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Wan YZ, Qian W. From Self-Assembly of Colloidal Crystals toward Ordered Porous Layer Interferometry. Biosensors (Basel) 2023; 13:730. [PMID: 37504128 PMCID: PMC10377590 DOI: 10.3390/bios13070730] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2023] [Revised: 07/11/2023] [Accepted: 07/12/2023] [Indexed: 07/29/2023]
Abstract
Interferometry-based, reflectometric, label-free biosensors have made significant progress in the analysis of molecular interactions after years of development. The design of interference substrates is a key research topic for these biosensors, and many studies have focused on porous films prepared by top-down methods such as porous silicon and anodic aluminum oxide. Lately, more research has been conducted on ordered porous layer interferometry (OPLI), which uses ordered porous colloidal crystal films as interference substrates. These films are made using self-assembly techniques, which is the bottom-up approach. They also offer several advantages for biosensing applications, such as budget cost, adjustable porosity, and high structural consistency. This review will briefly explain the fundamental components of self-assembled materials and thoroughly discuss various self-assembly techniques in depth. We will also summarize the latest studies that used the OPLI technique for label-free biosensing applications and divide them into several aspects for further discussion. Then, we will comprehensively evaluate the strengths and weaknesses of self-assembly techniques and discuss possible future research directions. Finally, we will outlook the upcoming challenges and opportunities for label-free biosensing using the OPLI technique.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi-Zhen Wan
- State Key Laboratory of Digital Medical Engineering, School of Biological Science and Medical Engineering, Southeast University, Nanjing 210096, China
| | - Weiping Qian
- State Key Laboratory of Digital Medical Engineering, School of Biological Science and Medical Engineering, Southeast University, Nanjing 210096, China
- OPLI (Suzhou) Biotechnology Co., Ltd., New District, Suzhou 215163, China
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2
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Hattori Y, Taniguchi T, Watanabe K, Kitamura M. Identification of the monolayer thickness difference in a mechanically exfoliated thick flake of hexagonal boron nitride and graphite for van der Waals heterostructures. Nanotechnology 2023; 34. [PMID: 37084717 DOI: 10.1088/1361-6528/accf23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/25/2022] [Accepted: 04/21/2023] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Exfoliated flakes of layered materials, such as hexagonal boron nitride (hBN) and graphite with a thickness of several tens of nanometers, are used to construct van der Waals heterostructures. A flake with a desirable thickness, size, and shape is often selected from many exfoliated flakes placed randomly on a substrate using an optical microscope. This study examined the visualization of thick hBN and graphite flakes on SiO2/Si substrates through calculations and experiments. In particular, the study analyzed areas with different atomic layer thicknesses in a flake. For visualization, the SiO2 thickness was optimized based on the calculation. As an experimental result, the area with different thicknesses in a hBN flake showed different brightness in the image obtained using an optical microscope with a narrow band-pass filter. The maximum contrast was 12% with respect to the difference of monolayer thickness. In addition, hBN and graphite flakes were observed by differential interference contrast (DIC) microscopy. In the observation, the area with different thicknesses exhibited different brightnesses and colors. Adjusting the DIC bias had a similar effect to selecting a wavelength using a narrow band-pass filter.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoshiaki Hattori
- Kobe University, 1-1 Rokkodai-cho Nada-ku Kobe, JP, Kobe, Hyogo, 657-8501, JAPAN
| | - Takashi Taniguchi
- National Institute for Materials Science, 1-1 Namiki, Tsukuba, Japan, Tsukuba, 305-0044, JAPAN
| | - Kenji Watanabe
- National Institute for Materials Science, 1-1 Namiki, Tsukuba, Japan, Tsukuba, 305-0044, JAPAN
| | - Masatoshi Kitamura
- Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Kobe University, 1-1 Rokkodai-cho, Nada-ku, Kobe, 657-8501, JAPAN
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3
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Hoque NMR, Duan L. Impact of Soil-Based Insulation on Ultrahigh-Resolution Fiber-Optic Interferometry. Sensors (Basel) 2022; 23:259. [PMID: 36616857 PMCID: PMC9824487 DOI: 10.3390/s23010259] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2022] [Revised: 12/13/2022] [Accepted: 12/25/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
High resolution optical interferometry often requires thermal and acoustic insultation to reduce and remove environment-induced fluctuations. Broader applications of interferometric optical sensors in the future call for low-cost materials with both low thermal diffusivity and good soundproofing capability. In this paper, we explore the feasibility and effectiveness of natural soil as an insulation material for ultrahigh-resolution fiber-optic interferometry. An insulation chamber surrounded by soil is constructed, and its impact on the noise reduction of a Mach-Zehnder Fabry-Perot hybrid fiber interferometer is evaluated. Our results indicate that soil can effectively reduce ambient noise across a broad frequency range. Moreover, compared to conventional insulation materials such as polyurethane foam, soil shows superior insulation performance at low frequencies and thereby affords better long-term stability. This work demonstrates the practicability of soil as a legitimate option of insulation material for precision optical experiments.
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Murata Y, Sasaki T, Yoshida S. Stress Dependence on Relaxation of Deformation Induced by Laser Spot Heating. Materials (Basel) 2022; 15:ma15186330. [PMID: 36143642 PMCID: PMC9503077 DOI: 10.3390/ma15186330] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2022] [Revised: 08/20/2022] [Accepted: 09/08/2022] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
This paper deals with a non-destructive analysis of residual stress through the visualization of deformation behaviors induced by a local spot heating. Deformation was applied to the surface of an aluminum alloy with an infrared spot laser. The heating process is non-contact, and the applied strain is reversible in the range of room temperature to approximately +10 °C. The specimen was initially pulled up to elastic tensile stress using a tensile test machine under the assumption that the material was subject to the tensile residual stress. The relaxation behaviors of the applied strain under tensile stress conditions were evaluated using contact and non-contact methods, i.e., two strain gauges (the contact method) and a two-dimensional electronic speckle pattern interferometer (non-contact method). The results are discussed based on the stress dependencies of the thermal expansion coefficient and the elasticity of the materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuma Murata
- Graduate School of Science and Technology, Niigata University, Niigata 9502181, Japan
| | - Tomohiro Sasaki
- Graduate School of Science and Technology, Niigata University, Niigata 9502181, Japan
| | - Sanichiro Yoshida
- Department of Chemistry and Physics, Southeastern Louisiana University, Hammond, LA 70401, USA
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Hattori Y, Taniguchi T, Watanabe K, Kitamura M. Visualization of a hexagonal born nitride monolayer on an ultra-thin gold film via reflected light microscopy. Nanotechnology 2021; 33:065702. [PMID: 34700305 DOI: 10.1088/1361-6528/ac3357] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2021] [Accepted: 10/26/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Hexagonal boron nitride (h-BN) is an important insulating layered material for two-dimensional heterostructure devices. Among many applications, few-layer h-BN films have been employed as superior tunneling barrier films. However, it is difficult to construct a heterostructure with ultra-thin h-BN owing to the poor visibility of flakes on substrates, especially on a metallic surface substrate. Since reflectance from a metallic surface is generally high, a h-BN film on a metallic surface does not largely influence reflection spectra. In the present study, a thin Au layer with a thickness of ∼10 nm deposited on a Si substrate with a thermally grown SiO2was used for visualizing h-BN flakes. The thin Au layer possesses conductivity and transparency. Thus, the Au/SiO2/Si structure serves as an electrode and contributes to the visualization of an ultra-thin film according to optical interference. As a demonstration, the wavelength-dependent contrast of exfoliated few-layer h-BN flakes on the substrate was investigated under a quasi-monochromatic light using an optical microscope. A monolayer h-BN film was recognized in the image taken by a standard digital camera using a narrow band-pass filter of 490 nm, providing maximum contrast. Since the contrast increases linearly with the number of layers, the appropriate number of layers is identified from the contrast. Furthermore, the insulating property of a h-BN flake is examined using a conductive atomic force microscope to confirm whether the thin Au layer serves as an electrode. The tunneling current through the h-BN flake is consistent with the number of layers estimated from the contrast.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoshiaki Hattori
- Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Kobe University, 1-1, Rokkodai-cho, Nada, Kobe, 657-8501, Japan
| | - Takashi Taniguchi
- International Center for Materials Nanoarchitectonics, National Institute for Materials Science, 1-1 Namiki, Tsukuba 305-0044, Japan
| | - Kenji Watanabe
- Research Center for Functional Materials, National Institute for Materials Science, 1-1 Namiki, Tsukuba 305-0044, Japan
| | - Masatoshi Kitamura
- Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Kobe University, 1-1, Rokkodai-cho, Nada, Kobe, 657-8501, Japan
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Poduval RK, Coote JM, Mosse CA, Finlay MC, Desjardins AE, Papakonstantinou I. Precision-Microfabricated Fiber-Optic Probe for Intravascular Pressure and Temperature Sensing. IEEE J Sel Top Quantum Electron 2021; 27:7100412. [PMID: 33716587 PMCID: PMC7951063 DOI: 10.1109/jstqe.2021.3054727] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2020] [Revised: 01/05/2021] [Accepted: 01/21/2021] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Small form-factor sensors are widely used in minimally invasive intravascular diagnostic procedures. Manufacturing complexities associated with miniaturizing current fiber-optic probes, particularly for multi-parameter sensing, severely constrain their adoption outside of niche fields. It is especially challenging to rapidly prototype and iterate upon sensor designs to optimize performance for medical devices. In this work, a novel technique to construct a microscale extrinsic fiber-optic sensor with a confined air cavity and sub-micron geometric resolution is presented. The confined air cavity is enclosed between a 3 μm thick pressure-sensitive distal diaphragm and a proximal temperature-sensitive plano-convex microlens segment unresponsive to changes in external pressure. Simultaneous pressure and temperature measurements are possible through optical interrogation via phase-resolved low-coherence interferometry (LCI). Upon characterization in a simulated intravascular environment, we find these sensors capable of detecting pressure changes down to 0.11 mmHg (in the range of 760 to 1060 mmHg) and temperature changes of 0.036 °C (in the range 34 to 50 °C). By virtue of these sensitivity values suited to intravascular physiological monitoring, and the scope of design flexibility enabled by the precision-fabricated photoresist microstructure, it is envisaged that this technique will enable construction of a wide range of fiber-optic sensors for guiding minimally invasive medical procedures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Radhika K Poduval
- Department of Electronic and Electrical EngineeringUniversity College LondonLondonWC1E 7JEU.K
| | - Joanna M Coote
- Department of Medical Physics and Biomedical EngineeringUniversity College LondonLondonWC1E 6BTU.K
| | - Charles A Mosse
- Department of Medical Physics and Biomedical EngineeringUniversity College LondonLondonWC1E 6BTU.K
| | - Malcolm C Finlay
- Department of Medical Physics and Biomedical EngineeringUniversity College LondonLondonWC1E 6BTU.K
| | - Adrien E Desjardins
- Department of Medical Physics and Biomedical EngineeringUniversity College LondonLondonWC1E 6BTU.K
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7
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Zeng Z, Li Z, Fang F, Zhang X. Phase Compensation of the Non-Uniformity of the Liquid Crystal on Silicon Spatial Light Modulator at Pixel Level. Sensors (Basel) 2021; 21:967. [PMID: 33535480 DOI: 10.3390/s21030967] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2020] [Revised: 01/25/2021] [Accepted: 01/28/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Phase compensation is a critical step for the optical measuring system using spatial light modulator (SLM). The wavefront distortion from SLM is mainly caused by the phase modulation non-linearity and non-uniformity of SLM’s physical structure and environmental conditions. A phase modulation characteristic calibration and compensation method for liquid crystal on silicon spatial light modulator (LCoS-SLM) with a Twyman-Green interferometer is illustrated in this study. A method using two sequences of phase maps is proposed to calibrate the non-uniformity character over the whole aperture of LCoS-SLM at pixel level. A phase compensation matrix is calculated to correct the actual phase modulation of the LCoS-SLM and ensure that the designed wavefront could be achieved. Compared with previously known compensation methods, the proposed method could obtain the phase modulation characteristic curve of each pixel on the LCoS-SLM, rather than a mono look-up table (LUT) curve or multi-LUT curves corresponding to an array of blocks over the whole aperture of the LCoS-SLM. The experiment results show that the phase compensation precision could reach a peak-valley value of 0.061λ in wavefront and this method can be applied in generating freeform wave front for precise optical performance.
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8
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Takahashi T, Choi YJ, Sawada K, Takahashi K. A ppm Ethanol Sensor Based on Fabry-Perot Interferometric Surface Stress Transducer at Room Temperature. Sensors (Basel) 2020; 20:E6868. [PMID: 33266348 DOI: 10.3390/s20236868] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2020] [Revised: 11/21/2020] [Accepted: 11/27/2020] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Disease screening by exhaled breath diagnosis is less burdensome for patients, and various devices have been developed as promising diagnostic methods. We developed a microelectromechanical system (MEMS) optical interferometric surface stress sensor to detect volatile ethanol gas at room temperature (26~27 °C) with high sensitivity. A sub-micron air gap in the optical interferometric sensor reduces interference orders, leading to increased spectral response associated with nanomechanical deflection caused by ethanol adsorption. The sub-micron cavity was embedded in a substrate using a transfer technique of parylene-C nanosheet. The sensor with a 0.4 µm gap shows a linear stable reaction, with small standard deviations, even at low ethanol gas concentrations of 5–110 ppm and a reversible reaction to the gas concentration change. Furthermore, the possibility of detecting sub-ppm ethanol concentration by optimizing the diameter and thickness of the deformable membrane is suggested. Compared with conventional MEMS surface stress gas sensors, the proposed optical interferometric sensor demonstrated high-sensitivity gas detection with exceeding the detection limit by two orders of magnitude while reducing the sensing area.
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9
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Kulichikhin V, Makarov I, Mironova M, Golova L, Vinogradov M, Shandryuk G, Levin I, Arkharova N. A Role of Coagulant in Structure Formation of Fibers and Films Spun from Cellulose Solutions. Materials (Basel) 2020; 13:ma13163495. [PMID: 32784713 PMCID: PMC7476048 DOI: 10.3390/ma13163495] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2020] [Revised: 08/04/2020] [Accepted: 08/05/2020] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Replacing the aqueous coagulation bath with an alcoholic one during spinning cellulose fibers (films) from solutions in N-methylmorpholine-N-oxide leads to a radical restructuring of the hydrogen bonds net of cellulose and, as a result, to a change in the structure and properties of the resulting material. By the method of optical interferometry, it was possible to identify the intrinsic features of the interaction of the solvent and isomeric alcohols and to construct phase diagrams of binary systems describing the crystalline equilibrium. Knowledge of the phase states of the system at different temperatures renders it possible to exclude the process of solvent crystallization and conduct the spinning in pseudo-homogeneous conditions. The structure and morphology of samples were studied using X-ray diffraction and scanning electron microscopy methods for a specific coagulant. When the solution under certain conditions is coagulated at contact with alcohol, the solvent may be in a glassy state, whereas, when at coagulation in water, an amorphous-crystalline structure is formed. The structural features of cellulose films obtained by coagulation of solutions with water and alcohols help to select potential engineering or functional materials (textile, packaging, membranes, etc.), in which their qualities will manifest to the best extent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valery Kulichikhin
- A.V. Topchiev Institute of Petrochemical Synthesis, Russian Academy of Sciences, 29, Leninsky prospekt, 119991 Moscow, Russia; (I.M.); (M.M.); (L.G.); (M.V.); (G.S.); (I.L.)
- Correspondence:
| | - Igor Makarov
- A.V. Topchiev Institute of Petrochemical Synthesis, Russian Academy of Sciences, 29, Leninsky prospekt, 119991 Moscow, Russia; (I.M.); (M.M.); (L.G.); (M.V.); (G.S.); (I.L.)
| | - Maria Mironova
- A.V. Topchiev Institute of Petrochemical Synthesis, Russian Academy of Sciences, 29, Leninsky prospekt, 119991 Moscow, Russia; (I.M.); (M.M.); (L.G.); (M.V.); (G.S.); (I.L.)
| | - Lyudmila Golova
- A.V. Topchiev Institute of Petrochemical Synthesis, Russian Academy of Sciences, 29, Leninsky prospekt, 119991 Moscow, Russia; (I.M.); (M.M.); (L.G.); (M.V.); (G.S.); (I.L.)
| | - Markel Vinogradov
- A.V. Topchiev Institute of Petrochemical Synthesis, Russian Academy of Sciences, 29, Leninsky prospekt, 119991 Moscow, Russia; (I.M.); (M.M.); (L.G.); (M.V.); (G.S.); (I.L.)
| | - Georgiy Shandryuk
- A.V. Topchiev Institute of Petrochemical Synthesis, Russian Academy of Sciences, 29, Leninsky prospekt, 119991 Moscow, Russia; (I.M.); (M.M.); (L.G.); (M.V.); (G.S.); (I.L.)
| | - Ivan Levin
- A.V. Topchiev Institute of Petrochemical Synthesis, Russian Academy of Sciences, 29, Leninsky prospekt, 119991 Moscow, Russia; (I.M.); (M.M.); (L.G.); (M.V.); (G.S.); (I.L.)
| | - Natalia Arkharova
- A.V. Shubnikov Institute of Crystallography, Federal Research Center Crystallography and Photonics, Russian Academy of Sciences, 119333 Moscow, Russia;
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Bello V, Simoni A, Merlo S. Spectral Phase Shift Interferometry for Refractive Index Monitoring in Micro-Capillaries. Sensors (Basel) 2020; 20:s20041043. [PMID: 32075175 PMCID: PMC7070839 DOI: 10.3390/s20041043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2020] [Revised: 02/10/2020] [Accepted: 02/12/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
In this work, we demonstrate spectral phase-shift interferometry operating in the near-infrared wavelength range for refractive index (RI) monitoring of fluidic samples in micro-capillaries. A detailed theoretical model was developed to calculate the phase-sensitive spectral reflectivity when low-cost rectangular glass micro-capillaries, filled with samples with different refractive indices, are placed at the end of the measurment arm of a Michelson interferometer. From the phase-sensitive spectral reflectivity, we recovered the cosine-shaped interferometric signal as a function of the wavelength, as well as its dependence on the sample RI. Using the readout radiation provided by a 40-nm wideband light source with a flat emission spectrum centered at 1.55 µm and a 2 × 1 fiberoptic coupler on the common input-output optical path, experimental results were found to be in good agreement with the expected theoretical behavior. The shift of the micro-capillary optical resonances, induced by RI variations in the filling fluids (comparing saline solution with respect to distilled water, and isopropanol with respect to ethanol) were clearly detected by monitoring the positions of steep phase jumps in the cosine-shaped interferometric signal recorded as a function of the wavelength. By adding a few optical components to the instrumental configuration previously demonstrated for the spectral amplitude detection of resonances, we achieved phase-sensitive detection of the wavelength positions of the resonances as a function of the filling fluid RI. The main advantage consists of recovering RI variations by detecting the wavelength shift of “sharp peaks”, with any amplitude above a threshold in the interferometric signal derivative, instead of “wide minima” in the reflected power spectra, which are more easily affected by uncertainties due to amplitude fluctuations.
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Sasaki T, Yoshida S, Ogawa T, Shitaka J, McGibboney C. Effect of Residual Stress on Thermal Deformation Behavior. Materials (Basel) 2019; 12:E4141. [PMID: 31835611 DOI: 10.3390/ma12244141] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2019] [Revised: 12/04/2019] [Accepted: 12/09/2019] [Indexed: 12/02/2022]
Abstract
This paper discusses a non-destructive measurement technique of residual stress through optical visualization. The least amount of deformation possible is applied to steel plates by heating the specimens +10 °C from room temperature for initial calibration, and the thermal expansion behavior is visualized with an electronic speckle pattern interferometer sensitive to two dimensional in-plane displacement. Displacement distribution with the thermal deformation and coefficient of thermal expansion are obtained through interferometric fringe analysis. The results suggest the change in the thermal deformation behavior is affected by the external stress initially applied to the steel specimen. Additionally, dissimilar joints of steel and cemented carbide plates are prepared by butt-brazing. The residual stress is estimated based on the stress dependence of thermal expansion coefficient.
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12
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Merlo S, Crisà E, Giusti D, Ferrera M, Soldo M. Characterization of Tunable Micro-Lenses with a Versatile Optical Measuring System. Sensors (Basel) 2018; 18:E4396. [PMID: 30545109 PMCID: PMC6308532 DOI: 10.3390/s18124396] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2018] [Revised: 12/07/2018] [Accepted: 12/09/2018] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
In this work, we present the results of the opto⁻electro⁻mechanical characterization of tunable micro-lenses, Tlens®, performed with a single-spot optical measuring system. Tested devices are composed of a transparent soft polymer layer that is deposited on a supporting glass substrate and is covered by a glass membrane with a thin-film piezoelectric actuator on top. Near-infrared optical low-coherence reflectometry is exploited for both static and low-frequency dynamic analyses in the time domain. Optical thickness of the layers and of the overall structure, actuation efficiency, and hysteretic behavior of the piezo-actuator as a function of driving voltage are obtained by processing the back-reflected signal in different ways. The use of optical sources with relatively short coherence lengths allows performing interferometric measurements without spurious resonance effects due to multiple parallel interfaces, furthermore, selecting the plane/layer to be monitored. We finally report results of direct measurements of Tlens® optical power as a function of driving voltage, performed by redirecting a He-Ne laser beam on the lens and monitoring the focused spot at various distances with a digital camera.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sabina Merlo
- Dipartimento di Ingegneria Industriale e dell'Informazione, Università degli Studi di Pavia, 27100 Pavia, Italy.
| | - Eleonora Crisà
- Dipartimento di Ingegneria Industriale e dell'Informazione, Università degli Studi di Pavia, 27100 Pavia, Italy.
| | | | | | - Marco Soldo
- STMicroelectronics, 20010 Cornaredo (Mi), Italy.
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Kim SW, Lee JS, Lee SW, Kang BH, Kwon JB, Kim OS, Kim JS, Kim ES, Kwon DH, Kang SW. Easy-to-Fabricate and High-Sensitivity LSPR Type Specific Protein Detection Sensor Using AAO Nano-Pore Size Control. Sensors (Basel) 2017; 17:s17040856. [PMID: 28406469 PMCID: PMC5424733 DOI: 10.3390/s17040856] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2017] [Revised: 04/11/2017] [Accepted: 04/12/2017] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
In this study, we developed a pore size/pore area-controlled optical biosensor-based anodic aluminum oxide (AAO) nanostructure. As the pore size of AAO increases, the unit cell of AAO increases, which also increases the non-pore area to which the antibody binds. The increase in the number of antibodies immobilized on the surface of the AAO enables effective detection of trace amounts of antigen, because increased antigen-antibody bonding results in a larger surface refractive index change. High sensitivity was thus achieved through amplification of the interference wave of two vertically-incident reflected waves through the localized surface plasmon resonance phenomenon. The sensitivity of the fabricated sensor was evaluated by measuring the change in wavelength with the change in the refractive index of the device surface, and sensitivity was increased with increasing pore-size and non-pore area. The sensitivity of the fabricated sensor was improved and up to 11.8 ag/mL serum amyloid A1 antigen was detected. In addition, the selectivity of the fabricated sensor was confirmed through a reaction with a heterogeneous substance, C-reactive protein antigen. By using hard anodization during fabrication of the AAO, the fabrication time of the device was reduced and the AAO chip was fabricated quickly and easily.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sae-Wan Kim
- School of Electronics Engineering, College of IT Engineering, Kyungpook National University, 1370 Sankyuk-dong, Bukgu, 702-701 Daegu, Korea.
| | - Jae-Sung Lee
- School of Electronics Engineering, College of IT Engineering, Kyungpook National University, 1370 Sankyuk-dong, Bukgu, 702-701 Daegu, Korea.
| | - Sang-Won Lee
- School of Electronics Engineering, College of IT Engineering, Kyungpook National University, 1370 Sankyuk-dong, Bukgu, 702-701 Daegu, Korea.
| | - Byoung-Ho Kang
- Division of Advanced Research and Development, SINOKOR, 12 Seongseogongdanbuk-ro 43-gil, Dalseo-gu, Daegu 704-920, Korea.
| | - Jin-Beom Kwon
- School of Electronics Engineering, College of IT Engineering, Kyungpook National University, 1370 Sankyuk-dong, Bukgu, 702-701 Daegu, Korea.
| | - Ok-Sik Kim
- School of Electronics Engineering, College of IT Engineering, Kyungpook National University, 1370 Sankyuk-dong, Bukgu, 702-701 Daegu, Korea.
| | - Ju-Seong Kim
- School of Electronics Engineering, College of IT Engineering, Kyungpook National University, 1370 Sankyuk-dong, Bukgu, 702-701 Daegu, Korea.
| | - Eung-Soo Kim
- Division of Computer and Electronic Engineering, Pusan University of Foreign studies, 65 Namsan-dong, Geumjeong-gu, 608-738 Busan, Korea.
| | - Dae-Hyuk Kwon
- Department of Electronics Engineering, Kyungil University, Hayang-up, Gyeongsang buk-do 712-702, Korea.
| | - Shin-Won Kang
- School of Electronics Engineering, College of IT Engineering, Kyungpook National University, 1370 Sankyuk-dong, Bukgu, 702-701 Daegu, Korea.
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Ramamoorthy S, Zhang Y, Petrie T, Fridberger A, Ren T, Wang R, Jacques SL, Nuttall AL. Minimally invasive surgical method to detect sound processing in the cochlear apex by optical coherence tomography. J Biomed Opt 2016; 21:25003. [PMID: 26836207 PMCID: PMC4796094 DOI: 10.1117/1.jbo.21.2.025003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2015] [Accepted: 12/23/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Sound processing in the inner ear involves separation of the constituent frequencies along the length of the cochlea. Frequencies relevant to human speech (100 to 500 Hz) are processed in the apex region. Among mammals, the guinea pig cochlear apex processes similar frequencies and is thus relevant for the study of speech processing in the cochlea. However, the requirement for extensive surgery has challenged the optical accessibility of this area to investigate cochlear processing of signals without significant intrusion. A simple method is developed to provide optical access to the guinea pig cochlear apex in two directions with minimal surgery. Furthermore, all prior vibration measurements in the guinea pig apex involved opening an observation hole in the otic capsule, which has been questioned on the basis of the resulting changes to cochlear hydrodynamics. Here, this limitation is overcome by measuring the vibrations through the unopened otic capsule using phase-sensitive Fourier domain optical coherence tomography. The optically and surgically advanced method described here lays the foundation to perform minimally invasive investigation of speech-related signal processing in the cochlea.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sripriya Ramamoorthy
- Oregon Health and Science University, Oregon Hearing Research Center, Department of Otolaryngology, 3181 SW Sam Jackson Park Road, NRC 04, Portland, Oregon 97239, United States
| | - Yuan Zhang
- Oregon Health and Science University, Oregon Hearing Research Center, Department of Otolaryngology, 3181 SW Sam Jackson Park Road, NRC 04, Portland, Oregon 97239, United States
| | - Tracy Petrie
- Oregon Health and Science University, Department of Biomedical Engineering, 3303 Bond Street, Portland, Oregon 97239, United States
| | - Anders Fridberger
- Linköping University, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Cell Biology SE-58185, Linköping, Sweden
| | - Tianying Ren
- Oregon Health and Science University, Oregon Hearing Research Center, Department of Otolaryngology, 3181 SW Sam Jackson Park Road, NRC 04, Portland, Oregon 97239, United States
| | - Ruikang Wang
- University of Washington, Department of Bioengineering, William H. Foege Building, P.O. Box 355061, 3720 15th Avenue NE, Seattle, Washington 98195-5061, United States
| | - Steven L. Jacques
- Oregon Health and Science University, Department of Biomedical Engineering, 3303 Bond Street, Portland, Oregon 97239, United States
- Oregon Health and Science University, Department of Dermatology, Portland, Oregon 97239, United States
| | - Alfred L. Nuttall
- Oregon Health and Science University, Oregon Hearing Research Center, Department of Otolaryngology, 3181 SW Sam Jackson Park Road, NRC 04, Portland, Oregon 97239, United States
- University of Michigan, Kresge Hearing Research Center, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48105, United States
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15
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van de Haar MA, Maas R, Schokker H, Polman A. Experimental realization of a polarization-independent ultraviolet/visible coaxial plasmonic metamaterial. Nano Lett 2014; 14:6356-60. [PMID: 25310377 PMCID: PMC4245717 DOI: 10.1021/nl5028183] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2014] [Revised: 10/09/2014] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
We report the experimental realization of an optical metamaterial composed of a hexagonal array of coaxial plasmonic metal/insulator/metal waveguides that shows strong polarization-independent optical mode index dispersion in the ultraviolet/blue. The metamaterial is composed of silicon coaxes with a well-defined diameter in the range of 150-168 nm with extremely thin sidewalls (13-15 nm), embedded in a silver film, fabricated using a combination of electron beam lithography, physical vapor deposition, reactive ion etching, and focused ion beam polishing. Using a Mach-Zehnder interferometer the phase advance is measured on several metamaterial samples with different dimensions in the UV/visible part of the spectrum. For all geometries the spectral features as well as the geometry dependence of the data correspond well with numerical finite-difference time domain simulations and the calculated waveguide dispersion diagram, showing a negative mode index between 440 and 500 nm.
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16
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Subhash HM, Davila V. Volumetric in vivo imaging of microvascular perfusion within the intact cochlea in mice using ultra-high sensitive optical microangiography. IEEE Trans Med Imaging 2011; 30:224-30. [PMID: 20813632 PMCID: PMC3005144 DOI: 10.1109/tmi.2010.2072934] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Studying the inner ear microvascular dynamics is extremely important to understand the cochlear function and to further advance the diagnosis, prevention, and treatment of many otologic disorders. However, there is currently no effective imaging tool available that is able to access the blood flow within the intact cochlea. In this paper, we report the use of an ultrahigh sensitive optical micro-angiography (UHS-OMAG) imaging system to image 3-D microvascular perfusion within the intact cochlea in living mice. The UHS-OMAG image system used in this study is based on spectral domain optical coherence tomography, which uses a broadband light source centered at 1300 nm with an imaging rate of 47[Formula: see text] 000 A-scans/s, capable of acquiring high-resolution B scans at 300 frames/s. The technique is sensitive enough to image very slow blood flow velocities, such as those found in capillary networks. The 3-D imaging acquisition time for a whole cochlea is ∼ 4.1 s. We demonstrate that volumetric reconstruction of microvascular flow obtained by UHS-OMAG provides a comprehensive perfusion map of several regions of the cochlea, including the otic capsule, the stria vascularis of the apical and middle turns and the radiating arterioles that emanate from the modiolus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hrebesh M. Subhash
- Biophotonics and imaging lab, Division of Biomedical Engineering, School of Medicine, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR 97239 USA (; )
| | - Viviana Davila
- Biophotonics and imaging lab, Division of Biomedical Engineering, School of Medicine, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR 97239 USA (; )
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17
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Kang JU, Han JH, Liu X, Zhang K, Song CG, Gehlbach P. Endoscopic Functional Fourier Domain Common Path Optical Coherence Tomography for Microsurgery. IEEE J Sel Top Quantum Electron 2010; 16:781-792. [PMID: 22899880 PMCID: PMC3418670 DOI: 10.1109/jstqe.2009.2031597] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
A single-arm interferometer based optical coherence tomography (OCT) system known as common-path OCT (CPOCT) is rapidly progressing towards practical application. Due in part to the simplicity and robustness of its design, Fourier Domain CPOCT (FD-CP-OCT) offers advantages in many endoscopic sensing and imaging applications. FD-CP-OCT uses simple, interchangeable fiber optic probes that are easily integrated into small and delicate surgical tools. The system is capable of providing not only high resolution imaging but also optical sensing. Here, we report progress towards practical application of FD-CP-OCT in the setting of delicate microsurgical procedures such as intraocular retinal surgery. To meet the challenges presented by the microsurgical requirements of these procedures, we have developed and initiated the validation of applicable fiber optic probes. By integrating these probes into our developing imaging system, we have obtained high resolution OCT images and have also completed a demonstration of their potential sensing capabilities. Specifically, we utilize multiple SLEDs to demonstrate sub 3-micron axial resolution in water; we propose a technique to quantitatively evaluate the spatial distribution of oxygen saturation levels in tissue; and we present evidence supportive of the technology's surface sensing and tool guidance potential by demonstrating topological and motion compensation capabilities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jin U Kang
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21218 USA (phone: 410-516-8186; fax: 410-516-5566; )
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18
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Abstract
The reliable detection, sizing, and sorting of viruses and nanoparticles is important for biosensing, environmental monitoring, and quality control. Here we introduce an optical detection scheme for the real-time and label-free detection and recognition of single viruses and larger proteins. The method makes use of nanofluidic channels in combination with optical interferometry. Elastically scattered light from single viruses traversing a stationary laser focus is detected with a differential heterodyne interferometer and the resulting signal allows single viruses to be characterized individually. Heterodyne detection eliminates phase variations due to different particle trajectories, thus improving the recognition accuracy as compared to standard optical interferometry. We demonstrate the practicality of our approach by resolving nanoparticles of various sizes, and detecting and recognizing different species of human viruses from a mixture. The detection system can be readily integrated into larger nanofluidic architectures for practical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anirban Mitra
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Rochester, Rochester NY 14627
| | - Bradley Deutsch
- Institute of Optics, University of Rochester, Rochester NY 14627
| | | | - Carrie Dykes
- Department of Medicine, Infectious Diseases Division, University of Rochester, Rochester NY 14627
| | - Lukas Novotny
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Rochester, Rochester NY 14627
- Institute of Optics, University of Rochester, Rochester NY 14627
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19
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Hall NA, Okandan M, Littrell R, Serkland DK, Keeler GA, Peterson K, Bicen B, Garcia CT, Degertekin FL. Micromachined Accelerometers With Optical Interferometric Read-Out and Integrated Electrostatic Actuation. J Microelectromech Syst 2008; 17:37-44. [PMID: 19079635 PMCID: PMC2601649 DOI: 10.1109/jmems.2007.910243] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
A micromachined accelerometer device structure with diffraction-based optical detection and integrated electrostatic actuation is introduced. The sensor consists of a bulk silicon proof mass electrode that moves vertically with respect to a rigid diffraction grating backplate electrode to provide interferometric detection resolution of the proof-mass displacement when illuminated with coherent light. The sensor architecture includes a monolithically integrated electrostatic actuation port that enables the application of precisely controlled broadband forces to the proof mass while the displacement is simultaneously and independently measured optically. This enables several useful features such as dynamic self-characterization and a variety of force-feedback modalities, including alteration of device dynamics in situ. These features are experimentally demonstrated with sensors that have been optoelectronically integrated into sub-cubic-millimeter volumes using an entirely surface-normal, rigid, and robust embodiment incorporating vertical cavity surface emitting lasers and integrated photodetector arrays. In addition to small form factor and high acceleration resolution, the ability to self-characterize and alter device dynamics in situ may be advantageous. This allows periodic calibration and in situ matching of sensor dynamics among an array of accelerometers or seismometers configured in a network.
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Affiliation(s)
- Neal A Hall
- Sandia National Laboratories, Albuquerque, NM 87185 USA
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20
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Abstract
This paper contains descriptions of the construction and use over the temperature range -27 °C to 570 °C of a Merritt-Saunders (optical interferometric) linear thermal expansion apparatus. Measurements of thermal expansion are reported for platinum and for two platinum-rhodium alloys (nominally 12 wt% Rh and 20 wt% Rh). Detailed analyses are given of the measurement uncertainties involved in the experiment and of the representation of the data by polynomials in the sample temperatures. The data show precision at the 1-ppm level and good agreement with results already published.
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Affiliation(s)
- R E Edsinger
- National Bureau of Standards, Gaithersburg, MD 20899
| | - M L Reilly
- National Bureau of Standards, Gaithersburg, MD 20899
| | - J F Schooley
- National Bureau of Standards, Gaithersburg, MD 20899
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