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Shi S, Wang M, Poles Y, Fineberg J. How frictional slip evolves. Nat Commun 2023; 14:8291. [PMID: 38092832 PMCID: PMC10719317 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-44086-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2023] [Accepted: 11/28/2023] [Indexed: 12/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Earthquake-like ruptures break the contacts that form the frictional interface separating contacting bodies and mediate the onset of frictional motion (stick-slip). The slip (motion) of the interface immediately resulting from the rupture that initiates each stick-slip event is generally much smaller than the total slip logged over the duration of the event. Slip after the onset of friction is generally attributed to continuous motion globally attributed to 'dynamic friction'. Here we show, by means of direct measurements of real contact area and slip at the frictional interface, that sequences of myriad hitherto invisible, secondary ruptures are triggered immediately in the wake of each initial rupture. Each secondary rupture generates incremental slip that, when not resolved, may appear as steady sliding of the interface. Each slip increment is linked, via fracture mechanics, to corresponding variations of contact area and local strain. Only by accounting for the contributions of these secondary ruptures can the accumulated interface slip be described. These results have important ramifications both to our fundamental understanding of frictional motion as well as to the essential role of aftershocks within natural faults in generating earthquake-mediated slip.
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Affiliation(s)
- Songlin Shi
- The Racah Institute of Physics, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Givat Ram, Jerusalem, 91904, Israel
| | - Meng Wang
- The Racah Institute of Physics, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Givat Ram, Jerusalem, 91904, Israel
| | - Yonatan Poles
- The Racah Institute of Physics, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Givat Ram, Jerusalem, 91904, Israel
| | - Jay Fineberg
- The Racah Institute of Physics, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Givat Ram, Jerusalem, 91904, Israel.
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2
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Jara J, Bruhat L, Thomas MY, Antoine SL, Okubo K, Rougier E, Rosakis AJ, Sammis CG, Klinger Y, Jolivet R, Bhat HS. Signature of transition to supershear rupture speed in the coseismic off-fault damage zone. Proc Math Phys Eng Sci 2021; 477:20210364. [PMID: 35153594 PMCID: PMC8595990 DOI: 10.1098/rspa.2021.0364] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2021] [Accepted: 10/21/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Most earthquake ruptures propagate at speeds below the shear wave velocity within the crust, but in some rare cases, ruptures reach supershear speeds. The physics underlying the transition of natural subshear earthquakes to supershear ones is currently not fully understood. Most observational studies of supershear earthquakes have focused on determining which fault segments sustain fully grown supershear ruptures. Experimentally cross-validated numerical models have identified some of the key ingredients required to trigger a transition to supershear speed. However, the conditions for such a transition in nature are still unclear, including the precise location of this transition. In this work, we provide theoretical and numerical insights to identify the precise location of such a transition in nature. We use fracture mechanics arguments with multiple numerical models to identify the signature of supershear transition in coseismic off-fault damage. We then cross-validate this signature with high-resolution observations of fault zone width and early aftershock distributions. We confirm that the location of the transition from subshear to supershear speed is characterized by a decrease in the width of the coseismic off-fault damage zone. We thus help refine the precise location of such a transition for natural supershear earthquakes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jorge Jara
- Laboratoire de Géologie, Département de Géosciences, École Normale Supérieure, CNRS, UMR 8538, PSL Université, Paris, France
| | - Lucile Bruhat
- Laboratoire de Géologie, Département de Géosciences, École Normale Supérieure, CNRS, UMR 8538, PSL Université, Paris, France
| | - Marion Y. Thomas
- Institut des Sciences de la Terre de Paris, Sorbonne Université, CNRS, UMR 7193, Paris, France
| | - Solène L. Antoine
- Université de Paris, Institut de Physique du Globe de Paris, CNRS, Paris 75005, France
| | - Kurama Okubo
- National Research Institute for Earth Science and Disaster Resilience, 3-1 Tennnodai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-0006, Japan
| | - Esteban Rougier
- EES-17–Earth and Environmental Sciences Division, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, NM, USA
| | - Ares J. Rosakis
- Graduate Aerospace Laboratories, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91125, USA
| | - Charles G. Sammis
- Department of Earth Sciences, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90089, USA
| | - Yann Klinger
- Université de Paris, Institut de Physique du Globe de Paris, CNRS, Paris 75005, France
| | - Romain Jolivet
- Laboratoire de Géologie, Département de Géosciences, École Normale Supérieure, CNRS, UMR 8538, PSL Université, Paris, France
- Institut Universitaire de France, 1 rue Descartes, Paris 75005, France
| | - Harsha S. Bhat
- Laboratoire de Géologie, Département de Géosciences, École Normale Supérieure, CNRS, UMR 8538, PSL Université, Paris, France
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Features of soil behavior in the near-fault zones during the 2011 Tohoku mega-thrust earthquake Mw 9. Sci Rep 2020; 10:8717. [PMID: 32457506 PMCID: PMC7250923 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-65629-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2019] [Accepted: 05/06/2020] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
AbstractSoil behavior is studied during the Tohoku earthquake, where abnormally high accelerations > 1 g were recorded. Based on vertical array records, models of soil behavior are constructed at 28 sites in northern Honshu (Tohoku region). They are compared with previously studied models of soil behavior in southern Tohoku and Kanto regions, where shock waves were identified as possible causes of the recorded high accelerations. Shear moduli did not reduce during strong motion at many sites, and the behavior of softer and denser soils was similar to a large extent. The nonlinearity of soil response during the Tohoku earthquake was weaker than that observed earlier during the 1995 Kobe and 2000 Tottori earthquakes (Mw ~6.7–6.8). Instead, a widespread soil hardening was found, most expressed at stations recorded the highest PGAs. To explain the observed features of soil behavior, two possible mechanisms are suggested, such as, 1) shock wave fronts generated by rupture propagation along the fault plane induce soil hardening and high PGAs; 2) soil compaction and hardening is a soil response to long-lasting dynamic loadings during the earthquake. Most likely we may expect similar effects of soil hardening and generation of high PGAs during other mega-thrust earthquakes in future.
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Gómez-Consarnau L, Needham DM, Weber PK, Fuhrman JA, Mayali X. Influence of Light on Particulate Organic Matter Utilization by Attached and Free-Living Marine Bacteria. Front Microbiol 2019; 10:1204. [PMID: 31214143 PMCID: PMC6558058 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2019.01204] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2019] [Accepted: 05/13/2019] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Light plays a central role on primary productivity of aquatic systems. Yet, its potential impact on the degradation of photosynthetically produced biomass is not well understood. We investigated the patterns of light-induced particle breakdown and bacterial assimilation of detrital C and N using 13C and 15N labeled freeze-thawed diatom cells incubated in laboratory microcosms with a marine microbial community freshly collected from the Pacific Ocean. Particles incubated in the dark resulted in increased bacterial counts and dissolved organic carbon concentrations compared to those incubated in the light. Light also influenced the attached and free-living microbial community structure as detected by 16S rRNA gene amplicon sequencing. For example, Sphingobacteriia were enriched on dark-incubated particles and taxa from the family Flavobacteriaceae and the genus Pseudoalteromonas were numerically enriched on particles in the light. Isotope incorporation analysis by phylogenetic microarray and NanoSIMS (a method called Chip-SIP) identified free-living and attached microbial taxa able to incorporate N and C from the particles. Some taxa, including members of the Flavobacteriaceae and Cryomorphaceae, exhibited increased isotope incorporation in the light, suggesting the use of photoheterotrophic metabolisms. In contrast, some members of Oceanospirillales and Rhodospirillales showed decreased isotope incorporation in the light, suggesting that their heterotrophic metabolism, particularly when occurring on particles, might increase at night or may be inhibited by sunlight. These results show that light influences particle degradation and C and N incorporation by attached bacteria, suggesting that the transfer between particulate and free-living phases are likely affected by external factors that change with the light regime, such as time of day, water column depth and season.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Gómez-Consarnau
- Departamento de Oceanografía Biológica, Centro de Investigación Científica y de Educación Superior de Ensenada (CICESE), Ensenada, Mexico.,Department of Biological Sciences, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - David M Needham
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - Peter K Weber
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, CA, United States
| | - Jed A Fuhrman
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - Xavier Mayali
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, CA, United States
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Wang Y, Zhu L, Shi F, Schubnel A, Hilairet N, Yu T, Rivers M, Gasc J, Addad A, Deldicque D, Li Z, Brunet F. A laboratory nanoseismological study on deep-focus earthquake micromechanics. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2017; 3:e1601896. [PMID: 28776024 PMCID: PMC5521995 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.1601896] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2016] [Accepted: 06/16/2017] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Global earthquake occurring rate displays an exponential decay down to ~300 km and then peaks around 550 to 600 km before terminating abruptly near 700 km. How fractures initiate, nucleate, and propagate at these depths remains one of the greatest puzzles in earth science, as increasing pressure inhibits fracture propagation. We report nanoseismological analysis on high-resolution acoustic emission (AE) records obtained during ruptures triggered by partial transformation from olivine to spinel in Mg2GeO4, an analog to the dominant mineral (Mg,Fe)2SiO4 olivine in the upper mantle, using state-of-the-art seismological techniques, in the laboratory. AEs' focal mechanisms, as well as their distribution in both space and time during deformation, are carefully analyzed. Microstructure analysis shows that AEs are produced by the dynamic propagation of shear bands consisting of nanograined spinel. These nanoshear bands have a near constant thickness (~100 nm) but varying lengths and self-organize during deformation. This precursory seismic process leads to ultimate macroscopic failure of the samples. Several source parameters of AE events were extracted from the recorded waveforms, allowing close tracking of event initiation, clustering, and propagation throughout the deformation/transformation process. AEs follow the Gutenberg-Richter statistics with a well-defined b value of 1.5 over three orders of moment magnitudes, suggesting that laboratory failure processes are self-affine. The seismic relation between magnitude and rupture area correctly predicts AE magnitude at millimeter scales. A rupture propagation model based on strain localization theory is proposed. Future numerical analyses may help resolve scaling issues between laboratory AE events and deep-focus earthquakes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanbin Wang
- Center for Advanced Radiation Sources, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60439, USA
| | - Lupei Zhu
- Department of Earth and Atmospheric Sciences, St. Louis University, St. Louis, MO 63108, USA
| | - Feng Shi
- Center for Advanced Radiation Sources, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60439, USA
- State Key Laboratory of Geological Processes and Mineral Resources, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan, China
| | - Alexandre Schubnel
- Laboratoire de Géologie, CNRS UMR 8538, Ecole Normale Supérieure, PSL Research University, Paris, France
| | - Nadege Hilairet
- Université de Lille, CNRS, INRA, ENSCL, UMR 8207 - UMET - Unité Matériaux et Transformations, Lille, France
| | - Tony Yu
- Center for Advanced Radiation Sources, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60439, USA
| | - Mark Rivers
- Center for Advanced Radiation Sources, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60439, USA
| | - Julien Gasc
- Center for Advanced Radiation Sources, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60439, USA
| | - Ahmed Addad
- Université de Lille, CNRS, INRA, ENSCL, UMR 8207 - UMET - Unité Matériaux et Transformations, Lille, France
| | - Damien Deldicque
- Laboratoire de Géologie, CNRS UMR 8538, Ecole Normale Supérieure, PSL Research University, Paris, France
| | - Ziyu Li
- Department of Earth and Atmospheric Sciences, St. Louis University, St. Louis, MO 63108, USA
| | - Fabrice Brunet
- Université Grenoble Alpes, CNRS, ISTerre, Grenoble, France
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Prieto GA, Froment B, Yu C, Poli P, Abercrombie R. Earthquake rupture below the brittle-ductile transition in continental lithospheric mantle. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2017; 3:e1602642. [PMID: 28345055 PMCID: PMC5351985 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.1602642] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2016] [Accepted: 02/03/2017] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Earthquakes deep in the continental lithosphere are rare and hard to interpret in our current understanding of temperature control on brittle failure. The recent lithospheric mantle earthquake with a moment magnitude of 4.8 at a depth of ~75 km in the Wyoming Craton was exceptionally well recorded and thus enabled us to probe the cause of these unusual earthquakes. On the basis of complete earthquake energy balance estimates using broadband waveforms and temperature estimates using surface heat flow and shear wave velocities, we argue that this earthquake occurred in response to ductile deformation at temperatures above 750°C. The high stress drop, low rupture velocity, and low radiation efficiency are all consistent with a dissipative mechanism. Our results imply that earthquake nucleation in the lithospheric mantle is not exclusively limited to the brittle regime; weakening mechanisms in the ductile regime can allow earthquakes to initiate and propagate. This finding has significant implications for understanding deep earthquake rupture mechanics and rheology of the continental lithosphere.
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Affiliation(s)
- Germán A. Prieto
- Departamento de Geociencias, Universidad Nacional de Colombia, Sede Bogotá, Bogotá, Colombia
| | - Bérénice Froment
- Institut de Radioprotection et de Sûreté Nucléaire, Fontenay-aux-Roses, France
| | - Chunquan Yu
- Department of Earth, Atmospheric and Planetary Sciences, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
- Seismological Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91125, USA
| | - Piero Poli
- Department of Earth, Atmospheric and Planetary Sciences, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Rachel Abercrombie
- Department of Earth and Environment, Boston University, Boston, MA 02215, USA
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Ye L, Lay T, Kanamori H, Zhan Z, Duputel Z. Diverse rupture processes in the 2015 Peru deep earthquake doublet. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2016; 2:e1600581. [PMID: 27386585 PMCID: PMC4928880 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.1600581] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2016] [Accepted: 05/31/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Earthquakes in deeply subducted oceanic lithosphere can involve either brittle or dissipative ruptures. On 24 November 2015, two deep (606 and 622 km) magnitude 7.5 and 7.6 earthquakes occurred 316 s and 55 km apart. The first event (E1) was a brittle rupture with a sequence of comparable-size subevents extending unilaterally ~50 km southward with a rupture speed of ~4.5 km/s. This earthquake triggered several aftershocks to the north along with the other major event (E2), which had 40% larger seismic moment and the same duration (~20 s), but much smaller rupture area and lower rupture speed than E1, indicating a more dissipative rupture. A minor energy release ~12 s after E1 near the E2 hypocenter, possibly initiated by the S wave from E1, and a clear aftershock ~165 s after E1 also near the E2 hypocenter, suggest that E2 was likely dynamically triggered. Differences in deep earthquake rupture behavior are commonly attributed to variations in thermal state between subduction zones. However, the marked difference in rupture behavior of the nearby Peru doublet events suggests that local variations of stress state and material properties significantly contribute to diverse behavior of deep earthquakes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lingling Ye
- Seismological Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91125, USA
| | - Thorne Lay
- Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences, University of California Santa Cruz, Santa Cruz, CA 95064, USA
| | - Hiroo Kanamori
- Seismological Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91125, USA
| | - Zhongwen Zhan
- Seismological Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91125, USA
| | - Zacharie Duputel
- Institut de Physique du Globe de Strasbourg, Université de Strasbourg/EOST, CNRS, Strasbourg, France
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Supershear Earthquake Ruptures – Theory, Methods, Laboratory Experiments and Fault Superhighways: An Update. PERSPECTIVES ON EUROPEAN EARTHQUAKE ENGINEERING AND SEISMOLOGY 2015. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-16964-4_1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/03/2022]
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