1
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Abma G, Parkes MA, Razmus WO, Zhang Y, Wyatt AS, Springate E, Chapman RT, Horke DA, Minns RS. Direct Observation of a Roaming Intermediate and Its Dynamics. J Am Chem Soc 2024; 146:12595-12600. [PMID: 38682306 PMCID: PMC11082896 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.4c01543] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2024] [Revised: 04/11/2024] [Accepted: 04/12/2024] [Indexed: 05/01/2024]
Abstract
Chemical reactions are often characterized by their transition state, which defines the critical geometry the molecule must pass through to move from reactants to products. Roaming provides an alternative picture, where in a dissociation reaction, the bond breaking is frustrated and a loosely bound intermediate is formed. Following bond breaking, the two partners are seen to roam around each other at distances of several Ångstroms, forming a loosely bound, and structurally ill-defined, intermediate that can subsequently lead to reactive or unreactive collisions. Here, we present a direct and time-resolved experimental measurement of roaming. By measuring the photoelectron spectrum of UV-excited acetaldehyde with a femtosecond extreme ultraviolet pulse, we captured spectral signatures of all of the key reactive structures, including that of the roaming intermediate. This provided a direct experimental measurement of the roaming process and allowed us to identify the time scales by which the roaming intermediate is formed and removed and the electronic potential surfaces upon which roaming proceeds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Grite
L. Abma
- Institute
for Molecules and Materials, Radboud University, Heijendaalseweg 135, Nijmegen 6525 AJ, The Netherlands
| | - Michael A. Parkes
- Department
of Chemistry, University College London, 20 Gordon Street, London WC1H 0AJ, U.K.
| | - Weronika O. Razmus
- School
of Chemistry, University of Southampton, Highfield, Southampton SO17 1BJ, U.K.
| | - Yu Zhang
- Central
Laser Facility, STFC Rutherford Appleton
Laboratory, Didcot, Oxfordshire OX11 0QX, U.K.
| | - Adam S. Wyatt
- Central
Laser Facility, STFC Rutherford Appleton
Laboratory, Didcot, Oxfordshire OX11 0QX, U.K.
| | - Emma Springate
- Central
Laser Facility, STFC Rutherford Appleton
Laboratory, Didcot, Oxfordshire OX11 0QX, U.K.
| | - Richard T. Chapman
- Central
Laser Facility, STFC Rutherford Appleton
Laboratory, Didcot, Oxfordshire OX11 0QX, U.K.
| | - Daniel A. Horke
- Institute
for Molecules and Materials, Radboud University, Heijendaalseweg 135, Nijmegen 6525 AJ, The Netherlands
| | - Russell S. Minns
- School
of Chemistry, University of Southampton, Highfield, Southampton SO17 1BJ, U.K.
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2
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Sparling C, Ruget A, Ireland L, Kotsina N, Ghafur O, Leach J, Townsend D. The importance of molecular axis alignment and symmetry-breaking in photoelectron elliptical dichroism. J Chem Phys 2023; 159:214301. [PMID: 38038198 DOI: 10.1063/5.0180361] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2023] [Accepted: 11/06/2023] [Indexed: 12/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Photoelectron angular distributions (PADs) produced from the photoionization of chiral molecules using elliptically polarized light exhibit a forward/backward asymmetry with respect to the optical propagation direction. By recording these distributions using the velocity-map imaging (VMI) technique, the resulting photoelectron elliptical dichroism (PEELD) has previously been demonstrated as a promising spectroscopic tool for studying chiral molecules in the gas phase. The use of elliptically polarized laser pulses, however, produces PADs (and consequently, PEELD distributions) that do not exhibit cylindrical symmetry about the propagation axis. This leads to significant limitations and challenges when employing conventional VMI acquisition and data processing strategies. Using novel photoelectron image analysis methods based around Hankel transform reconstruction tomography and machine learning, however, we have quantified-for the first time-significant symmetry-breaking contributions to PEELD signals that are of a comparable magnitude to the symmetric terms in the multiphoton ionization of (1R,4R)-(+)- and (1S,4S)-(-)-camphor. This contradicts any assumptions that symmetry-breaking can be ignored when reconstructing VMI data. Furthermore, these same symmetry-breaking terms are expected to appear in any experiment where circular and linear laser fields are used together. This ionization scheme is particularly relevant for investigating dynamics in chiral molecules, but it is not limited to them. Developing a full understanding of these terms and the role they play in the photoionization of chiral molecules is of clear importance if the potential of PEELD and related effects for future practical applications is to be fully realized.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chris Sparling
- Institute of Photonics & Quantum Sciences, Heriot-Watt University, Edinburgh EH14 4AS, United Kingdom
| | - Alice Ruget
- Institute of Photonics & Quantum Sciences, Heriot-Watt University, Edinburgh EH14 4AS, United Kingdom
| | - Lewis Ireland
- Institute of Photonics & Quantum Sciences, Heriot-Watt University, Edinburgh EH14 4AS, United Kingdom
| | - Nikoleta Kotsina
- Institute of Photonics & Quantum Sciences, Heriot-Watt University, Edinburgh EH14 4AS, United Kingdom
| | - Omair Ghafur
- Institute of Photonics & Quantum Sciences, Heriot-Watt University, Edinburgh EH14 4AS, United Kingdom
| | - Jonathan Leach
- Institute of Photonics & Quantum Sciences, Heriot-Watt University, Edinburgh EH14 4AS, United Kingdom
| | - Dave Townsend
- Institute of Photonics & Quantum Sciences, Heriot-Watt University, Edinburgh EH14 4AS, United Kingdom
- Institute of Chemical Sciences, Heriot-Watt University, Edinburgh EH14 4AS, United Kingdom
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3
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Morrigan L, Neville SP, Gregory M, Boguslavskiy AE, Forbes R, Wilkinson I, Lausten R, Stolow A, Schuurman MS, Hockett P, Makhija V. Ultrafast Molecular Frame Quantum Tomography. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2023; 131:193001. [PMID: 38000424 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.131.193001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2023] [Revised: 09/05/2023] [Accepted: 10/03/2023] [Indexed: 11/26/2023]
Abstract
We develop and experimentally demonstrate a methodology for a full molecular frame quantum tomography (MFQT) of dynamical polyatomic systems. We exemplify this approach through the complete characterization of an electronically nonadiabatic wave packet in ammonia (NH_{3}). The method exploits both energy and time-domain spectroscopic data, and yields the lab frame density matrix (LFDM) for the system, the elements of which are populations and coherences. The LFDM fully characterizes electronic and nuclear dynamics in the molecular frame, yielding the time- and orientation-angle dependent expectation values of any relevant operator. For example, the time-dependent molecular frame electronic probability density may be constructed, yielding information on electronic dynamics in the molecular frame. In NH_{3}, we observe that electronic coherences are induced by nuclear dynamics which nonadiabatically drive electronic motions (charge migration) in the molecular frame. Here, the nuclear dynamics are rotational and it is nonadiabatic Coriolis coupling which drives the coherences. Interestingly, the nuclear-driven electronic coherence is preserved over longer timescales. In general, MFQT can help quantify entanglement between electronic and nuclear degrees of freedom, and provide new routes to the study of ultrafast molecular dynamics, charge migration, quantum information processing, and optimal control schemes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luna Morrigan
- Department of Chemistry and Physics, University of Mary Washington, Fredericksburg, Virginia 22401, USA
| | - Simon P Neville
- National Research Council Canada, 100 Sussex Drive, Ottawa, Ontario K1A 0R6, Canada
| | - Margaret Gregory
- Department of Chemistry and Physics, University of Mary Washington, Fredericksburg, Virginia 22401, USA
| | - Andrey E Boguslavskiy
- Department of Physics, University of Ottawa, 150 Louis Pasteur, Ottawa, Ontario K1N 6N5, Canada
- Department of Chemistry and Biomolecular Sciences, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario K1N 6N5, Canada
| | - Ruaridh Forbes
- Department of Physics, University of Ottawa, 150 Louis Pasteur, Ottawa, Ontario K1N 6N5, Canada
- Linac Coherent Light Source, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Menlo Park, California 94025, USA
| | - Iain Wilkinson
- National Research Council Canada, 100 Sussex Drive, Ottawa, Ontario K1A 0R6, Canada
- Institute for Electronic Structure Dynamics, Helmholtz-Zentrum für Materialien und Energie, Hahn-Meitner-Platz 1, 14109 Berlin, Germany
| | - Rune Lausten
- National Research Council Canada, 100 Sussex Drive, Ottawa, Ontario K1A 0R6, Canada
| | - Albert Stolow
- National Research Council Canada, 100 Sussex Drive, Ottawa, Ontario K1A 0R6, Canada
- Department of Physics, University of Ottawa, 150 Louis Pasteur, Ottawa, Ontario K1N 6N5, Canada
- Department of Chemistry and Biomolecular Sciences, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario K1N 6N5, Canada
- NRC-uOttawa Joint Centre for Extreme and Quantum Photonics (JCEP), Ottawa, Ontario K1A 0R6, Canada
| | - Michael S Schuurman
- National Research Council Canada, 100 Sussex Drive, Ottawa, Ontario K1A 0R6, Canada
- Department of Chemistry and Biomolecular Sciences, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario K1N 6N5, Canada
| | - Paul Hockett
- National Research Council Canada, 100 Sussex Drive, Ottawa, Ontario K1A 0R6, Canada
| | - Varun Makhija
- Department of Chemistry and Physics, University of Mary Washington, Fredericksburg, Virginia 22401, USA
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4
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Gabalski I, Allum F, Seidu I, Britton M, Brenner G, Bromberger H, Brouard M, Bucksbaum PH, Burt M, Cryan JP, Driver T, Ekanayake N, Erk B, Garg D, Gougoula E, Heathcote D, Hockett P, Holland DMP, Howard AJ, Kumar S, Lee JWL, Li S, McManus J, Mikosch J, Milesevic D, Minns RS, Neville S, Atia-Tul-Noor, Papadopoulou CC, Passow C, Razmus WO, Röder A, Rouzée A, Simao A, Unwin J, Vallance C, Walmsley T, Wang J, Rolles D, Stolow A, Schuurman MS, Forbes R. Time-Resolved X-ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy: Ultrafast Dynamics in CS 2 Probed at the S 2p Edge. J Phys Chem Lett 2023; 14:7126-7133. [PMID: 37534743 PMCID: PMC10431593 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpclett.3c01447] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2023] [Accepted: 07/17/2023] [Indexed: 08/04/2023]
Abstract
Recent developments in X-ray free-electron lasers have enabled a novel site-selective probe of coupled nuclear and electronic dynamics in photoexcited molecules, time-resolved X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (TRXPS). We present results from a joint experimental and theoretical TRXPS study of the well-characterized ultraviolet photodissociation of CS2, a prototypical system for understanding non-adiabatic dynamics. These results demonstrate that the sulfur 2p binding energy is sensitive to changes in the nuclear structure following photoexcitation, which ultimately leads to dissociation into CS and S photoproducts. We are able to assign the main X-ray spectroscopic features to the CS and S products via comparison to a first-principles determination of the TRXPS based on ab initio multiple-spawning simulations. Our results demonstrate the use of TRXPS as a local probe of complex ultrafast photodissociation dynamics involving multimodal vibrational coupling, nonradiative transitions between electronic states, and multiple final product channels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ian Gabalski
- Stanford
PULSE Institute, SLAC National Accelerator
Laboratory, Menlo
Park, California 94025, United States
- Department
of Applied Physics, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, United States
| | - Felix Allum
- Stanford
PULSE Institute, SLAC National Accelerator
Laboratory, Menlo
Park, California 94025, United States
- Linac
Coherent Light Source, SLAC National Accelerator
Laboratory, Menlo
Park, California 94025, United States
- Chemistry
Research Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3TA, U.K.
| | - Issaka Seidu
- National
Research Council Canada, Ottawa, Ontario K1A 0R6, Canada
| | - Mathew Britton
- Stanford
PULSE Institute, SLAC National Accelerator
Laboratory, Menlo
Park, California 94025, United States
| | - Günter Brenner
- Deutsches
Elektronen-Synchrotron DESY, Notkestr. 85, 22607 Hamburg, Germany
| | | | - Mark Brouard
- Chemistry
Research Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3TA, U.K.
| | - Philip H. Bucksbaum
- Stanford
PULSE Institute, SLAC National Accelerator
Laboratory, Menlo
Park, California 94025, United States
- Department
of Applied Physics, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, United States
- Department
of Physics, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, United States
| | - Michael Burt
- Chemistry
Research Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3TA, U.K.
| | - James P. Cryan
- Stanford
PULSE Institute, SLAC National Accelerator
Laboratory, Menlo
Park, California 94025, United States
- Linac
Coherent Light Source, SLAC National Accelerator
Laboratory, Menlo
Park, California 94025, United States
| | - Taran Driver
- Stanford
PULSE Institute, SLAC National Accelerator
Laboratory, Menlo
Park, California 94025, United States
- Linac
Coherent Light Source, SLAC National Accelerator
Laboratory, Menlo
Park, California 94025, United States
| | - Nagitha Ekanayake
- Deutsches
Elektronen-Synchrotron DESY, Notkestr. 85, 22607 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Benjamin Erk
- Deutsches
Elektronen-Synchrotron DESY, Notkestr. 85, 22607 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Diksha Garg
- Deutsches
Elektronen-Synchrotron DESY, Notkestr. 85, 22607 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Eva Gougoula
- Deutsches
Elektronen-Synchrotron DESY, Notkestr. 85, 22607 Hamburg, Germany
| | - David Heathcote
- Chemistry
Research Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3TA, U.K.
| | - Paul Hockett
- National
Research Council Canada, Ottawa, Ontario K1A 0R6, Canada
| | | | - Andrew J. Howard
- Stanford
PULSE Institute, SLAC National Accelerator
Laboratory, Menlo
Park, California 94025, United States
- Department
of Applied Physics, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, United States
| | - Sonu Kumar
- Deutsches
Elektronen-Synchrotron DESY, Notkestr. 85, 22607 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Jason W. L. Lee
- Deutsches
Elektronen-Synchrotron DESY, Notkestr. 85, 22607 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Siqi Li
- Linac
Coherent Light Source, SLAC National Accelerator
Laboratory, Menlo
Park, California 94025, United States
| | - Joseph McManus
- Chemistry
Research Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3TA, U.K.
| | - Jochen Mikosch
- Institut
für Physik, Universität Kassel, Heinrich-Plett-Straße 40, 34132 Kassel, Germany
| | - Dennis Milesevic
- Chemistry
Research Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3TA, U.K.
| | - Russell S. Minns
- School
of Chemistry, University of Southampton, Highfield, Southampton SO17 1BJ, U.K.
| | - Simon Neville
- National
Research Council Canada, Ottawa, Ontario K1A 0R6, Canada
| | - Atia-Tul-Noor
- Deutsches
Elektronen-Synchrotron DESY, Notkestr. 85, 22607 Hamburg, Germany
| | | | - Christopher Passow
- Deutsches
Elektronen-Synchrotron DESY, Notkestr. 85, 22607 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Weronika O. Razmus
- School
of Chemistry, University of Southampton, Highfield, Southampton SO17 1BJ, U.K.
| | - Anja Röder
- Max-Born-Institute, Max-Born-Straße 2A, 12489 Berlin, Germany
| | - Arnaud Rouzée
- Max-Born-Institute, Max-Born-Straße 2A, 12489 Berlin, Germany
| | - Alcides Simao
- Deutsches
Elektronen-Synchrotron DESY, Notkestr. 85, 22607 Hamburg, Germany
| | - James Unwin
- Chemistry
Research Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3TA, U.K.
| | - Claire Vallance
- Chemistry
Research Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3TA, U.K.
| | - Tiffany Walmsley
- Chemistry
Research Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3TA, U.K.
| | - Jun Wang
- Stanford
PULSE Institute, SLAC National Accelerator
Laboratory, Menlo
Park, California 94025, United States
- Department
of Applied Physics, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, United States
| | - Daniel Rolles
- J.
R. Macdonald Laboratory, Department of Physics, Kansas State University, Manhattan, Kansas 66506, United States
| | - Albert Stolow
- National
Research Council Canada, Ottawa, Ontario K1A 0R6, Canada
- Department
of Physics, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario K1N 6N5, Canada
- Department
of Chemistry and Biomolecular Sciences, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario K1N 6N5, Canada
- NRC-uOttawa Joint Centre
for Extreme Photonics, Ottawa, Ontario K1A 0R6, Canada
| | - Michael S. Schuurman
- National
Research Council Canada, Ottawa, Ontario K1A 0R6, Canada
- Department
of Chemistry and Biomolecular Sciences, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario K1N 6N5, Canada
| | - Ruaridh Forbes
- Linac
Coherent Light Source, SLAC National Accelerator
Laboratory, Menlo
Park, California 94025, United States
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5
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Acheson K, Kirrander A. Robust Inversion of Time-Resolved Data via Forward-Optimization in a Trajectory Basis. J Chem Theory Comput 2023; 19:2721-2734. [PMID: 37129988 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jctc.2c01113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
An inversion method for time-resolved data from ultrafast experiments is introduced, based on forward-optimization in a trajectory basis. The method is applied to experimental data from X-ray scattering of the photochemical ring-opening reaction of 1,3-cyclohexadiene and electron diffraction of the photodissociation of CS2. In each case, inversion yields a model that reproduces the experimental data, identifies the main dynamic motifs, and agrees with independent experimental observations. Notably, the method explicitly accounts for continuity constraints and is robust even for noisy data.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyle Acheson
- EaStCHEM, School of Chemistry and Centre for Science at Extreme Conditions, University of Edinburgh, David Brewster Road, Edinburgh EH9 3FJ, United Kingdom
| | - Adam Kirrander
- Physical and Theoretical Chemistry Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3QZ, United Kingdom
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6
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Kunin A, Chernov S, Bakalis J, Li Z, Cheng S, Withers ZH, White MG, Schönhense G, Du X, Kawakami RK, Allison TK. Momentum-Resolved Exciton Coupling and Valley Polarization Dynamics in Monolayer WS_{2}. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2023; 130:046202. [PMID: 36763432 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.130.046202] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2022] [Accepted: 12/22/2022] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Using time- and angle-resolved photoemission, we present momentum- and energy-resolved measurements of exciton coupling in monolayer WS_{2}. We observe strong intravalley coupling between the B_{1s} exciton and A_{n>1} states. Our measurements indicate that the dominant valley depolarization mechanism conserves the exciton binding energy and momentum. While this conservation is consistent with Coulomb exchange-driven valley depolarization, we do not observe a momentum or energy dependence to the depolarization rate as would be expected for the exchange-based mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alice Kunin
- Department of Chemistry, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, New York 11794, USA
| | - Sergey Chernov
- Department of Chemistry, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, New York 11794, USA
| | - Jin Bakalis
- Department of Chemistry, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, New York 11794, USA
| | - Ziling Li
- Department of Physics, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210, USA
| | - Shuyu Cheng
- Department of Physics, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210, USA
| | - Zachary H Withers
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, New York 11794, USA
| | - Michael G White
- Department of Chemistry, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, New York 11794, USA
- Chemistry Division, Brookhaven National Laboratory, Upton, New York 11973, USA
| | - Gerd Schönhense
- Johannes Gutenberg-Universität, Institut für Physik, D-55099 Mainz, Germany
| | - Xu Du
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, New York 11794, USA
| | - Roland K Kawakami
- Department of Physics, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210, USA
| | - Thomas K Allison
- Department of Chemistry, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, New York 11794, USA
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, New York 11794, USA
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7
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Kotsina N, Jackson SL, Malcomson T, Paterson MJ, Townsend D. Photochemical carbon-sulfur bond cleavage in thioethers mediated via excited state Rydberg-to-valence evolution. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2022; 24:29423-29436. [PMID: 36453640 DOI: 10.1039/d2cp04789f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/03/2022]
Abstract
Time-resolved photoelectron imaging and supporting ab initio quantum chemistry calculations were used to investigate non-adiabatic excess energy redistribution dynamics operating in the saturated thioethers diethylsulfide, tetrahydrothiophene and thietane. In all cases, 200 nm excitation leads to molecular fragmentation on an ultrafast (<100 fs) timescale, driven by the evolution of Rydberg-to-valence orbital character along the S-C stretching coordinate. The C-S-C bending angle was also found to be a key coordinate driving initial internal conversion through the excited state Rydberg manifold, although only small angular displacements away from the ground state equilibrium geometry are required. Conformational constraints imposed by the cyclic ring structures of tetrahydrothiophene and thietane do not therefore influence dynamical timescales to any significant extent. Through use of a high-intensity 267 nm probe, we were also able to detect the presence of some transient (bi)radical species. These are extremely short lived, but they appear to confirm the presence of two competing excited state fragmentation channels - one proceeding directly from the initially prepared 4p manifold, and one involving non-adiabatic population of the 4s state. This is in addition to a decay pathway leading back to the S0 electronic ground state, which shows an enhanced propensity in the 5-membered ring system tetrahydrothiophene over the other two species investigated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nikoleta Kotsina
- Institute of Photonics & Quantum Sciences, Heriot-Watt University, Edinburgh, EH14 4AS, UK
| | - Sebastian L Jackson
- Institute of Photonics & Quantum Sciences, Heriot-Watt University, Edinburgh, EH14 4AS, UK
| | - Thomas Malcomson
- Department of Chemistry, University of Manchester, Oxford Road, Manchester, M13 9PL, UK
| | - Martin J Paterson
- Institute of Chemical Sciences, Heriot-Watt University, Edinburgh, EH14 4AS, UK.
| | - Dave Townsend
- Institute of Photonics & Quantum Sciences, Heriot-Watt University, Edinburgh, EH14 4AS, UK.,Institute of Chemical Sciences, Heriot-Watt University, Edinburgh, EH14 4AS, UK.
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8
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Gabalski I, Sere M, Acheson K, Allum F, Boutet S, Dixit G, Forbes R, Glownia JM, Goff N, Hegazy K, Howard AJ, Liang M, Minitti MP, Minns RS, Natan A, Peard N, Rasmus WO, Sension RJ, Ware MR, Weber PM, Werby N, Wolf TJA, Kirrander A, Bucksbaum PH. Transient vibration and product formation of photoexcited CS 2 measured by time-resolved x-ray scattering. J Chem Phys 2022; 157:164305. [PMID: 36319419 PMCID: PMC9625835 DOI: 10.1063/5.0113079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2022] [Accepted: 10/03/2022] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
We have observed details of the internal motion and dissociation channels in photoexcited carbon disulfide (CS2) using time-resolved x-ray scattering (TRXS). Photoexcitation of gas-phase CS2 with a 200 nm laser pulse launches oscillatory bending and stretching motion, leading to dissociation of atomic sulfur in under a picosecond. During the first 300 fs following excitation, we observe significant changes in the vibrational frequency as well as some dissociation of the C-S bond, leading to atomic sulfur in the both 1D and 3P states. Beyond 1400 fs, the dissociation is consistent with primarily 3P atomic sulfur dissociation. This channel-resolved measurement of the dissociation time is based on our analysis of the time-windowed dissociation radial velocity distribution, which is measured using the temporal Fourier transform of the TRXS data aided by a Hough transform that extracts the slopes of linear features in an image. The relative strength of the two dissociation channels reflects both their branching ratio and differences in the spread of their dissociation times. Measuring the time-resolved dissociation radial velocity distribution aids the resolution of discrepancies between models for dissociation proposed by prior photoelectron spectroscopy work.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ian Gabalski
- Author to whom correspondence should be addressed:
| | | | - Kyle Acheson
- School of Chemistry, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH8 9YL, United Kingdom
| | | | - Sébastien Boutet
- Linac Coherent Light Source, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Menlo Park, California 94025, USA
| | - Gopal Dixit
- Department of Physics, Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, Powai, Mumbai 400076, India
| | | | - James M. Glownia
- Linac Coherent Light Source, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Menlo Park, California 94025, USA
| | - Nathan Goff
- Department of Chemistry, Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island 02912, USA
| | | | | | - Mengning Liang
- Linac Coherent Light Source, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Menlo Park, California 94025, USA
| | - Michael P. Minitti
- Linac Coherent Light Source, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Menlo Park, California 94025, USA
| | - Russell S. Minns
- School of Chemistry, University of Southampton, Highfield, Southampton SO17 1BJ, United Kingdom
| | - Adi Natan
- Stanford PULSE Institute, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Menlo Park, California 94025, USA
| | - Nolan Peard
- Department of Applied Physics, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, USA
| | - Weronika O. Rasmus
- School of Chemistry, University of Southampton, Highfield, Southampton SO17 1BJ, United Kingdom
| | - Roseanne J. Sension
- Department of Chemistry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, USA
| | - Matthew R. Ware
- Stanford PULSE Institute, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Menlo Park, California 94025, USA
| | - Peter M. Weber
- Department of Chemistry, Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island 02912, USA
| | | | | | - Adam Kirrander
- Physical and Theoretical Chemistry Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, OX1 3QX Oxford, United Kingdom
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9
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Haags A, Yang X, Egger L, Brandstetter D, Kirschner H, Bocquet FC, Koller G, Gottwald A, Richter M, Gottfried JM, Ramsey MG, Puschnig P, Soubatch S, Tautz FS. Momentum space imaging of σ orbitals for chemical analysis. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2022; 8:eabn0819. [PMID: 35867796 PMCID: PMC9307240 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.abn0819] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2021] [Accepted: 06/09/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Tracing the modifications of molecules in surface chemical reactions benefits from the possibility to image their orbitals. While delocalized frontier orbitals with π character are imaged routinely with photoemission orbital tomography, they are not always sensitive to local chemical modifications, particularly the making and breaking of bonds at the molecular periphery. For such bonds, σ orbitals would be far more revealing. Here, we show that these orbitals can indeed be imaged in a remarkably broad energy range and that the plane wave approximation, an important ingredient of photoemission orbital tomography, is also well fulfilled for these orbitals. This makes photoemission orbital tomography a unique tool for the detailed analysis of surface chemical reactions. We demonstrate this by identifying the reaction product of a dehalogenation and cyclodehydrogenation reaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anja Haags
- Peter Grünberg Institut (PGI-3), Forschungszentrum Jülich, Jülich, Germany
- Jülich Aachen Research Alliance (JARA), Fundamentals of Future Information Technology, Jülich, Germany
- Experimentalphysik IV A, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany
| | - Xiaosheng Yang
- Peter Grünberg Institut (PGI-3), Forschungszentrum Jülich, Jülich, Germany
- Jülich Aachen Research Alliance (JARA), Fundamentals of Future Information Technology, Jülich, Germany
- Experimentalphysik IV A, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany
| | - Larissa Egger
- Institut für Physik, Karl-Franzens-Universität Graz, NAWI Graz, Graz, Austria
| | | | - Hans Kirschner
- Physikalisch-Technische Bundesanstalt (PTB), Berlin, Germany
| | - François C. Bocquet
- Peter Grünberg Institut (PGI-3), Forschungszentrum Jülich, Jülich, Germany
- Jülich Aachen Research Alliance (JARA), Fundamentals of Future Information Technology, Jülich, Germany
| | - Georg Koller
- Institut für Physik, Karl-Franzens-Universität Graz, NAWI Graz, Graz, Austria
| | | | - Mathias Richter
- Physikalisch-Technische Bundesanstalt (PTB), Berlin, Germany
| | | | - Michael G. Ramsey
- Institut für Physik, Karl-Franzens-Universität Graz, NAWI Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Peter Puschnig
- Institut für Physik, Karl-Franzens-Universität Graz, NAWI Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Serguei Soubatch
- Peter Grünberg Institut (PGI-3), Forschungszentrum Jülich, Jülich, Germany
- Jülich Aachen Research Alliance (JARA), Fundamentals of Future Information Technology, Jülich, Germany
| | - F. Stefan Tautz
- Peter Grünberg Institut (PGI-3), Forschungszentrum Jülich, Jülich, Germany
- Jülich Aachen Research Alliance (JARA), Fundamentals of Future Information Technology, Jülich, Germany
- Experimentalphysik IV A, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany
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10
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Razmus WO, Acheson K, Bucksbaum P, Centurion M, Champenois E, Gabalski I, Hoffman MC, Howard A, Lin MF, Liu Y, Nunes P, Saha S, Shen X, Ware M, Warne EM, Weinacht T, Wilkin K, Yang J, Wolf TJA, Kirrander A, Minns RS, Forbes R. Multichannel photodissociation dynamics in CS 2 studied by ultrafast electron diffraction. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2022; 24:15416-15427. [PMID: 35707953 DOI: 10.1039/d2cp01268e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The structural dynamics of photoexcited gas-phase carbon disulfide (CS2) molecules are investigated using ultrafast electron diffraction. The dynamics were triggered by excitation of the optically bright 1B2(1Σu+) state by an ultraviolet femtosecond laser pulse centred at 200 nm. In accordance with previous studies, rapid vibrational motion facilitates a combination of internal conversion and intersystem crossing to lower-lying electronic states. Photodissociation via these electronic manifolds results in the production of CS fragments in the electronic ground state and dissociated singlet and triplet sulphur atoms. The structural dynamics are extracted from the experiment using a trajectory-fitting filtering approach, revealing the main characteristics of the singlet and triplet dissociation pathways. Finally, the effect of the time-resolution on the experimental signal is considered and an outlook to future experiments provided.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weronika O Razmus
- School of Chemistry, University of Southampton, Highfield, Southampton SO17 1BJ, UK.
| | - Kyle Acheson
- EaStCHEM, School of Chemistry and Centre for Science at Extreme Conditions, University of Edinburgh, David Brewster Road, Edinburgh EH9 3FJ, UK.
| | - Philip Bucksbaum
- Stanford PULSE Institute, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, 2575 Sand Hill Road, Menlo Park, CA 94025, USA
| | - Martin Centurion
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, Nebraska 68588, USA
| | - Elio Champenois
- Stanford PULSE Institute, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, 2575 Sand Hill Road, Menlo Park, CA 94025, USA
| | - Ian Gabalski
- Stanford PULSE Institute, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, 2575 Sand Hill Road, Menlo Park, CA 94025, USA
| | - Matthias C Hoffman
- Linac Coherent Light Source, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Menlo Park, California 94025, USA.
| | - Andrew Howard
- Stanford PULSE Institute, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, 2575 Sand Hill Road, Menlo Park, CA 94025, USA
| | - Ming-Fu Lin
- Linac Coherent Light Source, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Menlo Park, California 94025, USA.
| | - Yusong Liu
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, New York 11794, USA
| | - Pedro Nunes
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, Nebraska 68588, USA
| | - Sajib Saha
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, Nebraska 68588, USA
| | - Xiaozhe Shen
- SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Menlo Park, California 94025, USA
| | - Matthew Ware
- Stanford PULSE Institute, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, 2575 Sand Hill Road, Menlo Park, CA 94025, USA
| | - Emily M Warne
- School of Chemistry, University of Southampton, Highfield, Southampton SO17 1BJ, UK.
| | - Thomas Weinacht
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, New York 11794, USA
| | - Kyle Wilkin
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, Nebraska 68588, USA
| | - Jie Yang
- SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Menlo Park, California 94025, USA
| | - Thomas J A Wolf
- Stanford PULSE Institute, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, 2575 Sand Hill Road, Menlo Park, CA 94025, USA
| | - Adam Kirrander
- EaStCHEM, School of Chemistry and Centre for Science at Extreme Conditions, University of Edinburgh, David Brewster Road, Edinburgh EH9 3FJ, UK.
| | - Russell S Minns
- School of Chemistry, University of Southampton, Highfield, Southampton SO17 1BJ, UK.
| | - Ruaridh Forbes
- Linac Coherent Light Source, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Menlo Park, California 94025, USA.
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11
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Abstract
SignificanceExcitation of molecules by an ultrashort laser pulse creates rotational wave packets that lead to transient alignment of the molecules along the laser polarization direction. Here, we show that a train of ultrashort laser pulses can be used to enhance the degree of alignment to a high level such that the diffraction from precisely timed ultrashort electron beams may be used to reconstruct the structure of the isolated molecules with atomic resolution through a coherent diffraction imaging technique. Our results mark a great step toward imaging noncrystallized molecules with atomic resolution and pave the way for creation of three-dimensional "molecular movies" at the femtosecond time scale and atomic spatial scale.
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12
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Schuurman MS, Blanchet V. Time-resolved photoelectron spectroscopy: the continuing evolution of a mature technique. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2022; 24:20012-20024. [PMID: 35297909 DOI: 10.1039/d1cp05885a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Time-resolved photoelectron spectroscopy (TRPES) has become one of the most widespread techniques for probing nonadiabatic dynamics in the excited electronic states of molecules. Furthermore, the complementary development of ab initio approaches for the simulation of TRPES signals has enabled the interpretation of these transient spectra in terms of underlying coupled electronic-nuclear dynamics. In this perspective, we discuss the current state-of-the-art approaches, including efforts to push femtosecond pulses into vacuum ultraviolet and soft X-ray regimes as well as the utilization of novel polarizations to use time-resolved optical activity as a probe of nonadiabatic dynamics. We close this perspective with a forward-looking prospectus on the new areas of application for this technique.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael S Schuurman
- National Research Council of Canada, 100 Sussex Dr, Ottawa, ON, K1N 6B9, Canada.,Department of Chemistry and Biomolecular Sciences, University of Ottawa, 10 Marie Curie Dr, Ottawa, ON, Canada.
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13
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Wang P, He L, He Y, Hu J, Sun S, Lan P, Lu P. Rotational echo spectroscopy for accurate measurement of molecular alignment. OPTICS LETTERS 2022; 47:1033-1036. [PMID: 35230283 DOI: 10.1364/ol.451011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2021] [Accepted: 01/20/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
We measure the molecular alignment induced in gas using molecular rotational echo spectroscopy. Our results show that the echo intensity and the time interval between the local extremas of the echo responses depend sensitively on the pump intensities and the initial molecular rotational temperature, respectively. This allows us to accurately extract these experimental parameters from the echo signals and then further determine the molecular alignment in experiments. The accuracy of our method has been verified by comparing the simulation with the extracted parameters from the molecular alignment experiment performed with a femtosecond pump pulse.
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14
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Simkó I, Chordiya K, Császár AG, Kahaly MU, Szidarovszky T. A quantum-chemical perspective on the laser-induced alignment and orientation dynamics of the CH 3 X (X = F, Cl, Br, I) molecules. J Comput Chem 2022; 43:519-538. [PMID: 35084047 PMCID: PMC9303447 DOI: 10.1002/jcc.26811] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2021] [Revised: 01/04/2022] [Accepted: 01/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Motivated by recent experiments, the laser-induced alignment-and-orientation (A&O) dynamics of the prolate symmetric top CH3 X (X = F, Cl, Br, I) molecules is investigated, with particular emphasis on the effect of halogen substitution on the rotational constants, dipole moments, and polarizabilities of these species, as these quantities determine the A&O dynamics. Insight into possible control schemes for preferred A&O dynamics of halogenated molecules and best practices for A&O simulations are provided, as well. It is shown that for accurate A&O -dynamics simulations it is necessary to employ large basis sets and high levels of electron correlation when computing the rotational constants, dipole moments, and polarizabilities. The benchmark-quality values of these molecular parameters, corresponding to the equilibrium, as well as the vibrationally averaged structures are obtained with the help of the focal-point analysis (FPA) technique and explicit electronic-structure computations utilizing the gold-standard CCSD(T) approach, basis sets up to quintuple-zeta quality, core-correlation contributions and, in particular, relativistic effects for CH3 Br and CH3 I. It is shown that the different A&O behavior of the CH3 X molecules in the optical regime is mostly caused by the differences in their polarizability anisotropy, in other terms, the size of the halogen atom. In contrast, the A&O dynamics of the CH3 X series induced by an intense few-cycle THz pulse is mostly governed by changes in the rotational constants, due to the similar dipole moments of the CH3 X molecules. The A&O dynamics is most sensitive to the B rotational constant: even the difference between its equilibrium and vibrationally-averaged values results in noticeably different A&O dynamics. The contribution of rotational states having different symmetry, weighted by nuclear-spin statistics, to the A&O dynamics is also studied.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irén Simkó
- Institute of Chemistry, ELTE Eötvös Loránd University, Budapest, Hungary.,ELKH-ELTE Complex Chemical Systems Research Group, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Kalyani Chordiya
- ELI-ALPS, ELI-HU Non-Profit Ltd. and University of Szeged, Szeged, Hungary
| | - Attila G Császár
- Institute of Chemistry, ELTE Eötvös Loránd University, Budapest, Hungary.,ELKH-ELTE Complex Chemical Systems Research Group, Budapest, Hungary
| | | | - Tamás Szidarovszky
- Institute of Chemistry, ELTE Eötvös Loránd University, Budapest, Hungary.,ELKH-ELTE Complex Chemical Systems Research Group, Budapest, Hungary
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15
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Dowek D, Decleva P. Trends in angle-resolved molecular photoelectron spectroscopy. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2022; 24:24614-24654. [DOI: 10.1039/d2cp02725a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
In this perspective article, main trends of angle-resolved molecular photoelectron spectroscopy in the laboratory up to the molecular frame, in different regimes of light-matter interactions, are highlighted with emphasis on foundations and most recent applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Danielle Dowek
- Université Paris-Saclay, CNRS, Institut des Sciences Moléculaires d’Orsay, 91405 Orsay, France
| | - Piero Decleva
- CNR IOM and Dipartimento DSCF, Università di Trieste, Trieste, Italy
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16
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Kotsina N, Brahms C, Jackson S, Travers JC, Townsend D. Spectroscopic application of few-femtosecond deep-ultraviolet laser pulses from resonant dispersive wave emission in a hollow capillary fibre. Chem Sci 2022; 13:9586-9594. [PMID: 36091901 PMCID: PMC9400683 DOI: 10.1039/d2sc02185d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2022] [Accepted: 07/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
We exploit the phenomenon of resonant dispersive wave (RDW) emission in gas-filled hollow capillary fibres (HCFs) to realize time-resolved photoelectron imaging (TRPEI) measurements with an extremely short temporal resolution. By integrating the output end of an HCF directly into a vacuum chamber assembly we demonstrate two-colour deep ultraviolet (DUV)-infrared instrument response functions of just 10 and 11 fs at central pump wavelengths of 250 and 280 nm, respectively. This result represents an advance in the current state of the art for ultrafast photoelectron spectroscopy. We also present an initial TRPEI measurement investigating the excited-state photochemical dynamics operating in the N-methylpyrrolidine molecule. Given the substantial interest in generating extremely short and highly tuneable DUV pulses for many advanced spectroscopic applications, we anticipate our first demonstration will stimulate wider uptake of the novel RDW-based approach for studying ultrafast photochemistry – particularly given the relatively compact and straightforward nature of the HCF setup. We exploit the phenomenon of resonant dispersive wave emission in gas-filled hollow capillary fibres to realize time-resolved photoelectron imaging measurements with an extremely short temporal resolution.![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Nikoleta Kotsina
- Institute of Photonics & Quantum Sciences, Heriot-Watt University, Edinburgh, EH14 4AS, UK
| | - Christian Brahms
- Institute of Photonics & Quantum Sciences, Heriot-Watt University, Edinburgh, EH14 4AS, UK
| | - Sebastian L. Jackson
- Institute of Photonics & Quantum Sciences, Heriot-Watt University, Edinburgh, EH14 4AS, UK
| | - John C. Travers
- Institute of Photonics & Quantum Sciences, Heriot-Watt University, Edinburgh, EH14 4AS, UK
| | - Dave Townsend
- Institute of Photonics & Quantum Sciences, Heriot-Watt University, Edinburgh, EH14 4AS, UK
- Institute of Chemical Sciences, Heriot-Watt University, Edinburgh, EH14 4AS, UK
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17
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Janssen M, Nahon L, Smirnova O, Stolow A. Fundamentals and applications of molecular photoelectron spectroscopy – Festschrift for Ivan Powis. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2022; 24:24611-24613. [DOI: 10.1039/d2cp90168d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
This themed collection includes a collection of articles on fundamentals and applications of molecular photoelectron spectroscopy.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Olga Smirnova
- Max Born Institute and Technical University Berlin, Germany
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18
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Nakamura K, Fukahori S, Hasegawa H. Rotational dynamics and transitions between Λ-type doubling of NO induced by an intense two-color laser field. J Chem Phys 2021; 155:174308. [PMID: 34742217 DOI: 10.1063/5.0071516] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
We numerically investigate the rotational dynamics of NO in the electronic ground X2Π state induced by an intense two-color laser field (10 TW/cm2) as a function of pulse duration (0.3-25 ps). In the short pulse duration of less than 12 ps, rotational Raman excitation is effectively induced and results in molecular orientation. On the contrary, when the pulse duration is longer than 15 ps, the rotational excitation is suppressed. In addition to the rotational excitation, we find that transitions between Λ-type doubling are induced. Significantly, the maximum coherent wave packet between Λ-type doubling in J = 0.5 is generated using the pulse duration of 19.8 ps. The wave packet changes to the eigenstates of Λ = +1 or -1 alternatively, where Λ is the projection of the electronic orbital angular momentum on the N-O axis, which is regarded as the unidirectional rotation of an unpaired 2π electron around the N-O axis in a space-fixed frame as well as in a molecule-fixed frame. The experimental method to observe the alternation of the rotational direction of the electron around the N-O axis is proposed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kenta Nakamura
- Department of Integrated Sciences, Graduate School of Arts and Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Komaba, Meguro-ku, Tokyo 153-8902, Japan
| | - Shinichi Fukahori
- Department of Integrated Sciences, Graduate School of Arts and Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Komaba, Meguro-ku, Tokyo 153-8902, Japan
| | - Hirokazu Hasegawa
- Department of Integrated Sciences, Graduate School of Arts and Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Komaba, Meguro-ku, Tokyo 153-8902, Japan
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19
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Nautiyal VV, Devi S, Tyagi A, Vidhani B, Maan A, Prasad V. Orientation and Alignment dynamics of polar molecule driven by shaped laser pulses. SPECTROCHIMICA ACTA. PART A, MOLECULAR AND BIOMOLECULAR SPECTROSCOPY 2021; 256:119663. [PMID: 33827039 DOI: 10.1016/j.saa.2021.119663] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2020] [Revised: 02/17/2021] [Accepted: 02/28/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
We review the theoretical status of intense laser induced orientation and alignment-a field of study which lies at the interface of intense laser physics and chemical dynamics and having potential applications such as high harmonic generation, nano-scale processing and control of chemical reactions. The evolution of the rotational wave packet and its dynamics leading to orientation and alignment is the topic of the present discussion. The major part of this article primarily presents an overview of recent theoretical progress in controlling the orientation and alignment dynamics of a molecule by means of shaped laser pulses. The various theoretical approaches that lead to orientation and alignment such as static electrostatic field in combination with laser field(s), combination of orienting and aligning field, combination of aligning fields, combination of orienting fields, application of train of pulses etc. are discussed. It is observed that the train of pulses is quite an efficient tool for increasing the orientation or alignment of a molecule without causing the molecule to ionize. The orientation and alignment both can occur in adiabatic and non-adiabatic conditions with the rotational period of the molecule taken under consideration. The discussion is mostly limited to non-adiabatic rotational excitation (NAREX) i.e. cases in which the pulse duration is shorter than the rotational period of the molecule. We have emphasised on the so called half-cycle pulse (HCP) and square pulse (SQP). The effect of ramped pulses and of collision on the various laser parameters is also studied. We summarize the current discussion by presenting a consistent theoretical approach for describing the action of such pulses on movement of molecules. The impact of a particular pulse shape on the post-pulse dynamics is also calculated and analysed. In addition to this, the roles played by various laser parameters including the laser frequency, the pulse duration and the system temperature etc. are illustrated and discussed. The concept of alignment is extended from one-dimensional alignment to three-dimensional alignment with the proper choice of molecule and the polarised light. We conclude the article by discussing the potential applications of intense laser orientation and alignment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vijit V Nautiyal
- Department of Physics and Astrophysics, University of Delhi, Delhi, Delhi 110007, India
| | - Sumana Devi
- Department of Physics and Astrophysics, University of Delhi, Delhi, Delhi 110007, India; Department of Physics, Miranda House College, University of Delhi, Delhi, Delhi 110007, India
| | - Ashish Tyagi
- Department of Physics, Swami Shradhanand College, University of Delhi, Delhi, Delhi 110036, India
| | - Bhavna Vidhani
- Department of Physics, Hansraj College, University of Delhi, Delhi, Delhi 110007, India
| | - Anjali Maan
- Department of Physics, Pt.N.R.S.G.C.Rohtak, Maharshi Dayanand University, Rohtak 124001, Haryana, India
| | - Vinod Prasad
- Department of Physics, Swami Shradhanand College, University of Delhi, Delhi, Delhi 110036, India.
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20
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Makhija V, Boguslavskiy AE, Forbes R, Veyrinas K, Wilkinson I, Lausten R, Schuurman MS, Grant ER, Stolow A. A quantum molecular movie: polyad predissociation dynamics in the VUV excited 3pσ 2Σ u state of NO 2. Faraday Discuss 2021; 228:191-225. [PMID: 33629690 DOI: 10.1039/d0fd00128g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The optical formation of coherent superposition states, a wavepacket, can allow the study of zeroth-order states, the evolution of which exhibit structural and electronic changes as a function of time: this leads to the notion of a molecular movie. Intramolecular vibrational energy redistribution, due to anharmonic coupling between modes, is the molecular movie considered here. There is no guarantee, however, that the formed superposition will behave semi-classically (e.g. Gaussian wavepacket dynamics) or even as an intuitively useful zeroth-order state. Here we present time-resolved photoelectron spectroscopy (TRPES) studies of an electronically excited triatomic molecule wherein the vibrational dynamics must be treated quantum mechanically and the simple picture of population flow between coupled normal modes fails. Specifically, we report on vibronic wavepacket dynamics in the zeroth-order 3pσ2Σu Rydberg state of NO2. This wavepacket exemplifies two general features of excited state dynamics in polyatomic molecules: anharmonic multimodal vibrational coupling (forming polyads); nonadiabatic coupling between nuclear and electronic coordinates, leading to predissociation. The latter suggests that the polyad vibrational states in the zeroth-order 3p Rydberg manifold are quasi-bound and best understood to be scattering resonances. We observed a rapid dephasing of an initially prepared 'bright' valence state into the relatively long-lived 3p Rydberg state whose multimodal vibrational dynamics and decay we monitor as a function of time. Our quantum simulations, based on an effective spectroscopic Hamiltonian, describe the essential features of the multimodal Fermi resonance-driven vibrational dynamics in the 3p state. We also present evidence of polyad-specificity in the state-dependent predissociation rates, leading to free atomic and molecular fragments. We emphasize that a quantum molecular movie is required to visualize wavepacket dynamics in the 3pσ2Σu Rydberg state of NO2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Varun Makhija
- Department of Chemistry and Physics, University of Mary Washington, Fredericksburg, VA 22401, USA and Department of Physics, University of Ottawa, 150 Louis Pasteur, Ottawa, ON K1N 6N5, Canada.
| | - Andrey E Boguslavskiy
- Department of Physics, University of Ottawa, 150 Louis Pasteur, Ottawa, ON K1N 6N5, Canada. and National Research Council Canada, 100 Sussex Drive, Ottawa, ON K1N 5A2, Canada
| | - Ruaridh Forbes
- Department of Physics, University of Ottawa, 150 Louis Pasteur, Ottawa, ON K1N 6N5, Canada. and SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, 2575 Sand Hill Rd, Menlo Park, California 94025, USA
| | - Kevin Veyrinas
- Department of Physics, University of Ottawa, 150 Louis Pasteur, Ottawa, ON K1N 6N5, Canada.
| | - Iain Wilkinson
- Locally-Sensitive & Time-Resolved Spectroscopy, Helmholtz-Zentrum Berlin für Materialien und Energie, Hahn-Meitner-Platz 1, 14109 Berlin, Germany
| | - Rune Lausten
- National Research Council Canada, 100 Sussex Drive, Ottawa, ON K1N 5A2, Canada
| | - Michael S Schuurman
- National Research Council Canada, 100 Sussex Drive, Ottawa, ON K1N 5A2, Canada and Department of Chemistry, University of Ottawa, 150 Louis Pasteur, Ottawa, ON K1N 6N5, Canada
| | - Edward R Grant
- Department of Chemistry, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada V6T 1Z3
| | - Albert Stolow
- Department of Physics, University of Ottawa, 150 Louis Pasteur, Ottawa, ON K1N 6N5, Canada. and National Research Council Canada, 100 Sussex Drive, Ottawa, ON K1N 5A2, Canada and Department of Chemistry, University of Ottawa, 150 Louis Pasteur, Ottawa, ON K1N 6N5, Canada
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21
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Natan A, Schori A, Owolabi G, Cryan JP, Glownia JM, Bucksbaum PH. Resolving multiphoton processes with high-order anisotropy ultrafast X-ray scattering. Faraday Discuss 2021; 228:123-138. [PMID: 33565543 DOI: 10.1039/d0fd00126k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
We present the first results on experimentally measured ultrafast X-ray scattering of strongly driven molecular iodine and analysis of high-order anisotropic components of the scattering signal. We discuss the technical details of retrieving high fidelity high-order anisotropy components from the measured scattering data and outline a method to analyze such signals using Legendre decomposition. We describe how anisotropic motions can be extracted from the various Legendre orders using simulated anisotropic scattering signals and Fourier analysis. We implement the method on the measured signal and observe a multitude of dissociation and vibration motions simultaneously arising from various multiphoton transitions occurring in the sample. We use the anisotropic scattering information to disentangle the different processes and assign their dissociation velocities on the Angstrom and femtosecond scales de novo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adi Natan
- Stanford PULSE Institute, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, 2575 Sand Hill Road, Menlo Park, CA 94025, USA.
| | - Aviad Schori
- Stanford PULSE Institute, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, 2575 Sand Hill Road, Menlo Park, CA 94025, USA.
| | - Grace Owolabi
- Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, Howard University, Washington DC 20059, USA
| | - James P Cryan
- Stanford PULSE Institute, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, 2575 Sand Hill Road, Menlo Park, CA 94025, USA. and Linac Coherent Light Source, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, 2575 Sand Hill Road, Menlo Park, CA 94025, USA
| | - James M Glownia
- Linac Coherent Light Source, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, 2575 Sand Hill Road, Menlo Park, CA 94025, USA
| | - Philip H Bucksbaum
- Stanford PULSE Institute, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, 2575 Sand Hill Road, Menlo Park, CA 94025, USA. and Department of Physics, Stanford University, 382 Via Pueblo Mall, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
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22
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Karashima S, Suzuki YI, Suzuki T. Ultrafast Extreme Ultraviolet Photoelectron Spectroscopy of Nonadiabatic Photodissociation of CS 2 from 1B 2 ( 1Σ u+) State: Product Formation via an Intermediate Electronic State. J Phys Chem Lett 2021; 12:3755-3761. [PMID: 33844534 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpclett.1c00864] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
We studied nonadiabatic dissociation of CS2 from the 1B2 (1Σu+) state using ultrafast extreme ultraviolet photoelectron spectroscopy. A deep UV (200 nm) laser using the filamentation four-wave mixing method and an extreme UV (21.7 eV) laser using the high-order harmonic generation method were employed to achieve the pump-probe laser cross-correlation time of 48 fs. Spectra measured with a high signal-to-noise ratio revealed clear dynamical features of vibrational wave packet motion in the 1B2 state; its electronic decay to lower electronic state(s) within 630 fs; and dissociation into S(1D2), S(3PJ), and CS fragments within 300 fs. The results suggest that both singlet and triplet dissociation occur via intermediate electronic state(s) produced by electronic relaxation from the 1B2 (1Σu+) state.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shutaro Karashima
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Kyoto University, Kitashirakawa-Oiwakecho, Sakyo, Kyoto 606-8502, Japan
| | - Yoshi-Ichi Suzuki
- School of Medical Technology, Health Sciences University of Hokkaido, 1757 Kanazawa, Tobetsucho, Ishikari, Hokkaido 061-0293, Japan
| | - Toshinori Suzuki
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Kyoto University, Kitashirakawa-Oiwakecho, Sakyo, Kyoto 606-8502, Japan
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23
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Wallauer R, Raths M, Stallberg K, Münster L, Brandstetter D, Yang X, Güdde J, Puschnig P, Soubatch S, Kumpf C, Bocquet FC, Tautz FS, Höfer U. Tracing orbital images on ultrafast time scales. Science 2021; 371:1056-1059. [PMID: 33602865 DOI: 10.1126/science.abf3286] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2020] [Accepted: 02/01/2021] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
Frontier orbitals determine fundamental molecular properties such as chemical reactivities. Although electron distributions of occupied orbitals can be imaged in momentum space by photoemission tomography, it has so far been impossible to follow the momentum-space dynamics of a molecular orbital in time, for example, through an excitation or a chemical reaction. Here, we combined time-resolved photoemission using high laser harmonics and a momentum microscope to establish a tomographic, femtosecond pump-probe experiment of unoccupied molecular orbitals. We measured the full momentum-space distribution of transiently excited electrons, connecting their excited-state dynamics to real-space excitation pathways. Because in molecules this distribution is closely linked to orbital shapes, our experiment may, in the future, offer the possibility of observing ultrafast electron motion in time and space.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Wallauer
- Fachbereich Physik und Zentrum für Materialwissenschaften, Philipps-Universität Marburg, Renthof 5, 35032 Marburg, Germany
| | - M Raths
- Peter Grünberg Institut (PGI-3), Forschungszentrum Jülich, 52425 Jülich, Germany.,Jülich Aachen Research Alliance (JARA), Fundamentals of Future Information Technology, 52425 Jülich, Germany.,Experimentalphysik IV A, RWTH Aachen University, Otto-Blumenthal-Straße, 52074 Aachen, Germany
| | - K Stallberg
- Fachbereich Physik und Zentrum für Materialwissenschaften, Philipps-Universität Marburg, Renthof 5, 35032 Marburg, Germany
| | - L Münster
- Fachbereich Physik und Zentrum für Materialwissenschaften, Philipps-Universität Marburg, Renthof 5, 35032 Marburg, Germany
| | - D Brandstetter
- Institute of Physics, University of Graz, NAWI Graz, 8010 Graz, Austria
| | - X Yang
- Peter Grünberg Institut (PGI-3), Forschungszentrum Jülich, 52425 Jülich, Germany.,Jülich Aachen Research Alliance (JARA), Fundamentals of Future Information Technology, 52425 Jülich, Germany.,Experimentalphysik IV A, RWTH Aachen University, Otto-Blumenthal-Straße, 52074 Aachen, Germany
| | - J Güdde
- Fachbereich Physik und Zentrum für Materialwissenschaften, Philipps-Universität Marburg, Renthof 5, 35032 Marburg, Germany
| | - P Puschnig
- Institute of Physics, University of Graz, NAWI Graz, 8010 Graz, Austria
| | - S Soubatch
- Peter Grünberg Institut (PGI-3), Forschungszentrum Jülich, 52425 Jülich, Germany.,Jülich Aachen Research Alliance (JARA), Fundamentals of Future Information Technology, 52425 Jülich, Germany
| | - C Kumpf
- Peter Grünberg Institut (PGI-3), Forschungszentrum Jülich, 52425 Jülich, Germany.,Jülich Aachen Research Alliance (JARA), Fundamentals of Future Information Technology, 52425 Jülich, Germany.,Experimentalphysik IV A, RWTH Aachen University, Otto-Blumenthal-Straße, 52074 Aachen, Germany
| | - F C Bocquet
- Peter Grünberg Institut (PGI-3), Forschungszentrum Jülich, 52425 Jülich, Germany.,Jülich Aachen Research Alliance (JARA), Fundamentals of Future Information Technology, 52425 Jülich, Germany
| | - F S Tautz
- Peter Grünberg Institut (PGI-3), Forschungszentrum Jülich, 52425 Jülich, Germany. .,Jülich Aachen Research Alliance (JARA), Fundamentals of Future Information Technology, 52425 Jülich, Germany.,Experimentalphysik IV A, RWTH Aachen University, Otto-Blumenthal-Straße, 52074 Aachen, Germany
| | - U Höfer
- Fachbereich Physik und Zentrum für Materialwissenschaften, Philipps-Universität Marburg, Renthof 5, 35032 Marburg, Germany.
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24
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Warne EM, Smith AD, Horke DA, Springate E, Jones AJH, Cacho C, Chapman RT, Minns RS. Time resolved detection of the S(1D) product of the UV induced dissociation of CS2. J Chem Phys 2021; 154:034302. [DOI: 10.1063/5.0035045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Emily M. Warne
- School of Chemistry, University of Southampton, Highfield, Southampton SO17 1BJ, United Kingdom
| | - Adam D. Smith
- School of Chemistry, University of Southampton, Highfield, Southampton SO17 1BJ, United Kingdom
| | - Daniel A. Horke
- Institute for Molecules and Materials, Radboud University, Heijendaalseweg 135, 6525 AJ Nijmegen, The Netherlands
- Center for Free-Electron Laser Science, Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron DESY, Notkestrasse 85, 22607 Hamburg, Germany
- The Hamburg Centre for Ultrafast Imaging, Universität Hamburg, Luruper Chaussee 149, 22761 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Emma Springate
- Central Laser Facility, STFC Rutherford Appleton Laboratory, Didcot, Oxfordshire OX11 0QX, United Kingdom
| | - Alfred J. H. Jones
- Central Laser Facility, STFC Rutherford Appleton Laboratory, Didcot, Oxfordshire OX11 0QX, United Kingdom
| | - Cephise Cacho
- Central Laser Facility, STFC Rutherford Appleton Laboratory, Didcot, Oxfordshire OX11 0QX, United Kingdom
| | - Richard T. Chapman
- Central Laser Facility, STFC Rutherford Appleton Laboratory, Didcot, Oxfordshire OX11 0QX, United Kingdom
| | - Russell S. Minns
- School of Chemistry, University of Southampton, Highfield, Southampton SO17 1BJ, United Kingdom
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25
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Kotsina N, Townsend D. Improved insights in time-resolved photoelectron imaging. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2021; 23:10736-10755. [DOI: 10.1039/d1cp00933h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
We review new light source developments and data analysis considerations relevant to the time-resolved photoelectron imaging technique. Case studies illustrate how these themes may enhance understanding in studies of excited state molecular dynamics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nikoleta Kotsina
- Institute of Photonics & Quantum Sciences
- Heriot-Watt University
- Edinburgh
- UK
| | - Dave Townsend
- Institute of Photonics & Quantum Sciences
- Heriot-Watt University
- Edinburgh
- UK
- Institute of Chemical Sciences
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26
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Cheng QY, Song YZ, Meng QT. Field-free alignment of triatomic molecules controlled by a slow turn-on and rapid turn-off shaped laser pulse. Mol Phys 2020. [DOI: 10.1080/00268976.2020.1859147] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Qi-Yuan Cheng
- Medical Engineering Department, Shandong Provincial Hospital affiliated to Shandong First Medical University, Jinan, People’s Republic of China
- School of Physics and Electronics, Shandong Normal University, Jinan, People’s Republic of China
- Shandong Laibo Biotechnology Co., Ltd., Jinan, People’s Republic of China
- School of Control Science and Engineering, Shandong University, Jinan, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yu-Zhi Song
- School of Physics and Electronics, Shandong Normal University, Jinan, People’s Republic of China
| | - Qing-Tian Meng
- School of Physics and Electronics, Shandong Normal University, Jinan, People’s Republic of China
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27
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Arlt J, Singh DP, Thompson JOF, Chatterley AS, Hockett P, Stapelfeldt H, Reid KL. Photoelectron angular distributions from resonant two-photon ionisation of adiabatically aligned naphthalene and aniline molecules. Mol Phys 2020. [DOI: 10.1080/00268976.2020.1836411] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jacqueline Arlt
- Department of Chemistry, Aarhus University, Aarhus C, Denmark
| | | | | | | | - Paul Hockett
- Steacie Institute for Molecular Science, National Research Council of Canada, Ottawa, Canada
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28
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Paterson MJ, Townsend D. Rydberg-to-valence evolution in excited state molecular dynamics. INT REV PHYS CHEM 2020. [DOI: 10.1080/0144235x.2020.1815389] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Dave Townsend
- Institute of Chemical Sciences, Heriot-Watt University, Edinburgh, UK
- Institute of Photonics & Quantum Sciences, Heriot-Watt University, Edinburgh, UK
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29
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Chen YF, Huang ZY, Wang D, Zhao Y, Fu JH, Pang M, Leng YX, Xu ZZ. Single-scan, dual-functional interferometer for fast spatio-temporal characterization of few-cycle pulses. OPTICS LETTERS 2020; 45:5081-5084. [PMID: 32932458 DOI: 10.1364/ol.403575] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2020] [Accepted: 08/19/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Accurate and fast characterization of spatio-temporal information of high-intensity, ultrashort pulses is crucial in the field of strong-field laser science and technology. While conventional self-referenced interferometers were widely used to retrieve the spatial profile of the relative spectral phase of pulses, additional measurements of temporal and spectral information at a particular position of the laser beam, however, were necessary to remove the indeterminacy, which increases the system complexity. Here we report an advanced, dual-functional interferometer that is able to reconstruct the complete spatio-temporal information of ultrashort pulses with a single scan of the interferometer arm. The setup integrates an interferometric frequency-resolved optical gating (FROG) with a radial shearing Michelson interferometer. Through scanning one arm of the interferometer, both the cross-correlated FROG trace at the central part of the laser beam and the delay-dependent interferograms of the entire laser profile are simultaneously obtained, allowing a fast three-dimensional reconstruction of few-cycle laser pulses.
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30
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Li Z, Zhao M, Xie T, Chang Y, Luo Z, Chen Z, Wang X, Yuan K, Yang X. Velocity map imaging studies of the photodissociation of CS2 by two-photon excitation at around 303–315 nm. Mol Phys 2020. [DOI: 10.1080/00268976.2020.1813911] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Zhenxing Li
- Department of Chemical Physics, School of Chemistry and Materials Science, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, People’s Republic of China
| | - Min Zhao
- Department of Chemical Physics, School of Chemistry and Materials Science, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, People’s Republic of China
| | - Ting Xie
- Department of Chemical Physics, School of Chemistry and Materials Science, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yao Chang
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Reaction Dynamics, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian, People’s Republic of China
| | - Zijie Luo
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Reaction Dynamics, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian, People’s Republic of China
| | - Zhichao Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Reaction Dynamics, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian, People’s Republic of China
| | - Xingan Wang
- Department of Chemical Physics, School of Chemistry and Materials Science, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, People’s Republic of China
| | - Kaijun Yuan
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Reaction Dynamics, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian, People’s Republic of China
| | - Xueming Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Reaction Dynamics, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian, People’s Republic of China
- Department of Chemistry, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, People’s Republic of China
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31
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He Y, He L, Wang P, Wang B, Sun S, Liu R, Wang B, Lan P, Lu P. Measuring the rotational temperature and pump intensity in molecular alignment experiments via high harmonic generation. OPTICS EXPRESS 2020; 28:21182-21191. [PMID: 32680163 DOI: 10.1364/oe.397560] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2020] [Accepted: 06/26/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
We demonstrate a method to simultaneously measure the rotational temperature and pump intensity in laser-induced molecular alignment by the time-resolved high harmonic spectroscopy (HHS). It relies on the sensitive dependence of the arising times of the local minima and maxima of the harmonic yields at the rotational revivals on the pump intensity and rotational temperature. By measuring the arising times of these local extrema from the time-resolved harmonic signals, the rotational temperature and pump intensity can be accurately measured. We have demonstrated our method using N2 molecules. The validity and robustness of our method are tested with different harmonic orders and by changing the gas pressures as well as the distance between the gas exit and the optical axis. Moreover, we have also demonstrated the versatility of our method by applying it to CO2 molecules.
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32
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Röder A, Skov AB, Boguslavskiy AE, Lausten R, Stolow A. VUV excited-state dynamics of cyclic ethers as a function of ring size. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2020; 22:26241-26254. [DOI: 10.1039/d0cp04292g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The ultrafast vacuum ultraviolet (VUV) Rydberg state dynamics of cyclic ethers reflects ring strain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anja Röder
- Department of Chemistry
- University of Ottawa
- Ottawa
- Canada
- University of Ottawa – National Research Council Joint Centre for Extreme Photonics
| | - Anders B. Skov
- Department of Chemistry
- University of Copenhagen
- 2100 København Ø
- Denmark
| | | | | | - Albert Stolow
- Department of Chemistry
- University of Ottawa
- Ottawa
- Canada
- Department of Physics
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33
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Warne EM, Downes-Ward B, Woodhouse J, Parkes MA, Springate E, Pearcy PAJ, Zhang Y, Karras G, Wyatt AS, Chapman RT, Minns RS. Photodissociation dynamics of methyl iodide probed using femtosecond extreme ultraviolet photoelectron spectroscopy. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2020; 22:25695-25703. [DOI: 10.1039/d0cp03478a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Femtosecond pump–probe photoelectron spectroscopy measurements using an extreme ultraviolet probe have been made on the photodissociation dynamics of UV (269 nm) excited CH3I.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emily M. Warne
- School of Chemistry
- University of Southampton
- Southampton SO17 1BJ
- UK
| | | | - Joanne Woodhouse
- School of Chemistry
- University of Southampton
- Southampton SO17 1BJ
- UK
| | | | - Emma Springate
- Central Laser Facility
- STFC Rutherford Appleton Laboratory
- Didcot
- UK
| | | | - Yu Zhang
- Central Laser Facility
- STFC Rutherford Appleton Laboratory
- Didcot
- UK
| | - Gabriel Karras
- Central Laser Facility
- STFC Rutherford Appleton Laboratory
- Didcot
- UK
| | - Adam S. Wyatt
- Central Laser Facility
- STFC Rutherford Appleton Laboratory
- Didcot
- UK
| | | | - Russell S. Minns
- School of Chemistry
- University of Southampton
- Southampton SO17 1BJ
- UK
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34
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Chen XY, Li J, Jia CS. Thermodynamic Properties of Gaseous Carbon Disulfide. ACS OMEGA 2019; 4:16121-16124. [PMID: 31592480 PMCID: PMC6777084 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.9b02303] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2019] [Accepted: 08/30/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Efficient analytical representations of the thermodynamic properties for carbon disulfide remain open challenges in the communality of science and engineering. We present two analytical representations of the entropy and Gibbs free energy for gaseous carbon disulfide which we find to be of satisfactory accuracy and convenient for future use. The proposed two analytical representations merely rely on five molecular constants of the carbon disulfide molecule and avoid applications of a large number of experimental spectroscopy data. In the temperature range from 300 to 6000 K, the average relative deviations of the predicted molar entropy and reduced Gibbs free energy values from the National Institute of Standards and Technology database are 0.250 and 0.108%, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao-Yu Chen
- Petroleum
Engineering School and State Key Laboratory of Oil and Gas Reservoir
Geology and Exploitation, Southwest Petroleum
University, Chengdu 610500, People’s Republic
of China
| | - Ji Li
- Petroleum
Engineering School and State Key Laboratory of Oil and Gas Reservoir
Geology and Exploitation, Southwest Petroleum
University, Chengdu 610500, People’s Republic
of China
| | - Chun-Sheng Jia
- Petroleum
Engineering School and State Key Laboratory of Oil and Gas Reservoir
Geology and Exploitation, Southwest Petroleum
University, Chengdu 610500, People’s Republic
of China
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35
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Champenois EG, Greenman L, Shivaram N, Cryan JP, Larsen KA, Rescigno TN, McCurdy CW, Belkacem A, Slaughter DS. Ultrafast photodissociation dynamics and nonadiabatic coupling between excited electronic states of methanol probed by time-resolved photoelectron spectroscopy. J Chem Phys 2019; 150:114301. [DOI: 10.1063/1.5079549] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Elio G. Champenois
- Chemical Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
- Graduate Group in Applied Science and Technology, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
| | - Loren Greenman
- Chemical Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Davis, California 95616, USA
- Department of Physics, Kansas State University, Manhattan, Kansas 66506, USA
| | - Niranjan Shivaram
- Chemical Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
- Linac Coherent Light Source, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Menlo Park, California 94025, USA
| | - James P. Cryan
- Stanford PULSE Institute, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Menlo Park, California 94025, USA
| | - Kirk A. Larsen
- Chemical Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
- Graduate Group in Applied Science and Technology, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
| | - Thomas N. Rescigno
- Chemical Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
| | - C. William McCurdy
- Chemical Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Davis, California 95616, USA
| | - Ali Belkacem
- Chemical Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
| | - Daniel S. Slaughter
- Chemical Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
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36
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Zhang B. Unraveling vibrational wavepacket dynamics using femtosecond ion yield spectroscopy and photoelectron imaging. CHINESE J CHEM PHYS 2019. [DOI: 10.1063/1674-0068/cjcp1811252] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Bing Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Magnetic Resonance and Atomic and Molecular Physics, Wuhan Institute of Physics and Mathematics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430071, China
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37
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Sun Z, Wang C, Zhao W, Yang C. Mapping of the light-induced conical intersections in the photoelectron spectra of K 2 molecules. SPECTROCHIMICA ACTA. PART A, MOLECULAR AND BIOMOLECULAR SPECTROSCOPY 2019; 207:348-353. [PMID: 30268902 DOI: 10.1016/j.saa.2018.09.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2018] [Revised: 08/31/2018] [Accepted: 09/08/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
In the strong field regime, exploring the physical nature of molecular dynamics is still a challenge due to the dramatic change of molecular potentials. Here, we perform a quantum wave packet study on the pump-probe ionization of K2 molecules and show how the light-induced conical intersections (LICIs) are imprinted into the molecular photoelectron spectra. We demonstrate that the energy and angular distributions of photoelectron spectra provide an accurate mapping of the electronic structure under the influence of the strong laser field. The determination of correct characterization of LICIs can help us to better explore alternative ways to control dynamics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhaopeng Sun
- School of Physics and Optoelectronic Engineering, Ludong University, Yantai 264025, China.
| | - Chunyang Wang
- School of Physics and Optoelectronic Engineering, Ludong University, Yantai 264025, China
| | - Wenkai Zhao
- School of Physics and Optoelectronic Engineering, Ludong University, Yantai 264025, China
| | - Chuanlu Yang
- School of Physics and Optoelectronic Engineering, Ludong University, Yantai 264025, China.
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38
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Bellshaw D, Minns RS, Kirrander A. Correspondence between electronic structure calculations and simulations: nonadiabatic dynamics in CS2. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2019; 21:14226-14237. [DOI: 10.1039/c8cp05693e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The choice of ab initio electronic structure method is an important factor in determining the fidelity of nonadiabatic dynamics simulations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Darren Bellshaw
- EaStCHEM, School of Chemistry, University of Edinburgh
- EH9 3FJ Edinburgh
- UK
| | - Russell S. Minns
- Chemistry, University of Southampton, Highfield
- Southampton SO17 1BJ
- UK
| | - Adam Kirrander
- EaStCHEM, School of Chemistry, University of Edinburgh
- EH9 3FJ Edinburgh
- UK
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39
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Rosenberg D, Damari R, Fleischer S. Echo Spectroscopy in Multilevel Quantum-Mechanical Rotors. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2018; 121:234101. [PMID: 30576185 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.121.234101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
We study the dynamics of rotational echoes in gas phase molecular ensembles and their dependence on the delay and intensity of the excitation pulses. We explore the unique dynamics of alignment echoes that arise from the multilevel nature of the molecular rotors and impose severe difficulties in utilizing echo responses for rotational spectroscopy. We show experimentally and theoretically that judicious control of both the delay and intensity of the second pulse enables multilevel "rotational echo spectroscopy." The proposed methodology paves the way to rotational spectroscopy in high-density gas samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dina Rosenberg
- Raymond and Beverly Sackler Faculty of Exact Sciences, School of Chemistry, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv 6997801, Israel
- Tel-Aviv University center for Light-Matter-Interaction, Tel Aviv 6997801, Israel
| | - Ran Damari
- Raymond and Beverly Sackler Faculty of Exact Sciences, School of Chemistry, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv 6997801, Israel
- Tel-Aviv University center for Light-Matter-Interaction, Tel Aviv 6997801, Israel
| | - Sharly Fleischer
- Raymond and Beverly Sackler Faculty of Exact Sciences, School of Chemistry, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv 6997801, Israel
- Tel-Aviv University center for Light-Matter-Interaction, Tel Aviv 6997801, Israel
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40
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Vindel-Zandbergen P, Jiang J, Lewerenz M, Meier C, Barranco M, Pi M, Halberstadt N. Impulsive alignment of 4He-CH 3I: A theoretical study. J Chem Phys 2018; 149:124301. [PMID: 30278652 DOI: 10.1063/1.5048338] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
We simulate the non-adiabatic laser alignment of the weakly bound 4He-CH3I complex based on a quantum mechanical wave packet calculation for a model He-CH3I interaction potential. Two different regimes are found depending on the laser intensity. At intensities typical of non-adiabatic alignment experiments, the rotational dynamics resembles that of the isolated molecule. This is attributed to the fact that after the initial prompt alignment peak the complex rapidly dissociates. The subsequent revival pattern is due to the free rotation of the molecule detached from the helium atom. It is superimposed to a flat background corresponding to ∼20% of the wave packet which remains bound, containing lower rotational excitation. At lower intensities, dissociation is avoided but the rotational excitation is not high enough to provide an efficient alignment and a broad non-regular structure is observed. Besides, the interaction of the He atom with the molecule quenches any possible alignment. These interpretations are based on the calculation of different observables related to the rotational motion. We compare our findings with recent experimental and theoretical results of non-adiabatic alignment of linear molecules solvated in helium nanodroplets or weakly interacting with one helium atom.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patricia Vindel-Zandbergen
- Laboratoire Collisions Agrégats Réactivité (LCAR), IRSAMC, Université de Toulouse, CNRS UMR 5589, Toulouse, France
| | - Ji Jiang
- Laboratoire de Modélisation et Simulation Multi Echelle, Equipe de Chimie Théorique, 5 Boulevard Descartes 77454, Marne-la Vallée Cedex 2, France
| | - Marius Lewerenz
- Laboratoire de Modélisation et Simulation Multi Echelle, Equipe de Chimie Théorique, 5 Boulevard Descartes 77454, Marne-la Vallée Cedex 2, France
| | - Christoph Meier
- Laboratoire Collisions Agrégats Réactivité (LCAR), IRSAMC, Université de Toulouse, CNRS UMR 5589, Toulouse, France
| | - Manuel Barranco
- Laboratoire Collisions Agrégats Réactivité (LCAR), IRSAMC, Université de Toulouse, CNRS UMR 5589, Toulouse, France
| | - Martí Pi
- Departament FQA, Facultat de Física, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Nadine Halberstadt
- Laboratoire Collisions Agrégats Réactivité (LCAR), IRSAMC, Université de Toulouse, CNRS UMR 5589, Toulouse, France
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41
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Ling F, Wang Y, Li S, Wei J, Tang Y, Zhang B. Imaging Reversible and Irreversible Structural Evolution in Photoexcited 2,4-Difluoroaniline. J Phys Chem Lett 2018; 9:5468-5473. [PMID: 30165741 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpclett.8b01841] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Here, we demonstrate the capability of femtosecond time-resolved photoelectron imaging to visualize the reversible and irreversible structural evolution in electronically excited 2,4-difluoroaniline. As a coherent superposition of out-of-plane vibrational motions is created following 299.8 nm excitation, the molecular geometry alters periodically, thus modulating the photoionization channel. The reversible nuclear motion between distinct geometries is directly observed as the reverse beats in the time-dependent photoelectron spectra. Moreover, with the molecule highly vibrationally excited at 289.0 nm, the exponential decrease/increase changes in photoelectron signal provide a physically intuitive and complete picture of the irreversible geometry rearrangement away from a nonplanar geometry in the vertical Franck-Condon region toward the planar minimum.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fengzi Ling
- State Key Laboratory of Magnetic Resonance and Atomic and Molecular Physics , Wuhan Institute of Physics and Mathematics, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Wuhan 430071 , China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing 100049 , China
| | - Yanmei Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Magnetic Resonance and Atomic and Molecular Physics , Wuhan Institute of Physics and Mathematics, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Wuhan 430071 , China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing 100049 , China
| | - Shuai Li
- State Key Laboratory of Magnetic Resonance and Atomic and Molecular Physics , Wuhan Institute of Physics and Mathematics, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Wuhan 430071 , China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing 100049 , China
| | - Jie Wei
- State Key Laboratory of Magnetic Resonance and Atomic and Molecular Physics , Wuhan Institute of Physics and Mathematics, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Wuhan 430071 , China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing 100049 , China
| | - Ying Tang
- State Key Laboratory of Magnetic Resonance and Atomic and Molecular Physics , Wuhan Institute of Physics and Mathematics, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Wuhan 430071 , China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing 100049 , China
| | - Bing Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Magnetic Resonance and Atomic and Molecular Physics , Wuhan Institute of Physics and Mathematics, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Wuhan 430071 , China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing 100049 , China
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42
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Trabelsi T, Al-Mogren MM, Hochlaf M, Francisco JS. Mechanistic study of the photoexcitation, photoconversion, and photodissociation of CS2. J Chem Phys 2018; 149:064304. [DOI: 10.1063/1.5040141] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Tarek Trabelsi
- Department of Chemistry, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, 433 Hamilton Hall, Lincoln, Nebraska 68588-0304, USA
- Université Paris-Est, Laboratoire Modélisation et Simulation Multi Echelle, MSME UMR 8208 CNRS, 5 bd Descartes, 77454 Marne-la-Vallée, France
| | - Muneerah Mogren Al-Mogren
- Chemistry Department, Faculty of Science, King Saud University, P.O. Box 2455, Riyadh 11451, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Majdi Hochlaf
- Université Paris-Est, Laboratoire Modélisation et Simulation Multi Echelle, MSME UMR 8208 CNRS, 5 bd Descartes, 77454 Marne-la-Vallée, France
| | - Joseph S. Francisco
- Department of Chemistry, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, 433 Hamilton Hall, Lincoln, Nebraska 68588-0304, USA
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43
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von Conta A, Tehlar A, Schletter A, Arasaki Y, Takatsuka K, Wörner HJ. Conical-intersection dynamics and ground-state chemistry probed by extreme-ultraviolet time-resolved photoelectron spectroscopy. Nat Commun 2018; 9:3162. [PMID: 30089780 PMCID: PMC6082858 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-018-05292-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2018] [Accepted: 06/15/2018] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Time-resolved photoelectron spectroscopy (TRPES) is a useful approach to elucidate the coupled electronic-nuclear quantum dynamics underlying chemical processes, but has remained limited by the use of low photon energies. Here, we demonstrate the general advantages of XUV-TRPES through an application to NO2, one of the simplest species displaying the complexity of a non-adiabatic photochemical process. The high photon energy enables ionization from the entire geometrical configuration space, giving access to the true dynamics of the system. Specifically, the technique reveals dynamics through a conical intersection, large-amplitude motion and photodissociation in the electronic ground state. XUV-TRPES simultaneously projects the excited-state wave packet onto many final states, offering a multi-dimensional view of the coupled electronic and nuclear dynamics. Our interpretations are supported by ab initio wavepacket calculations on new global potential-energy surfaces. The presented results contribute to establish XUV-TRPES as a powerful technique providing a complete picture of ultrafast chemical dynamics from photoexcitation to the final products.
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Affiliation(s)
- A von Conta
- Laboratory of Physical Chemistry, ETH Zurich, Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 2, CH-8093, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - A Tehlar
- Laboratory of Physical Chemistry, ETH Zurich, Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 2, CH-8093, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - A Schletter
- Laboratory of Physical Chemistry, ETH Zurich, Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 2, CH-8093, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Y Arasaki
- Fukui Institute for Fundamental Chemistry, Kyoto University, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto, 606-8103, Japan
| | - K Takatsuka
- Fukui Institute for Fundamental Chemistry, Kyoto University, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto, 606-8103, Japan
| | - H J Wörner
- Laboratory of Physical Chemistry, ETH Zurich, Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 2, CH-8093, Zurich, Switzerland.
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44
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Søndergaard AA, Shepperson B, Stapelfeldt H. Nonadiabatic laser-induced alignment of molecules: Reconstructing ⟨𝖼𝗈𝗌 𝟤 θ⟩ directly from ⟨𝖼𝗈𝗌 𝟤 θ 2D⟩ by Fourier analysis. J Chem Phys 2018; 147:013905. [PMID: 28688434 DOI: 10.1063/1.4975817] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
We present an efficient, noise-robust method based on Fourier analysis for reconstructing the three-dimensional measure of the alignment degree, ⟨cos2θ⟩, directly from its two-dimensional counterpart, ⟨cos2θ2D⟩. The method applies to nonadiabatic alignment of linear molecules induced by a linearly polarized, nonresonant laser pulse. Our theoretical analysis shows that the Fourier transform of the time-dependent ⟨cos2θ2D⟩ trace over one molecular rotational period contains additional frequency components compared to the Fourier transform of ⟨cos2θ⟩. These additional frequency components can be identified and removed from the Fourier spectrum of ⟨cos2θ2D⟩. By rescaling of the remaining frequency components, the Fourier spectrum of ⟨cos2θ⟩ is obtained and, finally, ⟨cos2θ⟩ is reconstructed through inverse Fourier transformation. The method allows the reconstruction of the ⟨cos2θ⟩ trace from a measured ⟨cos2θ2D⟩ trace, which is the typical observable of many experiments, and thereby provides direct comparison to calculated ⟨cos2θ⟩ traces, which is the commonly used alignment metric in theoretical descriptions. We illustrate our method by applying it to the measurement of nonadiabatic alignment of I2 molecules. In addition, we present an efficient algorithm for calculating the matrix elements of cos2θ2D and any other observable in the symmetric top basis. These matrix elements are required in the rescaling step, and they allow for highly efficient numerical calculation of ⟨cos2θ2D⟩ and ⟨cos2θ⟩ in general.
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45
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Thesing LV, Küpper J, González-Férez R. Time-dependent analysis of the mixed-field orientation of molecules without rotational symmetry. J Chem Phys 2018; 146:244304. [PMID: 28668039 DOI: 10.1063/1.4986954] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
We present a theoretical study of the mixed-field orientation of molecules without rotational symmetry. The time-dependent one-dimensional and three-dimensional orientation of a thermal ensemble of 6-chloropyridazine-3-carbonitrile molecules in combined linearly or elliptically polarized laser fields and tilted dc electric fields is computed. The results are in good agreement with recent experimental results of one-dimensional orientation for weak dc electric fields [J. L. Hansen, J. Chem. Phys. 139, 234313 (2013)]. Moreover, they predict that using elliptically polarized laser fields or strong dc fields, three-dimensional orientation is obtained. The field-dressed dynamics of excited rotational states is characterized by highly non-adiabatic effects. We analyze the sources of these non-adiabatic effects and investigate their impact on the mixed-field orientation for different field configurations in mixed-field-orientation experiments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Linda V Thesing
- Center for Free-Electron Laser Science, Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron DESY, Notkestrasse 85, 22607 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Jochen Küpper
- Center for Free-Electron Laser Science, Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron DESY, Notkestrasse 85, 22607 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Rosario González-Férez
- Instituto Carlos I de Física Teórica y Computacional and Departamento de Física Atómica, Molecular y Nuclear, Universidad de Granada, 18071 Granada, Spain
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46
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Smith AD, Warne EM, Bellshaw D, Horke DA, Tudorovskya M, Springate E, Jones AJH, Cacho C, Chapman RT, Kirrander A, Minns RS. Mapping the Complete Reaction Path of a Complex Photochemical Reaction. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2018; 120:183003. [PMID: 29775354 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.120.183003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
We probe the dynamics of dissociating CS_{2} molecules across the entire reaction pathway upon excitation. Photoelectron spectroscopy measurements using laboratory-generated femtosecond extreme ultraviolet pulses monitor the competing dissociation, internal conversion, and intersystem crossing dynamics. Dissociation occurs either in the initially excited singlet manifold or, via intersystem crossing, in the triplet manifold. Both product channels are monitored and show that, despite being more rapid, the singlet dissociation is the minor product and that triplet state products dominate the final yield. We explain this by a consideration of accurate potential energy curves for both the singlet and triplet states. We propose that rapid internal conversion stabilizes the singlet population dynamically, allowing for singlet-triplet relaxation via intersystem crossing and the efficient formation of spin-forbidden dissociation products on longer timescales. The study demonstrates the importance of measuring the full reaction pathway for defining accurate reaction mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adam D Smith
- Chemistry, University of Southampton, Highfield, Southampton SO17 1BJ, United Kingdom
| | - Emily M Warne
- Chemistry, University of Southampton, Highfield, Southampton SO17 1BJ, United Kingdom
| | - Darren Bellshaw
- EaStCHEM, School of Chemistry, University of Edinburgh, David Brewster Road, Edinburgh EH9 3FJ, United Kingdom
| | - Daniel A Horke
- Center for Free-Electron Laser Science, Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron DESY, Notkestrasse 85, 22607 Hamburg, Germany
- The Hamburg Centre for Ultrafast Imaging, Universität Hamburg, Luruper Chaussee 149, 22761 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Maria Tudorovskya
- EaStCHEM, School of Chemistry, University of Edinburgh, David Brewster Road, Edinburgh EH9 3FJ, United Kingdom
| | - Emma Springate
- Central Laser Facility, STFC Rutherford Appleton Laboratory, Didcot, Oxfordshire OX11 0QX, United Kingdom
| | - Alfred J H Jones
- Central Laser Facility, STFC Rutherford Appleton Laboratory, Didcot, Oxfordshire OX11 0QX, United Kingdom
| | - Cephise Cacho
- Central Laser Facility, STFC Rutherford Appleton Laboratory, Didcot, Oxfordshire OX11 0QX, United Kingdom
| | - Richard T Chapman
- Central Laser Facility, STFC Rutherford Appleton Laboratory, Didcot, Oxfordshire OX11 0QX, United Kingdom
| | - Adam Kirrander
- EaStCHEM, School of Chemistry, University of Edinburgh, David Brewster Road, Edinburgh EH9 3FJ, United Kingdom
| | - Russell S Minns
- Chemistry, University of Southampton, Highfield, Southampton SO17 1BJ, United Kingdom
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47
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Owens A, Yachmenev A. RichMol: A general variational approach for rovibrational molecular dynamics in external electric fields. J Chem Phys 2018; 148:124102. [DOI: 10.1063/1.5023874] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Alec Owens
- Center for Free-Electron Laser Science, Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron DESY, Notkestrasse 85, 22607 Hamburg, Germany
- The Hamburg Center for Ultrafast Imaging, Universität Hamburg, Luruper Chaussee 149, 22761 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Andrey Yachmenev
- Center for Free-Electron Laser Science, Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron DESY, Notkestrasse 85, 22607 Hamburg, Germany
- The Hamburg Center for Ultrafast Imaging, Universität Hamburg, Luruper Chaussee 149, 22761 Hamburg, Germany
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48
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Huang Z, Ossenbrüggen T, Rubinsky I, Schust M, Horke DA, Küpper J. Development and Characterization of a Laser-Induced Acoustic Desorption Source. Anal Chem 2018; 90:3920-3927. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.7b04797] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Zhipeng Huang
- Center for Free-Electron Laser Science, Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron DESY, Notkestrasse 85, 22607 Hamburg, Germany
- Department of Physics, Universität Hamburg, Luruper Chaussee 149, 22761 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Tim Ossenbrüggen
- Center for Free-Electron Laser Science, Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron DESY, Notkestrasse 85, 22607 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Igor Rubinsky
- Center for Free-Electron Laser Science, Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron DESY, Notkestrasse 85, 22607 Hamburg, Germany
- The Hamburg Center for Ultrafast Imaging, Universität Hamburg, Luruper Chaussee 149, 22761 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Matthias Schust
- Center for Free-Electron Laser Science, Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron DESY, Notkestrasse 85, 22607 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Daniel A. Horke
- Center for Free-Electron Laser Science, Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron DESY, Notkestrasse 85, 22607 Hamburg, Germany
- The Hamburg Center for Ultrafast Imaging, Universität Hamburg, Luruper Chaussee 149, 22761 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Jochen Küpper
- Center for Free-Electron Laser Science, Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron DESY, Notkestrasse 85, 22607 Hamburg, Germany
- Department of Physics, Universität Hamburg, Luruper Chaussee 149, 22761 Hamburg, Germany
- The Hamburg Center for Ultrafast Imaging, Universität Hamburg, Luruper Chaussee 149, 22761 Hamburg, Germany
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49
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Kampfrath T, Wolf M, Sajadi M. The sign of the polarizability anisotropy of polar molecules is obtained from the terahertz Kerr effect. Chem Phys Lett 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cplett.2017.12.061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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50
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Takatsuka K. Theory of molecular nonadiabatic electron dynamics in condensed phases. J Chem Phys 2017; 147:174102. [DOI: 10.1063/1.4993240] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Kazuo Takatsuka
- Fukui Institute for Fundamental Chemistry, Kyoto University, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8103, Japan
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