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Gao J, Zhou K, Li H, Li Y, Yang K, Wang W. Intermittent proton bursts of single lactic acid bacteria. Chem Sci 2024; 15:3516-3523. [PMID: 38455010 PMCID: PMC10915832 DOI: 10.1039/d3sc06238d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2023] [Accepted: 01/23/2024] [Indexed: 03/09/2024] Open
Abstract
Lactic acid bacteria are a kind of probiotic microorganisms that efficiently convert carbohydrates to lactic acids, thus playing essential roles in fermentation and food industry. While conventional wisdom often suggests continuous release of protons from bacteria during acidification, here we developed a methodology to measure the dynamics of proton release at the single bacteria level, and report on the discovery of a proton burst phenomenon, i.e., the intermittent efflux of protons, of single Lactobacillus plantarum bacteria. When placing an individual bacterium in an oil-sealed microwell, efflux and accumulation of protons consequently reduced the pH in the confined extracellular medium, which was monitored with fluorescent pH indicators in a high-throughput and real-time manner. In addition to the slow and continuous proton release behavior (as expected), stochastic and intermittent proton burst events were surprisingly observed with a typical timescale of several seconds. It was attributed to the regulatory response of bacteria by activating H+-ATPase to compensate the stochastic and transient depolarizations of membrane potential. These findings not only revealed an unprecedented proton burst phenomenon in lactic acid bacteria, but also shed new lights on the intrinsic roles of H+-ATPase in membrane potential homeostasis, with implications for both fermentation industry and bacterial electrophysiology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jia Gao
- State Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Life Science, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, ChemBIC (Chemistry and Biomedicine Innovation Center), Nanjing University Nanjing 210023 China
| | - Kai Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Life Science, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, ChemBIC (Chemistry and Biomedicine Innovation Center), Nanjing University Nanjing 210023 China
| | - Haoran Li
- State Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Life Science, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, ChemBIC (Chemistry and Biomedicine Innovation Center), Nanjing University Nanjing 210023 China
| | - Yaohua Li
- State Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Life Science, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, ChemBIC (Chemistry and Biomedicine Innovation Center), Nanjing University Nanjing 210023 China
| | - Kairong Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Life Science, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, ChemBIC (Chemistry and Biomedicine Innovation Center), Nanjing University Nanjing 210023 China
| | - Wei Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Life Science, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, ChemBIC (Chemistry and Biomedicine Innovation Center), Nanjing University Nanjing 210023 China
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2
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Li B, Mao S, Zhang C, Xu T, Ma X, Lin H, Yin H, Qiu Y. Rapid anaerobic culture and reaction kinetic study of anammox bacteria on microfluidic chip. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2024; 396:130422. [PMID: 38320714 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2024.130422] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2023] [Revised: 02/02/2024] [Accepted: 02/03/2024] [Indexed: 02/15/2024]
Abstract
Anammox bacteria are being increasingly investigated as part of an emerging nitrogen removal technology. However, due to the difficulty in culturing, current understanding of their behavior is limited. In this study, anaerobic microfluidic chips were used to study anammox bacteria, showing great advantages over reactors. On-chip fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) showed the relative abundance of free form anammox bacteria increased by 56.1 % after one week's culture, an increase that is three times higher than that of bioreactor (17.1 %). For granular form cultures, the nitrogen removal load reached 2.34 ∼ 2.51 kg-N/(m3·d), which was also substantially higher than the bioreactor (∼1.22 kg-N/(m3·d)). Furthermore, studying the kinetics of nitrite inhibition of granular sludge with different particle sizes (100-900 μm) showed that the maximum ammonia load and the nitrite semi-saturation coefficient noticeably decreased for smaller particle sizes. These results illustrate the usefulness of the microfluidic method for in-depth understanding anammox process and its implementation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bing Li
- School of Energy and Environmental Engineering, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Siyuan Mao
- School of Energy and Environmental Engineering, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Chi Zhang
- School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Tiansi Xu
- School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Xueyan Ma
- School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Hai Lin
- School of Energy and Environmental Engineering, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Huabing Yin
- James Watt School of Engineering, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G12 8LT, UK.
| | - Yong Qiu
- School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China.
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3
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Lehnert T, Gijs MAM. Microfluidic systems for infectious disease diagnostics. LAB ON A CHIP 2024; 24:1441-1493. [PMID: 38372324 DOI: 10.1039/d4lc00117f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/20/2024]
Abstract
Microorganisms, encompassing both uni- and multicellular entities, exhibit remarkable diversity as omnipresent life forms in nature. They play a pivotal role by supplying essential components for sustaining biological processes across diverse ecosystems, including higher host organisms. The complex interactions within the human gut microbiota are crucial for metabolic functions, immune responses, and biochemical signalling, particularly through the gut-brain axis. Viruses also play important roles in biological processes, for example by increasing genetic diversity through horizontal gene transfer when replicating inside living cells. On the other hand, infection of the human body by microbiological agents may lead to severe physiological disorders and diseases. Infectious diseases pose a significant burden on global healthcare systems, characterized by substantial variations in the epidemiological landscape. Fast spreading antibiotic resistance or uncontrolled outbreaks of communicable diseases are major challenges at present. Furthermore, delivering field-proven point-of-care diagnostic tools to the most severely affected populations in low-resource settings is particularly important and challenging. New paradigms and technological approaches enabling rapid and informed disease management need to be implemented. In this respect, infectious disease diagnostics taking advantage of microfluidic systems combined with integrated biosensor-based pathogen detection offers a host of innovative and promising solutions. In this review, we aim to outline recent activities and progress in the development of microfluidic diagnostic tools. Our literature research mainly covers the last 5 years. We will follow a classification scheme based on the human body systems primarily involved at the clinical level or on specific pathogen transmission modes. Important diseases, such as tuberculosis and malaria, will be addressed more extensively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Lehnert
- Laboratory of Microsystems, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, Lausanne, CH-1015, Switzerland.
| | - Martin A M Gijs
- Laboratory of Microsystems, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, Lausanne, CH-1015, Switzerland.
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Mafla-Endara PM, Meklesh V, Beech JP, Ohlsson P, Pucetaite M, Hammer EC. Exposure to polystyrene nanoplastics reduces bacterial and fungal biomass in microfabricated soil models. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2023; 904:166503. [PMID: 37633381 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.166503] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2023] [Revised: 08/04/2023] [Accepted: 08/21/2023] [Indexed: 08/28/2023]
Abstract
Nanoplastics have been proven to induce toxicity in diverse organisms, yet their effect on soil microbes like bacteria and fungi remains largely unexplored. In this paper, we used micro-engineered soil models to investigate the effect of polystyrene (PS) nanospheres on Pseudomonas putida and Coprinopsis cinerea. Specifically, we explored the effects of increasing concentrations of 60 nm carboxylated bovine serum albumin (BSA) coated nanospheres (0, 0.5, 2, and 10 mg/L) on these bacterial and fungal model organisms respectively, over time. We found that both microorganisms could disperse through the PS solution, but long-distance dispersal was reduced by high concentrations. Microbial biomass decreased in all treatments, in which bacteria showed a linear dose response with the strongest effect at 10 mg/L concentration, and fungi showed a non-linear response with the strongest effect at 2 mg/L concentration. At the highest nanoplastics concentration, the first colonizing fungal hyphae adsorbed most of the PS nanospheres present in their vicinity, in a process that we termed the 'vacuum cleaner effect'. As a result, the toxicity effect of the original treatment on subsequently growing fungal hyphae was reduced to a growth level indistinguishable from the control. We did not find evidence that nanoplastics are able to penetrate bacterial nor fungal cell walls. Overall, our findings provide evidence that nanoplastics can cause a direct negative effect on soil microbes and highlight the need for further studies that can explain how the microbial stress response might affect soil functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paola M Mafla-Endara
- Centre for Environmental and Climate Science (CEC), Lund University, Lund, Sweden; Department of Biology, Lund University, Lund, Sweden.
| | - Viktoriia Meklesh
- Centre for Environmental and Climate Science (CEC), Lund University, Lund, Sweden; Physical Chemistry Division, Department of Chemistry, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Jason P Beech
- Division of Solid State Physics, Department of Physics and NanoLund, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Pelle Ohlsson
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering (LTH), Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | | | - Edith C Hammer
- Centre for Environmental and Climate Science (CEC), Lund University, Lund, Sweden; Department of Biology, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
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5
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Hasan MS, Sundberg C, Tolosa M, Andar A, Ge X, Kostov Y, Rao G. A novel, low-cost microfluidic device with an integrated filter for rapid, ultrasensitive, and high-throughput bioburden detection. Sci Rep 2023; 13:12084. [PMID: 37495652 PMCID: PMC10372024 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-38770-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2023] [Accepted: 07/14/2023] [Indexed: 07/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Rapid and accurate bioburden detection has become increasingly necessary for food, health, pharmaceutical and environmental applications. To detect bioburden accurately, and in a highly sensitive manner, we have fabricated a novel microfluidic device with an integrated filter to trap the cells. Bioburden is detected on the filter paper in situ using the redox reaction of fluorescent label resorufin and a portable multichannel fluorometer is used for fluorescence measurement. The microfluidic device was fabricated in a facile, low-cost, and rapid way with microwave-induced thermally assisted bonding. To characterize the bonding quality of the microfluidic cassettes, different tests were performed, and the filter paper material and size were optimized. Primary Bacillus subtilis culture bacterial samples were filtered through the device to validate and investigate the performance parameters. Our results show that a limit of detection (LOD) of 0.037 CFU/mL can be achieved through this microfluidic device whereas the LOD in a normal microfluidic cassette in the fluorometer and the golden standard spectrophotometer are 0.378 and 0.128 CFU/mL respectively. The results depict that three to ten times LOD improvement is possible through this microfluidic cassette and more sensitive detection is possible depending on the volume filtered within a rapid 3 min. This novel microfluidic device along with the fluorometer can be used as a rapid portable tool for highly sensitive, accurate and high-throughput bacterial detection for different applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Md Sadique Hasan
- Center for Advanced Sensor Technology, University of Maryland Baltimore County, Baltimore, MD, 21250, USA
- Department of Computer Science and Electrical Engineering, University of Maryland Baltimore County, Baltimore, MD, 21250, USA
| | - Chad Sundberg
- Center for Advanced Sensor Technology, University of Maryland Baltimore County, Baltimore, MD, 21250, USA
- Department of Chemical, Biochemical and Environmental Engineering, University of Maryland Baltimore County, Baltimore, MD, 21250, USA
| | - Michael Tolosa
- Center for Advanced Sensor Technology, University of Maryland Baltimore County, Baltimore, MD, 21250, USA
| | - Abhay Andar
- Champions Oncology Inc, 855 N Wolfe St, Baltimore, MD, 21205, USA
| | - Xudong Ge
- Center for Advanced Sensor Technology, University of Maryland Baltimore County, Baltimore, MD, 21250, USA
- Department of Chemical, Biochemical and Environmental Engineering, University of Maryland Baltimore County, Baltimore, MD, 21250, USA
| | - Yordan Kostov
- Center for Advanced Sensor Technology, University of Maryland Baltimore County, Baltimore, MD, 21250, USA
| | - Govind Rao
- Center for Advanced Sensor Technology, University of Maryland Baltimore County, Baltimore, MD, 21250, USA.
- Department of Chemical, Biochemical and Environmental Engineering, University of Maryland Baltimore County, Baltimore, MD, 21250, USA.
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6
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Arellano-Caicedo C, Ohlsson P, Bengtsson M, Beech JP, Hammer EC. Habitat complexity affects microbial growth in fractal maze. Curr Biol 2023; 33:1448-1458.e4. [PMID: 36933553 DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2023.02.064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2022] [Revised: 01/09/2023] [Accepted: 02/21/2023] [Indexed: 03/19/2023]
Abstract
The great variety of earth's microorganisms and their functions are attributed to the heterogeneity of their habitats, but our understanding of the impact of this heterogeneity on microbes is limited at the microscale. In this study, we tested how a gradient of spatial habitat complexity in the form of fractal mazes influenced the growth, substrate degradation, and interactions of the bacterial strain Pseudomonas putida and the fungal strain Coprinopsis cinerea. These strains responded in opposite ways: complex habitats strongly reduced fungal growth but, in contrast, increased the abundance of bacteria. Fungal hyphae did not reach far into the mazes and forced bacteria to grow in deeper regions. Bacterial substrate degradation strongly increased with habitat complexity, even more than bacterial biomass, up to an optimal depth, while the most remote parts of the mazes showed both decreased biomass and substrate degradation. These results suggest an increase in enzymatic activity in confined spaces, where areas may experience enhanced microbial activity and resource use efficiency. Very remote spaces showing a slower turnover of substrates illustrate a mechanism which may contribute to the long-term storage of organic matter in soils. We demonstrate here that the sole effect of spatial microstructures affects microbial growth and substrate degradation, leading to differences in local microscale spatial availability. These differences might add up to considerable changes in nutrient cycling at the macroscale, such as contributing to soil organic carbon storage.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Pelle Ohlsson
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Lund University, Ole Römers väg 3, 223 63 Lund, Sweden
| | - Martin Bengtsson
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Lund University, Ole Römers väg 3, 223 63 Lund, Sweden
| | - Jason P Beech
- Division of Solid State Physics, Lund University, Sölvegatan 16, 223 63 Lund, Sweden
| | - Edith C Hammer
- Department of Biology, Lund University, Sölvegatan 35, 223 62 Lund, Sweden; Centre for Environmental and Climate Science, CEC, Lund University, Sölvegatan 37, 223 62 Lund, Sweden
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7
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Jeong Y, Irudayaraj J. Hierarchical encapsulation of bacteria in functional hydrogel beads for inter- and intra- species communication. Acta Biomater 2023; 158:203-215. [PMID: 36632875 DOI: 10.1016/j.actbio.2023.01.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2022] [Revised: 12/17/2022] [Accepted: 01/03/2023] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
To sequester prokaryotic cells in a biofilm-like niche, the creation of a pertinent and reliable microenvironment that reflects the heterogeneous nature of biological systems is vital for sustenance. Design of a microenvironment that is conducive for growth and survival of organisms, should account for factors such as mass transport, porosity, stability, elasticity, size, functionality, and biochemical characteristics of the organisms in the confined architecture. In this work we present an artificial long-term confinement model fabricated by natural alginate hydrogels that are structurally stable and can host organisms for over 10 days in physiologically relevant conditions. A unique feature of the confinement platform is the development of stratified habitats wherein bacterial cells can be entrapped in the core as well as in the shell layers, wherein the thickness and the number of shell layers are tunable at fabrication. We show that the hydrogel microenvironment in the beads can host complex subpopulations of organisms similar to that in a biofilm. Dynamic interaction of bacterial colonies encapsulated in different beads or within the core and stratified layers of single beads was demonstrated to show intra- species communication. Inter- species communication between probiotic bacteria and human colorectal carcinoma cells was also demonstrated to highlight a possible bidirectional communication between the organisms in the beads and the environment. STATEMENT OF SIGNIFICANCE: Bacteria confinement in a natural soft hydrogel structure has always been a challenge due to the collapse of hydrogel architectures. Alternative methods have been attempted to encapsulate microorganisms by employing various processes to avoid/minimize rupturing of hydrogel structures. However, most of the past approaches have been unfavorable in balancing cell proliferation and functionality upon confinement. Our study addresses the fundamental gap in knowledge necessary to create favorable and complex 3D biofilm mimics utilizing natural hydrogel for microbial colonization for long-term studies. Our approach represents a cornerstone in the development of 3D functional architectures not only to advance studies in microbial communication, host-microbe interaction but also to address basic and fundamental questions in biology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoon Jeong
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, USA; Cancer Center at Illinois, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, USA; Biomedical Research Center, Mills Breast Cancer Institute, Carle Foundation Hospital, Urbana, IL, USA
| | - Joseph Irudayaraj
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, USA; Cancer Center at Illinois, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, USA; Carle R. Woese Institute for Genomic Biology, Beckman Institute, Holonyak Micro and Nanotechnology Laboratory, Urbana, IL, USA; Biomedical Research Center, Mills Breast Cancer Institute, Carle Foundation Hospital, Urbana, IL, USA.
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8
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Ramos G, Toulouze C, Rima M, Liot O, Duru P, Davit Y. Ultraviolet control of bacterial biofilms in microfluidic chips. BIOMICROFLUIDICS 2023; 17:024107. [PMID: 37124629 PMCID: PMC10132849 DOI: 10.1063/5.0135722] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2022] [Accepted: 04/04/2023] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) microfluidic systems have been instrumental in better understanding couplings between physical mechanisms and bacterial biofilm processes, such as hydrodynamic effects. However, precise control of the growth conditions, for example, the initial distribution of cells on the substrate or the boundary conditions in a flow system, has remained challenging. Furthermore, undesired bacterial colonization in crucial parts of the systems, in particular, in mixing zones or tubing, is an important factor that strongly limits the duration of the experiments and, therefore, impedes our ability to study the biophysics of biofilm evolving over long periods of time, as found in the environment, in engineering, or in medicine. Here, we develop a new approach that uses ultraviolet-C (UV-C) light-emitting diodes (LEDs) to confine bacterial development to specific zones of interest in the flow channels. The LEDs are integrated into a 3D printed light guide that is positioned upon the chip and used to irradiate germicidal UV-C directly through the PDMS. We first demonstrate that this system is successful in controlling undesired growth of Pseudomonas aeruginosa biofilm in inlet and outlet mixing zones during 48 h. We further illustrate how this can be used to define the initial distribution of bacteria to perturb already formed biofilms during an experiment and to control colonization for seven days-and possibly longer periods of time-therefore opening the way toward long-term biofilm experiments in microfluidic devices. Our approach is easily generalizable to existing devices at low cost and may, thus, become a standard in biofilm experiments in PDMS microfluidics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriel Ramos
- Institut de Mécanique des Fluides (IMFT), CNRS and Université de Toulouse, 31400 Toulouse, France
| | - Clara Toulouze
- Institut de Mécanique des Fluides (IMFT), CNRS and Université de Toulouse, 31400 Toulouse, France
| | - Maya Rima
- Laboratoire de Génie Chimique (LGC), Université de Toulouse, CNRS, INPT, UPS, 31062 Toulouse, France
| | - Olivier Liot
- Institut de Mécanique des Fluides (IMFT), CNRS and Université de Toulouse, 31400 Toulouse, France
| | - Paul Duru
- Institut de Mécanique des Fluides (IMFT), CNRS and Université de Toulouse, 31400 Toulouse, France
| | - Yohan Davit
- Institut de Mécanique des Fluides (IMFT), CNRS and Université de Toulouse, 31400 Toulouse, France
- Author to whom correspondence should be addressed:
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9
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Chai Z, Childress A, Busnaina AA. Directed Assembly of Nanomaterials for Making Nanoscale Devices and Structures: Mechanisms and Applications. ACS NANO 2022; 16:17641-17686. [PMID: 36269234 PMCID: PMC9706815 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.2c07910] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2022] [Accepted: 10/06/2022] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
Nanofabrication has been utilized to manufacture one-, two-, and three-dimensional functional nanostructures for applications such as electronics, sensors, and photonic devices. Although conventional silicon-based nanofabrication (top-down approach) has developed into a technique with extremely high precision and integration density, nanofabrication based on directed assembly (bottom-up approach) is attracting more interest recently owing to its low cost and the advantages of additive manufacturing. Directed assembly is a process that utilizes external fields to directly interact with nanoelements (nanoparticles, 2D nanomaterials, nanotubes, nanowires, etc.) and drive the nanoelements to site-selectively assemble in patterned areas on substrates to form functional structures. Directed assembly processes can be divided into four different categories depending on the external fields: electric field-directed assembly, fluidic flow-directed assembly, magnetic field-directed assembly, and optical field-directed assembly. In this review, we summarize recent progress utilizing these four processes and address how these directed assembly processes harness the external fields, the underlying mechanism of how the external fields interact with the nanoelements, and the advantages and drawbacks of utilizing each method. Finally, we discuss applications made using directed assembly and provide a perspective on the future developments and challenges.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhimin Chai
- State
Key Laboratory of Tribology in Advanced Equipment, Tsinghua University, Beijing100084, China
- NSF
Nanoscale Science and Engineering Center for High-Rate Nanomanufacturing
(CHN), Northeastern University, Boston, Massachusetts02115, United States
| | - Anthony Childress
- NSF
Nanoscale Science and Engineering Center for High-Rate Nanomanufacturing
(CHN), Northeastern University, Boston, Massachusetts02115, United States
| | - Ahmed A. Busnaina
- NSF
Nanoscale Science and Engineering Center for High-Rate Nanomanufacturing
(CHN), Northeastern University, Boston, Massachusetts02115, United States
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10
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Binsley JL, Pagliara S, Ogrin FY. Numerical investigation of flexible Purcell-like integrated microfluidic pumps. JOURNAL OF APPLIED PHYSICS 2022; 132:164701. [PMID: 36313737 PMCID: PMC9605776 DOI: 10.1063/5.0109263] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2022] [Accepted: 09/20/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Integrating miniature pumps within microfluidic devices is crucial for advancing point-of-care diagnostics. Understanding the emergence of flow from novel integrated pumping systems is the first step in their successful implementation. A Purcell-like elasto-magnetic integrated microfluidic pump has been simulated in COMSOL Multiphysics and its performance has been investigated and evaluated. An elastic, cilia-like element contains an embedded magnet, which allows for actuation via a weak, uniaxial, sinusoidally oscillating, external magnetic field. Pumping performance is correlated against a number of variables, such as the frequency of the driving field and the proximity of the pump to the channel walls, in order to understand the emergence of the pumping behavior. Crucially, these simulations capture many of the trends observed experimentally and shed light on the key interactions. The proximity of the channel walls in the in-plane direction strongly determines the direction of net fluid flow. This characterization has important implications for the design and optimization of this pump in practical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacob L. Binsley
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Exeter, Exeter EX4 4QL, United Kingdom
| | - Stefano Pagliara
- Living Systems Institute and Biosciences, University of Exeter, Exeter EX4 4QD, United Kingdom
| | - Feodor Y. Ogrin
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Exeter, Exeter EX4 4QL, United Kingdom
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11
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Halsted MC, Bible AN, Morrell-Falvey JL, Retterer ST. Quantifying biofilm propagation on chemically modified surfaces. Biofilm 2022; 4:100088. [PMID: 36303845 PMCID: PMC9594113 DOI: 10.1016/j.bioflm.2022.100088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2022] [Revised: 09/26/2022] [Accepted: 10/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/07/2022] Open
Abstract
Conditions affecting biofilm formation differ among bacterial species and this presents a challenge to studying biofilms in the lab. This work leverages functionalized silanes to control surface chemistry in the study of early biofilm propagation, quantified with a semi-automated image processing algorithm. These methods support the study of Pantoea sp. YR343, a gram-negative bacterium isolated from the poplar rhizosphere. We found that Pantoea sp. YR343 does not readily attach to hydrophilic surfaces but will form biofilms with a “honeycomb” morphology on hydrophobic surfaces. Our image processing algorithm described here quantified the evolution of the honeycomb morphology over time, and found the propagation to display a logarithmic behavior. This methodology was repeated with a flagella-deficient fliR mutant of Pantoea sp. YR343 which resulted in reduced surface attachment. Quantifiable differences between Pantoea WT and ΔfliR biofilm morphologies were captured by the image processing algorithm, further demonstrating the insight gained from these methods.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Amber N. Bible
- Biosciences Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN, USA
| | | | - Scott T. Retterer
- Biosciences Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN, USA,Center for Nanophase Materials Sciences, Oak Ridge, TN, USA,Corresponding author. Center for Nanophase Materials Sciences, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN, USA.
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12
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Allard P, Papazotos F, Potvin-Trottier L. Microfluidics for long-term single-cell time-lapse microscopy: Advances and applications. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2022; 10:968342. [PMID: 36312536 PMCID: PMC9597311 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2022.968342] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2022] [Accepted: 09/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Cells are inherently dynamic, whether they are responding to environmental conditions or simply at equilibrium, with biomolecules constantly being made and destroyed. Due to their small volumes, the chemical reactions inside cells are stochastic, such that genetically identical cells display heterogeneous behaviors and gene expression profiles. Studying these dynamic processes is challenging, but the development of microfluidic methods enabling the tracking of individual prokaryotic cells with microscopy over long time periods under controlled growth conditions has led to many discoveries. This review focuses on the recent developments of one such microfluidic device nicknamed the mother machine. We overview the original device design, experimental setup, and challenges associated with this platform. We then describe recent methods for analyzing experiments using automated image segmentation and tracking. We further discuss modifications to the experimental setup that allow for time-varying environmental control, replicating batch culture conditions, cell screening based on their dynamic behaviors, and to accommodate a variety of microbial species. Finally, this review highlights the discoveries enabled by this technology in diverse fields, such as cell-size control, genetic mutations, cellular aging, and synthetic biology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paige Allard
- Department of Biology, Concordia University, Montréal, QC, Canada
| | - Fotini Papazotos
- Department of Biology, Concordia University, Montréal, QC, Canada
| | - Laurent Potvin-Trottier
- Department of Biology, Concordia University, Montréal, QC, Canada
- Department of Physics, Concordia University, Montréal, QC, Canada
- Centre for Applied Synthetic Biology, Concordia University, Montréal, QC, Canada
- *Correspondence: Laurent Potvin-Trottier,
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13
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Liu X, Inda ME, Lai Y, Lu TK, Zhao X. Engineered Living Hydrogels. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2022; 34:e2201326. [PMID: 35243704 PMCID: PMC9250645 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202201326] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2022] [Revised: 03/01/2022] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Living biological systems, ranging from single cells to whole organisms, can sense, process information, and actuate in response to changing environmental conditions. Inspired by living biological systems, engineered living cells and nonliving matrices are brought together, which gives rise to the technology of engineered living materials. By designing the functionalities of living cells and the structures of nonliving matrices, engineered living materials can be created to detect variability in the surrounding environment and to adjust their functions accordingly, thereby enabling applications in health monitoring, disease treatment, and environmental remediation. Hydrogels, a class of soft, wet, and biocompatible materials, have been widely used as matrices for engineered living cells, leading to the nascent field of engineered living hydrogels. Here, the interactions between hydrogel matrices and engineered living cells are described, focusing on how hydrogels influence cell behaviors and how cells affect hydrogel properties. The interactions between engineered living hydrogels and their environments, and how these interactions enable versatile applications, are also discussed. Finally, current challenges facing the field of engineered living hydrogels for their applications in clinical and environmental settings are highlighted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinyue Liu
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA
| | - Maria Eugenia Inda
- Synthetic Biology Group, Research Laboratory of Electronics, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA
- Department of Biological Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA
| | - Yong Lai
- Synthetic Biology Group, Research Laboratory of Electronics, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA
- Department of Biological Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA
| | - Timothy K Lu
- Synthetic Biology Group, Research Laboratory of Electronics, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA
- Department of Biological Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA
| | - Xuanhe Zhao
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA
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14
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Tang PC, Eriksson O, Sjögren J, Fatsis-Kavalopoulos N, Kreuger J, Andersson DI. A Microfluidic Chip for Studies of the Dynamics of Antibiotic Resistance Selection in Bacterial Biofilms. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2022; 12:896149. [PMID: 35619647 PMCID: PMC9128571 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2022.896149] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2022] [Accepted: 04/05/2022] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Biofilms are arguably the most important mode of growth of bacteria, but how antibiotic resistance emerges and is selected in biofilms remains poorly understood. Several models to study evolution of antibiotic resistance have been developed, however, their usability varies depending on the nature of the biological question. Here, we developed and validated a microfluidic chip (Brimor) for studying the dynamics of enrichment of antibiotic-resistant bacteria in biofilms using real-time monitoring with confocal microscopy. In situ extracellular cellulose staining and physical disruption of the biomass confirmed Escherichia coli growth as biofilms in the chip. We showed that seven generations of growth occur in 16 h when biofilms were established in the growth chambers of Brimor, and that bacterial death and growth rates could be estimated under these conditions using a plasmid with a conditional replication origin. Additionally, competition experiments between antibiotic-susceptible and -resistant bacteria at sub-inhibitory concentrations demonstrated that the antibiotic ciprofloxacin selected for antibiotic resistance in bacterial biofilms at concentrations 17-fold below the minimal inhibitory concentration of susceptible planktonic bacteria. Overall, the microfluidic chip is easy to use and a relevant model for studying the dynamics of selection of antibiotic resistance in bacterial biofilms and we anticipate that the Brimor chip will facilitate basic research in this area.
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Affiliation(s)
- Po-Cheng Tang
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Microbiology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Olle Eriksson
- U-Print, Uppsala University 3D-Printing Facility, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | | | | | - Johan Kreuger
- Department of Medical Cell Biology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
- *Correspondence: Dan I. Andersson, ; Johan Kreuger,
| | - Dan I. Andersson
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Microbiology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
- *Correspondence: Dan I. Andersson, ; Johan Kreuger,
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15
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Tsai HF, Carlson DW, Koldaeva A, Pigolotti S, Shen AQ. Optimization and Fabrication of Multi-Level Microchannels for Long-Term Imaging of Bacterial Growth and Expansion. MICROMACHINES 2022; 13:mi13040576. [PMID: 35457881 PMCID: PMC9028424 DOI: 10.3390/mi13040576] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2022] [Revised: 04/04/2022] [Accepted: 04/05/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
Bacteria are unicellular organisms whose length is usually around a few micrometers. Advances in microfabrication techniques have enabled the design and implementation of microdevices to confine and observe bacterial colony growth. Microstructures hosting the bacteria and microchannels for nutrient perfusion usually require separate microfabrication procedures due to different feature size requirements. This fact increases the complexity of device integration and assembly process. Furthermore, long-term imaging of bacterial dynamics over tens of hours requires stability in the microscope focusing mechanism to ensure less than one-micron drift in the focal axis. In this work, we design and fabricate an integrated multi-level, hydrodynamically-optimized microfluidic chip to study long-term Escherichia coli population dynamics in confined microchannels. Reliable long-term microscopy imaging and analysis has been limited by focus drifting and ghost effect, probably caused by the shear viscosity changes of aging microscopy immersion oil. By selecting a microscopy immersion oil with the most stable viscosity, we demonstrate successful captures of focally stable time-lapse bacterial images for ≥72 h. Our fabrication and imaging methodology should be applicable to other single-cell studies requiring long-term imaging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hsieh-Fu Tsai
- Micro/Bio/Nanofluidics Unit, Okinawa Institute of Science and Technology Graduate University, Onna-son, Okinawa 904-0495, Japan;
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan 333, Taiwan
- Correspondence: (H.-F.T.); (A.Q.S.); Tel.: +886-3-2118800 (ext. 3079) (H.-F.T.)
| | - Daniel W. Carlson
- Micro/Bio/Nanofluidics Unit, Okinawa Institute of Science and Technology Graduate University, Onna-son, Okinawa 904-0495, Japan;
| | - Anzhelika Koldaeva
- Biological Complexity Unit, Okinawa Institute of Science and Technology Graduate University, Onna-son, Okinawa 904-0495, Japan; (A.K.); (S.P.)
| | - Simone Pigolotti
- Biological Complexity Unit, Okinawa Institute of Science and Technology Graduate University, Onna-son, Okinawa 904-0495, Japan; (A.K.); (S.P.)
| | - Amy Q. Shen
- Micro/Bio/Nanofluidics Unit, Okinawa Institute of Science and Technology Graduate University, Onna-son, Okinawa 904-0495, Japan;
- Correspondence: (H.-F.T.); (A.Q.S.); Tel.: +886-3-2118800 (ext. 3079) (H.-F.T.)
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16
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Zhu X, Wang K, Yan H, Liu C, Zhu X, Chen B. Microfluidics as an Emerging Platform for Exploring Soil Environmental Processes: A Critical Review. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2022; 56:711-731. [PMID: 34985862 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.1c03899] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Investigating environmental processes, especially those occurring in soils, calls for innovative and multidisciplinary technologies that can provide insights at the microscale. The heterogeneity, opacity, and dynamics make the soil a "black box" where interactions and processes are elusive. Recently, microfluidics has emerged as a powerful research platform and experimental tool which can create artificial soil micromodels, enabling exploring soil processes on a chip. Micro/nanofabricated microfluidic devices can mimic some of the key features of soil with highly controlled physical and chemical microenvironments at the scale of pores, aggregates, and microbes. The combination of various techniques makes microfluidics an integrated approach for observation, reaction, analysis, and characterization. In this review, we systematically summarize the emerging applications of microfluidic soil platforms, from investigating soil interfacial processes and soil microbial processes to soil analysis and high-throughput screening. We highlight how innovative microfluidic devices are used to provide new insights into soil processes, mechanisms, and effects at the microscale, which contribute to an integrated interrogation of the soil systems across different scales. Critical discussions of the practical limitations of microfluidic soil platforms and perspectives of future research directions are summarized. We envisage that microfluidics will represent the technological advances toward microscopic, controllable, and in situ soil research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiangyu Zhu
- Department of Environmental Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310058, China
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Organic Pollution Process and Control, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310058, China
| | - Kun Wang
- Department of Environmental Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310058, China
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Organic Pollution Process and Control, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310058, China
| | - Huicong Yan
- Department of Environmental Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310058, China
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Organic Pollution Process and Control, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310058, China
| | - Congcong Liu
- Department of Environmental Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310058, China
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Organic Pollution Process and Control, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310058, China
| | - Xiaoying Zhu
- Department of Environmental Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310058, China
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Organic Pollution Process and Control, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310058, China
| | - Baoliang Chen
- Department of Environmental Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310058, China
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Organic Pollution Process and Control, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310058, China
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17
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Sun N, Jiang F, Zhang L, Feng G. Hyphal exudates of an arbuscular mycorrhizal fungus<italic>Rhizophagus irregularis</italic> induce phosphate-solubilizingbacterium <italic>Rahnella aquatilis</italic> to swim towards its hyphae. CHINESE SCIENCE BULLETIN-CHINESE 2021. [DOI: 10.1360/tb-2021-0579] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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18
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Eqbal MD, Naaz F, Sharma K, Gundabala V. Microfluidics-based generation of cell encapsulated microbeads in the presence of electric fields and spatio-temporal viability studies. Colloids Surf B Biointerfaces 2021; 208:112065. [PMID: 34478958 DOI: 10.1016/j.colsurfb.2021.112065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2021] [Revised: 08/15/2021] [Accepted: 08/22/2021] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Microfluidics based techniques for generation of cell-laden microbeads are emerging as an attractive route to 3D cell encapsulation due to the precise control provided by microfluidics. However, existing microfluidics based cell encapsulation methods are restricted to 2D planar devices and use of passive methods for droplet generation. In this work, we report the development of a 3D glass-PDMS (polydimethylsiloxane) hybrid device for complete on-chip generation of cell-laden alginate beads in the presence of electric fields. The 3D hybrid device allows application of electric fields for active control of droplet (sodium alginate) size without the need for electrode patterning or liquid electrodes. Chemical gelation is achieved through on-chip coalescence of sodium alginate droplets and calcium chloride plugs, generated using coflow and T-junction geometries respectively. Using this approach, we successfully encapsulate E. coli cells (with viability ∼90 %) into alginate microbeads and perform comprehensive spatio-temporal growth and viability studies. The active control of droplet size coupled with complete on-chip gelation demonstrated here is a promising technology for cell encapsulation with applications such as cell therapy, organ repair, biocatalysis, and microbial fuel cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Md Danish Eqbal
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology (IIT) Bombay, Powai, Mumbai, 400076, India
| | - Farha Naaz
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology (IIT) Bombay, Powai, Mumbai, 400076, India
| | - Kajal Sharma
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology (IIT) Bombay, Powai, Mumbai, 400076, India
| | - Venkat Gundabala
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology (IIT) Bombay, Powai, Mumbai, 400076, India.
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19
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Zhao T, Qiao K, Wang L, Zhang W, Meng W, Liu F, Gao X, Zhu J. Isolation and characterization of a strain with high microbial attachment in aerobic granular sludge. J Environ Sci (China) 2021; 106:194-203. [PMID: 34210435 DOI: 10.1016/j.jes.2021.01.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2020] [Revised: 01/17/2021] [Accepted: 01/18/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Aerobic granule is a special microbial aggregate associated with biofilm structure. The formation of aerobic granular sludge is primarily depending on its bacterial community and relevant microbiological properties. In this experiment, a strain with high microbial attachment was isolated from aerobic granular sludge, and the detailed characteristics were examined. Its high attachment ability could reach 2.34 (OD600nm), while other low attachment values were only around 0.06-0.32, which indicated a big variation among the different bacteria. The strain exhibited a very special morphology with many fibric fingers under SEM observation. A distinctive behaviour was to form a spherical particle by themselves, which would be very beneficial for the formation and development of granular sludge. The EPS measurement showed that its PN content was higher than low attachment bacteria, and 3D-EEM confirmed that there were some different components. Based on the 16S rRNA analysis, it was identified to mostly belong to Stenotrophomonas. Its augmentation to particle sludge cultivation demonstrated that the strain could significantly promote the formation of aerobic granule. Conclusively, it was strongly suggested that it might be used as a good and potential model strain or chassis organism for the aerobic granular sludge formation and development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tingting Zhao
- School of Environment, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China; R & D Centre of Aerobic Granule Technology, Beijing 100875, China
| | - Kai Qiao
- School of Environment, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China; State Key Laboratory of Water Simulation, Beijing 100875, China
| | - Lei Wang
- School of Environment, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China; R & D Centre of Aerobic Granule Technology, Beijing 100875, China
| | - Wei Zhang
- School of Environment, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China
| | - Wei Meng
- School of Environment, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China
| | - Fan Liu
- School of Environment, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China
| | - Xu Gao
- School of Environment, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China; State Key Laboratory of Water Simulation, Beijing 100875, China
| | - Jianrong Zhu
- School of Environment, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China; R & D Centre of Aerobic Granule Technology, Beijing 100875, China.
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20
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Mafla-Endara PM, Arellano-Caicedo C, Aleklett K, Pucetaite M, Ohlsson P, Hammer EC. Microfluidic chips provide visual access to in situ soil ecology. Commun Biol 2021; 4:889. [PMID: 34285323 PMCID: PMC8292388 DOI: 10.1038/s42003-021-02379-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2019] [Accepted: 06/21/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Microbes govern most soil functions, but investigation of these processes at the scale of their cells has been difficult to accomplish. Here we incubate microfabricated, transparent 'soil chips' with soil, or bury them directly in the field. Both soil microbes and minerals enter the chips, which enables us to investigate diverse community interdependences, such as inter-kingdom and food-web interactions, and feedbacks between microbes and the pore space microstructures. The presence of hyphae ('fungal highways') strongly and frequently increases the dispersal range and abundance of water-dwelling organisms such as bacteria and protists across air pockets. Physical forces such as water movements, but also organisms and especially fungi form new microhabitats by altering the pore space architecture and distribution of soil minerals in the chip. We show that soil chips hold a large potential for studying in-situ microbial interactions and soil functions, and to interconnect field microbial ecology with laboratory experiments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paola Micaela Mafla-Endara
- grid.4514.40000 0001 0930 2361Department of Biology, Lund University, Lund, Sweden ,grid.4514.40000 0001 0930 2361Centre for Environmental and Climate Science, CEC, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | | | - Kristin Aleklett
- grid.4514.40000 0001 0930 2361Department of Biology, Lund University, Lund, Sweden ,grid.6341.00000 0000 8578 2742Department of Plant Protection Biology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Alnarp, Sweden
| | - Milda Pucetaite
- grid.4514.40000 0001 0930 2361Department of Biology, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Pelle Ohlsson
- grid.4514.40000 0001 0930 2361Department of Biomedical Engineering, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Edith C. Hammer
- grid.4514.40000 0001 0930 2361Department of Biology, Lund University, Lund, Sweden ,grid.4514.40000 0001 0930 2361Centre for Environmental and Climate Science, CEC, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
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21
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Molinaro C, Da Cunha V, Gorlas A, Iv F, Gallais L, Catchpole R, Forterre P, Baffou G. Are bacteria claustrophobic? The problem of micrometric spatial confinement for the culturing of micro-organisms. RSC Adv 2021; 11:12500-12506. [PMID: 35423787 PMCID: PMC8697133 DOI: 10.1039/d1ra00184a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2021] [Accepted: 03/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Culturing cells confined in microscale geometries has been reported in many studies this last decade, in particular following the development of microfluidic-based applications and lab-on-a-chip devices. Such studies usually examine growth of Escherichia coli. In this article, we show that E. coli may be a poor model and that spatial confinement can severely prevent the growth of many micro-organisms. By studying different bacteria and confinement geometries, we determine that the growth inhibition observed for some bacteria results from fast dioxygen depletion, inherent to spatial confinement, and not to any depletion of nutriments. This article unravels the physical origin of confinement problems in cell culture, highlighting the importance of oxygen depletion, and paves the way for the effective culturing of bacteria in confined geometries by demonstrating enhanced cell growth in confined geometries in the proximity of air bubbles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Céline Molinaro
- Institut Fresnel, CNRS, Aix Marseille University, Centrale Marseille Marseille France
| | - Violette Da Cunha
- Université Paris-Saclay, CEA, CNRS, Institute for Integrative Biology of the Cell (I2BC) 91198 Gif-sur-Yvette France
| | - Aurore Gorlas
- Université Paris-Saclay, CEA, CNRS, Institute for Integrative Biology of the Cell (I2BC) 91198 Gif-sur-Yvette France
| | - François Iv
- Institut Fresnel, CNRS, Aix Marseille University, Centrale Marseille Marseille France
| | - Laurent Gallais
- Institut Fresnel, CNRS, Aix Marseille University, Centrale Marseille Marseille France
| | - Ryan Catchpole
- Université Paris-Saclay, CEA, CNRS, Institute for Integrative Biology of the Cell (I2BC) 91198 Gif-sur-Yvette France
| | - Patrick Forterre
- Université Paris-Saclay, CEA, CNRS, Institute for Integrative Biology of the Cell (I2BC) 91198 Gif-sur-Yvette France
| | - Guillaume Baffou
- Institut Fresnel, CNRS, Aix Marseille University, Centrale Marseille Marseille France
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22
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Huang W, Luo S, Yang D, Zhang S. Applications of smartphone-based near-infrared (NIR) imaging, measurement, and spectroscopy technologies to point-of-care (POC) diagnostics. J Zhejiang Univ Sci B 2021; 22:171-189. [PMID: 33719223 DOI: 10.1631/jzus.b2000388] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
The role of point-of-care (POC) diagnostics is important in public health. With the support of smartphones, POC diagnostic technologies can be greatly improved. This opportunity has arisen from not only the large number and fast spread of cell-phones across the world but also their improved imaging/diagnostic functions. As a tool, the smartphone is regarded as part of a compact, portable, and low-cost system for real-time POC, even in areas with few resources. By combining near-infrared (NIR) imaging, measurement, and spectroscopy techniques, pathogens can be detected with high sensitivity. The whole process is rapid, accurate, and low-cost, and will set the future trend for POC diagnostics. In this review, the development of smartphone-based NIR fluorescent imaging technology was described, and the quality and potential of POC applications were discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenjing Huang
- Ningbo Research Institute, Zhejiang University, Ningbo 315100, China.,Department of Bioengineering, School of Engineering, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo 113-8656, Japan
| | - Shenglin Luo
- Institute of Combined Injury, State Key Laboratory of Trauma, Burn and Combined Injury, College of Preventive Medicine, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing 400038, China.,Athinoula A. Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Charlestown 02129, USA
| | - Dong Yang
- Division of Biomedical Engineering, Renal Division, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Cambridge 02139, USA
| | - Sheng Zhang
- Ningbo Research Institute, Zhejiang University, Ningbo 315100, China. .,State Key Laboratory of Fluid Power and Mechatronic Systems, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China.
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23
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Zoheir AE, Späth GP, Niemeyer CM, Rabe KS. Microfluidic Evolution-On-A-Chip Reveals New Mutations that Cause Antibiotic Resistance. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2021; 17:e2007166. [PMID: 33458946 DOI: 10.1002/smll.202007166] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2020] [Revised: 12/22/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Microfluidic devices can mimic naturally occurring microenvironments and create microbial population heterogeneities ranging from planktonic cells to biofilm states. The exposure of such populations to spatially organized stress gradients can promote their adaptation into complex phenotypes, which are otherwise difficult to achieve with conventional experimental setups. Here a microfluidic chip that employs precise chemical gradients in consecutive microcompartments to perform microbial adaptive laboratory evolution (ALE), a key tool to study evolution in fundamental and applied contexts is described. In the chip developed here, microbial cells can be exposed to a defined profile of stressors such as antibiotics. By modulating this profile, stress adaptation in the chip through resistance or persistence can be specifically controlled. Importantly, chip-based ALE leads to the discovery of previously unknown mutations in Escherichia coli that confer resistance to nalidixic acid. The microfluidic device presented here can enhance the occurrence of mutations employing defined micro-environmental conditions to generate data to better understand the parameters that influence the mechanisms of antibiotic resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahmed E Zoheir
- Institute for Biological Interfaces 1 (IBG-1), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Hermann-von-Helmholtz-Platz 1, Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, 76344, Germany
- Department of Genetics and Cytology, National Research Centre (NRC), 33 El Buhouth St., Cairo, 12622, Egypt
| | - Georg P Späth
- Institute for Biological Interfaces 1 (IBG-1), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Hermann-von-Helmholtz-Platz 1, Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, 76344, Germany
| | - Christof M Niemeyer
- Institute for Biological Interfaces 1 (IBG-1), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Hermann-von-Helmholtz-Platz 1, Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, 76344, Germany
| | - Kersten S Rabe
- Institute for Biological Interfaces 1 (IBG-1), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Hermann-von-Helmholtz-Platz 1, Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, 76344, Germany
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24
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Gimeno A, Stanley CE, Ngamenie Z, Hsung MH, Walder F, Schmieder SS, Bindschedler S, Junier P, Keller B, Vogelgsang S. A versatile microfluidic platform measures hyphal interactions between Fusarium graminearum and Clonostachys rosea in real-time. Commun Biol 2021; 4:262. [PMID: 33637874 PMCID: PMC7910300 DOI: 10.1038/s42003-021-01767-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2020] [Accepted: 01/29/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Routinely, fungal-fungal interactions (FFI) are studied on agar surfaces. However, this format restricts high-resolution dynamic imaging. To gain experimental access to FFI at the hyphal level in real-time, we developed a microfluidic platform, a FFI device. This device utilises microchannel geometry to enhance the visibility of hyphal growth and provides control channels to allow comparisons between localised and systemic effects. We demonstrate its function by investigating the FFI between the biological control agent (BCA) Clonostachys rosea and the plant pathogen Fusarium graminearum. Microscope image analyses confirm the inhibitory effect of the necrotrophic BCA and we show that a loss of fluorescence in parasitised hyphae of GFP-tagged F. graminearum coincides with the detection of GFP in mycelium of C. rosea. The versatility of our device to operate under both water-saturated and nutrient-rich as well as dry and nutrient-deficient conditions, coupled with its spatio-temporal output, opens new opportunities to study relationships between fungi.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alejandro Gimeno
- Ecological Plant Protection in Arable Crops, Plant Protection, Agroscope, Zurich, Switzerland
- Molecular Plant Biology and Phytopathology, Department of Plant and Microbial Biology, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Claire E Stanley
- Institute for Chemical and Bioengineering, ETH Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland.
- Plant-Soil Interactions, Agroecology and Environment Research Division, Agroscope, Zurich, Switzerland.
- Department of Bioengineering, Imperial College London, London, UK.
| | - Zacharie Ngamenie
- Ecological Plant Protection in Arable Crops, Plant Protection, Agroscope, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Ming-Hui Hsung
- Plant-Soil Interactions, Agroecology and Environment Research Division, Agroscope, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Florian Walder
- Plant-Soil Interactions, Agroecology and Environment Research Division, Agroscope, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Stefanie S Schmieder
- Institute of Microbiology, Department of Biology, ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
- Division of Gastroenterology, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | | | - Pilar Junier
- Laboratory of Microbiology, University of Neuchâtel, Neuchâtel, Switzerland
| | - Beat Keller
- Molecular Plant Biology and Phytopathology, Department of Plant and Microbial Biology, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Susanne Vogelgsang
- Ecological Plant Protection in Arable Crops, Plant Protection, Agroscope, Zurich, Switzerland.
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25
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Kartanas T, Levin A, Toprakcioglu Z, Scheidt T, Hakala TA, Charmet J, Knowles TPJ. Label-Free Protein Analysis Using Liquid Chromatography with Gravimetric Detection. Anal Chem 2021; 93:2848-2853. [PMID: 33507064 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.0c04149] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The detection and analysis of proteins in a label-free manner under native solution conditions is an increasingly important objective in analytical bioscience platform development. Common approaches to detect native proteins in solution often require specific labels to enhance sensitivity. Dry mass sensing approaches, by contrast, using mechanical resonators, can operate in a label-free manner and offer attractive sensitivity. However, such approaches typically suffer from a lack of analyte selectivity as the interface between standard protein separation techniques and micro-resonator platforms is often constrained by qualitative mechanical sensor performance in the liquid phase. Here, we describe a strategy that overcomes this limitation by coupling liquid chromatography with a quartz crystal microbalance (QCM) platform by using a microfluidic spray dryer. We explore a strategy which allows first to separate a protein mixture in a physiological buffer solution using size exclusion chromatography, permitting specific protein fractions to be selected, desalted, and subsequently spray-dried onto the QCM for absolute mass analysis. By establishing a continuous flow interface between the chromatography column and the spray device via a flow splitter, simultaneous protein mass detection and sample fractionation is achieved, with sensitivity down to a 100 μg/mL limit of detection. This approach for quantitative label-free protein mixture analysis offers the potential for detection of protein species under physiological conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tadas Kartanas
- Centre for Misfolding Diseases, Yusuf Hamied Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Lensfield Road, Cambridge CB2 1EW, U.K
| | - Aviad Levin
- Centre for Misfolding Diseases, Yusuf Hamied Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Lensfield Road, Cambridge CB2 1EW, U.K
| | - Zenon Toprakcioglu
- Centre for Misfolding Diseases, Yusuf Hamied Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Lensfield Road, Cambridge CB2 1EW, U.K
| | - Tom Scheidt
- Centre for Misfolding Diseases, Yusuf Hamied Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Lensfield Road, Cambridge CB2 1EW, U.K
| | - Tuuli A Hakala
- Centre for Misfolding Diseases, Yusuf Hamied Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Lensfield Road, Cambridge CB2 1EW, U.K
| | - Jerome Charmet
- Centre for Misfolding Diseases, Yusuf Hamied Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Lensfield Road, Cambridge CB2 1EW, U.K.,WMG, University of Warwick, Coventry CV4 7AL, U.K
| | - Tuomas P J Knowles
- Centre for Misfolding Diseases, Yusuf Hamied Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Lensfield Road, Cambridge CB2 1EW, U.K.,Cavendish Laboratory, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB3 0FE, U.K
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Wang R, Li H, Sun J, Zhang L, Jiao J, Wang Q, Liu S. Nanomaterials Facilitating Microbial Extracellular Electron Transfer at Interfaces. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2021; 33:e2004051. [PMID: 33325567 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202004051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2020] [Revised: 09/03/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Electrochemically active bacteria can transport their metabolically generated electrons to anodes, or accept electrons from cathodes to synthesize high-value chemicals and fuels, via a process known as extracellular electron transfer (EET). Harnessing of this microbial EET process has led to the development of microbial bio-electrochemical systems (BESs), which can achieve the interconversion of electrical and chemical energy and enable electricity generation, hydrogen production, electrosynthesis, wastewater treatment, desalination, water and soil remediation, and sensing. Here, the focus is on the current understanding of the microbial EET process occurring at both the bacteria-electrode interface and the biotic interface, as well as some attempts to improve the EET by using various nanomaterials. The behavior of nanomaterials in different EET routes and their influence on the performance of BESs are described. The inherent mechanisms will guide rational design of EET-related materials and lead to a better understanding of EET mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruiwen Wang
- School of Life Science and Technology, State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, 150090, China
| | - Huidong Li
- School of Life Science and Technology, State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, 150090, China
| | - Jinzhi Sun
- School of Life Science and Technology, State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, 150090, China
| | - Lu Zhang
- School of Life Science and Technology, State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, 150090, China
| | - Jia Jiao
- School of Life Science and Technology, State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, 150090, China
| | - Qingqing Wang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Micro- and Nanotechnology Research Center, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, 150090, China
| | - Shaoqin Liu
- School of Life Science and Technology, State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, 150090, China
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27
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Qin N, Zhao P, Ho EA, Xin G, Ren CL. Microfluidic Technology for Antibacterial Resistance Study and Antibiotic Susceptibility Testing: Review and Perspective. ACS Sens 2021; 6:3-21. [PMID: 33337870 DOI: 10.1021/acssensors.0c02175] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
A review on microfluidic technology for antibacterial resistance study and antibiotic susceptibility testing (AST) is presented here. Antibiotic resistance has become a global health crisis in recent decades, severely threatening public health, patient care, economic growth, and even national security. It is extremely urgent that antibiotic resistance be well looked into and aggressively combated in order for us to survive this crisis. AST has been routinely utilized in determining bacterial susceptibility to antibiotics and identifying potential resistance. Yet conventional methods for AST are increasingly incompetent due to unsatisfactory test speed, high cost, and deficient reliability. Microfluidics has emerged as a powerful and very promising platform technology that has proven capable of addressing the limitation of conventional methods and advancing AST to a new level. Besides, potential technical challenges that are likely to hinder the development of microfluidic technology aimed at AST are observed and discussed. To conclude, it is noted that (1) the translation of microfluidic innovations from laboratories to be ready AST platforms remains a lengthy journey and (2) ensuring all relevant parties engaged in a collaborative and unified mode is foundational to the successful incubation of commercial microfluidic platforms for AST.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ning Qin
- Department of Mechanical and Mechatronics Engineering, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Ontario N2L 3G1, Canada
| | - Pei Zhao
- Department of Mechanical and Mechatronics Engineering, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Ontario N2L 3G1, Canada
| | - Emmanuel A. Ho
- School of Pharmacy, University of Waterloo, Kitchener, Ontario N2G 1C5, Canada
| | - Gongming Xin
- School of Energy and Power Engineering, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong 250061, China
| | - Carolyn L. Ren
- Department of Mechanical and Mechatronics Engineering, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Ontario N2L 3G1, Canada
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28
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Mony C, Vandenkoornhuyse P, Bohannan BJM, Peay K, Leibold MA. A Landscape of Opportunities for Microbial Ecology Research. Front Microbiol 2020; 11:561427. [PMID: 33329422 PMCID: PMC7718007 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2020.561427] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2020] [Accepted: 10/30/2020] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Microbes encompass tremendous biodiversity, provide support to all living forms, including humans, and play an important role in many ecosystem services. The rules that govern microorganism community assembly are increasingly revealed due to key advances in molecular and analytical methods but their understanding remain a key challenge in microbial ecology. The existence of biogeographic patterns within microbial communities has been established and explained in relation to landscape-scale processes, including selection, drift, dispersal and mutation. The effect of habitat patchiness on microorganisms' assembly rules remains though incompletely understood. Here, we review how landscape ecology principles can be adapted to explore new perspectives on the mechanisms that determine microbial community structure. To provide a general overview, we characterize microbial landscapes, the spatial and temporal scales of the mechanisms that drive microbial assembly and the feedback between microorganisms and landscape structure. We provide evidence for the effects of landscape heterogeneity, landscape fragmentation and landscape dynamics on microbial community structure, and show that predictions made for macro-organisms at least partly also apply to microorganisms. We explain why emerging metacommunity approaches in microbial ecology should include explicit characterization of landscape structure in their development and interpretation. We also explain how biotic interactions, such as competition, prey-predator or mutualist relations may influence the microbial landscape and may be involved in the above-mentioned feedback process. However, we argue that the application of landscape ecology to the microbial world cannot simply involve transposing existing theoretical frameworks. This is due to the particularity of these organisms, in terms of size, generation time, and for some of them, tight interaction with hosts. These characteristics imply dealing with unusual and dependent space and time scales of effect. Evolutionary processes have also a strong importance in microorganisms' response to their landscapes. Lastly, microorganisms' activity and distribution induce feedback effects on the landscape that have to be taken into account. The transposition of the landscape ecology framework to microorganisms provides many challenging research directions for microbial ecology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cendrine Mony
- UMR CNRS ECOBIO, Université de Rennes, Rennes, France
| | | | | | - Kabir Peay
- Department of Biology, University of Stanford, Stanford, CA, United States
| | - Mathew A Leibold
- Department of Biology, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States
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29
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Binsley JL, Martin EL, Myers TO, Pagliara S, Ogrin FY. Microfluidic devices powered by integrated elasto-magnetic pumps. LAB ON A CHIP 2020; 20:4285-4295. [PMID: 33094306 PMCID: PMC7654506 DOI: 10.1039/d0lc00935k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2020] [Accepted: 10/18/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
We show how an asymmetric elasto-magnetic system provides a novel integrated pumping solution for lab-on-a-chip and point of care devices. This monolithic pumping solution, inspired by Purcell's 3-link swimmer, is integrated within a simple microfluidic device, bypassing the requirement of external connections. We experimentally prove that this system can provide tuneable fluid flow with a flow rate of up to 600 μL h-1. This fluid flow is achieved by actuating the pump using a weak, uniform, uniaxial, oscillating magnetic field, with field amplitudes in the range of 3-6 mT. Crucially, the fluid flow can be reversed by adjusting the driving frequency. We experimentally prove that this device can successfully operate on fluids with a range of viscosities, where pumping at higher viscosity correlates with a decreasing optimal driving frequency. The fluid flow produced by this device is understood here by examining the non-reciprocal motion of the elasto-magnetic component. This device has the capability to replace external pumping systems with a simple, integrated, lab-on-a-chip component.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacob L Binsley
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Exeter, Physics Building, Stocker Road, Exeter, EX4 4QL, UK.
| | - Elizabeth L Martin
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Exeter, Physics Building, Stocker Road, Exeter, EX4 4QL, UK.
| | - Thomas O Myers
- Platform Kinetics Limited, Pegholme, Wharfebank Mills, Otley, LS21 3JP, UK
| | - Stefano Pagliara
- Department of Biosciences, University of Exeter, Living Systems Institute, Stocker Road, Exeter, EX4 4QD, UK
| | - Feodor Y Ogrin
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Exeter, Physics Building, Stocker Road, Exeter, EX4 4QL, UK.
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30
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Hauk P, Stephens K, Virgile C, VanArsdale E, Pottash AE, Schardt JS, Jay SM, Sintim HO, Bentley WE. Homologous Quorum Sensing Regulatory Circuit: A Dual-Input Genetic Controller for Modulating Quorum Sensing-Mediated Protein Expression in E. coli. ACS Synth Biol 2020; 9:2692-2702. [PMID: 32822530 DOI: 10.1021/acssynbio.0c00179] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
We developed a hybrid synthetic circuit that co-opts the genetic regulation of the native bacterial quorum sensing autoinducer-2 and imposes an extra external controller for maintaining tightly controlled gene expression. This dual-input genetic controller was mathematically modeled and, by design, can be operated in three modes: a constitutive mode that enables consistent and high levels of expression; a tightly repressed mode in which there is very little background expression; and an inducible mode in which concentrations of two signals (arabinose and autoinducer-2) determine the net amplification of the gene(s)-of-interest. We demonstrate the utility of the circuit for the controlled expression of human granulocyte macrophage colony stimulating factor in an engineered probiotic E. coli. This dual-input genetic controller is the first homologous AI-2 quorum sensing circuit that has the ability to be operated in three different modes. We believe it has the potential for wide-ranging biotechnological applications due its versatile features.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pricila Hauk
- Institute for Bioscience and Biotechnology Research, College Park, Maryland 20742, United States
- Fischell Department of Bioengineering, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland 20742, United States
| | - Kristina Stephens
- Institute for Bioscience and Biotechnology Research, College Park, Maryland 20742, United States
- Fischell Department of Bioengineering, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland 20742, United States
- Robert E. Fischell Institute for Biomedical Devices, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland 20742, United States
| | - Chelsea Virgile
- Institute for Bioscience and Biotechnology Research, College Park, Maryland 20742, United States
- Fischell Department of Bioengineering, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland 20742, United States
| | - Eric VanArsdale
- Institute for Bioscience and Biotechnology Research, College Park, Maryland 20742, United States
- Fischell Department of Bioengineering, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland 20742, United States
- Robert E. Fischell Institute for Biomedical Devices, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland 20742, United States
| | - Alex Eli Pottash
- Fischell Department of Bioengineering, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland 20742, United States
| | - John S. Schardt
- Fischell Department of Bioengineering, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland 20742, United States
| | - Steven M. Jay
- Fischell Department of Bioengineering, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland 20742, United States
| | - Herman O. Sintim
- Department of Chemistry and Institute for Drug Discovery, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, United States
| | - William E. Bentley
- Institute for Bioscience and Biotechnology Research, College Park, Maryland 20742, United States
- Fischell Department of Bioengineering, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland 20742, United States
- Robert E. Fischell Institute for Biomedical Devices, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland 20742, United States
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31
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Tan HY, Toh YC. What can microfluidics do for human microbiome research? BIOMICROFLUIDICS 2020; 14:051303. [PMID: 33062112 PMCID: PMC7538166 DOI: 10.1063/5.0012185] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2020] [Accepted: 09/17/2020] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
Dysregulation of the human microbiome has been linked to various disease states, which has galvanized the efforts to modulate human health through microbiomes. Currently, human microbiome research is going through several phases to identify the constituent components of the microbiome, associate microbiome changes with physiological and pathological states, understand causative relationships, and finally translate this knowledge into therapeutics and diagnostics. The convergence of microfluidic technologies with molecular and cell profiling, microbiology, and tissue engineering can potentially be applied to these different phases of microbiome research to overcome the existing challenges faced by conventional approaches. The goal of this paper is to discuss and highlight the opportunities of applying different microfluidic technologies to specific areas of microbiome research as well as unique challenges that microfluidics must overcome when working with microbiome-relevant biological materials, e.g., micro-organisms, host tissues, and fluids. We will discuss the applicability of integrated microfluidic systems for processing biological samples for genomic sequencing analyses. For functional analysis of the microbiota, we will cover state-of-the-art microfluidic devices for microbiota cultivation and functional measurements. Finally, we highlight the use of organs-on-chips to model various microbiome-host tissue interactions. We envision that microfluidic technologies may hold great promise in advancing the knowledge on the interplay between microbiome and human health, as well as its eventual translation into microbiome-based diagnostics and therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hsih-Yin Tan
- Institute for Health Innovation and Technology, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117599
| | - Yi-Chin Toh
- Author to whom correspondence should be addressed:
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32
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Su M, Huang Z, Liu J, Li Y, Pan Q, Zhang Z, Li Z, Cai Z, Chen B, Chen S, Li F, Song Y. Recognition and location of motile microorganisms by shape-matching photoluminescence micropatterns. LAB ON A CHIP 2020; 20:2975-2980. [PMID: 32686816 DOI: 10.1039/d0lc00465k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
The typical dimensions of bacterial and microorganism cells match well with the scales at which nanomaterial-based architectures can influence the environment. However, it is one of the most formidable challenges to achieve designed patterns at the microscale for studying microorganisms. Here, we present a method to recognize and locate motile microorganisms at the microscale. The micro-printing strategy via droplet manipulation achieves functional molecule patterning with accurate positions and orientations at the microscale. It is controlled under the interplay between the macroscopic driving forces and the microscopic interfacial dynamics. Photoluminescence patterns have the character of shape matching and uniform light guiding for phototactic microorganisms. The strong attraction among motile microorganisms and photoluminescence patterns prompts microscale artificial selection and location, which will promote the development of self-organized bio-patterning.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meng Su
- Key Laboratory of Green Printing, CAS Research/Education Center for Excellence in Molecular Sciences, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, P. R. China.
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33
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Li L, Wang C, Nie Y, Yao B, Hu H. Nanofabrication enabled lab-on-a-chip technology for the manipulation and detection of bacteria. Trends Analyt Chem 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.trac.2020.115905] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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34
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Kunoh T, Morinaga K, Sugimoto S, Miyazaki S, Toyofuku M, Iwasaki K, Nomura N, Utada AS. Polyfunctional Nanofibril Appendages Mediate Attachment, Filamentation, and Filament Adaptability in Leptothrix cholodnii. ACS NANO 2020; 14:5288-5297. [PMID: 31804801 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.9b04663] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Leptothrix is a species of Fe/Mn-oxidizing bacteria known to form long filaments composed of chains of cells that eventually produce a rigid tube surrounding the filament. Prior to the formation of this brittle microtube, Leptothrix cells secrete hair-like structures from the cell surface, called nanofibrils, which develop into a soft sheath that surrounds the filament. To clarify the role of nanofibrils in filament formation in L. cholodnii SP-6, we analyze the behavior of individual cells and multicellular filaments in high-aspect ratio microfluidic chambers using time-lapse and intermittent in situ fluorescent staining of nanofibrils, complemented with atmospheric scanning electron microscopy. We show that in SP-6 nanofibrils are important for attachment and their distribution on young filaments post-attachment is correlated to the directionality of filament elongation. Elongating filaments demonstrate a surprising ability to adapt to their physical environment by changing direction when they encounter obstacles: they bend or reverse direction depending on the angle of the collision. We show that the forces involved in the collision can be used to predict the behavior of filament. Finally, we show that as filaments grow in length, the older region becomes confined by the sheath, while the newly secreted nanofibrils at the leading edge of the filament form a loose, divergent, structure from which cells periodically escape.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Shinya Sugimoto
- Department of Bacteriology and Jikei Center for Biofilm Research and Technology, The Jikei University School of Medicine, 3-25-8, Nishi-Shimbashi, Minato-ku, Tokyo 105-8461, Japan
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35
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Ho CMB, Sun Q, Teo AJT, Wibowo D, Gao Y, Zhou J, Huang Y, Tan SH, Zhao CX. Development of a Microfluidic Droplet-Based Microbioreactor for Microbial Cultivation. ACS Biomater Sci Eng 2020; 6:3630-3637. [DOI: 10.1021/acsbiomaterials.0c00292] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Chee Meng Benjamin Ho
- Queensland Micro- and Nanotechnology Centre, Griffith University, 170 Kessels Road, Brisbane, QLD 4111, Australia
| | - Qi Sun
- Australian Institute for Bioengineering and Nanotechnology, The University of Queensland, St. Lucia, QLD 4072, Australia
| | - Adrian J. T. Teo
- Queensland Micro- and Nanotechnology Centre, Griffith University, 170 Kessels Road, Brisbane, QLD 4111, Australia
| | - David Wibowo
- Centre for Cell Factories and Biopolymers, Griffith Institute for Drug Discovery, Griffith University, Nathan, QLD 4111, Australia
| | - Yongsheng Gao
- School of Engineering, Griffith University, 170 Kessels Road, Brisbane, QLD 4111, Australia
| | - Jun Zhou
- School of Information and Communication Technology, Griffith University, 170 Kessels Road, Brisbane, QLD 4111, Australia
| | - Yanyi Huang
- Department of Advanced Materials and Nanotechnology, College of Engineering, Peking University, 100084 Beijing, China
| | - Say Hwa Tan
- Queensland Micro- and Nanotechnology Centre, Griffith University, 170 Kessels Road, Brisbane, QLD 4111, Australia
| | - Chun-Xia Zhao
- Australian Institute for Bioengineering and Nanotechnology, The University of Queensland, St. Lucia, QLD 4072, Australia
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36
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Aghajani Delavar M, Wang J. Pore‐scale modeling of competition and cooperation of multispecies biofilms for nutrients in changing environments. AIChE J 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/aic.16919] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Junye Wang
- Faculty of Science and TechnologyAthabasca University Athabasca Alberta Canada
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37
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Wang YK, Krasnopeeva E, Lin SY, Bai F, Pilizota T, Lo CJ. Comparison of Escherichia coli surface attachment methods for single-cell microscopy. Sci Rep 2019; 9:19418. [PMID: 31857669 PMCID: PMC6923479 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-55798-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2019] [Accepted: 11/05/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
For in vivo, single-cell imaging bacterial cells are commonly immobilised via physical confinement or surface attachment. Different surface attachment methods have been used both for atomic force and optical microscopy (including super resolution), and some have been reported to affect bacterial physiology. However, a systematic comparison of the effects these attachment methods have on the bacterial physiology is lacking. Here we present such a comparison for bacterium Escherichia coli, and assess the growth rate, size and intracellular pH of cells growing attached to different, commonly used, surfaces. We demonstrate that E. coli grow at the same rate, length and internal pH on all the tested surfaces when in the same growth medium. The result suggests that tested attachment methods can be used interchangeably when studying E. coli physiology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yao-Kuan Wang
- Department of Physics and Graduate Institute of Biophysics, National Central University, Jhongli, Taiwan, 32001, Republic of China
| | - Ekaterina Krasnopeeva
- Centre for Synthetic and Systems Biology, Institute of Cell Biology, School of Biological Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Alexander Crum Brown Road, EH9 3FF, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Ssu-Yuan Lin
- Department of Physics and Graduate Institute of Biophysics, National Central University, Jhongli, Taiwan, 32001, Republic of China
| | - Fan Bai
- Biodynamic Optical Imaging Center (BIOPIC), School of Life Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China
| | - Teuta Pilizota
- Centre for Synthetic and Systems Biology, Institute of Cell Biology, School of Biological Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Alexander Crum Brown Road, EH9 3FF, Edinburgh, UK.
| | - Chien-Jung Lo
- Department of Physics and Graduate Institute of Biophysics, National Central University, Jhongli, Taiwan, 32001, Republic of China.
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38
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Hernandez CA, Beni V, Osma JF. Fully Automated Microsystem for Unmediated Electrochemical Characterization, Visualization and Monitoring of Bacteria on Solid Media; E. coli K-12: A Case Study. BIOSENSORS 2019; 9:E131. [PMID: 31689950 PMCID: PMC6956053 DOI: 10.3390/bios9040131] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2019] [Revised: 10/14/2019] [Accepted: 10/18/2019] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
In this paper, we present a non-fluidic microsystem for the simultaneous visualization and electrochemical evaluation of confined, growing bacteria on solid media. Using a completely automated platform, real-time monitoring of bacterial and image-based computer characterization of growth were performed. Electrochemical tests, using Escherichia coli K-12 as the model microorganism, revealed the development of a faradaic process at the bacteria-microelectrode interface inside the microsystem, as implied by cyclic voltammetry and electrochemical impedance spectrometry measurements. The electrochemical information was used to determine the moment in which bacteria colonized the electrode-enabled area of the microsystem. This microsystem shows potential advantages for long-term electrochemical monitoring of the extracellular environment of cell culture and has been designed using readily available technologies that can be easily integrated in routine protocols. Complementarily, these methods can help elucidate fundamental questions of the electron transfer of bacterial cultures and are potentially feasible to be integrated into current characterization techniques.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cesar A Hernandez
- CMUA. Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Universidad de los Andes, Carrera 1E # 19A-40, Bogota 111711, Colombia.
| | - Valerio Beni
- Biosensors and Bioelectronics Centre, Department of Physics, Chemistry and Biology (IFM), Linköping University, S-58183 Linköping, Sweden.
- Department of Printed Electronics, RISE Acreo, Research Institute of Sweden, 16440 Norrköping, Sweden.
| | - Johann F Osma
- CMUA. Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Universidad de los Andes, Carrera 1E # 19A-40, Bogota 111711, Colombia.
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39
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Leygeber M, Lindemann D, Sachs CC, Kaganovitch E, Wiechert W, Nöh K, Kohlheyer D. Analyzing Microbial Population Heterogeneity—Expanding the Toolbox of Microfluidic Single-Cell Cultivations. J Mol Biol 2019; 431:4569-4588. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jmb.2019.04.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2019] [Revised: 04/17/2019] [Accepted: 04/18/2019] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
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40
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Visual detection of bacterial DNA using activated paper stripe. Mikrochim Acta 2019; 186:642. [DOI: 10.1007/s00604-019-3748-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2019] [Accepted: 08/10/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
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Smith A, Metz J, Pagliara S. MMHelper: An automated framework for the analysis of microscopy images acquired with the mother machine. Sci Rep 2019; 9:10123. [PMID: 31300741 PMCID: PMC6626022 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-46567-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2019] [Accepted: 06/26/2019] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Live-cell imaging in microfluidic devices now allows the investigation of cellular heterogeneity within microbial populations. In particular, the mother machine technology developed by Wang et al. has been widely employed to investigate single-cell physiological parameters including gene expression, growth rate, mutagenesis, and response to antibiotics. One of the advantages of the mother machine technology is the ability to generate vast amounts of images; however, the time consuming analysis of these images constitutes a severe bottleneck. Here we overcome this limitation by introducing MMHelper ( https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3254394 ), a publicly available custom software implemented in Python which allows the automated analysis of brightfield or phase contrast, and any associated fluorescence, images of bacteria confined in the mother machine. We show that cell data extracted via MMHelper from tens of thousands of individual cells imaged in brightfield are consistent with results obtained via semi-automated image analysis based on ImageJ. Furthermore, we benchmark our software capability in processing phase contrast images from other laboratories against other publicly available software. We demonstrate that MMHelper has over 90% detection efficiency for brightfield and phase contrast images and provides a new open-source platform for the extraction of single-bacterium data, including cell length, area, and fluorescence intensity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashley Smith
- Living Systems Institute, University of Exeter, Exeter, United Kingdom
- Biosciences, University of Exeter, Exeter, United Kingdom
| | - Jeremy Metz
- Living Systems Institute, University of Exeter, Exeter, United Kingdom.
- Biosciences, University of Exeter, Exeter, United Kingdom.
| | - Stefano Pagliara
- Living Systems Institute, University of Exeter, Exeter, United Kingdom.
- Biosciences, University of Exeter, Exeter, United Kingdom.
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Soil Aggregate Microbial Communities: Towards Understanding Microbiome Interactions at Biologically Relevant Scales. Appl Environ Microbiol 2019; 85:AEM.00324-19. [PMID: 31076430 DOI: 10.1128/aem.00324-19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 109] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Soils contain a tangle of minerals, water, nutrients, gases, plant roots, decaying organic matter, and microorganisms which work together to cycle nutrients and support terrestrial plant growth. Most soil microorganisms live in periodically interconnected communities closely associated with soil aggregates, i.e., small (<2 mm), strongly bound clusters of minerals and organic carbon that persist through mechanical disruptions and wetting events. Their spatial structure is important for biogeochemical cycling, and we cannot reliably predict soil biological activities and variability by studying bulk soils alone. To fully understand the biogeochemical processes at work in soils, it is necessary to understand the micrometer-scale interactions that occur between soil particles and their microbial inhabitants. Here, we review the current state of knowledge regarding soil aggregate microbial communities and identify areas of opportunity to study soil ecosystems at a scale relevant to individual cells. We present a framework for understanding aggregate communities as "microbial villages" that are periodically connected through wetting events, allowing for the transfer of genetic material, metabolites, and viruses. We describe both top-down (whole community) and bottom-up (reductionist) strategies for studying these communities. Understanding this requires combining "model system" approaches (e.g., developing mock community artificial aggregates), field observations of natural communities, and broader study of community interactions to include understudied community members, like viruses. Initial studies suggest that aggregate-based approaches are a critical next step for developing a predictive understanding of how geochemical and community interactions govern microbial community structure and nutrient cycling in soil.
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Hansen SH, Kabbeck T, Radtke CP, Krause S, Krolitzki E, Peschke T, Gasmi J, Rabe KS, Wagner M, Horn H, Hubbuch J, Gescher J, Niemeyer CM. Machine-assisted cultivation and analysis of biofilms. Sci Rep 2019; 9:8933. [PMID: 31222095 PMCID: PMC6586868 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-45414-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2019] [Accepted: 05/20/2019] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Biofilms are the natural form of life of the majority of microorganisms. These multispecies consortia are intensively studied not only for their effects on health and environment but also because they have an enormous potential as tools for biotechnological processes. Further exploration and exploitation of these complex systems will benefit from technical solutions that enable integrated, machine-assisted cultivation and analysis. We here introduce a microfluidic platform, where readily available microfluidic chips are connected by automated liquid handling with analysis instrumentation, such as fluorescence detection, microscopy, chromatography and optical coherence tomography. The system is operable under oxic and anoxic conditions, allowing for different gases and nutrients as feeding sources and it offers high spatiotemporal resolution in the analysis of metabolites and biofilm composition. We demonstrate the platform's performance by monitoring the productivity of biofilms as well as the spatial organization of two bacterial species in a co-culture, which is driven by chemical gradients along the microfluidic channel.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silla H Hansen
- Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Institute for Biological Interfaces (IBG-1), Herrmann-von-Helmholtz Platz 1, 76344, Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany
| | - Tobias Kabbeck
- Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Institute for Applied Biosciences (IAB), Fritz-Haber-Weg 2, 76131, Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Carsten P Radtke
- Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Institute of Engineering in Life Sciences, Section IV: Biomolecular Separation Engineering, Fritz-Haber-Weg 2, 76131, Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Susanne Krause
- Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Institute for Applied Biosciences (IAB), Fritz-Haber-Weg 2, 76131, Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Eva Krolitzki
- Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Institute of Engineering in Life Sciences, Section IV: Biomolecular Separation Engineering, Fritz-Haber-Weg 2, 76131, Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Theo Peschke
- Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Institute for Biological Interfaces (IBG-1), Herrmann-von-Helmholtz Platz 1, 76344, Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany
| | - Jannis Gasmi
- Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Institute for Biological Interfaces (IBG-1), Herrmann-von-Helmholtz Platz 1, 76344, Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany
| | - Kersten S Rabe
- Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Institute for Biological Interfaces (IBG-1), Herrmann-von-Helmholtz Platz 1, 76344, Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany
| | - Michael Wagner
- Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Engler-Bunte-Institut, Water Chemistry and Water Technology, Engler-Bunte-Ring 9a, 76131, Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Harald Horn
- Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Engler-Bunte-Institut, Water Chemistry and Water Technology, Engler-Bunte-Ring 9a, 76131, Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Jürgen Hubbuch
- Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Institute of Engineering in Life Sciences, Section IV: Biomolecular Separation Engineering, Fritz-Haber-Weg 2, 76131, Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Johannes Gescher
- Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Institute for Biological Interfaces (IBG-1), Herrmann-von-Helmholtz Platz 1, 76344, Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany. .,Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Institute for Applied Biosciences (IAB), Fritz-Haber-Weg 2, 76131, Karlsruhe, Germany.
| | - Christof M Niemeyer
- Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Institute for Biological Interfaces (IBG-1), Herrmann-von-Helmholtz Platz 1, 76344, Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany.
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Abstract
Many filamentous fungi colonizing animal or plant tissue, waste matter, or soil must find optimal paths through the constraining geometries of their microenvironment. Imaging of live fungal growth in custom-built microfluidics structures revealed the intracellular mechanisms responsible for this remarkable efficiency. In meandering channels, the Spitzenkörper (an assembly of vesicles at the filament tip) acted like a natural gyroscope, conserving the directional memory of growth, while the fungal cytoskeleton organized along the shortest growth path. However, if an obstacle could not be negotiated, the directional memory was lost due to the disappearance of the Spitzenkörper gyroscope. This study can impact diverse environmental, industrial, and medical applications, from fungal pathogenicity in plants and animals to biology-inspired computation. Filamentous fungi that colonize microenvironments, such as animal or plant tissue or soil, must find optimal paths through their habitat, but the biological basis for negotiating growth in constrained environments is unknown. We used time-lapse live-cell imaging of Neurospora crassa in microfluidic environments to show how constraining geometries determine the intracellular processes responsible for fungal growth. We found that, if a hypha made contact with obstacles at acute angles, the Spitzenkörper (an assembly of vesicles) moved from the center of the apical dome closer to the obstacle, thus functioning as an internal gyroscope, which preserved the information regarding the initial growth direction. Additionally, the off-axis trajectory of the Spitzenkörper was tracked by microtubules exhibiting “cutting corner” patterns. By contrast, if a hypha made contact with an obstacle at near-orthogonal incidence, the directional memory was lost, due to the temporary collapse of the Spitzenkörper–microtubule system, followed by the formation of two “daughter” hyphae growing in opposite directions along the contour of the obstacle. Finally, a hypha passing a lateral opening in constraining channels continued to grow unperturbed, but a daughter hypha gradually branched into the opening and formed its own Spitzenkörper–microtubule system. These observations suggest that the Spitzenkörper–microtubule system is responsible for efficient space partitioning in microenvironments, but, in its absence during constraint-induced apical splitting and lateral branching, the directional memory is lost, and growth is driven solely by the isotropic turgor pressure. These results further our understanding of fungal growth in microenvironments relevant to environmental, industrial, and medical applications.
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Invariance properties of bacterial random walks in complex structures. Nat Commun 2019; 10:2442. [PMID: 31164651 PMCID: PMC6547659 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-019-10455-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2019] [Accepted: 05/09/2019] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Motile cells often explore natural environments characterized by a high degree of structural complexity. Moreover cell motility is also intrinsically noisy due to spontaneous random reorientations and speed fluctuations. This interplay of internal and external noise sources gives rise to a complex dynamical behavior that can be strongly sensitive to details and hard to model quantitatively. In striking contrast to this general picture we show that the mean residence time of swimming bacteria inside artificial complex microstructures is quantitatively predicted by a generic invariance property of random walks. We find that while external shape and internal disorder have dramatic effects on the distributions of path lengths and residence times, the corresponding mean values are constrained by the sole free surface to perimeter ratio. As a counterintuitive consequence, bacteria escape faster from structures with higher density of obstacles due to the lower accessible surface. It has been previously shown theoretically that the average path length of random walks inside a closed domain is invariant. Here the authors demonstrate that this invariance property can be used to predict the mean residence time of swimming bacteria exploring structured micro-environments.
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Wondraczek L, Pohnert G, Schacher FH, Köhler A, Gottschaldt M, Schubert US, Küsel K, Brakhage AA. Artificial Microbial Arenas: Materials for Observing and Manipulating Microbial Consortia. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2019; 31:e1900284. [PMID: 30993782 DOI: 10.1002/adma.201900284] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2019] [Revised: 02/28/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
From the smallest ecological niche to global scale, communities of microbial life present a major factor in system regulation and stability. As long as laboratory studies remain restricted to single or few species assemblies, however, very little is known about the interaction patterns and exogenous factors controlling the dynamics of natural microbial communities. In combination with microfluidic technologies, progress in the manufacture of functional and stimuli-responsive materials makes artificial microbial arenas accessible. As habitats for natural or multispecies synthetic consortia, they are expected to not only enable detailed investigations, but also the training and the directed evolution of microbial communities in states of balance and disturbance, or under the effects of modulated stimuli and spontaneous response triggers. Here, a perspective on how materials research will play an essential role in generating answers to the most pertinent questions of microbial engineering is presented, and the concept of adaptive microbial arenas and possibilities for their construction from particulate microniches to 3D habitats is introduced. Materials as active and tunable components at the interface of living and nonliving matter offer exciting opportunities in this field. Beyond forming the physical horizon for microbial cultivates, they will enable dedicated intervention, training, and observation of microbial consortia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lothar Wondraczek
- Otto Schott Institute of Materials Research, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Fraunhoferstrasse 6, 07743, Jena, Germany
- Center of Energy and Environmental Chemistry Jena (CEEC Jena), Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Philosophenweg 7, 07743, Jena, Germany
- Microverse Cluster, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Neugasse 23, 07743, Jena, Germany
| | - Georg Pohnert
- Microverse Cluster, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Neugasse 23, 07743, Jena, Germany
- Institute of Inorganic and Analytical Chemistry, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Lessingstrasse 8, 07743, Jena, Germany
- Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, Hans-Knöll-Strasse 8, 07745, Jena, Germany
| | - Felix H Schacher
- Center of Energy and Environmental Chemistry Jena (CEEC Jena), Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Philosophenweg 7, 07743, Jena, Germany
- Microverse Cluster, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Neugasse 23, 07743, Jena, Germany
- Institute of Organic and Macromolecular Chemistry (IOMC), Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Humboldtstrasse 10, 07743, Jena, Germany
- Jena Center for Soft Matter (JCSM), Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Philosophenweg 7, 07743, Jena, Germany
| | - Angela Köhler
- Microverse Cluster, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Neugasse 23, 07743, Jena, Germany
- Leibniz Institute for Natural Product Research and Infection Biology (HKI), Adolf-Reichwein-Str. 23, 07745, Jena, Germany
| | - Michael Gottschaldt
- Institute of Organic and Macromolecular Chemistry (IOMC), Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Humboldtstrasse 10, 07743, Jena, Germany
- Jena Center for Soft Matter (JCSM), Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Philosophenweg 7, 07743, Jena, Germany
| | - Ulrich S Schubert
- Center of Energy and Environmental Chemistry Jena (CEEC Jena), Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Philosophenweg 7, 07743, Jena, Germany
- Microverse Cluster, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Neugasse 23, 07743, Jena, Germany
- Institute of Organic and Macromolecular Chemistry (IOMC), Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Humboldtstrasse 10, 07743, Jena, Germany
- Jena Center for Soft Matter (JCSM), Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Philosophenweg 7, 07743, Jena, Germany
| | - Kirsten Küsel
- Microverse Cluster, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Neugasse 23, 07743, Jena, Germany
- Institute of Biodiversity, Aquatic Geomicrobiology, Friedrich Schiller University, Dornburger Str. 159, 07743, Jena, Germany
- German Center for Integrative Biodiversity Research (iDiv) Halle-Jena-Leipzig, Deutscher Platz 5E, 04103, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Axel A Brakhage
- Microverse Cluster, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Neugasse 23, 07743, Jena, Germany
- Leibniz Institute for Natural Product Research and Infection Biology (HKI), Adolf-Reichwein-Str. 23, 07745, Jena, Germany
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47
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Hol FJH, Whitesides GM, Dekker C. Bacteria-in-paper, a versatile platform to study bacterial ecology. Ecol Lett 2019; 22:1316-1323. [PMID: 31099139 PMCID: PMC6851840 DOI: 10.1111/ele.13274] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2018] [Revised: 01/12/2019] [Accepted: 04/10/2019] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Habitat spatial structure has a profound influence on bacterial life, yet there currently are no low‐cost equipment‐free laboratory techniques to reproduce the intricate structure of natural bacterial habitats. Here, we demonstrate the use of paper scaffolds to create landscapes spatially structured at the scales relevant to bacterial ecology. In paper scaffolds, planktonic bacteria migrate through liquid‐filled pores, while the paper’s cellulose fibres serve as anchor points for sessile colonies (biofilms). Using this novel approach, we explore bacterial colonisation dynamics in different landscape topographies and characterise the community composition of Escherichia coli strains undergoing centimetre‐scale range expansions in habitats structured at the micrometre scale. The bacteria‐in‐paper platform enables quantitative assessment of bacterial community dynamics in complex environments using everyday materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Felix J H Hol
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Harvard University, 12 Oxford Street, Cambridge, MA, 02138, USA.,Department of Bionanoscience, Kavli Institute of Nanoscience, Delft University of Technology, Van der Maasweg 9, Delft, HZ, 2629, the Netherlands.,Department of Bioengineering, Stanford University, 443 Via Ortega, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA
| | - George M Whitesides
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Harvard University, 12 Oxford Street, Cambridge, MA, 02138, USA.,Wyss Institute for Biologically Inspired Engineering, Harvard University, 60 Oxford Street, Cambridge, MA, 02138, USA
| | - Cees Dekker
- Department of Bionanoscience, Kavli Institute of Nanoscience, Delft University of Technology, Van der Maasweg 9, Delft, HZ, 2629, the Netherlands
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48
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Elbourne A, Chapman J, Gelmi A, Cozzolino D, Crawford RJ, Truong VK. Bacterial-nanostructure interactions: The role of cell elasticity and adhesion forces. J Colloid Interface Sci 2019; 546:192-210. [PMID: 30921674 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcis.2019.03.050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2019] [Revised: 03/13/2019] [Accepted: 03/14/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The attachment of single-celled organisms, namely bacteria and fungi, to abiotic surfaces is of great interest to both the scientific and medical communities. This is because the interaction of such cells has important implications in a range of areas, including biofilm formation, biofouling, antimicrobial surface technologies, and bio-nanotechnologies, as well as infection development, control, and mitigation. While central to many biological phenomena, the factors which govern microbial surface attachment are still not fully understood. This lack of understanding is a direct consequence of the complex nature of cell-surface interactions, which can involve both specific and non-specific interactions. For applications involving micro- and nano-structured surfaces, developing an understanding of such phenomenon is further complicated by the diverse nature of surface architectures, surface chemistry, variation in cellular physiology, and the intended technological output. These factors are extremely important to understand in the emerging field of antibacterial nanostructured surfaces. The aim of this perspective is to re-frame the discussion surrounding the mechanism of nanostructured-microbial surface interactions. Broadly, the article reviews our current understanding of these phenomena, while highlighting the knowledge gaps surrounding the adhesive forces which govern bacterial-nanostructure interactions and the role of cell membrane rigidity in modulating surface activity. The roles of surface charge, cell rigidity, and cell-surface adhesion force in bacterial-surface adsorption are discussed in detail. Presently, most studies have overlooked these areas, which has left many questions unanswered. Further, this perspective article highlights the numerous experimental issues and misinterpretations which surround current studies of antibacterial nanostructured surfaces.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aaron Elbourne
- School of Science, College of Science, Engineering and Health, RMIT University, Melbourne, VIC 3001, Australia; Nanobiotechnology Laboratory, RMIT University, Melbourne, VIC 3001, Australia.
| | - James Chapman
- School of Science, College of Science, Engineering and Health, RMIT University, Melbourne, VIC 3001, Australia; Nanobiotechnology Laboratory, RMIT University, Melbourne, VIC 3001, Australia
| | - Amy Gelmi
- School of Science, College of Science, Engineering and Health, RMIT University, Melbourne, VIC 3001, Australia
| | - Daniel Cozzolino
- School of Science, College of Science, Engineering and Health, RMIT University, Melbourne, VIC 3001, Australia
| | - Russell J Crawford
- School of Science, College of Science, Engineering and Health, RMIT University, Melbourne, VIC 3001, Australia; Nanobiotechnology Laboratory, RMIT University, Melbourne, VIC 3001, Australia
| | - Vi Khanh Truong
- School of Science, College of Science, Engineering and Health, RMIT University, Melbourne, VIC 3001, Australia; Nanobiotechnology Laboratory, RMIT University, Melbourne, VIC 3001, Australia
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Guo X, Silva KPT, Boedicker JQ. Single-cell variability of growth interactions within a two-species bacterial community. Phys Biol 2019; 16:036001. [DOI: 10.1088/1478-3975/ab005f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
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50
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Libberton B, Binz M, van Zalinge H, Nicolau DV. Efficiency of the flagellar propulsion of Escherichia coli in confined microfluidic geometries. Phys Rev E 2019; 99:012408. [PMID: 30780339 DOI: 10.1103/physreve.99.012408] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2018] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Bacterial movement in confined spaces is routinely encountered either in a natural environment or in artificial structures. Consequently, the ability to understand and predict the behavior of motile bacterial cells in confined geometries is essential to many applications, spanning from the more classical, such as the management complex microbial networks involved in diseases, biomanufacturing, mining, and environment, to the more recent, such as single cell DNA sequencing and computation with biological agents. Fortunately, the development of this understanding can be helped by the decades-long advances in semiconductor microfabrication, which allow the design and the construction of complex confining structures used as test beds for the study of bacterial motility. To this end, here we use microfabricated channels with varying sizes to study the interaction of Escherichia coli with solid confining spaces. It is shown that an optimal channel size exists for which the hydrostatic potential allows the most efficient movement of the cells. The improved understanding of how bacteria move will result in the ability to design better microfluidic structures based on their interaction with bacterial movement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ben Libberton
- Department of Electrical Engineering and Electronics, University of Liverpool, L69 3GJ Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | - Marie Binz
- Department of Electrical Engineering and Electronics, University of Liverpool, L69 3GJ Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | - Harm van Zalinge
- Department of Electrical Engineering and Electronics, University of Liverpool, L69 3GJ Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | - Dan V Nicolau
- Department of Electrical Engineering and Electronics, University of Liverpool, L69 3GJ Liverpool, United Kingdom
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