1
|
Da Costa RM, Rooke JL, Wells TJ, Cunningham AF, Henderson IR. Type 5 secretion system antigens as vaccines against Gram-negative bacterial infections. NPJ Vaccines 2024; 9:159. [PMID: 39218947 PMCID: PMC11366766 DOI: 10.1038/s41541-024-00953-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2024] [Accepted: 08/14/2024] [Indexed: 09/04/2024] Open
Abstract
Infections caused by Gram-negative bacteria are leading causes of mortality worldwide. Due to the rise in antibiotic resistant strains, there is a desperate need for alternative strategies to control infections caused by these organisms. One such approach is the prevention of infection through vaccination. While live attenuated and heat-killed bacterial vaccines are effective, they can lead to adverse reactions. Newer vaccine technologies focus on utilizing polysaccharide or protein subunits for safer and more targeted vaccination approaches. One promising avenue in this regard is the use of proteins released by the Type 5 secretion system (T5SS). This system is the most prevalent secretion system in Gram-negative bacteria. These proteins are compelling vaccine candidates due to their demonstrated protective role in current licensed vaccines. Notably, Pertactin, FHA, and NadA are integral components of licensed vaccines designed to prevent infections caused by Bordetella pertussis or Neisseria meningitidis. In this review, we delve into the significance of incorporating T5SS proteins into licensed vaccines, their contributions to virulence, conserved structural motifs, and the protective immune responses elicited by these proteins.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rochelle M Da Costa
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Jessica L Rooke
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Timothy J Wells
- Frazer Institute, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Adam F Cunningham
- Institute of Immunology and Immunotherapy, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom
| | - Ian R Henderson
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia.
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Hickson SM, Hoehensteiger JK, Mayer-Coverdale J, Torres VVL, Feng W, Monteith JN, Henderson IR, McCarthy KL, Wells TJ. Antibody-Mediated Serum Resistance Protects Pseudomonas aeruginosa During Bloodstream Infections. J Infect Dis 2024; 230:e221-e229. [PMID: 38235716 PMCID: PMC11326846 DOI: 10.1093/infdis/jiad457] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2023] [Accepted: 10/17/2023] [Indexed: 01/19/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Pseudomonas aeruginosa is a frequent pathogen isolated from bacterial bloodstream infection (BSI) and is associated with high mortality. To survive in the blood, P aeruginosa must resist the bactericidal action of complement (ie, serum killing). Antibodies usually promote serum killing through the classical complement pathway; however, "cloaking antibodies" (cAbs) have been described, which paradoxically protect bacteria from serum killing. The relevance of cAbs in P aeruginosa BSI is unknown. METHODS Serum and P aeruginosa were collected from a cohort of 100 patients with BSI. Isolates were tested for sensitivity to healthy control serum (HCS). cAb prevalence was determined in sera. Patient sera were mixed with HCS to determine if killing of the matched isolate was inhibited. RESULTS Overall, 36 patients had elevated titers of cAbs, and 34 isolates were sensitive to HCS killing. Fifteen patients had cAbs and HCS-sensitive isolates; of these patients, 14 had serum that protected their matched bacteria from HCS killing. Patients with cAbs were less likely to be neutropenic or have comorbidities. CONCLUSIONS cAbs are prevalent in patients with P aeruginosa BSI and allow survival of otherwise serum-sensitive bacteria in the bloodstream. Generation of cAbs may be a risk factor for the development of BSI.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sarah M Hickson
- Frazer Institute, Faculty of Medicine, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia
| | | | - Johanna Mayer-Coverdale
- UQ Centre for Clinical Research, The University of Queensland, Herston, Australia
- Department of Microbiology, Pathology Queensland, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Von Vergel L Torres
- Frazer Institute, Faculty of Medicine, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Wenkang Feng
- Frazer Institute, Faculty of Medicine, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Joshua N Monteith
- Frazer Institute, Faculty of Medicine, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Ian R Henderson
- Institute of Molecular Biosciences, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Kate L McCarthy
- Department of Microbiology, Pathology Queensland, Brisbane, Australia
- Infectious Diseases Unit, Royal Brisbane and Women's Hospital, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Timothy J Wells
- Frazer Institute, Faculty of Medicine, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia
- Australian Infectious Diseases Research Centre, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Wells TJ, Esposito T, Henderson IR, Labzin LI. Mechanisms of antibody-dependent enhancement of infectious disease. Nat Rev Immunol 2024:10.1038/s41577-024-01067-9. [PMID: 39122820 DOI: 10.1038/s41577-024-01067-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/04/2024] [Indexed: 08/12/2024]
Abstract
Antibody-dependent enhancement (ADE) of infectious disease is a phenomenon whereby host antibodies increase the severity of an infection. It is well established in viral infections but ADE also has an underappreciated role during bacterial, fungal and parasitic infections. ADE can occur during both primary infections and re-infections with the same or a related pathogen; therefore, understanding the underlying mechanisms of ADE is critical for understanding the pathogenesis and progression of many infectious diseases. Here, we review the four distinct mechanisms by which antibodies increase disease severity during an infection. We discuss the most established mechanistic explanation for ADE, where cross-reactive, disease-enhancing antibodies bound to pathogens interact with Fc receptors, thereby enhancing pathogen entry or replication, ultimately increasing the total pathogen load. Additionally, we explore how some pathogenic antibodies can shield bacteria from complement-dependent killing, thereby enhancing bacterial survival. We interrogate the molecular mechanisms by which antibodies can amplify inflammation to drive severe disease, even in the absence of increased pathogen replication. We also examine emerging roles for autoantibodies in enhancing the pathogenesis of infectious diseases. Finally, we discuss how we can leverage these insights to improve vaccine design and future treatments for infectious diseases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Timothy J Wells
- Frazer Institute, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia.
| | - Tyron Esposito
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Ian R Henderson
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Larisa I Labzin
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia.
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Martin LB, Tack B, Marchello CS, Sikorski MJ, Owusu-Dabo E, Nyirenda T, Mogasale V, Crump JA. Vaccine value profile for invasive non-typhoidal Salmonella disease. Vaccine 2024; 42:S101-S124. [PMID: 39003017 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2024.04.045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2022] [Revised: 04/12/2024] [Accepted: 04/14/2024] [Indexed: 07/15/2024]
Abstract
Invasive non-typhoidal Salmonella (iNTS) disease is an under-recognized high-burden disease causing major health and socioeconomic issues in sub-Saharan Africa (sSA), predominantly among immune-naïve infants and young children, including those with recognized comorbidities such as HIV infection. iNTS disease is primarily caused by Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium sequence type (ST) 313 and 'African-restricted clades' of Salmonella Enteritidis ST11 that have emerged across the African continent as a series of epidemics associated with acquisition of new antimicrobial resistance. Due to genotypes with a high prevalence of antimicrobial resistance and scarcity of therapeutic options, these NTS serovars are designated by the World Health Organization as a priority pathogen for research and development of interventions, including vaccines, to address and reduce NTS associated bacteremia and meningitis in sSA. Novel and traditional vaccine technologies are being applied to develop vaccines against iNTS disease, and the results of the first clinical trials in the infant target population should become available in the near future. The "Vaccine Value Profile" (VVP) addresses information related predominantly to invasive disease caused by Salmonella Enteritidis and Salmonella Typhimurium prevalent in sSA. Information is included on stand-alone iNTS disease candidate vaccines and candidate vaccines targeting iNTS disease combined with another invasive serotype, Salmonella Typhi, that is also common across sSA. Out of scope for the first version of this VVP is a wider discussion on either diarrheagenic NTS disease (dNTS) also associated with Salmonella Enteritidis and Salmonella Typhimurium or the development of a multivalent Salmonella vaccines targeting key serovars for use globally. This VVP for vaccines to prevent iNTS disease is intended to provide a high-level, holistic assessment of the information and data that are currently available to inform the potential public health, economic, and societal value of pipeline vaccines and vaccine-like products. Future versions of this VVP will be updated to reflect ongoing activities such as vaccine development strategies and a "Full Vaccine Value Assessment" that will inform the value proposition of an iNTS disease vaccine. This VVP was developed by a working group of subject matter experts from academia, non-profit organizations, public private partnerships, and multi-lateral organizations, and in collaboration with stakeholders from the World Health Organization African Region. All contributors have extensive expertise on various elements of the iNTS disease VVP and collectively aimed to identify current research and knowledge gaps. The VVP was developed using only existing and publicly available information.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Bieke Tack
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Institute of Tropical Medicine Antwerp, Belgium and Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Transplantation, KU Leuven, Belgium.
| | | | - Michael J Sikorski
- Center for Vaccine Development and Global Health, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA.
| | | | | | | | - John A Crump
- Centre for International Health, University of Otago, New Zealand.
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Feng F, Fu Q, Cao F, Yuan Y, Kong R, Ji D, Liu H. A Lateral Flow Assay Based on Streptavidin-biotin Amplification System with Recombinase Polymerase Amplification for Rapid and Quantitative Detection of Salmonella enteritidis. Chembiochem 2024; 25:e202300575. [PMID: 37963820 DOI: 10.1002/cbic.202300575] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2023] [Revised: 11/14/2023] [Accepted: 11/14/2023] [Indexed: 11/16/2023]
Abstract
Salmonella constitutes a prevalent alimentary pathogen, instigating zoonotic afflictions. Consequently, the prompt discernment of Salmonella in sustenance is of cardinal significance. Lateral flow assays utilizing colorimetric methodologies adequately fulfill the prerequisites of point-of-care diagnostics, however, their detection threshold remains elevated, generally permitting only qualitative discernment, an impediment to the preliminary screening of nascent pathogens. In response to this conundrum, we propose a lateral flow diagnostic predicated upon a streptavidin-biotin amplification system with recombinase polymerase amplification engineered for the expeditious and quantitative discernment of Salmonella enteritidis. Trace nucleic acids within a sample undergo exponential amplification via recombinase polymerase amplification to a level discernable, constituting the initial signal amplification. Subsequently, along the test line (T-line) of the lateral flow strip, the chromatic signal undergoes augmentation by securing a greater quantity of AuNPs through the magnification capacity of the streptavidin-biotin mechanism, affecting the second signal amplification. Quantitative results are procured via smartphone capture and transferred to computer software for precise calculation of the targeted quantity. The lateral flow strip exhibits a LOD at 19.41 CFU/mL for cultured S. enteritidis. The RSD of three varying concentrations were respectively 3.74 %, 5.96 %, and 4.25 %.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Fan Feng
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Qilu University of Technology (Shandong Academy of Science), Jinan, Shandong, 250353, China
| | - Qiang Fu
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Qilu University of Technology (Shandong Academy of Science), Jinan, Shandong, 250353, China
| | - Fengrong Cao
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Qilu University of Technology (Shandong Academy of Science), Jinan, Shandong, 250353, China
| | - Yun Yuan
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Qilu University of Technology (Shandong Academy of Science), Jinan, Shandong, 250353, China
| | - Ruixue Kong
- Department of Nursing, Shandong Medical College, No 5460 Erhuanan Road, Jinan, Shandong, 250002, China
| | - Dandan Ji
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Qilu University of Technology (Shandong Academy of Science), Jinan, Shandong, 250353, China
| | - Haiyun Liu
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Technology and Equipment for Biological Diagnosis and Therapy in, Universities of Shandong, Institute for Advanced Interdisciplinary Research(iAIR), University of Jinan, Jinan, Shandong, 250022, China
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Hastey CJ, Olsen KJ, Elsner RA, Mundigl S, Tran GVV, Barthold SW, Baumgarth N. Borrelia burgdorferi Infection-Induced Persistent IgM Secretion Controls Bacteremia, but Not Bacterial Dissemination or Tissue Burden. JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY (BALTIMORE, MD. : 1950) 2023; 211:1540-1549. [PMID: 37782044 PMCID: PMC10843262 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.2300384] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2023] [Accepted: 09/07/2023] [Indexed: 10/03/2023]
Abstract
Infection with Borrelia burgdorferi causes Lyme disease in humans. In small rodents, the natural reservoir species of this spirochete, infections lead to only modest disease manifestations, despite causing persistence infection. Although B cell responses are central for controlling bacterial tissue burden and disease manifestations, they lack classical aspects of T-dependent responses, such as sustained IgG affinity maturation and longevity, corresponding with a rapid collapse of germinal centers. Instead, the Ab response is characterized by strong and ongoing secretion of IgM, whose origins and impact on protective immunity to B. burgdorferi remain unknown. In this article, we demonstrate that B. burgdorferi infection-induced IgM in mice was produced continuously, mainly by conventional B, not B-1 cells, in a T-independent manner. Although IgM was passively protective and restricted early bacteremia, its production had no effects on bacterial dissemination into solid tissues, nor did it affect Borrelia tissue burden. The latter was controlled by the induction of bactericidal IgG, as shown comparing infections in wild type mice with those of mice lacking exclusively secreted IgM-/-, all class-switched Abs via deletion of aicda (AID-/-), and all secreted Abs (secreted IgM-/- × AID-/-). Consistent with the notion that B. burgdorferi infection drives production of IgM over more tissue-penetrable IgG, we demonstrated increased short- and long-term IgM Ab responses also to a coadministered, unrelated Ag. Thus, the continued production of IgM may explain the absence of B. burgdorferi in the blood.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Christine J. Hastey
- Graduate Group in Microbiology, University of California Davis, Davis, CA 95616
- Center for Immunology and Infectious Diseases, University of California Davis, Davis, CA 95616
| | - Kimberly J. Olsen
- Center for Immunology and Infectious Diseases, University of California Davis, Davis, CA 95616
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology & Immunology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California Davis, Davis, CA 95616
| | - Rebecca A. Elsner
- Graduate Group in Microbiology, University of California Davis, Davis, CA 95616
- Center for Immunology and Infectious Diseases, University of California Davis, Davis, CA 95616
| | - Sophia Mundigl
- Center for Immunology and Infectious Diseases, University of California Davis, Davis, CA 95616
| | - Giang Vu Vi Tran
- Center for Immunology and Infectious Diseases, University of California Davis, Davis, CA 95616
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology & Immunology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California Davis, Davis, CA 95616
| | - Stephen W. Barthold
- Center for Immunology and Infectious Diseases, University of California Davis, Davis, CA 95616
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology & Immunology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California Davis, Davis, CA 95616
| | - Nicole Baumgarth
- Graduate Group in Microbiology, University of California Davis, Davis, CA 95616
- Center for Immunology and Infectious Diseases, University of California Davis, Davis, CA 95616
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology & Immunology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California Davis, Davis, CA 95616
- Department of Molecular Microbiology & Immunology, and Department of Molecular and Comparative Pathobiology, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21205
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Muts RM, den Boer MA, Bardoel BW, Aerts PC, de Haas CJC, Heck AJR, Rooijakkers SHM, Heesterbeek DAC. Artificial surface labelling of Escherichia coli with StrepTagII antigen to study how monoclonal antibodies drive complement-mediated killing. Sci Rep 2023; 13:18836. [PMID: 37914798 PMCID: PMC10620216 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-46026-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2023] [Accepted: 10/26/2023] [Indexed: 11/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Antibodies play a key role in the immune defence against Gram-negative bacteria. After binding to bacterial surface antigens, IgG and IgM can activate the complement system and trigger formation of lytic membrane attack complex (MAC) pores. Molecular studies to compare functional activity of antibodies on bacteria are hampered by the limited availability of well-defined antibodies against bacterial surface antigens. Therefore, we genetically engineered E. coli by expressing the StrepTagII antigen into outer membrane protein X (OmpX) and validated that these engineered bacteria were recognised by anti-StrepTagII antibodies. We then combined this antigen-antibody system with a purified complement assay to avoid interference of serum components and directly compare MAC-mediated bacterial killing via IgG1 and pentameric IgM. While both IgG1 and IgM could induce MAC-mediated killing, we show that IgM has an increased capacity to induce complement-mediated killing of E. coli compared to IgG1. While Fc mutations that enhance IgG clustering after target binding could not improve MAC formation, mutations that cause formation of pre-assembled IgG hexamers enhanced the complement activating capacity of IgG1. Altogether, we here present a system to study antibody-dependent complement activation on E. coli and show IgM's enhanced capacity over IgG to induce complement-mediated lysis of E. coli.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Remy M Muts
- Department of Medical Microbiology, University Medical Center Utrecht, 3584 CX, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Maurits A den Boer
- Biomolecular Mass Spectrometry and Proteomics, Bijvoet Center for Biomolecular Research and Utrecht Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Utrecht University, 3584 CH, Utrecht, The Netherlands
- Netherlands Proteomic Center, 3584 CH, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Bart W Bardoel
- Department of Medical Microbiology, University Medical Center Utrecht, 3584 CX, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Piet C Aerts
- Department of Medical Microbiology, University Medical Center Utrecht, 3584 CX, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Carla J C de Haas
- Department of Medical Microbiology, University Medical Center Utrecht, 3584 CX, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Albert J R Heck
- Biomolecular Mass Spectrometry and Proteomics, Bijvoet Center for Biomolecular Research and Utrecht Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Utrecht University, 3584 CH, Utrecht, The Netherlands
- Netherlands Proteomic Center, 3584 CH, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Suzan H M Rooijakkers
- Department of Medical Microbiology, University Medical Center Utrecht, 3584 CX, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Dani A C Heesterbeek
- Department of Medical Microbiology, University Medical Center Utrecht, 3584 CX, Utrecht, The Netherlands.
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Cross AS. Hit 'em Where It Hurts: Gram-Negative Bacterial Lipopolysaccharide as a Vaccine Target. Microbiol Mol Biol Rev 2023; 87:e0004522. [PMID: 37432116 PMCID: PMC10521362 DOI: 10.1128/mmbr.00045-22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Infections with antimicrobial-resistant (AMR) bacteria pose an increasing threat to the ability to perform surgical procedures, organ transplantation, and treat cancer among many other medical conditions. There are few new antimicrobials in the development pipeline. Vaccines against AMR Gram-negative bacteria may reduce the use of antimicrobials and prevent bacterial transmission. This review traces the origins of lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-based vaccines against Gram-negative bacteria, the role of O polysaccharides and LPS core regions as potential vaccine targets, the development of new vaccine technologies, and their application to vaccines in current development.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Alan S. Cross
- Center for Vaccine Development and Global Health, Department of Medicine, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Olivera-Ardid S, Bello-Gil D, Perez-Cruz M, Costa C, Camoez M, Dominguez MA, Ferrero-Alves Y, Vaquero JM, Khasbiullina N, Shilova NV, Bovin NV, Mañez R. Removal of natural anti-αGal antibodies elicits protective immunity against Gram-negative bacterial infections. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1232924. [PMID: 37662909 PMCID: PMC10471972 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1232924] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2023] [Accepted: 07/24/2023] [Indexed: 09/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Antibody-dependent enhancement (ADE) of bacterial infections occurs when blocking or inhibitory antibodies facilitate the infectivity of pathogens. In humans, antibodies involved in ADE of bacterial infections may include those naturally produced against Galα1-3Galβ1-4GlcNAcβ (αGal). Here, we investigate whether eliminating circulating anti-αGal antibodies using a soluble αGal glycopolymer confers protection against Gram-negative bacterial infections. We demonstrated that the in vivo intra-corporeal removal of anti-αGal antibodies in α1,3-galactosyltransferase knockout (GalT-KO) mice was associated with protection against mortality from Gram-negative sepsis after cecal ligation and puncture (CLP). The improved survival of GalT-KO mice was associated with an increased killing capacity of serum against Escherichia coli isolated after CLP and reduced binding of IgG1 and IgG3 to the bacteria. Additionally, inhibition of anti-αGal antibodies from human serum in vitro increases the bactericidal killing of E. coli O86:B7 and multidrug-resistant Klebsiella pneumoniae and Pseudomonas aeruginosa. In the case of E. coli O86:B7, there was also an improvement in bacteria opsonophagocytosis by macrophages. Both lytic mechanisms were related to a decreased binding of IgG2 to the bacteria. Our results show that protective immunity against Gram-negative bacterial pathogens can be elicited, and infectious diseases caused by these bacteria can be prevented by removing natural anti-αGal antibodies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sara Olivera-Ardid
- Infectious Pathology and Transplantation Division, Bellvitge Biomedical Research Institute (IDIBELL), Hospitalet de Llobregat, Spain
| | - Daniel Bello-Gil
- Infectious Pathology and Transplantation Division, Bellvitge Biomedical Research Institute (IDIBELL), Hospitalet de Llobregat, Spain
| | - Magdiel Perez-Cruz
- Infectious Pathology and Transplantation Division, Bellvitge Biomedical Research Institute (IDIBELL), Hospitalet de Llobregat, Spain
| | - Cristina Costa
- Infectious Pathology and Transplantation Division, Bellvitge Biomedical Research Institute (IDIBELL), Hospitalet de Llobregat, Spain
| | - Mariana Camoez
- Infectious Pathology and Transplantation Division, Bellvitge Biomedical Research Institute (IDIBELL), Hospitalet de Llobregat, Spain
- Microbiology Department, Bellvitge University Hospital, University of Barcelona, Hospitalet de Llobregat, Spain
| | - M. Angeles Dominguez
- Infectious Pathology and Transplantation Division, Bellvitge Biomedical Research Institute (IDIBELL), Hospitalet de Llobregat, Spain
- Microbiology Department, Bellvitge University Hospital, University of Barcelona, Hospitalet de Llobregat, Spain
| | - Yara Ferrero-Alves
- Infectious Pathology and Transplantation Division, Bellvitge Biomedical Research Institute (IDIBELL), Hospitalet de Llobregat, Spain
| | - Jose Miguel Vaquero
- Flow Cytometry Platform, Bellvitge Biomedical Research Institute (IDIBELL), Hospitalet de Llobregat, Spain
| | - Nailya Khasbiullina
- Shemyakin-Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia
| | - Nadezhda V. Shilova
- Shemyakin-Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia
| | - Nicolai V. Bovin
- Shemyakin-Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia
| | - Rafael Mañez
- Infectious Pathology and Transplantation Division, Bellvitge Biomedical Research Institute (IDIBELL), Hospitalet de Llobregat, Spain
- Intensive Care Department, Bellvitge University Hospital, Hospitalet de Llobregat, Spain
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Skidmore PD, Canals R, Ramasamy MN. The iNTS-GMMA vaccine: a promising step in non-typhoidal Salmonella vaccine development. Expert Rev Vaccines 2023; 22:918-920. [PMID: 37824701 DOI: 10.1080/14760584.2023.2270596] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2023] [Accepted: 10/10/2023] [Indexed: 10/14/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Peter D Skidmore
- Oxford Vaccine Group, NIHR Oxford Biomedical Research Centre, Department of Paediatrics, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Rocio Canals
- GSK Vaccines Institute for Global Health (GVGH), Siena, Italy
| | - Maheshi N Ramasamy
- Oxford Vaccine Group, University of Oxford, NIHR Oxford Biomedical Research Centre, and Oxford University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Oxford, UK
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Han Y, Luo P, Zeng H, Wang P, Xu J, Chen P, Chen X, Chen Y, Cao Q, Zhai R, Xia J, Deng S, Cheng A, Cheng C, Song H. The effect of O-antigen length determinant wzz on the immunogenicity of Salmonella Typhimurium for Escherichia coli O2 O-polysaccharides delivery. Vet Res 2023; 54:15. [PMID: 36849993 PMCID: PMC9969949 DOI: 10.1186/s13567-023-01142-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2022] [Accepted: 12/15/2022] [Indexed: 03/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Attenuated Salmonella Typhimurium is a promising antigen delivery system for live vaccines such as polysaccharides. The length of polysaccharides is a well-known key factor in modulating the immune response induced by glycoconjugates. However, the relationship between the length of Lipopolysaccharide (LPS) O-antigen (OAg) and the immunogenicity of S. Typhimurium remains unclear. In this study, we assessed the effect of OAg length determined by wzzST on Salmonella colonization, cell membrane permeability, antimicrobial activity, and immunogenicity by comparing the S. Typhimurium wild-type ATCC14028 strain to those with various OAg lengths of the ΔwzzST mutant and ΔwzzST::wzzECO2. The analysis of the OAg length distribution revealed that, except for the very long OAg, the short OAg length of 2-7 repeat units (RUs) was obtained from the ΔwzzST mutant, the intermediate OAg length of 13-21 RUs was gained from ΔwzzST::wzzECO2, and the long OAg length of over 20 RUs was gained from the wild-type. In addition, we found that the OAg length affected Salmonella colonization, cell permeability, and antibiotic resistance. Immunization of mice revealed that shortening the OAg length by altering wzzST had an effect on serum bactericidal ability, complement deposition, and humoral immune response. S. Typhimurium mutant strain ΔwzzST::wzzECO2 possessed good immunogenicity and was the optimum option for delivering E. coli O2 O-polysaccharides. Furthermore, the attenuated strain ATCC14028 ΔasdΔcrpΔcyaΔrfbPΔwzzST::wzzECO2-delivered E. coli O2 OAg gene cluster outperforms the ATCC14028 ΔasdΔcrpΔcyaΔrfbP in terms of IgG eliciting, cytokine expression, and immune protection in chickens. This study sheds light on the role of OAg length in Salmonella characteristics, which may have a potential application in optimizing the efficacy of delivered polysaccharide vaccines.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yue Han
- grid.443483.c0000 0000 9152 7385Key Laboratory of Applied Technology On Green-Eco-Healthy Animal Husbandry of Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang Provincial Engineering Research Center for Animal Health Diagnostics & Advanced Technology, Zhejiang International Science and Technology Cooperation Base for Veterinary Medicine and Health Management, China-Australia Joint Laboratory for Animal, Health Big Data Analytics, College of Animal Science and Technology & College of Veterinary Medicine, Zhejiang A & F University, 666 Wusu Street, Hangzhou, 311300 China ,grid.80510.3c0000 0001 0185 3134Institute of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130 China
| | - Ping Luo
- grid.443483.c0000 0000 9152 7385Key Laboratory of Applied Technology On Green-Eco-Healthy Animal Husbandry of Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang Provincial Engineering Research Center for Animal Health Diagnostics & Advanced Technology, Zhejiang International Science and Technology Cooperation Base for Veterinary Medicine and Health Management, China-Australia Joint Laboratory for Animal, Health Big Data Analytics, College of Animal Science and Technology & College of Veterinary Medicine, Zhejiang A & F University, 666 Wusu Street, Hangzhou, 311300 China
| | - Huan Zeng
- grid.443483.c0000 0000 9152 7385Key Laboratory of Applied Technology On Green-Eco-Healthy Animal Husbandry of Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang Provincial Engineering Research Center for Animal Health Diagnostics & Advanced Technology, Zhejiang International Science and Technology Cooperation Base for Veterinary Medicine and Health Management, China-Australia Joint Laboratory for Animal, Health Big Data Analytics, College of Animal Science and Technology & College of Veterinary Medicine, Zhejiang A & F University, 666 Wusu Street, Hangzhou, 311300 China
| | - Pu Wang
- grid.443483.c0000 0000 9152 7385Key Laboratory of Applied Technology On Green-Eco-Healthy Animal Husbandry of Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang Provincial Engineering Research Center for Animal Health Diagnostics & Advanced Technology, Zhejiang International Science and Technology Cooperation Base for Veterinary Medicine and Health Management, China-Australia Joint Laboratory for Animal, Health Big Data Analytics, College of Animal Science and Technology & College of Veterinary Medicine, Zhejiang A & F University, 666 Wusu Street, Hangzhou, 311300 China
| | - Jiali Xu
- grid.443483.c0000 0000 9152 7385Key Laboratory of Applied Technology On Green-Eco-Healthy Animal Husbandry of Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang Provincial Engineering Research Center for Animal Health Diagnostics & Advanced Technology, Zhejiang International Science and Technology Cooperation Base for Veterinary Medicine and Health Management, China-Australia Joint Laboratory for Animal, Health Big Data Analytics, College of Animal Science and Technology & College of Veterinary Medicine, Zhejiang A & F University, 666 Wusu Street, Hangzhou, 311300 China
| | - Pengju Chen
- Henan Institute of Morden Chinese Veterinary Medicine, Zhengzhou, 450002 China ,Shangdong Xindehui Biotechnology Co., Ltd, Yunchengxian, 274700 China
| | - Xindan Chen
- grid.443483.c0000 0000 9152 7385Key Laboratory of Applied Technology On Green-Eco-Healthy Animal Husbandry of Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang Provincial Engineering Research Center for Animal Health Diagnostics & Advanced Technology, Zhejiang International Science and Technology Cooperation Base for Veterinary Medicine and Health Management, China-Australia Joint Laboratory for Animal, Health Big Data Analytics, College of Animal Science and Technology & College of Veterinary Medicine, Zhejiang A & F University, 666 Wusu Street, Hangzhou, 311300 China
| | - Yuji Chen
- grid.443483.c0000 0000 9152 7385Key Laboratory of Applied Technology On Green-Eco-Healthy Animal Husbandry of Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang Provincial Engineering Research Center for Animal Health Diagnostics & Advanced Technology, Zhejiang International Science and Technology Cooperation Base for Veterinary Medicine and Health Management, China-Australia Joint Laboratory for Animal, Health Big Data Analytics, College of Animal Science and Technology & College of Veterinary Medicine, Zhejiang A & F University, 666 Wusu Street, Hangzhou, 311300 China
| | - Qiyu Cao
- grid.443483.c0000 0000 9152 7385Key Laboratory of Applied Technology On Green-Eco-Healthy Animal Husbandry of Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang Provincial Engineering Research Center for Animal Health Diagnostics & Advanced Technology, Zhejiang International Science and Technology Cooperation Base for Veterinary Medicine and Health Management, China-Australia Joint Laboratory for Animal, Health Big Data Analytics, College of Animal Science and Technology & College of Veterinary Medicine, Zhejiang A & F University, 666 Wusu Street, Hangzhou, 311300 China
| | - Ruidong Zhai
- grid.443483.c0000 0000 9152 7385Key Laboratory of Applied Technology On Green-Eco-Healthy Animal Husbandry of Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang Provincial Engineering Research Center for Animal Health Diagnostics & Advanced Technology, Zhejiang International Science and Technology Cooperation Base for Veterinary Medicine and Health Management, China-Australia Joint Laboratory for Animal, Health Big Data Analytics, College of Animal Science and Technology & College of Veterinary Medicine, Zhejiang A & F University, 666 Wusu Street, Hangzhou, 311300 China
| | - Jing Xia
- grid.443483.c0000 0000 9152 7385Key Laboratory of Applied Technology On Green-Eco-Healthy Animal Husbandry of Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang Provincial Engineering Research Center for Animal Health Diagnostics & Advanced Technology, Zhejiang International Science and Technology Cooperation Base for Veterinary Medicine and Health Management, China-Australia Joint Laboratory for Animal, Health Big Data Analytics, College of Animal Science and Technology & College of Veterinary Medicine, Zhejiang A & F University, 666 Wusu Street, Hangzhou, 311300 China
| | - Simin Deng
- grid.443483.c0000 0000 9152 7385Key Laboratory of Applied Technology On Green-Eco-Healthy Animal Husbandry of Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang Provincial Engineering Research Center for Animal Health Diagnostics & Advanced Technology, Zhejiang International Science and Technology Cooperation Base for Veterinary Medicine and Health Management, China-Australia Joint Laboratory for Animal, Health Big Data Analytics, College of Animal Science and Technology & College of Veterinary Medicine, Zhejiang A & F University, 666 Wusu Street, Hangzhou, 311300 China
| | - Anchun Cheng
- grid.80510.3c0000 0001 0185 3134Institute of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130 China
| | - Changyong Cheng
- Key Laboratory of Applied Technology On Green-Eco-Healthy Animal Husbandry of Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang Provincial Engineering Research Center for Animal Health Diagnostics & Advanced Technology, Zhejiang International Science and Technology Cooperation Base for Veterinary Medicine and Health Management, China-Australia Joint Laboratory for Animal, Health Big Data Analytics, College of Animal Science and Technology & College of Veterinary Medicine, Zhejiang A & F University, 666 Wusu Street, Hangzhou, 311300, China.
| | - Houhui Song
- Key Laboratory of Applied Technology On Green-Eco-Healthy Animal Husbandry of Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang Provincial Engineering Research Center for Animal Health Diagnostics & Advanced Technology, Zhejiang International Science and Technology Cooperation Base for Veterinary Medicine and Health Management, China-Australia Joint Laboratory for Animal, Health Big Data Analytics, College of Animal Science and Technology & College of Veterinary Medicine, Zhejiang A & F University, 666 Wusu Street, Hangzhou, 311300, China.
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Aruta MG, De Simone D, Dale H, Chirwa E, Kadwala I, Mbewe M, Banda H, Gordon M, Pizza M, Berlanda Scorza F, Nyirenda T, Canals R, Rossi O. Development and Characterization of a Luminescence-Based High-Throughput Serum Bactericidal Assay (L-SBA) to Assess Bactericidal Activity of Human Sera against Nontyphoidal Salmonella. Methods Protoc 2022; 5:100. [PMID: 36548142 PMCID: PMC9783057 DOI: 10.3390/mps5060100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2022] [Revised: 11/30/2022] [Accepted: 12/07/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Salmonella Typhimurium and Salmonella Enteritidis are leading causative agents of invasive nontyphoidal Salmonella (iNTS) disease, which represents one of the major causes of death and morbidity in sub-Saharan Africa, still partially underestimated. Large sero-epidemiological studies are necessary to unravel the burden of disease and guide the introduction of vaccines that are not yet available. Even if no correlate of protection has been determined so far for iNTS, the evaluation of complement-mediated functionality of antibodies generated towards natural infection or elicited upon vaccination may represent a big step towards this achievement. Here we present the setup and the intra-laboratory characterization in terms of repeatability, intermediate precision, linearity, and specificity of a high-throughput luminescence-based serum bactericidal assay (L-SBA). This method could be useful to perform sero-epidemiological studies across iNTS endemic countries and for evaluation of antibodies raised against iNTS vaccine candidates in upcoming clinical trials.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Maria Grazia Aruta
- GSK Vaccines Institute for Global Health Srl, Via Fiorentina 1, 53100 Siena, Italy
| | - Daniele De Simone
- GSK Vaccines Institute for Global Health Srl, Via Fiorentina 1, 53100 Siena, Italy
| | - Helen Dale
- Malawi Liverpool Wellcome Trust Programme, Queen Elizabeth Central Hospital, College of Medicine, Blantyre 30096, Malawi
- Pathology Department, Kamuzu University of Health Sciences, Blantyre 312225, Malawi
- Institute of Infection, Veterinary and Ecological Sciences, University of Liverpool, Liverpool L69 3BX, UK
| | - Esmelda Chirwa
- Malawi Liverpool Wellcome Trust Programme, Queen Elizabeth Central Hospital, College of Medicine, Blantyre 30096, Malawi
- Pathology Department, Kamuzu University of Health Sciences, Blantyre 312225, Malawi
- Institute of Infection, Veterinary and Ecological Sciences, University of Liverpool, Liverpool L69 3BX, UK
| | - Innocent Kadwala
- Malawi Liverpool Wellcome Trust Programme, Queen Elizabeth Central Hospital, College of Medicine, Blantyre 30096, Malawi
- Pathology Department, Kamuzu University of Health Sciences, Blantyre 312225, Malawi
| | - Maurice Mbewe
- Malawi Liverpool Wellcome Trust Programme, Queen Elizabeth Central Hospital, College of Medicine, Blantyre 30096, Malawi
- Pathology Department, Kamuzu University of Health Sciences, Blantyre 312225, Malawi
| | - Happy Banda
- Malawi Liverpool Wellcome Trust Programme, Queen Elizabeth Central Hospital, College of Medicine, Blantyre 30096, Malawi
- Pathology Department, Kamuzu University of Health Sciences, Blantyre 312225, Malawi
| | - Melita Gordon
- Malawi Liverpool Wellcome Trust Programme, Queen Elizabeth Central Hospital, College of Medicine, Blantyre 30096, Malawi
- Institute of Infection, Veterinary and Ecological Sciences, University of Liverpool, Liverpool L69 3BX, UK
| | - Mariagrazia Pizza
- GSK Vaccines Institute for Global Health Srl, Via Fiorentina 1, 53100 Siena, Italy
| | | | - Tonney Nyirenda
- Pathology Department, Kamuzu University of Health Sciences, Blantyre 312225, Malawi
| | - Rocío Canals
- GSK Vaccines Institute for Global Health Srl, Via Fiorentina 1, 53100 Siena, Italy
| | - Omar Rossi
- GSK Vaccines Institute for Global Health Srl, Via Fiorentina 1, 53100 Siena, Italy
| | | |
Collapse
|
13
|
Kou TS, Wu JH, Chen XW, Chen ZG, Zheng J, Peng B. Exogenous glycine promotes oxidation of glutathione and restores sensitivity of bacterial pathogens to serum-induced cell death. Redox Biol 2022; 58:102512. [PMID: 36306677 PMCID: PMC9615314 DOI: 10.1016/j.redox.2022.102512] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2022] [Revised: 10/12/2022] [Accepted: 10/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Pathogenic strains of bacteria are often highly adept at evading serum-induced cell death, which is an essential complement-mediated component of the innate immune response. This phenomenon, known as serum-resistance, is poorly understood, and as a result, no effective clinical tools are available to restore serum-sensitivity to pathogenic bacteria. Here, we provide evidence that exogenous glycine reverses defects in glycine, serine and threonine metabolism associated with serum resistance, restores susceptibility to serum-induced cell death, and alters redox balance and glutathione (GSH) metabolism. More specifically, in Vibrio alginolyticus and Escherichia coli, exogenous glycine promotes oxidation of GSH to GSH disulfide (GSSG), disrupts redox balance, increases oxidative stress and reduces membrane integrity, leading to increased binding of complement. Antioxidant or ROS scavenging agents abrogate this effect and agents that generate or potentiate oxidation stimulate serum-mediated cell death. Analysis of several clinical isolates of E. coli demonstrates that glutathione metabolism is repressed in serum-resistant bacteria. These data suggest a novel mechanism underlying serum-resistance in pathogenic bacteria, characterized by an induced shift in the GSH/GSSG ratio impacting redox balance. The results could potentially lead to novel approaches to manage infections caused by serum-resistant bacteria both in aquaculture and human health.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tian-shun Kou
- Center for Proteomics and Metabolomics, State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Functional Genes, School of Life Sciences, Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory (Zhuhai), Sun Yat-sen University, Higher Education Mega Center, Guangzhou, 510006, People's Republic of China,Laboratory for Marine Biology and Biotechnology, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao, 266071, China
| | - Jia-han Wu
- Center for Proteomics and Metabolomics, State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Functional Genes, School of Life Sciences, Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory (Zhuhai), Sun Yat-sen University, Higher Education Mega Center, Guangzhou, 510006, People's Republic of China,Laboratory for Marine Biology and Biotechnology, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao, 266071, China
| | - Xuan-wei Chen
- Center for Proteomics and Metabolomics, State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Functional Genes, School of Life Sciences, Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory (Zhuhai), Sun Yat-sen University, Higher Education Mega Center, Guangzhou, 510006, People's Republic of China,Laboratory for Marine Biology and Biotechnology, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao, 266071, China
| | - Zhuang-gui Chen
- Department of Pediatrics, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510006, China
| | - Jun Zheng
- Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Macau, Macau SAR, China
| | - Bo Peng
- Center for Proteomics and Metabolomics, State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Functional Genes, School of Life Sciences, Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory (Zhuhai), Sun Yat-sen University, Higher Education Mega Center, Guangzhou, 510006, People's Republic of China,Laboratory for Marine Biology and Biotechnology, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao, 266071, China,Corresponding author. State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Higher Education Mega Center, Guangzhou 510006, People's Republic of China.
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Russotto Y, Micali C, Pellicanò GF, Nunnari G, Venanzi Rullo E. HIV and Mediterranean Zoonoses: A Review of the Literature. Infect Dis Rep 2022; 14:694-709. [PMID: 36136825 PMCID: PMC9498920 DOI: 10.3390/idr14050075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2022] [Revised: 08/21/2022] [Accepted: 09/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
A zoonosis is an infectious disease that has jumped from a non-human animal to humans. Some zoonoses are very common in the Mediterranean area and endemic in specific regions, so they represent an important problem for public health. Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) is a virus that has originated as a zoonosis and is now diffused globally, with the most significant numbers of infected people among the infectious diseases. Since the introduction of antiretroviral therapy (ART), the history for people living with HIV (PLWH) has changed drastically, and many diseases are now no different in epidemiology and prognosis as they are in not-HIV-infected people. Still, the underlying inflammatory state that is correlated with HIV and other alterations related to the infection itself can be a risk factor when infected with other bacteria, parasites or viruses. We reviewed the literature for infection by the most common Mediterranean zoonoses, such as Campylobacter, Salmonella, Brucella, Rickettsia, Borrelia, Listeria and Echinococcus, and a possible correlation with HIV. We included Monkeypox, since the outbreak of cases is becoming a concern lately. We found that HIV may be related with alterations of the microbiome, as for campylobacteriosis, and that there are some zoonoses with a significant prevalence in PLWH, as for salmonellosis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ylenia Russotto
- Unit of Infectious Diseases, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Messina, 98124 Messina, Italy
| | - Cristina Micali
- Unit of Infectious Diseases, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Messina, 98124 Messina, Italy
| | - Giovanni Francesco Pellicanò
- Department of Human Pathology of the Adult and the Developmental Age “G. Barresi”, University of Messina, 98124 Messina, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Nunnari
- Unit of Infectious Diseases, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Messina, 98124 Messina, Italy
| | - Emmanuele Venanzi Rullo
- Unit of Infectious Diseases, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Messina, 98124 Messina, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
MacLennan CA. The Background, Role and Approach for Development of a Controlled Human Infection Model for Nontyphoidal Salmonella. Curr Top Microbiol Immunol 2021. [PMID: 34958419 DOI: 10.1007/82_2021_246] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Nontyphoidal Salmonella (NTS) is responsible for a major global burden of disease and economic loss, particularly in low- and middle-income countries. It is designated a priority pathogen by the WHO for vaccine development and, with new impetus from vaccine developers, the establishment of an NTS controlled human infection model (CHIM) is timely and valuable. The broadly dichotomous clinical presentations of diarrhoea and invasive disease, commonly bacteraemia, present significant challenges to the development of an NTS CHIM. Nevertheless, if successful, such a CHIM will be invaluable for understanding the pathogenesis of NTS disease, identifying correlates of protection and advancing candidate vaccines towards licensure. This article describes the background case for a CHIM for NTS, the role of such a CHIM and outlines a potential approach to its development.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Calman A MacLennan
- Jenner Institute, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX3 7DQ, UK.
- Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation, 62 Buckingham Gate, London, SW16AJ, UK.
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Siggins MK, MacLennan CA. An adsorption method to prepare specific antibody-depleted normal human serum as a source of complement for human serum bactericidal assays for Salmonella. Vaccine 2021; 39:7503-7509. [PMID: 34794820 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2021.10.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2021] [Revised: 10/08/2021] [Accepted: 10/11/2021] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Serum bactericidal assays (SBA) are valuable for assessing the functional activity of natural and vaccine-induced antibodies against many Gram-negative bacteria, such as meningococcus and Salmonella. However, SBA often require an exogenous source of complement and the presence of pre-existing naturally acquired antibodies limits the use of human complement for this purpose. To remove pre-existing Salmonella-specific antibodies, in the context of SBA for Salmonella vaccine research, we incubated human sera with preparations of Salmonella. By incubating at 4 °C, pre-existing antibodies were adsorbed onto the Salmonella bacteria with only minimal complement deposition. We assessed the effects of adsorption on specific antibody levels, complement activity and the bactericidal activity of sera using flow cytometry, SBA and haemolytic assays. Adsorption removed Salmonella-specific antibodies and bactericidal activity against Salmonella from whole serum but was not detrimental to serum complement activity, even after five adsorption cycles. Bactericidal activity could be reconstituted in the adsorbed serum by the addition of exogenous specific antibodies. Sera preadsorbed with Salmonella are suitable as a source of human complement to measure the bactericidal activity of Salmonella antibodies. The adsorption method can be used to deplete, simply and rapidly, specific antibodies from serum to prepare a source of human complement for use in SBA for vaccine research and assessment.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Matthew K Siggins
- The Institute of Immunology and Immunotherapy, University of Birmingham, B15 2TT, United Kingdom; National Heart and Lung Institute, St Mary's Hospital, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, W2 1PG, United Kingdom.
| | - Calman A MacLennan
- The Institute of Immunology and Immunotherapy, University of Birmingham, B15 2TT, United Kingdom; The Jenner Institute, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, OX3 7DQ, United Kingdom; Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation, 62 Buckingham Gate, London SW1E 6AJ, United Kingdom.
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Anti-LPS IgA and IgG Can Inhibit Serum Killing of Pseudomonas aeruginosa in Patients with Cystic Fibrosis. Infect Immun 2021; 89:e0041221. [PMID: 34460286 DOI: 10.1128/iai.00412-21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Pseudomonas aeruginosa is one of the principal pathogens implicated in respiratory infections of patients with cystic fibrosis (CF) and non-CF bronchiectasis. Previously, we demonstrated that impaired serum-mediated killing of P. aeruginosa was associated with increased severity of respiratory infections in patients with non-CF bronchiectasis. This inhibition was mediated by high titers of O-antigen-specific IgG2 antibodies that cloak the surface of the bacteria, blocking access to the membrane. Infection-related symptomatology was ameliorated in patients by using plasmapheresis to remove the offending antibodies. To determine if these inhibitory "cloaking antibodies" were prevalent in patients with CF, we investigated 70 serum samples from patients with P. aeruginosa infection and 5 from those without P. aeruginosa infection. Of these patients, 32% had serum that inhibited the ability of healthy control serum to kill P. aeruginosa. Here, we demonstrate that this inhibition of killing requires O-antigen expression. Furthermore, we reveal that while IgG alone can inhibit the activity of healthy control serum, O-antigen-specific IgA in patient sera can also inhibit serum-killing. We found that antibody affinity, not just titer, was also important in the inhibition of serum-mediated killing. These studies provide novel insight into cloaking antibodies in human infection and may provide further options in CF and other diseases for treatment of recalcitrant P. aeruginosa infections.
Collapse
|
18
|
Molecular determinants of peaceful coexistence versus invasiveness of non-Typhoidal Salmonella: Implications in long-term side-effects. Mol Aspects Med 2021; 81:100997. [PMID: 34311996 DOI: 10.1016/j.mam.2021.100997] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2021] [Revised: 07/02/2021] [Accepted: 07/16/2021] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
The genus Salmonella represents a wide range of strains including Typhoidal and Non-Typhoidal Salmonella (NTS) isolates that exhibit illnesses of varied pathophysiologies. The more frequent NTS ensues a self-limiting enterocolitis with rare occasions of bacteremia or systemic infections. These self-limiting Salmonella strains are capable of subverting and dampening the host immune system to achieve a more prolonged survival inside the host system thus leading to chronic manifestations. Notably, emergence of new invasive NTS isolates known as invasive Non-Typhoidal Salmonella (iNTS) have worsened the disease burden significantly in some parts of the world. NTS strains adapt to attain persister phenotype intracellularly and cause relapsing infections. These chronic infections, in susceptible hosts, are also capable of causing diseases like IBS, IBD, reactive arthritis, gallbladder cancer and colorectal cancer. The present understanding of molecular mechanism of how these chronic infections are manifested is quite limited. The current work is an effort to review the prevailing knowledge emanating from a large volume of research focusing on various forms of NTS infections including those that cause localized, systemic and persistent disease. The review will further dwell into the understanding of how this pathogen contributes to the associated long term sequelae.
Collapse
|
19
|
Divithotawela C, Pham A, Bell PT, Ledger EL, Tan M, Yerkovich S, Grant M, Hopkins PM, Wells TJ, Chambers DC. Inferior outcomes in lung transplant recipients with serum Pseudomonas aeruginosa specific cloaking antibodies. J Heart Lung Transplant 2021; 40:951-959. [PMID: 34226118 DOI: 10.1016/j.healun.2021.05.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2020] [Revised: 04/21/2021] [Accepted: 05/24/2021] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Chronic Lung Allograft Dysfunction (CLAD) limits long-term survival following lung transplantation. Colonization of the allograft by Pseudomonas aeruginosa is associated with an increased risk of CLAD and inferior overall survival. Recent experimental data suggests that 'cloaking' antibodies targeting the O-antigen of the P. aeruginosa lipopolysaccharide cell wall (cAbs) attenuate complement-mediated bacteriolysis in suppurative lung disease. METHODS In this retrospective cohort analysis of 123 lung transplant recipients, we evaluated the prevalence, risk factors and clinical impact of serum cAbs following transplantation. RESULTS cAbs were detected in the sera of 40.7% of lung transplant recipients. Cystic fibrosis and younger age were associated with increased risk of serum cAbs (CF diagnosis, OR 6.62, 95% CI 2.83-15.46, p < .001; age at transplant, OR 0.69, 95% CI 0.59-0.81, p < .001). Serum cAbs and CMV mismatch were both independently associated with increased risk of CLAD (cAb, HR 4.34, 95% CI 1.91-9.83, p < .001; CMV mismatch (D+/R-), HR 5.40, 95% CI 2.36-12.32, p < .001) and all-cause mortality (cAb, HR 2.75, 95% CI 1.27-5.95, p = .010, CMV mismatch, HR 3.53, 95% CI 1.62-7.70, p = .002) in multivariable regression analyses. CONCLUSIONS Taken together, these findings suggest a potential role for 'cloaking' antibodies targeting P. aeruginosa LPS O-antigen in the immunopathogenesis of CLAD.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Amy Pham
- The University of Queensland, Diamantina Institute, The University of Queensland, Wooloongabba, Australia
| | - Peter T Bell
- Queensland Lung Transplant Service, The Prince Charles Hospital, Brisbane, Australia; School of Medicine, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Emma L Ledger
- The University of Queensland, Diamantina Institute, The University of Queensland, Wooloongabba, Australia
| | - Maxine Tan
- Queensland Lung Transplant Service, The Prince Charles Hospital, Brisbane, Australia
| | | | - Michelle Grant
- Queensland Lung Transplant Service, The Prince Charles Hospital, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Peter M Hopkins
- Queensland Lung Transplant Service, The Prince Charles Hospital, Brisbane, Australia; School of Medicine, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Timothy J Wells
- The University of Queensland, Diamantina Institute, The University of Queensland, Wooloongabba, Australia; Australian Infectious Diseases Research Centre, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Daniel C Chambers
- Queensland Lung Transplant Service, The Prince Charles Hospital, Brisbane, Australia; School of Medicine, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia.
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Fiorino F, Pettini E, Koeberling O, Ciabattini A, Pozzi G, Martin LB, Medaglini D. Long-Term Anti-Bacterial Immunity against Systemic Infection by Salmonella enterica Serovar Typhimurium Elicited by a GMMA-Based Vaccine. Vaccines (Basel) 2021; 9:495. [PMID: 34065899 PMCID: PMC8150838 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines9050495] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2021] [Revised: 05/04/2021] [Accepted: 05/05/2021] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Salmonella Typhimurium (STm) represents the most prevalent cause of invasive non-typhoidal Salmonella (iNTS) disease, and currently no licensed vaccine is available. In this work we characterized the long-term anti-bacterial immunity elicited by a STm vaccine based on Generalized Modules of Membrane Antigens (GMMA) delivering O:4,5 antigen, using a murine model of systemic infection. Subcutaneous immunization of mice with STmGMMA/Alhydrogel elicited rapid, high, and persistent antigen-specific serum IgG and IgM responses. The serum was bactericidal in vitro. O:4,5-specific IgG were also detected in fecal samples after immunization and positively correlated with IgG observed in intestinal washes. Long-lived plasma cells and O:4,5-specific memory B cells were detected in spleen and bone marrow. After systemic STm challenge, a significant reduction of bacterial load in blood, spleen, and liver, as well as a reduction of circulating neutrophils and G-CSF glycoprotein was observed in STmGMMA/Alhydrogel immunized mice compared to untreated animals. Taken together, these data support the development of a GMMA-based vaccine for prevention of iNTS disease.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Fabio Fiorino
- Laboratory of Molecular Microbiology and Biotechnology, Department of Medical Biotechnologies, University of Siena, 53100 Siena, Italy; (F.F.); (E.P.); (A.C.); (G.P.)
| | - Elena Pettini
- Laboratory of Molecular Microbiology and Biotechnology, Department of Medical Biotechnologies, University of Siena, 53100 Siena, Italy; (F.F.); (E.P.); (A.C.); (G.P.)
| | - Oliver Koeberling
- GSK Vaccines Institute for Global Health S.r.l., 53100 Siena, Italy;
| | - Annalisa Ciabattini
- Laboratory of Molecular Microbiology and Biotechnology, Department of Medical Biotechnologies, University of Siena, 53100 Siena, Italy; (F.F.); (E.P.); (A.C.); (G.P.)
| | - Gianni Pozzi
- Laboratory of Molecular Microbiology and Biotechnology, Department of Medical Biotechnologies, University of Siena, 53100 Siena, Italy; (F.F.); (E.P.); (A.C.); (G.P.)
| | - Laura B. Martin
- GSK Vaccines Institute for Global Health S.r.l., 53100 Siena, Italy;
| | - Donata Medaglini
- Laboratory of Molecular Microbiology and Biotechnology, Department of Medical Biotechnologies, University of Siena, 53100 Siena, Italy; (F.F.); (E.P.); (A.C.); (G.P.)
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Kariuki S, Owusu-Dabo E. Research on Invasive Nontyphoidal Salmonella Disease and Developments Towards Better Understanding of Epidemiology, Management, and Control Strategies. Clin Infect Dis 2021; 71:S127-S129. [PMID: 32725224 PMCID: PMC7388720 DOI: 10.1093/cid/ciaa315] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
During the 11th International Conference on Typhoid and Other Invasive Salmonelloses held in Hanoi, Vietnam, a number of papers were presented on the burden of disease, epidemiology, genomics, management, and control strategies for invasive nontyphoidal Salmonella (iNTS) disease, which is increasingly becoming an important public health threat in low- and middle-income countries, but especially in sub-Saharan Africa (sSA). Although there were minor variations in characteristics of iNTS in different settings (urban vs rural, country to country), it was observed that iNTS has gained greater recognition as a major disease entity in children younger than 5 years. Renewed efforts towards greater understanding of the burden of illness, detection and diagnostic strategies, and management and control of the disease in communities in sSA through the introduction of vaccines will be important.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Samuel Kariuki
- Kenya Medical Research Institute, Centre for Microbiology Research, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Ellis Owusu-Dabo
- Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology (KNUST), School of Public Health, Kumasi, Ghana
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
Spiegelhauer MR, García V, Guerra PR, Olsen JE, Herrero-Fresno A. Association of the prophage BTP1 and the prophage-encoded gene, bstA, with antivirulence of Salmonella Typhimurium ST313. Pathog Dis 2021; 78:5813262. [PMID: 32221584 DOI: 10.1093/femspd/ftaa019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2019] [Accepted: 03/23/2020] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The prophage BTP1 is highly conserved among strains of the pathogenic lineage Salmonella Typhimurium ST313. We aimed to analyze the role of BTP1 and the gene bstA(BTP1-encoded) in virulence of S. Typhimurium D23580, the ST313 lineage 2 reference strain. The deletion mutant D23580ΔbstA showed significantly higher replication and survival rates within human-derived THP-1 macrophages than the wild-type (WT) strain, while the mutant isolate ΔBTP1, lacking the full prophage, did not significantly differ from the WT. Interestingly, during mice infection, ΔBTP1 yielded significantly higher counts in all tested organs [spleens, livers and mesenteric lymph nodes (MLN)] than the WT, and organs were significantly enlarged compared to WT-infected animals. D23580ΔbstA significantly outcompeted the WT during competitive infection of mice, and yielded significantly enlarged spleens and MLN compared to WT-infected animals during single strain infection. Moreover, increased cellular infiltration and focal necrosis were observed in the liver samples of mice infected with D23580ΔbstA and ΔBTP1 compared to WT-infected animals. In conclusion, removal of the gene bstA and the prophage BTP1 in S. Typhimurium D23580 led to increased virulence in mice, demonstrating that bstA is an antivirulence gene.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Malene R Spiegelhauer
- Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Frederiksberg, Denmark
| | - Vanesa García
- Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Frederiksberg, Denmark
| | - Priscila R Guerra
- Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Frederiksberg, Denmark.,National Food Institute, Technical University of Denmark, Kgs Lyngby, Denmark
| | - John E Olsen
- Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Frederiksberg, Denmark
| | - Ana Herrero-Fresno
- Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Frederiksberg, Denmark
| |
Collapse
|
23
|
Antibody-Dependent Enhancement of Bacterial Disease: Prevalence, Mechanisms, and Treatment. Infect Immun 2021; 89:IAI.00054-21. [PMID: 33558319 DOI: 10.1128/iai.00054-21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Antibody-dependent enhancement (ADE) of viral disease has been demonstrated for infections caused by flaviviruses and influenza viruses; however, antibodies that enhance bacterial disease are relatively unknown. In recent years, a few studies have directly linked antibodies with exacerbation of bacterial disease. This ADE of bacterial disease has been observed in mouse models and human patients with bacterial infections. This antibody-mediated enhancement of bacterial infection is driven by various mechanisms that are disparate from those found in viral ADE. This review aims to highlight and discuss historic evidence, potential molecular mechanisms, and current therapies for ADE of bacterial infection. Based on specific case studies, we report how plasmapheresis has been successfully used in patients to ameliorate infection-related symptomatology associated with bacterial ADE. A greater understanding and appreciation of bacterial ADE of infection and disease could lead to better management of infections and inform current vaccine development efforts.
Collapse
|
24
|
Antibodies and Protection in Systemic Salmonella Infections: Do We Still Have More Questions than Answers? Infect Immun 2020; 88:IAI.00219-20. [PMID: 32601109 DOI: 10.1128/iai.00219-20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Salmonella causes grave systemic infections in humans and other animals and provides a paradigm for other diseases in which the bacteria have both intracellular and extracellular lifestyles. New generations of vaccines rely on the essential contribution of the antibody responses for their protection. The quality, antigen specificity, and functions associated with antibody responses to this pathogen have been elusive for a long time. Recent approaches that combine studies in humans and genetically manipulated experimental models and that exploit awareness of the location and within-host life cycle of the pathogen are shedding light on how humoral immunity to Salmonella operates. However, this area of research remains full of controversy and discrepancies. The overall scenario indicates that antibodies are essential for resistance against systemic Salmonella infections and can express the highest protective function when operating in conjunction with cell-mediated immunity. Antigen specificity, isotype profile, Fc-gamma receptor usage, and complement activation are all intertwined factors that still arcanely influence antibody-mediated protection to Salmonella.
Collapse
|
25
|
Pagliusi S, Dennehy M, Homma A. Two decades of vaccine innovations for global public good: Report of the Developing Countries' Vaccine Manufacturers Network 20th meeting, 21-23 october 2019, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. Vaccine 2020; 38:5851-5860. [PMID: 32535016 PMCID: PMC7286646 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2020.05.062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2020] [Revised: 05/16/2020] [Accepted: 05/21/2020] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
The Developing Countries' Vaccine Manufacturers Network, joined by global health organizations, held its 20th meeting celebrating two decades of vaccine innovations for global public good. Health leaders from industry, academia and global health organizations reviewed efforts to accelerate innovation, improve access to vaccines, overcome inequalities and strengthen technological and public-health management capabilities. Discussion topics included World Health Organization's immunization strategy, Pan American Health Organization's system-strengthening efforts, Gavi's evaluation of vaccine coverage in middle income countries and developments on public-market intelligence. Health market trends, delivery gaps, integration of system-wide needs, costs and benefits, and implications for stakeholder decision-making were areas of focus. Novel thinking was discussed on integration of policy, financing, regulatory pathways and alignment of innovation priorities to improve efficiency in vaccine development pathways. The Vaccine Innovation Prioritization Strategy collaboration presented nine global innovation priorities, and many other partners and members presented updates on their priorities. Novel technologies and platforms, such as RNA-based vaccines, adenoviral vectors, bioconjugation, blow-fill-seal and two-dimensional barcodes, provided opportunities to accelerate vaccine innovations. Challenges in planning and operations at global level included those in health security, polio eradication, re-emergence of diseases, disparities between forecasts and orders and heterogeneous regulatory requirements. Manufacturers were urged to accelerate innovation and prequalification of high-impact vaccines, such as pneumococcal, human papillomavirus and rotavirus vaccines, to strengthen immunization globally.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sonia Pagliusi
- DCVMN International, Route de Crassier 7, 1262 Nyon, Switzerland.
| | | | - Akira Homma
- Immunobiological Technology Institute, BioManguinhos, Avenida Brasil 4.365, Manguinhos, 21.040-900, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.
| |
Collapse
|
26
|
Honeycutt JD, Wenner N, Li Y, Brewer SM, Massis LM, Brubaker SW, Chairatana P, Owen SV, Canals R, Hinton JCD, Monack DM. Genetic variation in the MacAB-TolC efflux pump influences pathogenesis of invasive Salmonella isolates from Africa. PLoS Pathog 2020; 16:e1008763. [PMID: 32834002 PMCID: PMC7446830 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1008763] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2020] [Accepted: 06/30/2020] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
The various sub-species of Salmonella enterica cause a range of disease in human hosts. The human-adapted Salmonella enterica serovar Typhi enters the gastrointestinal tract and invades systemic sites to cause enteric (typhoid) fever. In contrast, most non-typhoidal serovars of Salmonella are primarily restricted to gut tissues. Across Africa, invasive non-typhoidal Salmonella (iNTS) have emerged with an ability to spread beyond the gastrointestinal tract and cause systemic bloodstream infections with increased morbidity and mortality. To investigate this evolution in pathogenesis, we compared the genomes of African iNTS isolates with other Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium and identified several macA and macB gene variants unique to African iNTS. MacAB forms a tripartite efflux pump with TolC and is implicated in Salmonella pathogenesis. We show that macAB transcription is upregulated during macrophage infection and after antimicrobial peptide exposure, with macAB transcription being supported by the PhoP/Q two-component system. Constitutive expression of macAB improves survival of Salmonella in the presence of the antimicrobial peptide C18G. Furthermore, these macAB variants affect replication in macrophages and influence fitness during colonization of the murine gastrointestinal tract. Importantly, the infection outcome resulting from these macAB variants depends upon both the Salmonella Typhimurium genetic background and the host gene Nramp1, an important determinant of innate resistance to intracellular bacterial infection. The variations we have identified in the MacAB-TolC efflux pump in African iNTS may reflect evolution within human host populations that are compromised in their ability to clear intracellular Salmonella infections.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jared D. Honeycutt
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, United States of America
| | - Nicolas Wenner
- Institute of Integrative Biology, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | - Yan Li
- Institute of Integrative Biology, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | - Susan M. Brewer
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, United States of America
| | - Liliana M. Massis
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, United States of America
| | - Sky W. Brubaker
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, United States of America
| | - Phoom Chairatana
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, United States of America
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine Siriraj Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Siân V. Owen
- Department of Biomedical Informatics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Rocío Canals
- Institute of Integrative Biology, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | - Jay C. D. Hinton
- Institute of Integrative Biology, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | - Denise M. Monack
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, United States of America
| |
Collapse
|
27
|
Piccini G, Montomoli E. Pathogenic signature of invasive non-typhoidal Salmonella in Africa: implications for vaccine development. Hum Vaccin Immunother 2020; 16:2056-2071. [PMID: 32692622 PMCID: PMC7553687 DOI: 10.1080/21645515.2020.1785791] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/01/2022] Open
Abstract
Invasive non-typhoidal Salmonella (iNTS) infections are a leading cause of bacteremia in Sub-Saharan Africa (sSA), thereby representing a major public health threat. Salmonella Typhimurium clade ST313 and Salmonella Enteriditis lineages associated with Western and Central/Eastern Africa are among the iNTS serovars which are of the greatest concern due to their case-fatality rate, especially in children and in the immunocompromised population. Identification of pathogen-associated features and host susceptibility factors that increase the risk for invasive non-typhoidal salmonellosis would be instrumental for the design of targeted prevention strategies, which are urgently needed given the increasing spread of multidrug-resistant iNTS in Africa. This review summarizes current knowledge of bacterial traits and host immune responses associated with iNTS infections in sSA, then discusses how this knowledge can guide vaccine development while providing a summary of vaccine candidates in preclinical and early clinical development.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Emanuele Montomoli
- VisMederi srl , Siena, Italy.,Department of Molecular and Developmental Medicine, University of Siena , Siena, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
28
|
Whitfield C, Williams DM, Kelly SD. Lipopolysaccharide O-antigens-bacterial glycans made to measure. J Biol Chem 2020; 295:10593-10609. [PMID: 32424042 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.rev120.009402] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2020] [Revised: 05/17/2020] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Lipopolysaccharides are critical components of bacterial outer membranes. The more conserved lipid A part of the lipopolysaccharide molecule is a major element in the permeability barrier imposed by the outer membrane and offers a pathogen-associated molecular pattern recognized by innate immune systems. In contrast, the long-chain O-antigen polysaccharide (O-PS) shows remarkable structural diversity and fulfills a range of functions, depending on bacterial lifestyles. O-PS production is vital for the success of clinically important Gram-negative pathogens. The biological properties and functions of O-PSs are mostly independent of specific structures, but the size distribution of O-PS chains is particularly important in many contexts. Despite the vast O-PS chemical diversity, most are produced in bacterial cells by two assembly strategies, and the different mechanisms employed in these pathways to regulate chain-length distribution are emerging. Here, we review our current understanding of the mechanisms involved in regulating O-PS chain-length distribution and discuss their impact on microbial cell biology.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chris Whitfield
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada
| | - Danielle M Williams
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada
| | - Steven D Kelly
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada
| |
Collapse
|
29
|
Lewis LA, Ram S. Complement interactions with the pathogenic Neisseriae: clinical features, deficiency states, and evasion mechanisms. FEBS Lett 2020; 594:2670-2694. [PMID: 32058583 DOI: 10.1002/1873-3468.13760] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2020] [Revised: 02/04/2020] [Accepted: 02/09/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Neisseria gonorrhoeae causes the sexually transmitted infection gonorrhea, while Neisseria meningitidis is an important cause of bacterial meningitis and sepsis. Complement is a central arm of innate immune defenses and plays an important role in combating Neisserial infections. Persons with congenital and acquired defects in complement are at a significantly higher risk for invasive Neisserial infections such as invasive meningococcal disease and disseminated gonococcal infection compared to the general population. Of note, Neisseria gonorrhoeae and Neisseria meningitidis can only infect humans, which in part may be related to their ability to evade only human complement. This review summarizes the epidemiologic and clinical aspects of Neisserial infections in persons with defects in the complement system. Mechanisms used by these pathogens to subvert killing by complement and preclinical studies showing how these complement evasion strategies may be used to counteract the global threat of meningococcal and gonococcal infections are discussed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lisa A Lewis
- Division of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA, USA
| | - Sanjay Ram
- Division of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA, USA
| |
Collapse
|
30
|
Zahid D, Zhang N, Fang H, Gu J, Li M, Li W. Loss of core fucosylation suppressed the humoral immune response in Salmonella typhimurium infected mice. JOURNAL OF MICROBIOLOGY, IMMUNOLOGY, AND INFECTION = WEI MIAN YU GAN RAN ZA ZHI 2020; 54:606-615. [PMID: 32146162 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmii.2020.02.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2019] [Revised: 12/12/2019] [Accepted: 02/10/2020] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The humoral immune response is pivotal to protect the host from Salmonella typhimurium (S. typhimurium) infection. Previously, we found that core fucosylation catalyzed by core fucosyltransferase (Fut8) could regulate the immune responses. However, the role of core fucosylation during S. typhimurium infection remains unclear. METHODS To demonstrate the role of Fut8 in S. typhimurium infection, we infected Fut8+/+ and Fut8-/- mice using S. typhimurium. The production of antiserum against the S. typhimurium was detected. The expression of T and B cell activation-related genes during S. typhimurium infection was analyzed. The role of core fucosylation on CD4+ T-B cell interaction and B cell generation was investigated during S. typhimurium infection. The production of sIgA was compared between Fut8+/+ and Fut8-/- mice. RESULTS Compared to Fut8+/+ mice, the number of S. typhimurium colonized in the cecum was markedly increased in Fut8-/- mice. The production of the IgG and sIgA specific for S. typhimurium was significantly decreased in Fut8-/- mice. Moreover, loss of Fut8 decreased the induction of Th2-type cytokines from splenic cells of Fut8-/- mice during S. typhimurium infection. In addition, we found that the core fucosylation regulated the interaction between B and T cells in the lipid raft formation. CONCLUSION Core fucosylation plays important roles in host defence against S. typhimurium infection.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Danish Zahid
- College of Basic Medical Science, Dalian Medical University, 9-Western Section, Lvshun South Road, Dalian, Liaoning, 116044, China
| | - Nianzhu Zhang
- College of Basic Medical Science, Dalian Medical University, 9-Western Section, Lvshun South Road, Dalian, Liaoning, 116044, China
| | - Hui Fang
- College of Basic Medical Science, Dalian Medical University, 9-Western Section, Lvshun South Road, Dalian, Liaoning, 116044, China
| | - Jianguo Gu
- Division of Regulatory Glycobiology, Institute of Molecular Biomembrane and Glycobiology, Tohoku Medical and Pharmaceutical University, Miyagi, Japan
| | - Ming Li
- College of Basic Medical Science, Dalian Medical University, 9-Western Section, Lvshun South Road, Dalian, Liaoning, 116044, China.
| | - Wenzhe Li
- College of Basic Medical Science, Dalian Medical University, 9-Western Section, Lvshun South Road, Dalian, Liaoning, 116044, China.
| |
Collapse
|
31
|
Domínguez-Medina CC, Pérez-Toledo M, Schager AE, Marshall JL, Cook CN, Bobat S, Hwang H, Chun BJ, Logan E, Bryant JA, Channell WM, Morris FC, Jossi SE, Alshayea A, Rossiter AE, Barrow PA, Horsnell WG, MacLennan CA, Henderson IR, Lakey JH, Gumbart JC, López-Macías C, Bavro VN, Cunningham AF. Outer membrane protein size and LPS O-antigen define protective antibody targeting to the Salmonella surface. Nat Commun 2020; 11:851. [PMID: 32051408 PMCID: PMC7015928 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-020-14655-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2019] [Accepted: 01/23/2020] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Lipopolysaccharide (LPS) O-antigen (O-Ag) is known to limit antibody binding to surface antigens, although the relationship between antibody, O-Ag and other outer-membrane antigens is poorly understood. Here we report, immunization with the trimeric porin OmpD from Salmonella Typhimurium (STmOmpD) protects against infection. Atomistic molecular dynamics simulations indicate this is because OmpD trimers generate footprints within the O-Ag layer sufficiently sized for a single IgG Fab to access. While STmOmpD differs from its orthologue in S. Enteritidis (SEn) by a single amino-acid residue, immunization with STmOmpD confers minimal protection to SEn. This is due to the OmpD-O-Ag interplay restricting IgG binding, with the pairing of OmpD with its native O-Ag being essential for optimal protection after immunization. Thus, both the chemical and physical structure of O-Ag are key for the presentation of specific epitopes within proteinaceous surface-antigens. This enhances combinatorial antigenic diversity in Gram-negative bacteria, while reducing associated fitness costs. The O-antigen of LPS is known to limit the binding of antibody to bacterial surface antigens. Here the AUs show that the chemical and physical structure of the O-antigen are central factors in limiting the exposure of surface antigens to antibodies during Salmonella infection, thus defining their protective qualities.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- C Coral Domínguez-Medina
- Institute of Immunology and Immunotherapy, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, B15 2TT, UK.,Institute of Microbiology and Infection, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, B15 2TT, UK
| | - Marisol Pérez-Toledo
- Institute of Immunology and Immunotherapy, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, B15 2TT, UK.,Institute of Microbiology and Infection, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, B15 2TT, UK.,Medical Research Unit on Immunochemistry, Specialties Hospital, National Medical Centre "Siglo XXI" Mexican Institute for Social Security, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Anna E Schager
- Institute of Immunology and Immunotherapy, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, B15 2TT, UK.,Institute of Microbiology and Infection, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, B15 2TT, UK
| | - Jennifer L Marshall
- Institute of Immunology and Immunotherapy, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, B15 2TT, UK
| | - Charlotte N Cook
- Institute of Immunology and Immunotherapy, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, B15 2TT, UK.,Institute of Microbiology and Infection, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, B15 2TT, UK
| | - Saeeda Bobat
- Institute of Immunology and Immunotherapy, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, B15 2TT, UK.,Institute of Microbiology and Infection, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, B15 2TT, UK
| | - Hyea Hwang
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta GA, 30332, USA
| | - Byeong Jae Chun
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta GA, 30332, USA
| | - Erin Logan
- Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine, University of Cape Town, Anzio Road, Cape Town, Western Cape, 7925, South Africa
| | - Jack A Bryant
- Institute of Microbiology and Infection, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, B15 2TT, UK
| | - Will M Channell
- Institute of Immunology and Immunotherapy, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, B15 2TT, UK
| | - Faye C Morris
- Institute of Microbiology and Infection, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, B15 2TT, UK
| | - Sian E Jossi
- Institute of Immunology and Immunotherapy, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, B15 2TT, UK
| | - Areej Alshayea
- Institute of Immunology and Immunotherapy, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, B15 2TT, UK
| | - Amanda E Rossiter
- Institute of Microbiology and Infection, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, B15 2TT, UK
| | - Paul A Barrow
- School of Veterinary Medicine and Science, University of Nottingham, Sutton Bonington, Leicestershire, LE12 5RD, UK
| | - William G Horsnell
- Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine, University of Cape Town, Anzio Road, Cape Town, Western Cape, 7925, South Africa
| | - Calman A MacLennan
- Jenner Institute, Nuffield Department of Medicine, Old Road Campus Research Building, Roosevelt Drive, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX3 7DQ, UK
| | - Ian R Henderson
- Institute of Microbiology and Infection, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, B15 2TT, UK
| | - Jeremy H Lakey
- Institute for Cell and Molecular Biosciences, University of Newcastle, Newcastle upon Tyne, NE2 4HH, UK
| | - James C Gumbart
- School of Physics, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, 30332, USA
| | - Constantino López-Macías
- Medical Research Unit on Immunochemistry, Specialties Hospital, National Medical Centre "Siglo XXI" Mexican Institute for Social Security, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Vassiliy N Bavro
- School of Life Sciences, University of Essex, Wivenhoe Park, Colchester, CO4 3SQ, UK.
| | - Adam F Cunningham
- Institute of Immunology and Immunotherapy, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, B15 2TT, UK. .,Institute of Microbiology and Infection, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, B15 2TT, UK.
| |
Collapse
|
32
|
Treatment of life-threatening Pseudomonas aeruginosa infection by pheresis of inhibitory antibodies. J Heart Lung Transplant 2020; 39:87-89. [DOI: 10.1016/j.healun.2019.10.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2019] [Revised: 09/16/2019] [Accepted: 10/16/2019] [Indexed: 10/25/2022] Open
|
33
|
Jackson MD, Wong SM, Akerley BJ. Underlying Glycans Determine the Ability of Sialylated Lipooligosaccharide To Protect Nontypeable Haemophilus influenzae from Serum IgM and Complement. Infect Immun 2019; 87:e00456-19. [PMID: 31405955 PMCID: PMC6803340 DOI: 10.1128/iai.00456-19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2019] [Accepted: 08/06/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Nontypeable Haemophilus influenzae (NTHi) efficiently colonizes the human nasopharynx asymptomatically but also causes respiratory mucosal infections, including otitis media, sinusitis, and bronchitis. The lipooligosaccharide (LOS) on the cell surface of NTHi displays complex glycans that mimic host structures, allowing it to evade immune recognition. However, LOS glycans are also targets of host adaptive and innate responses. To aid in evasion of these responses, LOS structures exhibit interstrain heterogeneity and are also subject to phase variation, the random on/off switching of gene expression, generating intrastrain population diversity. Specific LOS modifications, including terminal sialylation of the LOS, which exploits host-derived sialic acid (Neu5Ac), can also block recognition of NTHi by bactericidal IgM and complement by mechanisms that are not fully understood. We investigated the LOS sialic acid-mediated resistance of NTHi to antibody-directed killing by serum complement. We identified specific LOS structures extending from heptose III that are targets for binding by naturally occurring bactericidal IgM in serum and are protected by sialylation of the LOS. Phase-variable galactosyltransferases encoded by lic2A and lgtC each add a galactose epitope bound by IgM that results in antibody-dependent killing via the classical pathway of complement. NTHi's survival can be influenced by the expression of phase-variable structures on the LOS that may also depend on environmental conditions, such as the availability of free sialic acid. Identification of surface structures on NTHi representing potential targets for antibody-based therapies as alternatives to antibiotic treatment would thus be valuable for this medically important pathogen.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mary Darby Jackson
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, Mississippi, USA
| | - Sandy M Wong
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, Mississippi, USA
| | - Brian J Akerley
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, Mississippi, USA
| |
Collapse
|
34
|
Canals R, Chaudhuri RR, Steiner RE, Owen SV, Quinones-Olvera N, Gordon MA, Baym M, Ibba M, Hinton JCD. The fitness landscape of the African Salmonella Typhimurium ST313 strain D23580 reveals unique properties of the pBT1 plasmid. PLoS Pathog 2019; 15:e1007948. [PMID: 31560731 PMCID: PMC6785131 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1007948] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2019] [Revised: 10/09/2019] [Accepted: 08/30/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
We have used a transposon insertion sequencing (TIS) approach to establish the fitness landscape of the African Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium ST313 strain D23580, to complement our previous comparative genomic and functional transcriptomic studies. We used a genome-wide transposon library with insertions every 10 nucleotides to identify genes required for survival and growth in vitro and during infection of murine macrophages. The analysis revealed genomic regions important for fitness under two in vitro growth conditions. Overall, 724 coding genes were required for optimal growth in LB medium, and 851 coding genes were required for growth in SPI-2-inducing minimal medium. These findings were consistent with the essentiality analyses of other S. Typhimurium ST19 and S. Typhi strains. The global mutagenesis approach also identified 60 sRNAs and 413 intergenic regions required for growth in at least one in vitro growth condition. By infecting murine macrophages with the transposon library, we identified 68 genes that were required for intra-macrophage replication but did not impact fitness in vitro. None of these genes were unique to S. Typhimurium D23580, consistent with a high conservation of gene function between S. Typhimurium ST313 and ST19 and suggesting that novel virulence factors are not involved in the interaction of strain D23580 with murine macrophages. We discovered that transposon insertions rarely occurred in many pBT1 plasmid-encoded genes (36), compared with genes carried by the pSLT-BT virulence plasmid and other bacterial plasmids. The key essential protein encoded by pBT1 is a cysteinyl-tRNA synthetase, and our enzymological analysis revealed that the plasmid-encoded CysRSpBT1 had a lower ability to charge tRNA than the chromosomally-encoded CysRSchr enzyme. The presence of aminoacyl-tRNA synthetases in plasmids from a range of Gram-negative and Gram-positive bacteria suggests that plasmid-encoded essential genes are more common than had been appreciated.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rocío Canals
- Institute of Integrative Biology, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | - Roy R Chaudhuri
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, United Kingdom
| | - Rebecca E Steiner
- Department of Microbiology, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, United States of America.,Center for RNA Biology, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, United States of America
| | - Siân V Owen
- Institute of Integrative Biology, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | - Natalia Quinones-Olvera
- Department of Biomedical Informatics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Melita A Gordon
- Institute of Infection and Global Health, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom.,Malawi-Liverpool-Wellcome Trust Clinical Research Programme, University of Malawi College of Medicine, Blantyre, Malawi, Central Africa
| | - Michael Baym
- Department of Biomedical Informatics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Michael Ibba
- Department of Microbiology, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, United States of America.,Center for RNA Biology, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, United States of America
| | - Jay C D Hinton
- Institute of Integrative Biology, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom
| |
Collapse
|
35
|
Diallo K, MacLennan J, Harrison OB, Msefula C, Sow SO, Daugla DM, Johnson E, Trotter C, MacLennan CA, Parkhill J, Borrow R, Greenwood BM, Maiden MCJ. Genomic characterization of novel Neisseria species. Sci Rep 2019; 9:13742. [PMID: 31551478 PMCID: PMC6760525 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-50203-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2019] [Accepted: 09/04/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Of the ten human-restricted Neisseria species two, Neisseria meningitidis, and Neisseria gonorrhoeae, cause invasive disease: the other eight are carried asymptomatically in the pharynx, possibly modulating meningococcal and gonococcal infections. Consequently, characterizing their diversity is important for understanding the microbiome in health and disease. Whole genome sequences from 181 Neisseria isolates were examined, including those of three well-defined species (N. meningitidis; N. gonorrhoeae; and Neisseria polysaccharea) and genomes of isolates unassigned to any species (Nspp). Sequence analysis of ribosomal genes, and a set of core (cgMLST) genes were used to infer phylogenetic relationships. Average Nucleotide Identity (ANI) and phenotypic data were used to define species clusters, and morphological and metabolic differences among them. Phylogenetic analyses identified two polyphyletic clusters (N. polysaccharea and Nspp.), while, cgMLST data grouped Nspp isolates into nine clusters and identified at least three N. polysaccharea clusters. ANI results classified Nspp into seven putative species, and also indicated at least three putative N. polysaccharea species. Electron microscopy identified morphological differences among these species. This genomic approach provided a consistent methodology for species characterization using distinct phylogenetic clusters. Seven putative novel Neisseria species were identified, confirming the importance of genomic studies in the characterization of the genus Neisseria.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kanny Diallo
- Centre pour les Vaccins en Développement, Bamako, Mali.
- Department of Zoology, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK.
| | | | | | - Chisomo Msefula
- Malawi-Liverpool-Wellcome Trust Clinical Research Programme, College of Medicine, University of Malawi, Blantyre, Malawi
| | - Samba O Sow
- Centre pour les Vaccins en Développement, Bamako, Mali
| | | | - Errin Johnson
- Electron Microscopy Facility, Sir William Dunn School of Pathology, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Caroline Trotter
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Calman A MacLennan
- Jenner Institute, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | | | - Ray Borrow
- Vaccine Evaluation Unit, Public Health England, Manchester, UK
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
36
|
Van Puyvelde S, Pickard D, Vandelannoote K, Heinz E, Barbé B, de Block T, Clare S, Coomber EL, Harcourt K, Sridhar S, Lees EA, Wheeler NE, Klemm EJ, Kuijpers L, Mbuyi Kalonji L, Phoba MF, Falay D, Ngbonda D, Lunguya O, Jacobs J, Dougan G, Deborggraeve S. An African Salmonella Typhimurium ST313 sublineage with extensive drug-resistance and signatures of host adaptation. Nat Commun 2019; 10:4280. [PMID: 31537784 PMCID: PMC6753159 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-019-11844-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2019] [Accepted: 08/07/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Bloodstream infections by Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium constitute a major health burden in sub-Saharan Africa (SSA). These invasive non-typhoidal (iNTS) infections are dominated by isolates of the antibiotic resistance-associated sequence type (ST) 313. Here, we report emergence of ST313 sublineage II.1 in the Democratic Republic of the Congo. Sublineage II.1 exhibits extensive drug resistance, involving a combination of multidrug resistance, extended spectrum β-lactamase production and azithromycin resistance. ST313 lineage II.1 isolates harbour an IncHI2 plasmid we name pSTm-ST313-II.1, with one isolate also exhibiting decreased ciprofloxacin susceptibility. Whole genome sequencing reveals that ST313 II.1 isolates have accumulated genetic signatures potentially associated with altered pathogenicity and host adaptation, related to changes observed in biofilm formation and metabolic capacity. Sublineage II.1 emerged at the beginning of the 21st century and is involved in on-going outbreaks. Our data provide evidence of further evolution within the ST313 clade associated with iNTS in SSA.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sandra Van Puyvelde
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Institute of Tropical Medicine, Nationalestraat 155, 2000, Antwerp, Belgium. .,Wellcome Sanger Institute, Wellcome Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridge, CB10 1SA, UK. .,Laboratory of Medical Microbiology, Vaccine & Infectious Disease Institute, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium.
| | - Derek Pickard
- Wellcome Sanger Institute, Wellcome Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridge, CB10 1SA, UK.,Department of Medicine, Addenbrooke's Hospital, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB2 0SP, UK
| | - Koen Vandelannoote
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Institute of Tropical Medicine, Nationalestraat 155, 2000, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Eva Heinz
- Wellcome Sanger Institute, Wellcome Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridge, CB10 1SA, UK.,Department of Vector Biology, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Pembroke Place, Liverpool, L3 5QA, UK
| | - Barbara Barbé
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Institute of Tropical Medicine, Nationalestraat 155, 2000, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Tessa de Block
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Institute of Tropical Medicine, Nationalestraat 155, 2000, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Simon Clare
- Wellcome Sanger Institute, Wellcome Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridge, CB10 1SA, UK
| | - Eve L Coomber
- Wellcome Sanger Institute, Wellcome Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridge, CB10 1SA, UK
| | - Katherine Harcourt
- Wellcome Sanger Institute, Wellcome Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridge, CB10 1SA, UK
| | - Sushmita Sridhar
- Wellcome Sanger Institute, Wellcome Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridge, CB10 1SA, UK.,Department of Medicine, Addenbrooke's Hospital, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB2 0SP, UK
| | - Emily A Lees
- Wellcome Sanger Institute, Wellcome Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridge, CB10 1SA, UK.,Department of Medicine, Addenbrooke's Hospital, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB2 0SP, UK
| | - Nicole E Wheeler
- Centre for Genomic Pathogen Surveillance, Wellcome Sanger Institute, Wellcome Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridge, CB10 1SA, UK
| | - Elizabeth J Klemm
- Wellcome Sanger Institute, Wellcome Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridge, CB10 1SA, UK
| | - Laura Kuijpers
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Institute of Tropical Medicine, Nationalestraat 155, 2000, Antwerp, Belgium.,Department of Microbiology and Immunology, KU Leuven, Herestraat 49-box 1030, 3000, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Lisette Mbuyi Kalonji
- Department of Microbiology, National Institute for Biomedical Research, Av. De La Démocratie no, 5345, Kinshasa, Democratic Republic of the Congo.,Department of Microbiology, University Hospital of Kinshasa, Kinshasa, Democratic Republic of the Congo
| | - Marie-France Phoba
- Department of Microbiology, National Institute for Biomedical Research, Av. De La Démocratie no, 5345, Kinshasa, Democratic Republic of the Congo.,Department of Microbiology, University Hospital of Kinshasa, Kinshasa, Democratic Republic of the Congo
| | - Dadi Falay
- Department of Pediatrics, University Hospital of Kisangani, Avenue Munyororo C/Makiso, Kisangani, BP 2012, Democratic Republic of the Congo
| | - Dauly Ngbonda
- Department of Pediatrics, University Hospital of Kisangani, Avenue Munyororo C/Makiso, Kisangani, BP 2012, Democratic Republic of the Congo
| | - Octavie Lunguya
- Department of Microbiology, National Institute for Biomedical Research, Av. De La Démocratie no, 5345, Kinshasa, Democratic Republic of the Congo.,Department of Microbiology, University Hospital of Kinshasa, Kinshasa, Democratic Republic of the Congo
| | - Jan Jacobs
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Institute of Tropical Medicine, Nationalestraat 155, 2000, Antwerp, Belgium.,Department of Microbiology and Immunology, KU Leuven, Herestraat 49-box 1030, 3000, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Gordon Dougan
- Wellcome Sanger Institute, Wellcome Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridge, CB10 1SA, UK.,Department of Medicine, Addenbrooke's Hospital, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB2 0SP, UK
| | - Stijn Deborggraeve
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Institute of Tropical Medicine, Nationalestraat 155, 2000, Antwerp, Belgium
| |
Collapse
|
37
|
Stockdale L, Nalwoga A, Nash S, Elias S, Asiki G, Kusemererwa S, Gilchrist JJ, Newton R, MacLennan CA. Cross-sectional study of IgG antibody levels to invasive nontyphoidal Salmonella LPS O-antigen with age in Uganda. Gates Open Res 2019; 3:1501. [PMID: 31410397 PMCID: PMC6640003 DOI: 10.12688/gatesopenres.13034.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/14/2019] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Invasive nontyphoidal
Salmonella (iNTS) disease is a major cause of deaths among children and HIV-infected individuals in sub-Saharan Africa. Acquisition of IgG to iNTS lipopolysaccharide (LPS) O-antigen in Malawi in early childhood corresponds with a fall in cases of iNTS disease suggesting that vaccines able to induce such antibodies could confer protection. To better understand the acquisition of IgG to iNTS in other African settings, we performed a cross-sectional seroepidemiological study using sera from 1090 Ugandan individuals aged from infancy to old age. Sera were analysed for IgG to LPS O-antigen of
S. Typhimurium and
S. Enteritidis using an in-house ELISA. Below 18 months of age, most children lacked IgG to both serovars. Thereafter, specific IgG levels increased with age, peaking in adulthood, and did not wane noticeably in old age. There was no clear difference in antibody levels between the sexes and the few HIV-infected individuals in the study did not have obviously different levels from uninfected subjects. While IgG to iNTS is acquired at a younger age in Malawian compared with Ugandan children, it is not clear whether this is due to differences in the populations themselves, their exposure to iNTS, or variations between assays used. In conclusion, there is a need to develop a harmonised method and standards for measuring antibodies to iNTS across studies and to investigate acquisition of such antibodies with age across different sites in sub-Saharan Africa.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lisa Stockdale
- Department of Paediatrics, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX3 7LE, UK
| | - Angela Nalwoga
- MRC/UVRI and LSHTM Uganda Research Institute, Entebbe, Uganda.,Department of Infectious Disease Epidemiology, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, WC1E 7HT, UK
| | - Stephen Nash
- Department of Infectious Disease Epidemiology, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, WC1E 7HT, UK
| | - Sean Elias
- Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX3 7DQ, UK
| | - Gershim Asiki
- MRC/UVRI and LSHTM Uganda Research Institute, Entebbe, Uganda
| | | | - James J Gilchrist
- Department of Paediatrics, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX3 7LE, UK
| | - Robert Newton
- MRC/UVRI and LSHTM Uganda Research Institute, Entebbe, Uganda.,Clinical Epidemiology, University of York, York, UK
| | - Calman A MacLennan
- Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX3 7DQ, UK
| |
Collapse
|
38
|
Cheng ZX, Guo C, Chen ZG, Yang TC, Zhang JY, Wang J, Zhu JX, Li D, Zhang TT, Li H, Peng B, Peng XX. Glycine, serine and threonine metabolism confounds efficacy of complement-mediated killing. Nat Commun 2019; 10:3325. [PMID: 31346171 PMCID: PMC6658569 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-019-11129-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 105] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/25/2018] [Accepted: 06/24/2019] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Serum resistance is a poorly understood but common trait of some difficult-to-treat pathogenic strains of bacteria. Here, we report that glycine, serine and threonine catabolic pathway is down-regulated in serum-resistant Escherichia coli, whereas exogenous glycine reverts the serum resistance and effectively potentiates serum to eliminate clinically-relevant bacterial pathogens in vitro and in vivo. We find that exogenous glycine increases the formation of membrane attack complex on bacterial membrane through two previously unrecognized regulations: 1) glycine negatively and positively regulates metabolic flux to purine biosynthesis and Krebs cycle, respectively. 2) α-Ketoglutarate inhibits adenosine triphosphate synthase, which in together promote the formation of cAMP/CRP regulon to increase the expression of complement-binding proteins HtrE, NfrA, and YhcD. The results could lead to effective strategies for managing the infection with serum-resistant bacteria, an especially valuable approach for treating individuals with weak acquired immunity but a normal complement system. Serum-resistant bacteria can escape complement killing in the bloodstream. Here, using metabolomics and metabolite perturbations, the authors describe an altered metabolic state in serum-resistant Escherichia coli and show that exogenous glycine potentiates elimination of pathogenic bacteria in vivo.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zhi-Xue Cheng
- Center for Proteomics and Metabolomics, State Key Laboratory of Bio-Control, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, University City, Guangzhou, 510006, People's Republic of China.,Laboratory for Marine Biology and Biotechnology, Marine Fisheries Science and Food Production Processes, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao, 266071, China
| | - Chang Guo
- Center for Proteomics and Metabolomics, State Key Laboratory of Bio-Control, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, University City, Guangzhou, 510006, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhuang-Gui Chen
- Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510630, People's Republic of China
| | - Tian-Ci Yang
- Zhongshan Hospital of Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361004, People's Republic of China
| | - Jian-Ying Zhang
- Henan Academy of Medical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, 450052, People's Republic of China
| | - Jie Wang
- Center for Proteomics and Metabolomics, State Key Laboratory of Bio-Control, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, University City, Guangzhou, 510006, People's Republic of China
| | - Jia-Xin Zhu
- Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510630, People's Republic of China
| | - Dan Li
- Center for Proteomics and Metabolomics, State Key Laboratory of Bio-Control, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, University City, Guangzhou, 510006, People's Republic of China
| | - Tian-Tuo Zhang
- Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510630, People's Republic of China.
| | - Hui Li
- Center for Proteomics and Metabolomics, State Key Laboratory of Bio-Control, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, University City, Guangzhou, 510006, People's Republic of China. .,Laboratory for Marine Biology and Biotechnology, Marine Fisheries Science and Food Production Processes, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao, 266071, China. .,Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory (Zhuhai), Zhuhai, 519000, China.
| | - Bo Peng
- Center for Proteomics and Metabolomics, State Key Laboratory of Bio-Control, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, University City, Guangzhou, 510006, People's Republic of China. .,Laboratory for Marine Biology and Biotechnology, Marine Fisheries Science and Food Production Processes, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao, 266071, China. .,Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory (Zhuhai), Zhuhai, 519000, China.
| | - Xuan-Xian Peng
- Center for Proteomics and Metabolomics, State Key Laboratory of Bio-Control, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, University City, Guangzhou, 510006, People's Republic of China. .,Laboratory for Marine Biology and Biotechnology, Marine Fisheries Science and Food Production Processes, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao, 266071, China. .,Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory (Zhuhai), Zhuhai, 519000, China.
| |
Collapse
|
39
|
Ondari EM, Klemm EJ, Msefula CL, El Ghany MA, Heath JN, Pickard DJ, Barquist L, Dougan G, Kingsley RA, MacLennan CA. Rapid transcriptional responses to serum exposure are associated with sensitivity and resistance to antibody-mediated complement killing in invasive Salmonella Typhimurium ST313. Wellcome Open Res 2019; 4:74. [PMID: 31231691 PMCID: PMC6560496 DOI: 10.12688/wellcomeopenres.15059.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/20/2019] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Background:
Salmonella Typhimurium ST313 exhibits signatures of adaptation to invasive human infection, including higher resistance to humoral immune responses than gastrointestinal isolates. Full resistance to antibody-mediated complement killing (serum resistance) among nontyphoidal
Salmonellae is uncommon, but selection of highly resistant strains could compromise vaccine-induced antibody immunity. Here, we address the hypothesis that serum resistance is due to a distinct genotype or transcriptome response in
S. Typhimurium ST313. Methods: Six
S. Typhimurium ST313 bloodstream isolates, three of which were antibody resistant, were studied. Genomic content (single nucleotide polymorphisms and larger chromosomal modifications) of the strains was determined by Illumina and PACBIO sequencing, and functionally characterized using RNA-seq, transposon directed insertion site sequencing (TraDIS), targeted gene deletion and transfer of selected point mutations in an attempt to identify features associated with serum resistance.
Results: Sequence polymorphisms in genes from strains with atypical serum susceptibility when transferred from strains that were highly resistant or susceptible to a strain that exhibited intermediate susceptibility did not significantly alter serum killing phenotype. No large chromosomal modifications typified serum resistance or susceptibility. Genes required for resistance to serum identified by TraDIS and RNA-seq included those involved in exopolysaccharide synthesis, iron scavenging and metabolism. Most of the down-regulated genes were associated with membrane proteins. Resistant and susceptible strains had distinct transcriptional responses to serum, particularly related to genes responsible for polysaccharide biosynthesis. There was higher upregulation of
wca locus genes, involved in the biosynthesis of colanic acid exopolysaccharide, in susceptible strains and increased expression of
fepE, a regulator of very long-chain lipopolysaccharide in resistant strains. Conclusion: Clinical isolates of
S. Typhimurium ST313 exhibit distinct antibody susceptibility phenotypes that may be associated with changes in gene expression on exposure to serum.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Edna M Ondari
- Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland.,University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland.,Novartis Vaccines Institute for Global Health, Siena, Italy.,Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Hinxton, UK
| | | | - Chisomo L Msefula
- Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Hinxton, UK.,Malawi-Liverpool-Wellcome Trust Clinical Research Institute, Blantyre, Malawi.,Department of Microbiology, College of Medicine, University of Malawi, Blantyre, Malawi
| | - Moataz Abd El Ghany
- Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Hinxton, UK.,The Westmead Institute for Medical Research and Marie Bashir Institute for Infectious Diseases and Biosecurity, University of Sydney, Westmead, Australia.,King Abdullah University of Science and Technology , Thuwal, Saudi Arabia
| | - Jennifer N Heath
- Institute of Immunology and Immuotherapy, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
| | | | - Lars Barquist
- Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Hinxton, UK.,Helmholtz Institute for RNA-based Infection Research , Würzburg, Germany.,Faculty of Medicine, University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Gordon Dougan
- Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Hinxton, UK.,Department of Medicine, University of Cambridge Addenbrooke's Hospital Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | | | - Calman A MacLennan
- Institute of Immunology and Immuotherapy, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK.,Jenner Institute, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| |
Collapse
|
40
|
Differences in immune responses of pigs vaccinated with Salmonella Typhimurium and S. Choleraesuis strains and challenged with S. Choleraesuis. Comp Immunol Microbiol Infect Dis 2019; 65:41-47. [PMID: 31300124 DOI: 10.1016/j.cimid.2019.04.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2018] [Revised: 04/03/2019] [Accepted: 04/08/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
S. Choleraesuis (Choleraesuis) and S. Typhimurium (Typhimurium) cause salmonellosis in pigs and humans. The effects of vaccine strains pSV-less Typhimurium OU5048 and Choleraesuis OU7266 and SPI-2-mutant Choleraesuis SC2284 on the immune responses of pigs against Typhimurium, Choleraesuis, and S. Enteritidis (Enteritidis) with or without the virulence plasmid (pSV) were determined. After oral vaccination of three vaccine groups and challenge with Choleraesuis CN36, the level of Salmonella-specific IgG in sera and the bactericidal effects and superoxide generation of peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) and polymorphonuclear leukocytes (PMNs) against the above strains were determined using ELISA and NBT assay, respectively. Among three vaccine strains tested, OU7266 stimulated the highest Salmonella-specific IgG levels. Complement inactivation increased IgG concentration, while E. coli absorption reduced IgG levels. The pSV-containing strains were less resistant to serum killing than the pSV-less strains, and Enteritidis exhibited the lowest resistance to serum killing. Serovars tested, vaccine strains, and timeline periods postvaccination and challenge were important factors affecting superoxide production. The two Choleraesuis vaccine strains stimulated greater levels of superoxide from PMNs and PBMCs than the Typhimurium strains. The PMNs and PBMCs in challenged and vaccinated pigs reduced more superoxide than those in challenged hosts. In vaccinated hosts, pSV-less Salmonella strains triggered lower levels of PMN/PBMC-generated superoxide upon challenge than strains with pSV against Enteritidis and Choleraesuis. Overall, Choleraesuis OU7266 may be better than the other vaccine strains in generating the greatest IgG levels, serum bactericidal activity and superoxide levels. The pSV likely influences the immune responses.
Collapse
|
41
|
Abstract
Nontyphoidal salmonellae (NTS) are a major cause of invasive (iNTS) disease in sub-Saharan Africa, manifesting as bacteremia and meningitis. Available epidemiological data indicate that iNTS disease is endemic in much of the region. Antimicrobial resistance is common and case fatality rates are high. There are well-characterized clinical associations with iNTS disease, including young age, HIV infection, malaria, malnutrition, anemia, and sickle cell disease. However, the clinical presentation of iNTS disease is often with fever alone, so clinical diagnosis is impossible without blood culture confirmation. No vaccine is currently available, making this a priority area for global health research. Over the past ten years, it has emerged that iNTS disease in Africa is caused by distinct pathovars of Salmonella Typhimurium, belonging to sequence type ST313, and Salmonella Enteritidis. These are characterized by genome degradation and appear to be adapting to an invasive lifestyle. Investigation of rare patients with primary immunodeficiencies has suggested a key role for interferon gamma-mediated immunity in host defense against NTS. This concept has been supported by recent population-based host genetic studies in African children. In contrast, immunoepidemiological studies from Africa indicate an important role for antibody for protective immunity, supporting the development of antibody-inducing vaccines against iNTS disease. With candidate O-antigen-based vaccines due to enter clinical trials in the near future, research efforts should focus on understanding the relative contributions of antibody and cell-mediated immunity to protection against iNTS disease in humans.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Calman A MacLennan
- Jenner Institute, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| |
Collapse
|
42
|
Malov VA, Maleyev VV, Parkhomenko YG, Tsvetkova NA, Smetanina SV, Gorobchenko AN, Belugin VN. The problem of diagnosis of generalized and focal forms of salmonellosis. TERAPEVT ARKH 2018; 90:90-97. [PMID: 30701821 DOI: 10.26442/terarkh2018901190-97] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The article describes the clinical observation with an unfavorable outcome of the generalized form of salmonella infection caused by Salmonella typhimurium group B in a woman of 60 years without immunodeficiency, complicated by the development of multiple abscesses of the lower parts of abdominal cavity, probably of appendicular origin. In a short literary review, the pathogenetic mechanisms that contribute to the formation of generalized and extraintestinal forms of salmonella infection are discussed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- V A Malov
- I.M. Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University of the Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation, Moscow, Russia
| | - V V Maleyev
- Central Research Institute of Epidemiology, Federal Supervision Service for Consumer Rights Protection and People's Welfare, Moscow, Russia
| | - Y G Parkhomenko
- Infectious Clinical Hospital №2, Moscow City Health Department, Moscow, Russia
| | - N A Tsvetkova
- Infectious Clinical Hospital №2, Moscow City Health Department, Moscow, Russia
| | - S V Smetanina
- Infectious Clinical Hospital №2, Moscow City Health Department, Moscow, Russia
| | - A N Gorobchenko
- I.M. Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University of the Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation, Moscow, Russia
| | - V N Belugin
- Infectious Clinical Hospital №2, Moscow City Health Department, Moscow, Russia
| |
Collapse
|
43
|
Comparative immunogenicity and efficacy of equivalent outer membrane vesicle and glycoconjugate vaccines against nontyphoidal Salmonella. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2018; 115:10428-10433. [PMID: 30262653 PMCID: PMC6187145 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1807655115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Nontyphoidal Salmonellae cause a devastating burden of invasive disease in sub-Saharan Africa with high levels of antimicrobial resistance. Vaccination has potential for a major global health impact, but no licensed vaccine is available. The lack of commercial incentive makes simple, affordable technologies the preferred route for vaccine development. Here we compare equivalent Generalized Modules for Membrane Antigens (GMMA) outer membrane vesicles and O-antigen-CRM197 glycoconjugates to deliver lipopolysaccharide O-antigen in bivalent Salmonella Typhimurium and Enteritidis vaccines. Salmonella strains were chosen and tolR deleted to induce GMMA production. O-antigens were extracted from wild-type bacteria and conjugated to CRM197 Purified GMMA and glycoconjugates were characterized and tested in mice for immunogenicity and ability to reduce Salmonella infection. GMMA and glycoconjugate O-antigen had similar structural characteristics, O-acetylation, and glucosylation levels. Immunization with GMMA induced higher anti-O-antigen IgG than glycoconjugate administered without Alhydrogel adjuvant. With Alhydrogel, antibody levels were similar. GMMA induced a diverse antibody isotype profile with greater serum bactericidal activity than glycoconjugate, which induced almost exclusively IgG1. Immunization reduced bacterial colonization of mice subsequently infected with SalmonellaS Typhimurium numbers were lower in tissues of mice vaccinated with GMMA compared with glycoconjugate. S. Enteritidis burden in the tissues was similar in mice immunized with either vaccine. With favorable immunogenicity, low cost, and ability to induce functional antibodies and reduce bacterial burden, GMMA offer a promising strategy for the development of a nontyphoidal Salmonella vaccine compared with established glycoconjugates. GMMA technology is potentially attractive for development of vaccines against other bacteria of global health significance.
Collapse
|
44
|
Nagy E, Nagy G, Power CA, Badarau A, Szijártó V. Anti-bacterial Monoclonal Antibodies. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2018; 1053:119-153. [PMID: 29549638 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-72077-7_7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
The failing efficacy of antibiotics and the high mortality rate among high-risk patients calls for new treatment modalities for bacterial infections. Due to the vastly divergent pathogenesis of human pathogens, each microbe requires a tailored approach. The main modes of action of anti-bacterial antibodies are virulence factor neutralization, complement-mediated bacterial lysis and enhancement of opsonophagocytic uptake and killing (OPK). Gram-positive bacteria cannot be lysed by complement and their pathogenesis often involves secreted toxins, therefore typically toxin-neutralization and OPK activity are required to prevent and ameliorate disease. In fact, the success stories in terms of approved products, in the anti-bacterial mAb field are based on toxin neutralization (Bacillus anthracis, Clostridium difficile). In contrast, Gram-negative bacteria are vulnerable to antibody-dependent complement-mediated lysis, while their pathogenesis rarely relies on secreted exotoxins, and involves the pro-inflammatory endotoxin (lipopolysaccharide). Given the complexity of bacterial pathogenesis, antibody therapeutics are expected to be most efficient upon targeting more than one virulence factor and/or combining different modes of action. The improved understanding of bacterial pathogenesis combined with the versatility and maturity of antibody discovery technologies available today are pivotal for the design of novel anti-bacterial therapeutics. The intensified research generating promising proof-of-concept data, and the increasing number of clinical programs with anti-bacterial mAbs, indicate that the field is ready to fulfill its promise in the coming years.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Eszter Nagy
- Arsanis Biosciences GmbH/Arsanis, Inc, Vienna, Austria.
| | - Gábor Nagy
- Arsanis Biosciences GmbH/Arsanis, Inc, Vienna, Austria
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
45
|
Branchu P, Bawn M, Kingsley RA. Genome Variation and Molecular Epidemiology of Salmonella enterica Serovar Typhimurium Pathovariants. Infect Immun 2018; 86:e00079-18. [PMID: 29784861 PMCID: PMC6056856 DOI: 10.1128/iai.00079-18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium is one of approximately 2,500 distinct serovars of the genus Salmonella but is exceptional in its wide distribution in the environment, livestock, and wild animals. S Typhimurium causes a large proportion of nontyphoidal Salmonella (NTS) infections, accounting for a quarter of infections, second only to S. enterica serovar Enteritidis in incidence. S Typhimurium was once considered the archetypal broad-host-range Salmonella serovar due to its wide distribution in livestock and wild animals, and much of what we know of the interaction of Salmonella with the host comes from research using a small number of laboratory strains of the serovar (LT2, SL1344, and ATCC 14028). But it has become clear that these strains do not reflect the genotypic or phenotypic diversity of S Typhimurium. Here, we review the epidemiological record of S Typhimurium and studies of the host-pathogen interactions of diverse strains of S Typhimurium. We present the concept of distinct pathovariants of S Typhimurium that exhibit diversity of host range, distribution in the environment, pathogenicity, and risk to food safety. We review recent evidence from whole-genome sequencing that has revealed the extent of genomic diversity of S Typhimurium pathovariants, the genomic basis of differences in the level of risk to human and animal health, and the molecular epidemiology of prominent strains. An improved understanding of the impact of genome variation of bacterial pathogens on pathogen-host and pathogen-environment interactions has the potential to improve quantitative risk assessment and reveal how new pathogens evolve.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Priscilla Branchu
- Quadram Institute Bioscience, Norwich Research Park, Colney, Norwich, United Kingdom
| | - Matt Bawn
- Quadram Institute Bioscience, Norwich Research Park, Colney, Norwich, United Kingdom
- Earlham Institute, Norwich Research Park, Colney, Norwich, United Kingdom
| | - Robert A Kingsley
- Quadram Institute Bioscience, Norwich Research Park, Colney, Norwich, United Kingdom
| |
Collapse
|
46
|
Abstract
Uropathogenic Escherichia coli (UPEC) is the most common cause of urinary tract infection, which in some patients can develop into life-threatening urosepsis. Serum resistance is a key virulence trait of strains that cause urosepsis. Recently, we identified a novel method of serum resistance in patients with Pseudomonas aeruginosa lung infections, where patients possessed antibodies that inhibited complement-mediated killing (instead of protecting against infection). These inhibitory antibodies were of the IgG2 subtype, specific to the O-antigen component of lipopolysaccharide (LPS) and coated the bacterial surface, preventing bacterial lysis by complement. As this mechanism could apply to any Gram-negative bacterial infection, we hypothesized that inhibitory antibodies may represent an uncharacterized mechanism of serum resistance in UPEC. To test this, 45 urosepsis patients with paired blood culture UPEC isolates were screened for serum titers of IgG2 specific for their cognate strain’s LPS. Eleven patients had sufficiently high titers of the antibody to inhibit serum-mediated killing of UPEC isolates by pooled healthy control sera. Depletion of IgG or removal of O-antigen restored sensitivity of the isolates to the cognate patient serum. Importantly, the isolates from these 11 patients were more sensitive to killing by serum than isolates from patients with no inhibitory antibodies. This suggests the presence of inhibitory antibodies may have allowed these strains to infect the bloodstream. The high prevalence of patients with inhibitory antibodies (24%) suggests that this phenomenon is an important mechanism of UPEC serum resistance. LPS-specific inhibitory antibodies have now been identified against three Gram-negative pathogens that cause disparate diseases. Despite improvements in the early detection and management of sepsis, morbidity and mortality are still high. Infections of the urinary tract are one of the most frequent sources of sepsis with Escherichia coli the main causative agent. Serum resistance is vital for bacteria to infect the bloodstream. Here we report a novel method of serum resistance found in patients with UPEC-mediated sepsis. Antibodies in sera usually protect against infection, but here we found that 24% of patients expressed “inhibitory antibodies” capable of preventing serum-mediated killing of their infecting isolate. Our data suggest that these antibodies would allow otherwise serum-sensitive UPEC strains to cause sepsis. The high prevalence of patients with inhibitory antibodies in this cohort suggests that this is a widespread mechanism of resistance to complement-mediated killing in urosepsis patients, invoking the potential for the application of new methods to prevent and treat sepsis.
Collapse
|
47
|
Humoral immunity to memory antigens and pathogens is maintained in patients with chronic kidney disease. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0195730. [PMID: 29659606 PMCID: PMC5901993 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0195730] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2017] [Accepted: 03/28/2018] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Patients with chronic kidney disease (CKD) have an increased risk of infection and poorer responses to vaccination. This suggests that CKD patients have an impaired responsiveness to all antigens, even those first encountered before CKD onset. To examine this we evaluated antibody responses against two childhood vaccine antigens, tetanus (TT) and diphtheria toxoids (DT) and two common pathogens, cytomegalovirus (CMV) and Salmonella enterica serovar Enteritidis (SEn) in two independent cohorts consisting of age-matched individuals with and without CKD. Sera were evaluated for antigen-specific IgG titres and the functionality of antibody to SEn was assessed in a serum bactericidal assay. Surprisingly, patients with CKD and control subjects had comparable levels of IgG against TT and DT, suggesting preserved humoral memory responses to antigens encountered early in life. Lipopolysaccharide-specific IgG titres and serum bactericidal activity in patients with CKD were also not inferior to controls. CMV-specific IgG titres in seropositive CKD patients were similar or even increased compared to controls. Therefore, whilst responses to new vaccines in CKD are typically lower than expected, antibody responses to antigens commonly encountered prior to CKD onset are not. The immunodeficiency of CKD is likely characterised by failure to respond to new antigenic challenges and efforts to improve patient outcomes should be focussed here.
Collapse
|
48
|
Lê-Bury G, Niedergang F. Defective Phagocytic Properties of HIV-Infected Macrophages: How Might They Be Implicated in the Development of Invasive Salmonella Typhimurium? Front Immunol 2018; 9:531. [PMID: 29628924 PMCID: PMC5876300 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.00531] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2017] [Accepted: 02/28/2018] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) infects and kills T cells, profoundly damaging the host-specific immune response. The virus also integrates into memory T cells and long-lived macrophages, establishing chronic infections. HIV-1 infection impairs the functions of macrophages both in vivo and in vitro, which contributes to the development of opportunistic diseases. Non-typhoidal Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium has been identified as the most common cause of bacterial bloodstream infections in HIV-infected adults. In this review, we report how the functions of macrophages are impaired post HIV infection; introduce what makes invasive Salmonella Typhimurium specific for its pathogenesis; and finally, we discuss why these bacteria may be particularly adapted to the HIV-infected host.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Gabrielle Lê-Bury
- INSERM, U1016, Institut Cochin, Paris, France.,CNRS, UMR 8104, Paris, France.,Université Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France
| | - Florence Niedergang
- INSERM, U1016, Institut Cochin, Paris, France.,CNRS, UMR 8104, Paris, France.,Université Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France
| |
Collapse
|
49
|
IgG Responses to Porins and Lipopolysaccharide within an Outer Membrane-Based Vaccine against Nontyphoidal Salmonella Develop at Discordant Rates. mBio 2018; 9:mBio.02379-17. [PMID: 29511082 PMCID: PMC5844998 DOI: 10.1128/mbio.02379-17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Antibodies acquired after vaccination or natural infection with Gram-negative bacteria, such as invasive Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium, can protect against disease. Immunization with naturally shed outer membrane vesicles from Gram-negative bacteria is being studied for its potential to protect against many infections, since antigens within vesicles maintain their natural conformation and orientation. Shedding can be enhanced through genetic modification, and the resulting particles, generalized modules for membrane antigens (GMMA), not only offer potential as vaccines but also can facilitate the study of B-cell responses to bacterial antigens. Here we show that the response to immunization with GMMA from S. Typhimurium (STmGMMA) provides B-cell-dependent protection and induces antibodies to two immunodominant antigens, lipopolysaccharide (LPS) and porins. Antibodies to LPS O antigen (O-Ag) markedly enhance protection in the spleen, but this effect is less marked in the liver. Strikingly, IgG responses to LPS and porins develop with distinct kinetics. In the first week after immunization, there is a dramatic T-cell-independent B1b-cell-associated induction of all IgG isotypes, except IgG1, to porins but not to LPS. In contrast, production of IgG1 to either antigen was delayed and T cell dependent. Nevertheless, after 1 month, cells in the bone marrow secreting IgG against porins or LPS were present at a similar frequency. Unexpectedly, immunization with O-Ag-deficient STmGMMA did not substantially enhance the anti-porin response. Therefore, IgG switching to all antigens does not develop synchronously within the same complex and so the rate of IgG switching to a single component does not necessarily reflect its frequency within the antigenic complex. Vaccines save millions of lives, yet for some infections there are none. This includes some types of Salmonella infections, killing hundreds of thousands of people annually. We show how a new type of vaccine, called GMMA, that is made from blebs shed from the Salmonella cell wall, works to protect against infection in mice by inducing host proteins (antibodies) specifically recognizing bacterial components (antigens). The rate of development of IgG antibody to antigens within GMMA occurred with different kinetics. However, the antibody response to GMMA persists and is likely to provide prolonged protection for those who need it. These results help show how antibody responses to bacterial antigens develop and how vaccines like GMMA can work and help prevent infection.
Collapse
|
50
|
Sebina I, Pepper M. Humoral immune responses to infection: common mechanisms and unique strategies to combat pathogen immune evasion tactics. Curr Opin Immunol 2018; 51:46-54. [PMID: 29477969 DOI: 10.1016/j.coi.2018.02.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2018] [Revised: 02/02/2018] [Accepted: 02/05/2018] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Humoral immune responses are crucial for protection against invading pathogens and are the underlying mechanism of protection for most successful vaccines. Our understanding of how humoral immunity develops is largely based on animal models utilizing experimental immunization systems. While these studies have made enormous progress for the field and have defined many of the fundamental principles of B cell differentiation and function, we are only now beginning to appreciate the complexities of humoral immune responses induced by infection. Co-evolution of the adaptive immune system and the pathogenic world has created a diverse array of B cell responses to infections, with both shared and unique strategies. In this review, we consider the common mechanisms that regulate the development of humoral immune responses during infection and highlight recent findings demonstrating the evolution of unique strategies used by either host or pathogen for survival.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ismail Sebina
- Department of Immunology, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
| | - Marion Pepper
- Department of Immunology, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, WA 98109, USA.
| |
Collapse
|