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Chen P, Li N, Chen X, Liang T, He P, Wang D, Hu H. Mass measurement under medium vacuum in optically levitated nanoparticles based on Maxwell speed distribution law. OPTICS EXPRESS 2024; 32:21806-21819. [PMID: 38859526 DOI: 10.1364/oe.525371] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2024] [Accepted: 05/15/2024] [Indexed: 06/12/2024]
Abstract
As one of the directions of optical levitation technology, the mass measurement of micro-nano particles has always been a research hotspot in extremely weak mechanical measurements. When nanoscale particles are trapped in an optical trap, parameters such as density, diameter, and shape are unknown. Here we propose what we believe to be a new method to measure mass by fitting particle motion information to the Maxwell speed distribution law, with an accuracy better than 7% at 10 mbar. This method has the characteristics of requiring no external driving force, no precise natural frequency, no prior information such as density, and non-destructive testing within the medium vacuum range. With the increasing iterations, the uncertainty of mass measurement is reduced, and the accuracy of mass measurement of levitated particles is verified under multiple air pressures. It provides what we believe is a new method for the future non-destructive testing of nanoscale particles, and provides an apparently new way for the sensing measurement and metrology application fields of levitation dynamics systems.
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2
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Zhao C, Sun Y, Yang J, Li J, Zhou Y, Yang Y, Fan H, Zhao X. Observational evidence and mechanisms of aerosol effects on precipitation. Sci Bull (Beijing) 2024; 69:1569-1580. [PMID: 38503650 DOI: 10.1016/j.scib.2024.03.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2023] [Revised: 02/19/2024] [Accepted: 02/20/2024] [Indexed: 03/21/2024]
Abstract
Aerosols greatly influence precipitation characteristics, thereby impacting the regional climate and human life. As an indispensable factor for cloud formation and a critical radiation budget regulator, aerosols can affect precipitation intensity, frequency, geographical distribution, area, and time. However, discrepancies exist among current studies due to aerosol properties, precipitation types, the vertical location of aerosols and meteorological conditions. The development of technology has driven advances in current research, but understanding the aerosol effects on precipitation remain complex and challenging. This paper revolves around the following topics from the two perspectives of Aerosol-Radiation Interaction (ARI) and Aerosol-Cloud Interaction (ACI): (1) the influence of different vertical locations of absorbing/scattering aerosols on the atmospheric thermal structure; (2) the fundamental theories of ARI reducing surface wind speed, redistributing water vapour and energy, and then modulating precipitation intensity; (3) different aerosol types (absorbing versus scattering) and aerosol concentrations causing different precipitation diurnal and weekly variations; (4) microphysical processes (cloud water competition, invigoration effect, and evaporation cooling) and observational evidence of different effects of aerosols on precipitation intensity, including enhancing, inhibiting, and transitional effects from enhancement to suppression; and (5) how meteorology, water vapor and dynamics influencing the effect of ACI and ARI on precipitation. In addition, this review lists the existing issues and future research directions for attaining a more comprehensive understanding of aerosol effects on precipitation. Overall, this review advances our understanding of aerosol effects on precipitation and could guide the improvement of weather and climate models to predict complex aerosol-precipitation interactions more accurately.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chuanfeng Zhao
- Department of Atmospheric and Oceanic Sciences, School of Physics, and China Meteorological Administration Tornado Key Laboratory, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China; Institute of Carbon Neutrality, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China.
| | - Yue Sun
- Faculty of Geographical Science, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China
| | - Jie Yang
- Faculty of Geographical Science, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China
| | - Jiefeng Li
- Department of Atmospheric and Oceanic Sciences, School of Physics, and China Meteorological Administration Tornado Key Laboratory, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Yue Zhou
- Faculty of Geographical Science, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China
| | - Yikun Yang
- Department of Atmospheric and Oceanic Sciences, School of Physics, and China Meteorological Administration Tornado Key Laboratory, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Hao Fan
- School of Environment, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China
| | - Xin Zhao
- Faculty of Geographical Science, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China
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3
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Zhong Q, Schutgens N, van der Werf GR, Takemura T, van Noije T, Mielonen T, Checa-Garcia R, Lohmann U, Kirkevåg A, Olivié DJ, Kokkola H, Matsui H, Kipling Z, Ginoux P, Le Sager P, Rémy S, Bian H, Chin M, Zhang K, Bauer SE, Tsigaridis K. Threefold reduction of modeled uncertainty in direct radiative effects over biomass burning regions by constraining absorbing aerosols. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2023; 9:eadi3568. [PMID: 38039365 PMCID: PMC10691779 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.adi3568] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2023] [Accepted: 11/02/2023] [Indexed: 12/03/2023]
Abstract
Absorbing aerosols emitted from biomass burning (BB) greatly affect the radiation balance, cloudiness, and circulation over tropical regions. Assessments of these impacts rely heavily on the modeled aerosol absorption from poorly constrained global models and thus exhibit large uncertainties. By combining the AeroCom model ensemble with satellite and in situ observations, we provide constraints on the aerosol absorption optical depth (AAOD) over the Amazon and Africa. Our approach enables identification of error contributions from emission, lifetime, and MAC (mass absorption coefficient) per model, with MAC and emission dominating the AAOD errors over Amazon and Africa, respectively. In addition to primary emissions, our analysis suggests substantial formation of secondary organic aerosols over the Amazon but not over Africa. Furthermore, we find that differences in direct aerosol radiative effects between models decrease by threefold over the BB source and outflow regions after correcting the identified errors. This highlights the potential to greatly reduce the uncertainty in the most uncertain radiative forcing agent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qirui Zhong
- Department of Earth Sciences, Vrije Universiteit, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Nick Schutgens
- Department of Earth Sciences, Vrije Universiteit, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | | | - Toshihiko Takemura
- Research Institute for Applied Mechanics, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Twan van Noije
- Royal Netherlands Meteorological Institute, De Bilt, Netherlands
| | | | - Ramiro Checa-Garcia
- Laboratoire des Sciences du Climat et de l'Environnement, IPSL, Gif-sur-Yvette, France
- European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts, Reading, UK
| | - Ulrike Lohmann
- Institute for Atmospheric and Climate Science, ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Alf Kirkevåg
- Norwegian Meteorological Institute, Oslo, Norway
| | | | | | - Hitoshi Matsui
- Graduate School of Environmental Studies, Nagoya University, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Zak Kipling
- European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts, Reading, UK
| | - Paul Ginoux
- NOAA Geophysical Fluid Dynamics Laboratory, Princeton, NJ, USA
| | | | | | - Huisheng Bian
- Goddard Earth Sciences Technology and Research (GESTAR) II, University of Maryland at Baltimore County, Baltimore, MD, USA
- NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, MD, USA
| | - Mian Chin
- NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, MD, USA
| | - Kai Zhang
- Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, WA, USA
| | - Susanne E. Bauer
- NASA Goddard Institute for Space Studies, New York City, NY, USA
- Center for Climate Systems Research, Columbia University, New York City, NY, USA
| | - Kostas Tsigaridis
- NASA Goddard Institute for Space Studies, New York City, NY, USA
- Center for Climate Systems Research, Columbia University, New York City, NY, USA
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4
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Shu Z, Zhao T, Liu Y, Zhang L, Ma X, Kuang X, Li Y, Huo Z, Ding Q, Sun X, Shen L. Impact of deep basin terrain on PM 2.5 distribution and its seasonality over the Sichuan Basin, Southwest China. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2022; 300:118944. [PMID: 35121013 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2022.118944] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2021] [Revised: 01/24/2022] [Accepted: 01/31/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
The terrain effect on atmospheric environment is poorly understood in particular for the polluted region with underlying complex topography. Therefore, this study targeted the Sichuan Basin (SCB), a deep basin with severe PM2.5 pollution enclosed by the eastern Tibetan Plateau (TP), Yunnan-Guizhou Plateaus (YGP) and mountains over Southwest China, and we investigated the terrain effect on seasonal PM2.5 distribution and the meteorological mechanism based on the WRF-Chem simulation with stuffing the basin topography. It is characterized that the three-dimensional distribution of topography-induced PM2.5 concentrations over the SCB with the seasonal shift of regional PM2.5 averages from approximately 30 μg m-3 in summer to 90 μg m-3 in winter at surface layer and from summertime 10 μg m-3 to wintertime 30 μg m-3 in the lower free troposphere. Such basin-forced PM2.5 changes presented the vertically monotonical declines concentrated within the lower troposphere below 3.6 km in spring, 2.3 km in summer, 2.6 km in autumn and 4.8 km in winter. Impacts of deep basin aggravated PM2.5 accumulation within the SCB and transport toward the surrounding plateaus contributing approximately 50-90% to PM2.5 levels over the regions of eastern TP and northern YGP. In the SCB, atmospheric thermal structure in the lower troposphere could build a vertical convergence layer between the boundary layer and free troposphere, acting as a lid inhibiting air diffusion, which was regulated by the terrain effects on interactions of westerlies and Asian monsoons, especially the wintertime strong warm lid deteriorating air pollution in the SCB. Furthermore, warm and humid air conditions within the basin prompted sulfur oxidation ratio by +0.02 and nitrogen oxidation ratio by +0.22 effectively producing the secondary PM2.5 in atmospheric environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhuozhi Shu
- Collaborative Innovation Center on Forecast and Evaluation of Meteorological Disasters, Key Laboratory for Aerosol-Cloud-Precipitation of China Meteorological Administration, Nanjing University of Information Science &Technology, Nanjing, 210044, China; Precision Regional Earth Modeling and Information Center, Nanjing University of Information Science &Technology, Nanjing, 210044, China
| | - Tianliang Zhao
- Collaborative Innovation Center on Forecast and Evaluation of Meteorological Disasters, Key Laboratory for Aerosol-Cloud-Precipitation of China Meteorological Administration, Nanjing University of Information Science &Technology, Nanjing, 210044, China; Precision Regional Earth Modeling and Information Center, Nanjing University of Information Science &Technology, Nanjing, 210044, China.
| | - Yubao Liu
- Collaborative Innovation Center on Forecast and Evaluation of Meteorological Disasters, Key Laboratory for Aerosol-Cloud-Precipitation of China Meteorological Administration, Nanjing University of Information Science &Technology, Nanjing, 210044, China; Precision Regional Earth Modeling and Information Center, Nanjing University of Information Science &Technology, Nanjing, 210044, China
| | - Lei Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Severe Weather & Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Chemistry of CMA, Chinese Academy of Meteorological Sciences, Beijing, 100081, China
| | - Xiaodan Ma
- Collaborative Innovation Center on Forecast and Evaluation of Meteorological Disasters, Key Laboratory for Aerosol-Cloud-Precipitation of China Meteorological Administration, Nanjing University of Information Science &Technology, Nanjing, 210044, China; Precision Regional Earth Modeling and Information Center, Nanjing University of Information Science &Technology, Nanjing, 210044, China
| | - Xiang Kuang
- Collaborative Innovation Center on Forecast and Evaluation of Meteorological Disasters, Key Laboratory for Aerosol-Cloud-Precipitation of China Meteorological Administration, Nanjing University of Information Science &Technology, Nanjing, 210044, China
| | - Yang Li
- Collaborative Innovation Center on Forecast and Evaluation of Meteorological Disasters, Key Laboratory for Aerosol-Cloud-Precipitation of China Meteorological Administration, Nanjing University of Information Science &Technology, Nanjing, 210044, China; Precision Regional Earth Modeling and Information Center, Nanjing University of Information Science &Technology, Nanjing, 210044, China
| | - Zhaoyang Huo
- Collaborative Innovation Center on Forecast and Evaluation of Meteorological Disasters, Key Laboratory for Aerosol-Cloud-Precipitation of China Meteorological Administration, Nanjing University of Information Science &Technology, Nanjing, 210044, China; Precision Regional Earth Modeling and Information Center, Nanjing University of Information Science &Technology, Nanjing, 210044, China
| | - QiuJi Ding
- Precision Regional Earth Modeling and Information Center, Nanjing University of Information Science &Technology, Nanjing, 210044, China
| | - Xiaoyun Sun
- Collaborative Innovation Center on Forecast and Evaluation of Meteorological Disasters, Key Laboratory for Aerosol-Cloud-Precipitation of China Meteorological Administration, Nanjing University of Information Science &Technology, Nanjing, 210044, China; Precision Regional Earth Modeling and Information Center, Nanjing University of Information Science &Technology, Nanjing, 210044, China
| | - Lijuan Shen
- Collaborative Innovation Center on Forecast and Evaluation of Meteorological Disasters, Key Laboratory for Aerosol-Cloud-Precipitation of China Meteorological Administration, Nanjing University of Information Science &Technology, Nanjing, 210044, China; Precision Regional Earth Modeling and Information Center, Nanjing University of Information Science &Technology, Nanjing, 210044, China
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Parida BR, Bar S, Roberts G, Mandal SP, Pandey AC, Kumar M, Dash J. Improvement in air quality and its impact on land surface temperature in major urban areas across India during the first lockdown of the pandemic. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2021; 199:111280. [PMID: 34029544 PMCID: PMC9189601 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2021.111280] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2020] [Revised: 02/12/2021] [Accepted: 04/30/2021] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
The SARS CoV-2 (COVID-19) pandemic and the enforced lockdown have reduced the use of surface and air transportation. This study investigates the impact of the lockdown restrictions in India on atmospheric composition, using Sentinel-5Ps retrievals of tropospheric NO2 concentration and ground-station measurements of NO2 and PM2.5 between March-May in 2019 and 2020. Detailed analysis of the changes to atmospheric composition are carried out over six major urban areas (i.e. Delhi, Mumbai, Kolkata, Chennai, Bangalore, and Hyderabad) by comparing Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) Aerosol Optical Depth (AOD) and land surface temperature (LST) measurements in the lockdown year 2020 and pre-lockdown (2015-2019). Satellite-based data showed that NO2 concentration reduced by 18% (Kolkata), 29% (Hyderabad), 32-34% (Chennai, Mumbai, and Bangalore), and 43% (Delhi). Surface-based concentrations of NO2, PM2.5, and AOD also substantially dropped by 32-74%, 10-42%, and 8-34%, respectively over these major cities during the lockdown period and co-located with the intensity of anthropogenic activity. Only a smaller fraction of the reduction of pollutants was associated with meteorological variability. A substantial negative anomaly was found for LST both in the day (-0.16 °C to -1 °C) and night (-0.63 °C to -2.1 °C) across select all cities, which was also consistent with air temperature measurements. The decreases in LST could be associated with a reduction in pollutants, greenhouse gases and water vapor content. Improvement in air quality with lower urban temperatures due to lockdown may be a temporary effect, but it provides a crucial connection among human activities, air pollution, aerosols, radiative flux, and temperature. The lockdown for a shorter-period showed a significant improvement in environmental quality and provides a strong evidence base for larger scale policy implementation to improve air quality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bikash Ranjan Parida
- Department of Geoinformatics, School of Natural Resource Management, Central University of Jharkhand, Ranchi, 835222, India.
| | - Somnath Bar
- Department of Geoinformatics, School of Natural Resource Management, Central University of Jharkhand, Ranchi, 835222, India
| | - Gareth Roberts
- Geography and Environmental Science, University of Southampton, Highfield, Southampton, SO17 1BJ, United Kingdom
| | - Shyama Prasad Mandal
- Department of Geoinformatics, School of Natural Resource Management, Central University of Jharkhand, Ranchi, 835222, India
| | - Arvind Chandra Pandey
- Department of Geoinformatics, School of Natural Resource Management, Central University of Jharkhand, Ranchi, 835222, India
| | - Manoj Kumar
- Department of Environmental Sciences, School of Natural Resource Management, Central University of Jharkhand, Ranchi, 835222, India
| | - Jadunandan Dash
- Geography and Environmental Science, University of Southampton, Highfield, Southampton, SO17 1BJ, United Kingdom
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Mukherjee S, Singla V, Meena GS, Aslam MY, Safai PD, Buchunde P, Vasudevan AK, Jena CK, Ghude SD, Dani K, Pandithurai G. Sub micron aerosol variability and its ageing process at a high altitude site in India: Impact of meteorological conditions. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2020; 265:115019. [PMID: 32585399 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2020.115019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2020] [Revised: 06/01/2020] [Accepted: 06/10/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
The effect of relative humidity and temperature on the submicron aerosol variability and its ageing process was studied over a high altitude site, Mahabaleshwar in south-west India. The mass composition of non-refractory particulate matter of 1 μm (NR-PM1) size was obtained using Time of Flight Aerosol Chemical Speciation Monitor (ToF-ACSM) along with the measurements on a few trace gases during winter (December 2017-February 2018) and summer season (20th March - 5th May 2018). Sulfate exhibited strong dependence on the relative humidity (RH) as its mass fraction increased with the increase in RH. The Sulfate oxidation ratio (SOR) calculated during summer season also showed an increasing trend with RH indicating the influence of aqueous phase oxidation on sulfate fraction. On the other hand, OOA showed remarkable enhancement in its mass fraction with the increase in temperature along with the corresponding increase in f44 and tropospheric ozone. OOA, ozone and f44 ratio increased 14-34%, 8-26% and 25-43% respectively with the increase in temperature from 18 to 30 °C. This is indicative of the dominance of photochemical ageing processes during high temperature conditions. The extent of photochemical ageing was found to be higher during summer season (mean temperature ∼25.4 ± 2.6 °C) as compared to winter season (mean temperature ∼20.5 ± 2.6 °C). The nitrate diurnal was majorly governed by gas to particle partitioning process during winter season, whereas the summertime nitrate diurnal was influenced primarily by its formation rate. The non parametric wind regression analysis revealed that the mass concentration during winter was majorly contributed by distant sources from north east direction while during summer the local sources were more dominant.
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Affiliation(s)
- Subrata Mukherjee
- Indian Institute of Tropical Meteorology, Ministry of Earth Sciences, Pune-411008, India.
| | - Vyoma Singla
- C-412/1 Jaroda Gate, Jagadhri, Yamunanagar, Haryana, 135003, India; Formerly at IITM, Ministry of Earth Sciences, Pune, India
| | - Guman Singh Meena
- Indian Institute of Tropical Meteorology, Ministry of Earth Sciences, Pune-411008, India
| | - Mohammad Yusuf Aslam
- Indian Institute of Tropical Meteorology, Ministry of Earth Sciences, Pune-411008, India
| | - Pramod Digambar Safai
- Indian Institute of Tropical Meteorology, Ministry of Earth Sciences, Pune-411008, India
| | - Pallavi Buchunde
- Indian Institute of Tropical Meteorology, Ministry of Earth Sciences, Pune-411008, India
| | - Anil Kumar Vasudevan
- Indian Institute of Tropical Meteorology, Ministry of Earth Sciences, Pune-411008, India
| | - Chinmay Kumar Jena
- Indian Institute of Tropical Meteorology, Ministry of Earth Sciences, Pune-411008, India
| | - Sachin Dinkar Ghude
- Indian Institute of Tropical Meteorology, Ministry of Earth Sciences, Pune-411008, India
| | - Kundan Dani
- Indian Institute of Tropical Meteorology, Ministry of Earth Sciences, Pune-411008, India
| | - Govindan Pandithurai
- Indian Institute of Tropical Meteorology, Ministry of Earth Sciences, Pune-411008, India
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Niang C, Mancho AM, García-Garrido VJ, Mohino E, Rodriguez-Fonseca B, Curbelo J. Transport pathways across the West African Monsoon as revealed by Lagrangian Coherent Structures. Sci Rep 2020; 10:12543. [PMID: 32719398 PMCID: PMC7385109 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-69159-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2019] [Accepted: 06/23/2020] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The West African Monsoon (WAM) system is the main source of rainfall in the agriculturally based region of the Sahel. Understanding transport across the WAM is of crucial importance due to the strong impact of humidity and dust pathways on local cloud formation. However, the description of this transport is challenging due to its 3D complex nature. Lagrangian Coherent Structures (LCS) simplify transport description across the WAM by providing a geometrical partition of the troposphere into domains. Air parcels within each domain have similar dynamical characteristics. LCS make it possible to achieve an integrated vision of transport pathways across this system. Using this approach we unveil new connections in the WAM system. In particular, we identify transport pathways between the Tropical Easterly Jet (TEJ) and the African Easterly Jet (AEJ). Furthermore, the clockwise circulation associated with the divergent upper part of the Sahara heat low is clearly delimitated. Additionally, we show the presence of mixing regions in the AEJ and the lower part of the TEJ that are linked to pathways to sources of dust and humidity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Coumba Niang
- Instituto de Ciencias Matemáticas, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), C/ Nicolás Cabrera 15, Campus de Cantoblanco, 28049, Madrid, Spain.,Laboratoire de Physique de l'Atmosphére et de l'Océan Simón Fongang (LPAO-SF), Ecole Supérieure Polytechnique (ESP), Université Cheikh Anta Diop, BP 5085, Dakar-Fann, Senegal
| | - Ana Maria Mancho
- Instituto de Ciencias Matemáticas, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), C/ Nicolás Cabrera 15, Campus de Cantoblanco, 28049, Madrid, Spain.
| | | | - Elsa Mohino
- Departamento de Fisica de la Tierra y Astrofisica, Universidad Complutense de Madrid (UCM), Madrid, Spain
| | - Belén Rodriguez-Fonseca
- Departamento de Fisica de la Tierra y Astrofisica, Universidad Complutense de Madrid (UCM), Madrid, Spain
| | - Jezabel Curbelo
- Instituto de Ciencias Matemáticas, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), C/ Nicolás Cabrera 15, Campus de Cantoblanco, 28049, Madrid, Spain.,Departament de Matemàtiques, Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya (UPC), 08028, Barcelona, Spain
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8
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Liu T, Liu Q, Chen Y, Wang W, Zhang H, Li D, Sheng J. Effect of aerosols on the macro- and micro-physical properties of warm clouds in the Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei region. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2020; 720:137618. [PMID: 32146402 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.137618] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2019] [Revised: 02/27/2020] [Accepted: 02/27/2020] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
The interaction between aerosols and clouds plays an important role in the climate system. There is still uncertainty about the influences of aerosols on the macro- and micro-physical properties of clouds in the Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei region. The relationships between aerosol optical depth (AOD) and the macro- and micro-physical properties of warm clouds in the Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei region were analyzed based on MODIS/Aqua data from 2007 to 2016. In addition, the ERA-Interim meteorological data was employed to investigate the relationship of AOD and cloud parameters under different meteorological conditions. The results showed that the variation of cloud droplet effective radius (CER) with AOD was in agreement with the Anti-Twomey effect, the main reason was that the increasing aerosol causes the water vapor competition effect among the cloud droplets, which makes the smaller cloud droplets evaporate. The multi-year average AOD was positively correlated with liquid water path (LWP). The relationship between AOD and cloud optical depth (COD) was quite different. When AOD was <0.4 or >0.8, COD increased with the increase of AOD, and when AOD was between 0.4 and 0.8, AOD and COD showed negative correlation. With the increment of AOD, cloud top pressure (CTP) also increased, which indicated that cloud top height decreased. When AOD was <0.3, cloud fraction (CF) was negatively correlated with AOD and conversely, positively correlated when AOD was >0.3. Furthermore, under most meteorological conditions, AOD was positively correlated with cloud macro- and micro-physical properties. Under the conditions of relative humidity ranged from 40% to 80%, there was a negative correlation between AOD and COD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tongqiang Liu
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Donghua University, Shanghai 201620, China
| | - Qiong Liu
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Donghua University, Shanghai 201620, China.
| | - Yonghang Chen
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Donghua University, Shanghai 201620, China.
| | - Wencai Wang
- Key Laboratory of Physical Oceanography, College of Oceanic and Atmospheric Sciences, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266100, China
| | - Hua Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Severe Weather, Chinese Academy of Meteorological Sciences, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Dui Li
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Donghua University, Shanghai 201620, China
| | - Jun Sheng
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Donghua University, Shanghai 201620, China
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9
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Chen Z, Chen D, Zhao C, Kwan MP, Cai J, Zhuang Y, Zhao B, Wang X, Chen B, Yang J, Li R, He B, Gao B, Wang K, Xu B. Influence of meteorological conditions on PM 2.5 concentrations across China: A review of methodology and mechanism. ENVIRONMENT INTERNATIONAL 2020; 139:105558. [PMID: 32278201 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2020.105558] [Citation(s) in RCA: 124] [Impact Index Per Article: 31.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2019] [Revised: 02/01/2020] [Accepted: 02/05/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Air pollution over China has attracted wide interest from public and academic community. PM2.5 is the primary air pollutant across China. Quantifying interactions between meteorological conditions and PM2.5 concentrations are essential to understand the variability of PM2.5 and seek methods to control PM2.5. Since 2013, the measurement of PM2.5 has been widely made at 1436 stations across the country and more than 300 papers focusing on PM2.5-meteorology interactions have been published. This article is a comprehensive review on the meteorological impact on PM2.5 concentrations. We start with an introduction of general meteorological conditions and PM2.5 concentrations across China, and then seasonal and spatial variations of meteorological influences on PM2.5 concentrations. Next, major methods used to quantify meteorological influences on PM2.5 concentrations are checked and compared. We find that causality analysis methods are more suitable for extracting the influence of individual meteorological factors whilst statistical models are good at quantifying the overall effect of multiple meteorological factors on PM2.5 concentrations. Chemical Transport Models (CTMs) have the potential to provide dynamic estimation of PM2.5 concentrations by considering anthropogenic emissions and the transport and evolution of pollutants. We then comprehensively examine the mechanisms how major meteorological factors may impact the PM2.5 concentrations, including the dispersion, growth, chemical production, photolysis, and deposition of PM2.5. The feedback effects of PM2.5 concentrations on meteorological factors are also carefully examined. Based on this review, suggestions on future research and major meteorological approaches for mitigating PM2.5 pollution are made finally.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ziyue Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Remote Sensing Science, College of Global and Earth System Sciences, Beijing Normal University, 19 Xinjiekou Street, Haidian, Beijing 100875, China; Joint Center for Global Change Studies, Beijing 100875, China
| | - Danlu Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Remote Sensing Science, College of Global and Earth System Sciences, Beijing Normal University, 19 Xinjiekou Street, Haidian, Beijing 100875, China
| | - Chuanfeng Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Remote Sensing Science, College of Global and Earth System Sciences, Beijing Normal University, 19 Xinjiekou Street, Haidian, Beijing 100875, China; Joint Center for Global Change Studies, Beijing 100875, China
| | - Mei-Po Kwan
- Department of Geography and Resource Management, and Institute of Space and Earth Information Science, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China; Department of Human Geography and Spatial Planning, Utrecht University, 3584 CB Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Jun Cai
- Department of Earth System Science, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Yan Zhuang
- State Key Laboratory of Remote Sensing Science, College of Global and Earth System Sciences, Beijing Normal University, 19 Xinjiekou Street, Haidian, Beijing 100875, China
| | - Bo Zhao
- Department of Geography, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195, USA
| | - Xiaoyan Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Remote Sensing Science, College of Global and Earth System Sciences, Beijing Normal University, 19 Xinjiekou Street, Haidian, Beijing 100875, China; Institute of Atmospheric Science, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Bin Chen
- Department of Land, Air and Water Resources, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - Jing Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Earth Surface Processes and Resource Ecology (ESPRE), Faculty of Geographical Science, Beijing Normal University, 19 Xinjiekou Street, Haidian, Beijing 100875, China
| | - Ruiyuan Li
- State Key Laboratory of Remote Sensing Science, College of Global and Earth System Sciences, Beijing Normal University, 19 Xinjiekou Street, Haidian, Beijing 100875, China
| | - Bin He
- State Key Laboratory of Remote Sensing Science, College of Global and Earth System Sciences, Beijing Normal University, 19 Xinjiekou Street, Haidian, Beijing 100875, China; Joint Center for Global Change Studies, Beijing 100875, China
| | - Bingbo Gao
- China College of Land Science and Technology, China Agriculture University, Tsinghua East Road, Haidian District, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Kaicun Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Remote Sensing Science, College of Global and Earth System Sciences, Beijing Normal University, 19 Xinjiekou Street, Haidian, Beijing 100875, China; Joint Center for Global Change Studies, Beijing 100875, China.
| | - Bing Xu
- Department of Earth System Science, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China.
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10
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Bellouin N, Quaas J, Gryspeerdt E, Kinne S, Stier P, Watson‐Parris D, Boucher O, Carslaw KS, Christensen M, Daniau A, Dufresne J, Feingold G, Fiedler S, Forster P, Gettelman A, Haywood JM, Lohmann U, Malavelle F, Mauritsen T, McCoy DT, Myhre G, Mülmenstädt J, Neubauer D, Possner A, Rugenstein M, Sato Y, Schulz M, Schwartz SE, Sourdeval O, Storelvmo T, Toll V, Winker D, Stevens B. Bounding Global Aerosol Radiative Forcing of Climate Change. REVIEWS OF GEOPHYSICS (WASHINGTON, D.C. : 1985) 2020; 58:e2019RG000660. [PMID: 32734279 PMCID: PMC7384191 DOI: 10.1029/2019rg000660] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2019] [Revised: 09/30/2019] [Accepted: 10/03/2019] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Aerosols interact with radiation and clouds. Substantial progress made over the past 40 years in observing, understanding, and modeling these processes helped quantify the imbalance in the Earth's radiation budget caused by anthropogenic aerosols, called aerosol radiative forcing, but uncertainties remain large. This review provides a new range of aerosol radiative forcing over the industrial era based on multiple, traceable, and arguable lines of evidence, including modeling approaches, theoretical considerations, and observations. Improved understanding of aerosol absorption and the causes of trends in surface radiative fluxes constrain the forcing from aerosol-radiation interactions. A robust theoretical foundation and convincing evidence constrain the forcing caused by aerosol-driven increases in liquid cloud droplet number concentration. However, the influence of anthropogenic aerosols on cloud liquid water content and cloud fraction is less clear, and the influence on mixed-phase and ice clouds remains poorly constrained. Observed changes in surface temperature and radiative fluxes provide additional constraints. These multiple lines of evidence lead to a 68% confidence interval for the total aerosol effective radiative forcing of -1.6 to -0.6 W m-2, or -2.0 to -0.4 W m-2 with a 90% likelihood. Those intervals are of similar width to the last Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change assessment but shifted toward more negative values. The uncertainty will narrow in the future by continuing to critically combine multiple lines of evidence, especially those addressing industrial-era changes in aerosol sources and aerosol effects on liquid cloud amount and on ice clouds.
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Affiliation(s)
- N. Bellouin
- Department of MeteorologyUniversity of ReadingReadingUK
| | - J. Quaas
- Institute for MeteorologyUniversität LeipzigLeipzigGermany
| | - E. Gryspeerdt
- Space and Atmospheric Physics GroupImperial College LondonLondonUK
| | - S. Kinne
- Max Planck Institute for MeteorologyHamburgGermany
| | - P. Stier
- Atmospheric, Oceanic and Planetary Physics, Department of PhysicsUniversity of OxfordOxfordUK
| | - D. Watson‐Parris
- Atmospheric, Oceanic and Planetary Physics, Department of PhysicsUniversity of OxfordOxfordUK
| | - O. Boucher
- Institut Pierre‐Simon Laplace, Sorbonne Université/CNRSParisFrance
| | - K. S. Carslaw
- School of Earth and EnvironmentUniversity of LeedsLeedsUK
| | - M. Christensen
- Atmospheric, Oceanic and Planetary Physics, Department of PhysicsUniversity of OxfordOxfordUK
| | - A.‐L. Daniau
- EPOC, UMR 5805, CNRS‐Université de BordeauxPessacFrance
| | - J.‐L. Dufresne
- Laboratoire de Météorologie Dynamique/IPSL, CNRS, Sorbonne Université, Ecole Normale Supérieure, PSL Research University, Ecole PolytechniqueParisFrance
| | - G. Feingold
- NOAA ESRL Chemical Sciences DivisionBoulderCOUSA
| | - S. Fiedler
- Max Planck Institute for MeteorologyHamburgGermany
- Now at Institut für Geophysik und MeteorologieUniversität zu KölnKölnGermany
| | - P. Forster
- Priestley International Centre for ClimateUniversity of LeedsLeedsUK
| | - A. Gettelman
- National Center for Atmospheric ResearchBoulderCOUSA
| | - J. M. Haywood
- CEMPSUniversity of ExeterExeterUK
- UK Met Office Hadley CentreExeterUK
| | - U. Lohmann
- Institute for Atmospheric and Climate ScienceETH ZürichZürichSwitzerland
| | | | - T. Mauritsen
- Department of MeteorologyStockholm UniversityStockholmSweden
| | - D. T. McCoy
- School of Earth and EnvironmentUniversity of LeedsLeedsUK
| | - G. Myhre
- Center for International Climate and Environmental Research‐Oslo (CICERO)OsloNorway
| | - J. Mülmenstädt
- Institute for MeteorologyUniversität LeipzigLeipzigGermany
| | - D. Neubauer
- Institute for Atmospheric and Climate ScienceETH ZürichZürichSwitzerland
| | - A. Possner
- Department of Global EcologyCarnegie Institution for ScienceStanfordCAUSA
- Now at Institute for Atmospheric and Environmental SciencesGoethe UniversityFrankfurtGermany
| | | | - Y. Sato
- Department of Applied Energy, Graduate School of Engineering, Nagoya UniversityNagoyaJapan
- Now at Faculty of Science, Department of Earth and Planetary SciencesHokkaido UniversitySapporoJapan
| | - M. Schulz
- Climate Modelling and Air Pollution Section, Research and Development DepartmentNorwegian Meteorological InstituteOsloNorway
| | - S. E. Schwartz
- Brookhaven National Laboratory Environmental and Climate Sciences DepartmentUptonNYUSA
| | - O. Sourdeval
- Institute for MeteorologyUniversität LeipzigLeipzigGermany
- Laboratoire d'Optique AtmosphériqueUniversité de LilleVilleneuve d'AscqFrance
| | - T. Storelvmo
- Department of GeosciencesUniversity of OsloOsloNorway
| | - V. Toll
- Department of MeteorologyUniversity of ReadingReadingUK
- Now at Institute of PhysicsUniversity of TartuTartuEstonia
| | - D. Winker
- NASA Langley Research CenterHamptonVAUSA
| | - B. Stevens
- Max Planck Institute for MeteorologyHamburgGermany
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11
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Shaltout AA, Boman J, Hassan SK, Abozied AM, Al-Ashkar EA, Abd-Elkader OH, Yassin MA, Al-Tamimi JH. Elemental Composition of PM 2.5 Aerosol in a Residential-Industrial Area of a Mediterranean Megacity. ARCHIVES OF ENVIRONMENTAL CONTAMINATION AND TOXICOLOGY 2020; 78:68-78. [PMID: 31760439 DOI: 10.1007/s00244-019-00688-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2019] [Accepted: 11/11/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Very little is known about the elemental composition and possible sources of fine aerosol particles from Mediterranean megacities. Fine aerosol particles were collected at a residential-industrial area in Greater Cairo, Egypt, during the period from October 2010 to May 2011. The elemental compositions of the collected samples were quantified by using a homemade energy dispersive x-ray fluorescence spectrometer, whereas black carbon was quantified by a black smoke detector. Fifteen elements have been quantified. Of these constituents, Ca, C, Cl, S, and Fe had the highest concentrations: greater than 1 µg m-3. The overall mean mass concentration of the collected samples equals 70 µg m-3; this value exceeds the European Union annual Air Quality Standard levels. The individual elemental concentrations of the fine particles were found to be dominated by elements linked to mineral dust. Most of the monthly variations of elemental concentrations can be attributed to seasonal meteorological conditions. Other possible sources were vehicle-exhaust and industrial activities. The results pinpoint the problem of identifying different sources when one source, in this case, the nearby deserts, is dominant. The results from this study contribute to the growing knowledge of concentrations, composition, and possible sources of ambient fine particulate matter.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abdallah A Shaltout
- Spectroscopy Department, Physics Division, National Research Centre, El-Behooth St., Dokki, Cairo, 12622, Egypt.
- Physics Department, Faculty of Science, Taif University, P.O. Box 888, Taif, 21974, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia.
| | - Johan Boman
- Department of Chemistry and Molecular Biology, Atmospheric Science, University of Gothenburg, 412 96, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Salwa K Hassan
- Air Pollution Research Department, National Research Centre, El-Behooth St., Dokki, Cairo, 12622, Egypt
| | - Asmaa M Abozied
- Spectroscopy Department, Physics Division, National Research Centre, El-Behooth St., Dokki, Cairo, 12622, Egypt
| | - Emad A Al-Ashkar
- Spectroscopy Department, Physics Division, National Research Centre, El-Behooth St., Dokki, Cairo, 12622, Egypt
| | - Omar H Abd-Elkader
- Physics & Astronomy Department, Science College, King Saud University, P.O. Box 2455, Riyadh, 11451, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
- Physics Division, Electron Microscope & Thin Films Department, National Research Centre, El Behooth St., Giza, 12622, Egypt
| | - M A Yassin
- Botany & Microbiology Department, Science College, King Saud University, P.O. Box 2455, Riyadh, 11451, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - J H Al-Tamimi
- Zoology Department, Science College, King Saud University, P.O. Box 2455, Riyadh, 11451, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
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12
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Beydoun H, Hoose C. Aerosol-Cloud-Precipitation Interactions in the Context of Convective Self-Aggregation. JOURNAL OF ADVANCES IN MODELING EARTH SYSTEMS 2019; 11:1066-1087. [PMID: 31244979 PMCID: PMC6582609 DOI: 10.1029/2018ms001523] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2018] [Revised: 03/12/2019] [Accepted: 03/12/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
We investigate the sensitivity of self-aggregated radiative-convective-equilibrium cloud-resolving model simulations to the cloud condensation nuclei (CCN) concentration. Experiments were conducted on a long (2,000-km × 120-km) channel domain, allowing the emergence of multiple convective clusters and dry regions of subsidence. Increasing the CCN concentration leads to increased moisture in the dry regions, increased midlevel and upper level clouds, decreased radiative cooling, and decreased precipitation. We find that these trends follow from a decrease in the strength of the self-aggregation as measured by the moist static energy (MSE) variance. In our simulations, precipitation is correlated, both locally and in total, with the distribution of MSE anomalies. We thus quantify changes in the adiabatic/diabatic contributions to MSE anomalies (Wing & Emanuel, 2014, https://doi.org/10.1002/2013MS000269) and relate those changes to changes in precipitation. Through a simple two-column conceptual model, we argue that the reduction in precipitation can be explained thermodynamically by the reduction in mean net radiative cooling and mechanistically by the weakening of the area-weighted radiatively driven subsidence velocity-defined as the ratio of the total radiative cooling over the dry regions and the static stability. We interpret the system's response to increasing CCN as a thermodynamically constrained realization of an aerosol indirect effect on clouds and precipitation.
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Affiliation(s)
- H. Beydoun
- Institute for Meteorology and Climate ResearchKarlsruhe Institute of TechnologyKarlsruheGermany
| | - C. Hoose
- Institute for Meteorology and Climate ResearchKarlsruhe Institute of TechnologyKarlsruheGermany
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13
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Zhu J, Che H, Xia X, Yu X, Wang J. Analysis of water vapor effects on aerosol properties and direct radiative forcing in China. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2019; 650:257-266. [PMID: 30199671 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2018.09.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2018] [Revised: 08/31/2018] [Accepted: 09/02/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
The effects of column water vapor (CWV) on aerosol optical properties, radiative effects and classification are studied by using aerosol and CWV data from eight Aerosol Robotic Network (AERONET) sites in China: Beijing, XiangHe, Shouxian, Taihu, Hong_Kong, Zhongshan_Univ, SACOL, and Mt_WLG, which represents 5 distinct aerosol climatologies in China. Contrast in correlations between aerosol optical depth (AOD) and CWV is found. High correlation coefficient (R) ranging from 0.63-0.94 is observed at Beijing and XiangHe (North China Plain), SACOL (Northwest China) and Mt_WLG (the Tibetan Plateau). R values at stations in the Middle-East China (Shouxian and Taihu) are within 0.32-0.45. AOD shows poor correlation to CWV in Southeast China (R at Hong_Kong and Zhongshan_Univ of 0.15 and 0.27). At most sites, the asymmetry (ASYM) of fine-mode aerosol increases with CWV with R larger than ~0.4. Aerosol direct radiative forcing efficiency (ADRFE) at the bottom of the atmosphere (BOA) is affected by CWV, with R >~0.5 over the north and Middle-East China sites. The statistic results show that an increase of CWV by 0.1 cm could result in enhancements of ADREF at the BOA by about 1.1-2.8 W m-2 at all the sites except Mt_WLG. The aerosol classification shows that the mix-small aerosol type is always dominated under the high CWV air. The clusters of back-trajectories with relative humidity (RH) from Hybrid Single-Particle Lagrangian Integrated Trajectory (HYSPLIT) model indicate that the air mass with high RH is often from south and east directions. The influence of CWV on aerosol properties is mainly shown in the properties of fine mode aerosol, which needs to be considered in the study of aerosol radiative forcing and climate effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Zhu
- Collaborative Innovation Center on Forecast and Evaluation of Meteorological Disasters, Key Laboratory for Aerosol-Cloud-Precipitation of China Meteorological Administration, Nanjing University of Information Science and Technology, Nanjing 210044, China
| | - Huizheng Che
- State Key Laboratory of Severe Weather (LASW) and Institute of Atmospheric Composition, Chinese Academy of Meteorological Sciences (CAMS), CMA, Beijing 100081, China,.
| | - Xiangao Xia
- LAGEO, Institute of Atmospheric Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100029, China; College of Earth and Planetary Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Scienes, Beijing, 100049, China.
| | - Xingna Yu
- Collaborative Innovation Center on Forecast and Evaluation of Meteorological Disasters, Key Laboratory for Aerosol-Cloud-Precipitation of China Meteorological Administration, Nanjing University of Information Science and Technology, Nanjing 210044, China
| | - Jinhu Wang
- Collaborative Innovation Center on Forecast and Evaluation of Meteorological Disasters, Key Laboratory for Aerosol-Cloud-Precipitation of China Meteorological Administration, Nanjing University of Information Science and Technology, Nanjing 210044, China
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14
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Improving our fundamental understanding of the role of aerosol-cloud interactions in the climate system. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2016; 113:5781-90. [PMID: 27222566 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1514043113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 112] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The effect of an increase in atmospheric aerosol concentrations on the distribution and radiative properties of Earth's clouds is the most uncertain component of the overall global radiative forcing from preindustrial time. General circulation models (GCMs) are the tool for predicting future climate, but the treatment of aerosols, clouds, and aerosol-cloud radiative effects carries large uncertainties that directly affect GCM predictions, such as climate sensitivity. Predictions are hampered by the large range of scales of interaction between various components that need to be captured. Observation systems (remote sensing, in situ) are increasingly being used to constrain predictions, but significant challenges exist, to some extent because of the large range of scales and the fact that the various measuring systems tend to address different scales. Fine-scale models represent clouds, aerosols, and aerosol-cloud interactions with high fidelity but do not include interactions with the larger scale and are therefore limited from a climatic point of view. We suggest strategies for improving estimates of aerosol-cloud relationships in climate models, for new remote sensing and in situ measurements, and for quantifying and reducing model uncertainty.
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15
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Black carbon solar absorption suppresses turbulence in the atmospheric boundary layer. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2016; 113:11794-11799. [PMID: 27702889 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1525746113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The introduction of cloud condensation nuclei and radiative heating by sunlight-absorbing aerosols can modify the thickness and coverage of low clouds, yielding significant radiative forcing of climate. The magnitude and sign of changes in cloud coverage and depth in response to changing aerosols are impacted by turbulent dynamics of the cloudy atmosphere, but integrated measurements of aerosol solar absorption and turbulent fluxes have not been reported thus far. Here we report such integrated measurements made from unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) during the CARDEX (Cloud Aerosol Radiative Forcing and Dynamics Experiment) investigation conducted over the northern Indian Ocean. The UAV and surface data reveal a reduction in turbulent kinetic energy in the surface mixed layer at the base of the atmosphere concurrent with an increase in absorbing black carbon aerosols. Polluted conditions coincide with a warmer and shallower surface mixed layer because of aerosol radiative heating and reduced turbulence. The polluted surface mixed layer was also observed to be more humid with higher relative humidity. Greater humidity enhances cloud development, as evidenced by polluted clouds that penetrate higher above the top of the surface mixed layer. Reduced entrainment of dry air into the surface layer from above the inversion capping the surface mixed layer, due to weaker turbulence, may contribute to higher relative humidity in the surface layer during polluted conditions. Measurements of turbulence are important for studies of aerosol effects on clouds. Moreover, reduced turbulence can exacerbate both the human health impacts of high concentrations of fine particles and conditions favorable for low-visibility fog events.
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16
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Climatology Analysis of Aerosol Effect on Marine Water Cloud from Long-Term Satellite Climate Data Records. REMOTE SENSING 2016. [DOI: 10.3390/rs8040300] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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17
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Lin NH, Sayer AM, Wang SH, Loftus AM, Hsiao TC, Sheu GR, Hsu NC, Tsay SC, Chantara S. Interactions between biomass-burning aerosols and clouds over Southeast Asia: current status, challenges, and perspectives. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2014; 195:292-307. [PMID: 25085565 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2014.06.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2014] [Revised: 06/08/2014] [Accepted: 06/28/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
The interactions between aerosols, clouds, and precipitation remain among the largest sources of uncertainty in the Earth's energy budget. Biomass-burning aerosols are a key feature of the global aerosol system, with significant annually-repeating fires in several parts of the world, including Southeast Asia (SEA). SEA in particular provides a "natural laboratory" for these studies, as smoke travels from source regions downwind in which it is coupled to persistent stratocumulus decks. However, SEA has been under-exploited for these studies. This review summarizes previous related field campaigns in SEA, with a focus on the ongoing Seven South East Asian Studies (7-SEAS) and results from the most recent BASELInE deployment. Progress from remote sensing and modeling studies, along with the challenges faced for these studies, are also discussed. We suggest that improvements to our knowledge of these aerosol/cloud effects require the synergistic use of field measurements with remote sensing and modeling tools.
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Affiliation(s)
- Neng-Huei Lin
- Department of Atmospheric Sciences, National Central University, Chung-Li, Taiwan; Chemistry Department and Environmental Science Program, Faculty of Science, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, 50200, Thailand.
| | - Andrew M Sayer
- Goddard Space Flight Center, NASA, Greenbelt, MD, USA; Universities Space Research Association, Columbia, MD, USA
| | - Sheng-Hsiang Wang
- Department of Atmospheric Sciences, National Central University, Chung-Li, Taiwan
| | - Adrian M Loftus
- Goddard Space Flight Center, NASA, Greenbelt, MD, USA; Oak Ridge Associated Universities, Oak Ridge, TN, USA
| | - Ta-Chih Hsiao
- Graduate Institute of Environmental Engineering, National Central University, Chung-Li, Taiwan
| | - Guey-Rong Sheu
- Department of Atmospheric Sciences, National Central University, Chung-Li, Taiwan
| | | | - Si-Chee Tsay
- Goddard Space Flight Center, NASA, Greenbelt, MD, USA
| | - Somporn Chantara
- Chemistry Department and Environmental Science Program, Faculty of Science, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, 50200, Thailand
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18
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Kim BG. A Review of the Observation-based Framework for the Study of Aerosol-Cloud-Precipitation Interactions (CAPI). ATMOSPHERE 2012. [DOI: 10.14191/atmos.2012.22.4.437] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
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19
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Goren T, Rosenfeld D. Satellite observations of ship emission induced transitions from broken to closed cell marine stratocumulus over large areas. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012. [DOI: 10.1029/2012jd017981] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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20
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Ten Hoeve JE, Jacobson MZ, Remer LA. Comparing results from a physical model with satellite and in situ observations to determine whether biomass burning aerosols over the Amazon brighten or burn off clouds. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012. [DOI: 10.1029/2011jd016856] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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21
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Jacobson MZ. Investigating cloud absorption effects: Global absorption properties of black carbon, tar balls, and soil dust in clouds and aerosols. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012. [DOI: 10.1029/2011jd017218] [Citation(s) in RCA: 137] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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22
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Janjai S, Nunez M, Masiri I, Wattan R, Buntoung S, Jantarach T, Promsen W. Aerosol Optical Properties at Four Sites in Thailand. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012. [DOI: 10.4236/acs.2012.24038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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23
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Grémillet D, Puech W, Garçon V, Boulinier T, Maho YL. Robots in Ecology: Welcome to the machine. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012. [DOI: 10.4236/oje.2012.22006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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24
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Wu L, Su H, Jiang JH. Regional simulations of deep convection and biomass burning over South America: 2. Biomass burning aerosol effects on clouds and precipitation. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2011. [DOI: 10.1029/2011jd016106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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25
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Deutsch B, Beams R, Novotny L. Nanoparticle detection using dual-phase interferometry. APPLIED OPTICS 2010; 49:4921-4925. [PMID: 20830181 PMCID: PMC3654154 DOI: 10.1364/ao.49.004921] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
The detection and identification of nanoparticles is of growing interest in atmospheric monitoring, medicine, and semiconductor manufacturing. While elastic light scattering with interferometric detection provides good sensitivity to single particles, active optical components prevent scalability of realistic sizes for deployment in the field or clinic. Here, we report on a simple phase-sensitive nanoparticle detection scheme with no active optical elements. Two measurements are taken simultaneously, allowing the amplitude and phase to be decoupled. We demonstrate the detection of 25 nm Au particles in liquid in Δt ∼ 1 ms with a signal-to-noise ratio of ∼ 37. Such performance makes it possible to detect nanoscale contaminants or larger proteins in real time without the need of artificial labeling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bradley Deutsch
- Institute of Optics, University of Rochester, Rochester, New York 14627, USA.
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26
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The Copenhagen Accord for limiting global warming: criteria, constraints, and available avenues. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2010; 107:8055-62. [PMID: 20439712 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1002293107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 120] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
At last, all the major emitters of greenhouse gases (GHGs) have agreed under the Copenhagen Accord that global average temperature increase should be kept below 2 degrees C. This study develops the criteria for limiting the warming below 2 degrees C, identifies the constraints imposed on policy makers, and explores available mitigation avenues. One important criterion is that the radiant energy added by human activities should not exceed 2.5 (range: 1.7-4) watts per square meter (Wm(-2)) of the Earth's surface. The blanket of man-made GHGs has already added 3 (range: 2.6-3.5) Wm(-2). Even if GHG emissions peak in 2015, the radiant energy barrier will be exceeded by 100%, requiring simultaneous pursuit of three avenues: (i) reduce the rate of thickening of the blanket by stabilizing CO(2) concentration below 441 ppm during this century (a massive decarbonization of the energy sector is necessary to accomplish this Herculean task), (ii) ensure that air pollution laws that reduce the masking effect of cooling aerosols be made radiant energy-neutral by reductions in black carbon and ozone, and (iii) thin the blanket by reducing emissions of short-lived GHGs. Methane and hydrofluorocarbons emerge as the prime targets. These actions, even if we are restricted to available technologies for avenues ii and iii, can reduce the probability of exceeding the 2 degrees C barrier before 2050 to less than 10%, and before 2100 to less than 50%. With such actions, the four decades we have until 2050 should be exploited to develop and scale-up revolutionary technologies to restrict the warming to less than 1.5 degrees C.
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27
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Mitra A, Deutsch B, Ignatovich F, Dykes C, Novotny L. Nano-optofluidic detection of single viruses and nanoparticles. ACS NANO 2010; 4:1305-12. [PMID: 20148575 PMCID: PMC2858067 DOI: 10.1021/nn901889v] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
The reliable detection, sizing, and sorting of viruses and nanoparticles is important for biosensing, environmental monitoring, and quality control. Here we introduce an optical detection scheme for the real-time and label-free detection and recognition of single viruses and larger proteins. The method makes use of nanofluidic channels in combination with optical interferometry. Elastically scattered light from single viruses traversing a stationary laser focus is detected with a differential heterodyne interferometer and the resulting signal allows single viruses to be characterized individually. Heterodyne detection eliminates phase variations due to different particle trajectories, thus improving the recognition accuracy as compared to standard optical interferometry. We demonstrate the practicality of our approach by resolving nanoparticles of various sizes, and detecting and recognizing different species of human viruses from a mixture. The detection system can be readily integrated into larger nanofluidic architectures for practical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anirban Mitra
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Rochester, Rochester NY 14627
| | - Bradley Deutsch
- Institute of Optics, University of Rochester, Rochester NY 14627
| | | | - Carrie Dykes
- Department of Medicine, Infectious Diseases Division, University of Rochester, Rochester NY 14627
| | - Lukas Novotny
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Rochester, Rochester NY 14627
- Institute of Optics, University of Rochester, Rochester NY 14627
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Caggiano R, Macchiato M, Trippetta S. Levels, chemical composition and sources of fine aerosol particles (PM1) in an area of the Mediterranean basin. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2010; 408:884-895. [PMID: 19914683 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2009.10.064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2009] [Revised: 10/21/2009] [Accepted: 10/21/2009] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Daily samples of fine aerosol particles (i.e., PM1, aerosol particles with an aerodynamic diameter less than 1.0mum) were collected in Tito Scalo - Southern Italy - from April 2006 to March 2007. Measurements were performed by means of a low-volume gravimetric sampler, and each PM1 sample was analyzed by means of Inductively Coupled Plasma Optical Emission Spectrometry (ICP-OES) or Atomic Absorption Spectrometry (GFAAS and FAAS) techniques in order to determine its content in fourteen trace elements (Al, Ca, Cd, Cr, Cu, Fe, K, Mg, Mn, Na, Ni, Pb, Ti and Zn). During the period examined, PM1 daily concentrations ranged between 0.3microgm(-3) and 55microgm(-3) with a mean value of 8 microg m(-3), a standard deviation of 7microgm(-3) and a median value of 6microgm(-3). As far as PM1 chemical composition is concerned, the mean values of the trace element concentrations decreased in the following order: Ca>Fe>Al>Na>K>Cr>Mg>Pb>Ni approximately Ti approximately Zn>Cd approximately Cu>Mn. Principal Component Analysis (PCA) allowed the identification of three probable PM1 sources: industrial emissions, traffic and re-suspension of soil dust. Moreover, the results of a procedure applied to study the potential long-range transport contribution to PM1 chemical composition, showed that trace element concentrations do not seem to be affected by air mass origin and path. This was probably due to the strong impact of the local emission sources and the lack of the concentration measurements of some important elements and compounds that could better reveal the long-range transport influence on PM1 measurements at ground level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rosa Caggiano
- IMAA, Istituto di Metodologie per l'Analisi Ambientale, CNR, C.da S. Loja, Z.I. 85050 Tito Scalo (PZ), Italy.
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29
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Lang-Yona N, Abo-Riziq A, Erlick C, Segre E, Trainic M, Rudich Y. Interaction of internally mixed aerosols with light. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2010; 12:21-31. [DOI: 10.1039/b913176k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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30
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Butt N, New M, Lizcano G, Malhi Y. Spatial patterns and recent trends in cloud fraction and cloud-related diffuse radiation in Amazonia. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2009. [DOI: 10.1029/2009jd012217] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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31
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Bevan SL, North PRJ, Grey WMF, Los SO, Plummer SE. Impact of atmospheric aerosol from biomass burning on Amazon dry-season drought. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2009. [DOI: 10.1029/2008jd011112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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32
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Biomass burning in Amazonia: Emissions, long-range transport of smoke and its regional and remote impacts. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2009. [DOI: 10.1029/2008gm000847] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register]
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33
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Artaxo P, Rizzo LV, Paixão M, de Lucca S, Oliveira PH, Lara LL, Wiedemann KT, Andreae MO, Holben B, Schafer J, Correia AL, Pauliquevis TM. Aerosol particles in Amazonia: Their composition, role in the radiation balance, cloud formation, and nutrient cycles. AMAZONIA AND GLOBAL CHANGE 2009. [DOI: 10.1029/2008gm000778] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/05/2022]
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34
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Wen G, Marshak A, Cahalan RF. Importance of molecular Rayleigh scattering in the enhancement of clear sky reflectance in the vicinity of boundary layer cumulus clouds. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2008. [DOI: 10.1029/2008jd010592] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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35
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Koren I, Martins JV, Remer LA, Afargan H. Smoke Invigoration Versus Inhibition of Clouds over the Amazon. Science 2008; 321:946-9. [PMID: 18703738 DOI: 10.1126/science.1159185] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ilan Koren
- Department of Environmental Sciences, Weizmann Institute, Rehovot 76100, Israel
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36
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Li G, Wang Y, Zhang R. Implementation of a two-moment bulk microphysics scheme to the WRF model to investigate aerosol-cloud interaction. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2008. [DOI: 10.1029/2007jd009361] [Citation(s) in RCA: 145] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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37
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Lu ML, Feingold G, Jonsson HH, Chuang PY, Gates H, Flagan RC, Seinfeld JH. Aerosol-cloud relationships in continental shallow cumulus. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2008. [DOI: 10.1029/2007jd009354] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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38
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Tian B, Waliser DE, Kahn RA, Li Q, Yung YL, Tyranowski T, Geogdzhayev IV, Mishchenko MI, Torres O, Smirnov A. Does the Madden-Julian Oscillation influence aerosol variability? ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2008. [DOI: 10.1029/2007jd009372] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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39
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Zhang Y, Fu R, Yu H, Dickinson RE, Juarez RN, Chin M, Wang H. A regional climate model study of how biomass burning aerosol impacts land-atmosphere interactions over the Amazon. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2008. [DOI: 10.1029/2007jd009449] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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40
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Marshak A, Wen G, Coakley JA, Remer LA, Loeb NG, Cahalan RF. A simple model for the cloud adjacency effect and the apparent bluing of aerosols near clouds. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2008. [DOI: 10.1029/2007jd009196] [Citation(s) in RCA: 122] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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41
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Quaas J, Boucher O, Bellouin N, Kinne S. Satellite-based estimate of the direct and indirect aerosol climate forcing. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2008. [DOI: 10.1029/2007jd008962] [Citation(s) in RCA: 232] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Stefan Kinne
- Max Planck Institute for Meteorology; Hamburg Germany
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42
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Dinar E, Riziq AA, Spindler C, Erlick C, Kiss G, Rudich Y. The complex refractive index of atmospheric and model humic-like substances (HULIS) retrieved by a cavity ring down aerosol spectrometer (CRD-AS). Faraday Discuss 2008; 137:279-95; discussion 297-318. [PMID: 18214110 DOI: 10.1039/b703111d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- E Dinar
- Department of Environmental Sciences, Weizmann Institute, Rehovot 76100, Israel
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43
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Gong DY, Ho CH, Chen D, Qian Y, Choi YS, Kim J. Weekly cycle of aerosol-meteorology interaction over China. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2007. [DOI: 10.1029/2007jd008888] [Citation(s) in RCA: 94] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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44
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Fan J, Zhang R, Li G, Tao WK. Effects of aerosols and relative humidity on cumulus clouds. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2007. [DOI: 10.1029/2006jd008136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 167] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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45
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Wen G, Marshak A, Cahalan RF, Remer LA, Kleidman RG. 3‐D aerosol‐cloud radiative interaction observed in collocated MODIS and ASTER images of cumulus cloud fields. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2007. [DOI: 10.1029/2006jd008267] [Citation(s) in RCA: 133] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Guoyong Wen
- NASA Goddard Space Flight Center Greenbelt Maryland USA
- Goddard Earth Sciences and Technology Center University of Maryland Baltimore County Baltimore County Maryland USA
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46
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Hegedüs R, Akesson S, Horváth G. Anomalous celestial polarization caused by forest fire smoke: why do some insects become visually disoriented under smoky skies? APPLIED OPTICS 2007; 46:2717-26. [PMID: 17446922 DOI: 10.1364/ao.46.002717] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
The effects of forest fire smoke on sky polarization and animal orientation are practically unknown. Using full-sky imaging polarimetry, we therefore measured the celestial polarization pattern under a smoky sky in Fairbanks, Alaska, during the forest fire season in August 2005. It is quantitatively documented here that the celestial polarization, a sky attribute that is necessary for orientation of many polarization-sensitive animal species, above Fairbanks on 17 August 2005 was in several aspects anomalous due to the forest fire smoke: (i) The pattern of the degree of linear polarization p of the reddish smoky sky differed considerably from that of the corresponding clear blue sky. (ii) Due to the smoke, p of skylight was drastically reduced (p(max)<or=14%, p(average)<or=8%). (iii) Depending on wavelength and time, the Arago, Babinet, and Brewster neutral points of sky polarization had anomalous positions. We suggest that the disorientation of certain insects observed by Canadian researchers under smoky skies during the forest fire season in August 2003 in British Columbia was the consequence of the anomalous sky polarization caused by the forest fire smoke.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ramón Hegedüs
- Biooptics Laboratory, Department of Biological Physics, Physical Institute, Loránd Eötvös University, Hungary
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47
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Hadley OL, Ramanathan V, Carmichael GR, Tang Y, Corrigan CE, Roberts GC, Mauger GS. Trans-Pacific transport of black carbon and fine aerosols (D< 2.5μm) into North America. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2007. [DOI: 10.1029/2006jd007632] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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48
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Affiliation(s)
- François-Marie Bréon
- Laboratoire des Sciences du Climat et de l'Environnement, 91191 Gif-sur-Yvette, France.
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