department of Gastroenterological Surgery, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama 700-8558, Japan
| | - Yuzo Umeda
- Department of Gastroenterological Surgery, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama 700-8558, Japan
| | - Yasuhiro Shirakawa
- Department of Gastroenterological Surgery, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama 700-8558, Japan
| | - Yasuo Urata
- Oncolys BioPharma, Inc., Tokyo 106-0032, Japan
| | - Shunsuke Kagawa
- Department of Gastroenterological Surgery, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama 700-8558, Japan
| | - Toshiyoshi Fujiwara
- Department of Gastroenterological Surgery, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama 700-8558, Japan
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48
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Toward a world of theranostic medication: Programming biological sentinel systems for therapeutic intervention. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2016; 105:66-76. [PMID: 27189230 DOI: 10.1016/j.addr.2016.05.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2015] [Revised: 03/02/2016] [Accepted: 05/05/2016] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Theranostic systems support diagnostic and therapeutic functions in a single integrated entity and enable precise spatiotemporal control of the generation of therapeutic molecules according to the individual patient's disease state, thereby maximizing the therapeutic outcome and minimizing side effects. These systems can also incorporate reporter systems equipped with a disease-sensing module that can be used to estimate the efficacy of treatment in vivo. Among these reporter systems, biological sentinel systems, such as viruses, bacteria, and mammalian cells, have great potential for use in the development of novel theranostic systems because of their ability to sense a variety of disease markers and secrete various therapeutic molecules. Furthermore, recent advances in biotechnology and synthetic biology have made it possible to treat these biological systems as true programmable entities capable of conducting complex operations, to accurately identify each individual patient's disease state. In this review, we introduce the basic design principles of these rapidly expanding classes of biological sentinel system-based theranostic agents, with a focus on recent advances, and we also discuss potential enabling technologies that can further improve these systems and provide more sophisticated therapeutic interventions in the near future. In addition, we consider the possibility of synergistic use of theranostic agents that use different modalities and discuss the prospects for next-generation theranostic agents.
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49
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Abstract
Oncolytic virotherapy, a type of nanomedicine in which oncolytic viruses (OVs) are used to selectively infect and lyse cancer cells, is an emerging field in cancer therapy. Some OVs exhibit a specific tropism for cancer cells, whereas others require genetic modification to enhance their binding with and entry into cancer cells. OVs both kill tumor cells and induce the host’s immune response against tumor cells. Armed with antitumor cellular molecules, antibodies, and/or in combination with anticancer drugs, OVs can accelerate the lysis of cancer cells. Among the OVs, vaccinia virus has been the focus of preclinical and clinical research because of its many favorable properties. In this review, the basic mechanisms of action of OVs are presented, including their entry, survival, tumor lysis, and immune activation, and the latest research in vaccinia virus-based virotherapy and its status as an anticancer nanomedicine in prospective clinical trials are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Jeong Heo
- Department of Internal Medicine, College of Medicine, Medical Research Institute, Pusan National University, Busan
| | - So Young Yoo
- BIO-IT Foundry Technology Institute; Research Institute for Convergence of Biomedical Science and Technology, Pusan National University Yangsan Hospital, Yangsan, Republic of Korea
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50
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Wei F, Rong XX, Xie RY, Jia LT, Wang HY, Qin YJ, Chen L, Shen HF, Lin XL, Yang J, Yang S, Hao WC, Chen Y, Xiao SJ, Zhou HR, Lin TY, Chen YS, Sun Y, Yao KT, Xiao D. Cytokine-induced killer cells efficiently kill stem-like cancer cells of nasopharyngeal carcinoma via the NKG2D-ligands recognition. Oncotarget 2016; 6:35023-39. [PMID: 26418951 PMCID: PMC4741506 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.5280] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2015] [Accepted: 09/04/2015] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Cancer stem cells (CSCs) are considered to be the root cause for cancer treatment failure. Thus, there remains an urgent need for more potent and safer therapies against CSCs for curing cancer. In this study, the antitumor activity of cytokine-induced killer (CIK) cells against putative CSCs of nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC) was fully evaluated in vitro and in vivo. To visualize putative CSCs in vitro by fluorescence imaging, and image and quantify putative CSCs in tumor xenograft-bearing mice by in vivo bioluminescence imaging, NPC cells were engineered with CSC detector vector encoding GFP and luciferase (Luc) under control of Nanog promoter. Our study reported in vitro intense tumor-killing activity of CIK cells against putative CSCs of NPC, as revealed by percentage analysis of side population cells, tumorsphere formation assay and Nanog-promoter-GFP-Luc reporter gene strategy plus time-lapse recording. Additionally, time-lapse imaging firstly illustrated that GFP-labeled or PKH26-labeled putative CSCs or tumorspheres were usually attacked simultaneously by many CIK cells and finally killed by CIK cells, suggesting the necessity of achieving sufficient effector-to-target ratios. We firstly confirmed that NKG2D blockade by anti-NKG2D antibody significantly but partially abrogated CIK cell-mediated cytolysis against putative CSCs. More importantly, intravenous infusion of CIK cells significantly delayed tumor growth in NOD/SCID mice, accompanied by a remarkable reduction in putative CSC number monitored by whole-body bioluminescence imaging. Taken together, our findings suggest that CIK cells demonstrate the intense tumor-killing activity against putative CSCs of NPC, at least in part, by NKG2D-ligands recognition. These results indicate that CIK cell-based therapeutic strategy against CSCs presents a promising and safe approach for cancer treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fang Wei
- Cancer Research Institute, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China.,Guangzhou Digestive Disease Center, Guangzhou First People's Hospital, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou 510180, China
| | - Xiao-Xiang Rong
- Department of Oncology, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China
| | - Rao-Ying Xie
- Cancer Research Institute, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China
| | - Li-Ting Jia
- Department of Pathology, Guilin Medical College, Guilin 541001, China
| | - Hui-Yan Wang
- Cancer Research Institute, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China
| | - Yu-Juan Qin
- Cancer Research Institute, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China
| | - Lin Chen
- Cancer Research Institute, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China
| | - Hong-Fen Shen
- Cancer Research Institute, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China
| | - Xiao-Lin Lin
- Cancer Research Institute, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China
| | - Jie Yang
- Cancer Research Institute, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China
| | - Sheng Yang
- Cancer Research Institute, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China
| | - Wei-Chao Hao
- Cancer Research Institute, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China
| | - Yan Chen
- Cancer Research Institute, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China
| | - Sheng-Jun Xiao
- Department of Pathology, Guilin Medical College, Guilin 541001, China
| | - Hui-Rong Zhou
- Department of Pathology, Guilin Medical College, Guilin 541001, China
| | - Tao-Yan Lin
- Cancer Research Institute, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China
| | - Yu-Shuang Chen
- Cancer Research Institute, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China
| | - Yan Sun
- Children's Hospital Boston, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA
| | - Kai-Tai Yao
- Cancer Research Institute, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China
| | - Dong Xiao
- Cancer Research Institute, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China.,Institute of Comparative Medicine & Laboratory Animal Center, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China
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