1
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Han WB, Jang TM, Shin B, Naganaboina VR, Yeo WH, Hwang SW. Recent advances in soft, implantable electronics for dynamic organs. Biosens Bioelectron 2024; 261:116472. [PMID: 38878696 DOI: 10.1016/j.bios.2024.116472] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2024] [Revised: 05/29/2024] [Accepted: 06/05/2024] [Indexed: 07/02/2024]
Abstract
Unlike conventional rigid counterparts, soft and stretchable electronics forms crack- or defect-free conformal interfaces with biological tissues, enabling precise and reliable interventions in diagnosis and treatment of human diseases. Intrinsically soft and elastic materials, and device designs of innovative configurations and structures leads to the emergence of such features, particularly, the mechanical compliance provides seamless integration into continuous movements and deformations of dynamic organs such as the bladder and heart, without disrupting natural physiological functions. This review introduces the development of soft, implantable electronics tailored for dynamic organs, covering various materials, mechanical design strategies, and representative applications for the bladder and heart, and concludes with insights into future directions toward clinically relevant tools.
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Affiliation(s)
- Won Bae Han
- George W. Woodruff School of Mechanical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, 30332, USA; IEN Center for Wearable Intelligent Systems and Healthcare, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, 30332, USA; KU-KIST Graduate School of Converging Science and Technology, Korea University, Seoul, 02841, Republic of Korea
| | - Tae-Min Jang
- KU-KIST Graduate School of Converging Science and Technology, Korea University, Seoul, 02841, Republic of Korea
| | - Beomjune Shin
- George W. Woodruff School of Mechanical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, 30332, USA; IEN Center for Wearable Intelligent Systems and Healthcare, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, 30332, USA
| | - Venkata Ramesh Naganaboina
- KU-KIST Graduate School of Converging Science and Technology, Korea University, Seoul, 02841, Republic of Korea
| | - Woon-Hong Yeo
- George W. Woodruff School of Mechanical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, 30332, USA; IEN Center for Wearable Intelligent Systems and Healthcare, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, 30332, USA; Wallace H. Coulter Department of Biomedical Engineering, Georgia Tech and Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, 30332, USA; Parker H. Petit Institute for Bioengineering and Biosciences, Institute for Materials, Institute for Robotics and Intelligent Machines, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, 30332, USA
| | - Suk-Won Hwang
- KU-KIST Graduate School of Converging Science and Technology, Korea University, Seoul, 02841, Republic of Korea; Center for Biomaterials, Biomedical Research Institute, Korea Institute of Science and Technology (KIST), Seoul, 02792, Republic of Korea; Department of Integrative Energy Engineering, Korea University, Seoul, 02841, Republic of Korea.
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2
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Yan W, Jones T, Jawetz CL, Lee RH, Hopkins JB, Mehta A. Self-deployable contracting-cord metamaterials with tunable mechanical properties. MATERIALS HORIZONS 2024; 11:3805-3818. [PMID: 39005193 DOI: 10.1039/d4mh00584h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/16/2024]
Abstract
Recent advances in active materials and fabrication techniques have enabled the production of cyclically self-deployable metamaterials with an expanded functionality space. However, designing metamaterials that possess continuously tunable mechanical properties after self-deployment remains a challenge, notwithstanding its importance. Inspired by push puppets, we introduce an efficient design strategy to create reversibly self-deployable metamaterials with continuously tunable post-deployment stiffness and damping. Our metamaterial comprises contracting actuators threaded through beads with matching conical concavo-convex interfaces in networked chains. The slack network conforms to arbitrary shapes, but when actuated, it self-assembles into a preprogrammed configuration with beads gathered together. Further contraction of the actuators can dynamically tune the assembly's mechanical properties through the beads' particle jamming, while maintaining the overall structure with minimal change. We show that, after deployment, such metamaterials exhibit pronounced tunability in bending-dominated configurations: they can become more than 35 times stiffer and change their damping capability by over 50%. Through systematic analysis, we find that the beads' conical angle can introduce geometric nonlinearity, which has a major effect on the self-deployability and tunability of the metamaterial. Our work provides routes towards reversibly self-deployable, lightweight, and tunable metamaterials, with potential applications in soft robotics, reconfigurable architectures, and space engineering.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenzhong Yan
- Electrical and Computer Engineering Department, UCLA, USA.
- Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering Department, UCLA, USA
| | - Talmage Jones
- Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering Department, UCLA, USA
| | - Christopher L Jawetz
- Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering Department, UCLA, USA
- Woodruff School of Mechanical Engineering, Georgia Tech, USA
| | - Ryan H Lee
- Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering Department, UCLA, USA
| | | | - Ankur Mehta
- Electrical and Computer Engineering Department, UCLA, USA.
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3
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Li D, Cui T, Xu Z, Xu S, Dong Z, Tao L, Liu H, Yang Y, Ren TL. Designs and Applications for the Multimodal Flexible Hybrid Epidermal Electronic Systems. RESEARCH (WASHINGTON, D.C.) 2024; 7:0424. [PMID: 39130493 PMCID: PMC11310101 DOI: 10.34133/research.0424] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2024] [Accepted: 06/17/2024] [Indexed: 08/13/2024]
Abstract
Research on the flexible hybrid epidermal electronic system (FHEES) has attracted considerable attention due to its potential applications in human-machine interaction and healthcare. Through material and structural innovations, FHEES combines the advantages of traditional stiff electronic devices and flexible electronic technology, enabling it to be worn conformally on the skin while retaining complex system functionality. FHEESs use multimodal sensing to enhance the identification accuracy of the wearer's motion modes, intentions, or health status, thus realizing more comprehensive physiological signal acquisition. However, the heterogeneous integration of soft and stiff components makes balancing comfort and performance in designing and implementing multimodal FHEESs challenging. Herein, multimodal FHEESs are first introduced in 2 types based on their different system structure: all-in-one and assembled, reflecting totally different heterogeneous integration strategies. Characteristics and the key design issues (such as interconnect design, interface strategy, substrate selection, etc.) of the 2 multimodal FHEESs are emphasized. Besides, the applications and advantages of the 2 multimodal FHEESs in recent research have been presented, with a focus on the control and medical fields. Finally, the prospects and challenges of the multimodal FHEES are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ding Li
- School of Integrated Circuit,
Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
| | - Tianrui Cui
- School of Integrated Circuit,
Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
| | - Zigan Xu
- School of Integrated Circuit,
Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
| | - Shuoyan Xu
- School of Integrated Circuit,
Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
| | - Zirui Dong
- School of Integrated Circuit,
Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
| | - Luqi Tao
- Beijing National Research Center for Information Science and Technology (BNRist),
Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
| | - Houfang Liu
- Beijing National Research Center for Information Science and Technology (BNRist),
Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
| | - Yi Yang
- School of Integrated Circuit,
Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
- Beijing National Research Center for Information Science and Technology (BNRist),
Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
| | - Tian-Ling Ren
- School of Integrated Circuit,
Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
- Beijing National Research Center for Information Science and Technology (BNRist),
Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
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4
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Elsaka B, Yang X, Kästner P, Dingel K, Sick B, Lehmann P, Buhmann SY, Hillmer H. Casimir Effect in MEMS: Materials, Geometries, and Metrologies-A Review. MATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2024; 17:3393. [PMID: 39063687 PMCID: PMC11278474 DOI: 10.3390/ma17143393] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2024] [Revised: 06/29/2024] [Accepted: 07/02/2024] [Indexed: 07/28/2024]
Abstract
Casimir force densities, i.e., force per area, become very large if two solid material surfaces come closer together to each other than 10 nm. In most cases, the forces are attractive. In some cases, they can be repulsive depending on the solid materials and the fluid medium in between. This review provides an overview of experimental and theoretical studies that have been performed and focuses on four main aspects: (i) the combinations of different materials, (ii) the considered geometries, (iii) the applied experimental measurement methodologies and (iv) a novel self-assembly methodology based on Casimir forces. Briefly reviewed is also the influence of additional parameters such as temperature, conductivity, and surface roughness. The Casimir effect opens many application possibilities in microelectromechanical systems (MEMS) and nanoelectromechanical systems (NEMS), where an overview is also provided. The knowledge generation in this fascinating field requires interdisciplinary approaches to generate synergetic effects between technological fabrication metrology, theoretical simulations, the establishment of adequate models, artificial intelligence, and machine learning. Finally, multiple applications are addressed as a research roadmap.
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Affiliation(s)
- Basma Elsaka
- Institute of Nanostructure Technologies and Analytics (INA), Technological Electronics Department, University of Kassel, Heinrich-Plett-Straße 40, 34132 Kassel, Germany; (B.E.); (X.Y.); (P.K.)
| | - Xiaohui Yang
- Institute of Nanostructure Technologies and Analytics (INA), Technological Electronics Department, University of Kassel, Heinrich-Plett-Straße 40, 34132 Kassel, Germany; (B.E.); (X.Y.); (P.K.)
| | - Philipp Kästner
- Institute of Nanostructure Technologies and Analytics (INA), Technological Electronics Department, University of Kassel, Heinrich-Plett-Straße 40, 34132 Kassel, Germany; (B.E.); (X.Y.); (P.K.)
| | - Kristina Dingel
- Institute for Systems Analytics and Control (ISAC), Intelligent Embedded Systems Department, University of Kassel, Wilhelmshöher Allee 71-73, 34121 Kassel, Germany; (K.D.); (B.S.)
- Artificial Intelligence Methods for Experiment Design (AIM-ED), Joint Lab between Helmholtz-Zentrum für Materialien und Energie, Berlin (HZB) and the University of Kassel, 34121 Kassel, Germany
| | - Bernhard Sick
- Institute for Systems Analytics and Control (ISAC), Intelligent Embedded Systems Department, University of Kassel, Wilhelmshöher Allee 71-73, 34121 Kassel, Germany; (K.D.); (B.S.)
- Artificial Intelligence Methods for Experiment Design (AIM-ED), Joint Lab between Helmholtz-Zentrum für Materialien und Energie, Berlin (HZB) and the University of Kassel, 34121 Kassel, Germany
| | - Peter Lehmann
- Measurement Technology Group, Faculty of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, University of Kassel, Wilhelmshöher Allee 71, 34121 Kassel, Germany;
- Center for Interdisciplinary Nanostructure Science and Technology (CINSaT), Heinrich-Plett-Straße 40, 34132 Kassel, Germany
| | - Stefan Yoshi Buhmann
- Institut für Physik, University of Kassel, Heinrich-Plett-Straße 40, 34132 Kassel, Germany;
| | - Hartmut Hillmer
- Institute of Nanostructure Technologies and Analytics (INA), Technological Electronics Department, University of Kassel, Heinrich-Plett-Straße 40, 34132 Kassel, Germany; (B.E.); (X.Y.); (P.K.)
- Center for Interdisciplinary Nanostructure Science and Technology (CINSaT), Heinrich-Plett-Straße 40, 34132 Kassel, Germany
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5
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Sandu I, Antohe I, Fleaca CT, Dumitrache F, Urzica I, Dumitru M. Shaping in the Third Direction: Colloidal Photonic Crystals with Quadratic Surfaces Self-Assembled by Hanging-Drop Method. Polymers (Basel) 2024; 16:1931. [PMID: 39000786 PMCID: PMC11243822 DOI: 10.3390/polym16131931] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2024] [Revised: 07/01/2024] [Accepted: 07/04/2024] [Indexed: 07/17/2024] Open
Abstract
High-quality, 3D-shaped, SiO2 colloidal photonic crystals (ellipsoids, hyperboloids, and others) were fabricated by self-assembly. They possess a quadratic surface and are wide-angle-independent, direction-dependent, diffractive reflection crystals. Their size varies between 1 and 5 mm and can be achieved as mechanical-resistant, free-standing, thick (hundreds of ordered layers) objects. High-quality, 3D-shaped, polystyrene inverse-opal photonic superstructures (highly similar to diatom frustules) were synthesized by using an inside infiltration method as wide-angle-independent, reflective diffraction objects. They possess multiple reflection bands given by their special architecture (a torus on the top of an ellipsoid) and by their different sized holes (384 nm and 264 nm). Our hanging-drop self-assembly approach uses setups which deform the shape of an ordinary spherical drop; thus, the colloidal self-assembly takes place on a non-axisymmetric liquid/air interface. The deformed drop surface is a kind of topological interface which changes its shape in time, remaining as a quality template for the self-assembly process. Three-dimensional-shaped colloidal photonic crystals might be used as devices for future spectrophotometers, aspheric or freeform diffracting mirrors, or metasurfaces for experiments regarding space-time curvature analogy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ion Sandu
- Lasers Department, National Institute for Lasers, Plasma and Radiation Physics, 409 Atomistilor Street, 077125 Magurele, Romania; (I.S.); (I.A.); (C.T.F.); (F.D.); (I.U.)
| | - Iulia Antohe
- Lasers Department, National Institute for Lasers, Plasma and Radiation Physics, 409 Atomistilor Street, 077125 Magurele, Romania; (I.S.); (I.A.); (C.T.F.); (F.D.); (I.U.)
- Romanian Academy of Scientists (AOSR), 54 Splaiul Independentei, 050094 Bucharest, Romania
| | - Claudiu Teodor Fleaca
- Lasers Department, National Institute for Lasers, Plasma and Radiation Physics, 409 Atomistilor Street, 077125 Magurele, Romania; (I.S.); (I.A.); (C.T.F.); (F.D.); (I.U.)
| | - Florian Dumitrache
- Lasers Department, National Institute for Lasers, Plasma and Radiation Physics, 409 Atomistilor Street, 077125 Magurele, Romania; (I.S.); (I.A.); (C.T.F.); (F.D.); (I.U.)
| | - Iuliana Urzica
- Lasers Department, National Institute for Lasers, Plasma and Radiation Physics, 409 Atomistilor Street, 077125 Magurele, Romania; (I.S.); (I.A.); (C.T.F.); (F.D.); (I.U.)
| | - Marius Dumitru
- Lasers Department, National Institute for Lasers, Plasma and Radiation Physics, 409 Atomistilor Street, 077125 Magurele, Romania; (I.S.); (I.A.); (C.T.F.); (F.D.); (I.U.)
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6
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Wang Z, Xiao M, Li Z, Wang X, Li F, Yang H, Chen Y, Zhu Z. Microneedle Patches-Integrated Transdermal Bioelectronics for Minimally Invasive Disease Theranostics. Adv Healthc Mater 2024; 13:e2303921. [PMID: 38341619 DOI: 10.1002/adhm.202303921] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2023] [Revised: 01/29/2024] [Indexed: 02/12/2024]
Abstract
Wearable epidermal electronics with non- or minimally-invasive characteristics can collect, transduce, communicate, and interact with accessible physicochemical health indicators on the skin. However, due to the stratum corneum layer, rich information about body health is buried under the skin stratum corneum layer, for example, in the skin interstitial fluid. Microneedle patches are typically designed with arrays of special microsized needles of length within 1000 µm. Such characteristics potentially enable the access and sample of biomolecules under the skin or give therapeutical treatment painlessly and transdermally. Integrating microneedle patches with various electronics allows highly efficient transdermal bioelectronics, showing their great promise for biomedical and healthcare applications. This comprehensive review summarizes and highlights the recent progress on integrated transdermal bioelectronics based on microneedle patches. The design criteria and state-of-the-art fabrication techniques for such devices are initially discussed. Next, devices with different functions, including but not limited to health monitoring, drug delivery, and therapeutical treatment, are highlighted in detail. Finally, key issues associated with current technologies and future opportunities are elaborated to sort out the state of recent research, point out potential bottlenecks, and provide future research directions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zifeng Wang
- School of Health Science and Engineering, University of Shanghai for Science and Technology, 516 Jungong Road, Shanghai, 200093, China
| | - Min Xiao
- School of Health Science and Engineering, University of Shanghai for Science and Technology, 516 Jungong Road, Shanghai, 200093, China
| | - Zhanhong Li
- School of Health Science and Engineering, University of Shanghai for Science and Technology, 516 Jungong Road, Shanghai, 200093, China
| | - Xinghao Wang
- School of Health Science and Engineering, University of Shanghai for Science and Technology, 516 Jungong Road, Shanghai, 200093, China
| | - Fangjie Li
- School of Acupuncture-Moxibustion and Tuina, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, 1200 Cailun Road, Shanghai, 201203, China
| | - Huayuan Yang
- School of Acupuncture-Moxibustion and Tuina, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, 1200 Cailun Road, Shanghai, 201203, China
| | - Yu Chen
- Materdicine Lab, School of Life Sciences, Shanghai University, 99 Shangda Road, Shanghai, 200444, China
| | - Zhigang Zhu
- School of Health Science and Engineering, University of Shanghai for Science and Technology, 516 Jungong Road, Shanghai, 200093, China
- Health Industry Innovation Center, Xin-Huangpu Joint Innovation Institute of Chinese Medicine, 81 Xiangxue Middle Avenue, Huangpu District, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, 510799, China
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7
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Wang T, Wang Y, Fu Y, Chen Z, Jiang C, Ji Y, Lu Y. Angle-Multiplexed 3D Photonic Superstructures with Multi-Directional Switchable Structural Color for Information Transformation, Storage, and Encryption. ADVANCED SCIENCE (WEINHEIM, BADEN-WURTTEMBERG, GERMANY) 2024; 11:e2400442. [PMID: 38757669 PMCID: PMC11267312 DOI: 10.1002/advs.202400442] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2024] [Revised: 04/12/2024] [Indexed: 05/18/2024]
Abstract
Creating photonic crystals that can integrate and switch between multiple structural color images will greatly advance their utility in dynamic information transformation, high-capacity storage, and advanced encryption, but has proven to be highly challenging. Here, it is reported that by programmably integrating newly developed 1D quasi-periodic folding structures into a 3D photonic crystal, the generated photonic superstructure exhibits distinctive optical effects that combine independently manipulatable specular and anisotropic diffuse reflections within a versatile protein-based platform, thus creating different optical channels for structural color imaging. The polymorphic transition of the protein format allows for the facile modulation of both folding patterns and photonic lattices and, therefore, the superstructure's spectral response within each channel. The capacity to manipulate the structural assembly of the superstructure enables the programmable encoding of multiple independent patterns into a single system, which can be decoded by the simple adjustment of lighting directions. The multifunctional utility of the photonic platform is demonstrated in information processing, showcasing its ability to achieve multimode transformation of information codes, multi-code high-capacity storage, and high-level numerical information encryption. The present strategy opens new pathways for achieving multichannel transformable imaging, thereby facilitating the development of emerging information conversion, storage, and encryption media using photonic crystals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tao Wang
- National Laboratory of Solid State MicrostructuresKey Laboratory of Intelligent Optical Sensing and ManipulationCollege of Engineering and Applied Sciencesand Collaborative Innovation Center of Advanced MicrostructuresNanjing UniversityNanjing210023China
| | - Yu Wang
- National Laboratory of Solid State MicrostructuresKey Laboratory of Intelligent Optical Sensing and ManipulationCollege of Engineering and Applied Sciencesand Collaborative Innovation Center of Advanced MicrostructuresNanjing UniversityNanjing210023China
| | - Yinghao Fu
- National Laboratory of Solid State MicrostructuresKey Laboratory of Intelligent Optical Sensing and ManipulationCollege of Engineering and Applied Sciencesand Collaborative Innovation Center of Advanced MicrostructuresNanjing UniversityNanjing210023China
| | - Zhaoxian Chen
- National Laboratory of Solid State MicrostructuresKey Laboratory of Intelligent Optical Sensing and ManipulationCollege of Engineering and Applied Sciencesand Collaborative Innovation Center of Advanced MicrostructuresNanjing UniversityNanjing210023China
| | - Chang Jiang
- National Laboratory of Solid State MicrostructuresKey Laboratory of Intelligent Optical Sensing and ManipulationCollege of Engineering and Applied Sciencesand Collaborative Innovation Center of Advanced MicrostructuresNanjing UniversityNanjing210023China
| | - Yue‐E Ji
- National Laboratory of Solid State MicrostructuresKey Laboratory of Intelligent Optical Sensing and ManipulationCollege of Engineering and Applied Sciencesand Collaborative Innovation Center of Advanced MicrostructuresNanjing UniversityNanjing210023China
| | - Yanqing Lu
- National Laboratory of Solid State MicrostructuresKey Laboratory of Intelligent Optical Sensing and ManipulationCollege of Engineering and Applied Sciencesand Collaborative Innovation Center of Advanced MicrostructuresNanjing UniversityNanjing210023China
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8
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Li H, Zhang W, Liao X, Xu L. Kirigami enabled reconfigurable three-dimensional evaporator arrays for dynamic solar tracking and high efficiency desalination. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2024; 10:eado1019. [PMID: 38924404 PMCID: PMC11204288 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.ado1019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2024] [Accepted: 05/21/2024] [Indexed: 06/28/2024]
Abstract
A kirigami-engineered composite hydrogel membrane is exploited for the construction of three dimensional (3D) solar-tracking evaporator arrays with outstanding evaporation performance and salt tolerance. The hybrid nanofiber network in the hydrogel membrane offers favorable water transport dynamics combined with excellent structural robustness, which are beneficial for the engineering of 3D dynamic structures. Periodic triangular cuts patterned into the membrane allow formation and reconfiguration of 3D conical arrays controlled by uniaxial stretching. With these structures, the tilt angles of the membrane surface are actively tuned to follow the solar trajectory, leading to a solar evaporation rate ~80% higher than that of static planar devices. Furthermore, the tapered 3D flaps and their micro-structured surfaces are capable of localized salt crystallization for prolonged solar desalination, enabling a stable evaporation rate of 3.4 kg m-2 hour-1 even in saturated brine. This versatile design may facilitate the implementation of solar evaporators for desalination and provide inspirations for other soft functional devices with dynamic 3D configurations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hao Li
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR 999077, China
| | - Weixin Zhang
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR 999077, China
- Advanced Biomedical Instrumentation Centre Limited, Hong Kong SAR 999077, China
| | - Xi Liao
- School of Construction Engineering, Shenzhen Polytechnic University, Shenzhen 518055, China
- Department of Architecture, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR 999077, China
| | - Lizhi Xu
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR 999077, China
- Advanced Biomedical Instrumentation Centre Limited, Hong Kong SAR 999077, China
- Materials Innovation Institute for Life Sciences and Energy (MILES), The University of Hong Kong Shenzhen Institute of Research and Innovation (HKU-SIRI), Shenzhen 518057, China
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Lee SE, Seo J, Kim S, Park JH, Jin HJ, Ko J, Kim JH, Kang H, Kim JT, Lee H, Lee BJ, Kim BH. Reversible Solar Heating and Radiative Cooling Devices via Mechanically Guided Assembly of 3D Macro/Microstructures. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2024:e2400930. [PMID: 38940323 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202400930] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2024] [Revised: 06/09/2024] [Indexed: 06/29/2024]
Abstract
Solar heating and radiative cooling are promising solutions for decreasing global energy consumption because these strategies use the Sun (≈5800 K) as a heating source and outer space (≈3 K) as a cooling source. Although high-performance thermal management can be achieved using these eco-friendly methods, they are limited by daily temperature fluctuations and seasonal changes because of single-mode actuation. Herein, reversible solar heating and radiative cooling devices formed via the mechanically guided assembly of 3D architectures are demonstrated. The fabricated devices exhibit the following properties: i) The devices reversibly change between solar heating and radiative cooling under uniaxial strain, called dual-mode actuation. ii) The 3D platforms in the devices can use rigid/soft materials for functional layers owing to the optimized designs. iii) The devices can be used for dual-mode thermal management on a macro/microscale. The devices use black paint-coated polyimide (PI) films as solar absorbers with multilayered films comprising thin layers of polydimethylsiloxane/silver/PI, achieving heating and cooling temperatures of 59.5 and -11.9 °C, respectively. Moreover, mode changes according to the angle of the 3D structures are demonstrated and the heating/cooling performance with skin, glass, steel, aluminum, copper, and PI substrates is investigated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Su Eon Lee
- Department of Robotics and Mechatronics Engineering, DGIST, Daegu, 42988, Republic of Korea
| | - Junyong Seo
- Energy Efficiency Research Division, KIER, Daejeon, 34129, Republic of Korea
| | - Simon Kim
- Department of Robotics and Mechatronics Engineering, DGIST, Daegu, 42988, Republic of Korea
| | - Jun Hyun Park
- Department of Robotics and Mechatronics Engineering, DGIST, Daegu, 42988, Republic of Korea
| | - Ho Jun Jin
- Department of Robotics and Mechatronics Engineering, DGIST, Daegu, 42988, Republic of Korea
| | - Janghun Ko
- Department of Robotics and Mechatronics Engineering, DGIST, Daegu, 42988, Republic of Korea
| | - Jang Hwan Kim
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Ajou University, Suwon, 16499, Republic of Korea
| | - Heemin Kang
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Korea University, Seoul, 02841, Republic of Korea
| | - Jin-Tae Kim
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, POSTECH, Pohang, 37673, Republic of Korea
| | - Heon Lee
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Korea University, Seoul, 02841, Republic of Korea
| | - Bong Jae Lee
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, KAIST, Daejeon, 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Bong Hoon Kim
- Department of Robotics and Mechatronics Engineering, DGIST, Daegu, 42988, Republic of Korea
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10
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Shin Y, Hong S, Hur YC, Lim C, Do K, Kim JH, Kim DH, Lee S. Damage-free dry transfer method using stress engineering for high-performance flexible two- and three-dimensional electronics. NATURE MATERIALS 2024:10.1038/s41563-024-01931-y. [PMID: 38906994 DOI: 10.1038/s41563-024-01931-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2023] [Accepted: 05/23/2024] [Indexed: 06/23/2024]
Abstract
Advanced transfer printing technologies have enabled the fabrication of high-performance flexible and stretchable devices, revolutionizing many research fields including soft electronics, optoelectronics, bioelectronics and energy devices. Despite previous innovations, challenges remain, such as safety concerns due to toxic chemicals, the expensive equipment, film damage during the transfer process and difficulty in high-temperature processing. Thus a new transfer printing process is needed for the commercialization of high-performance soft electronic devices. Here we propose a damage-free dry transfer printing strategy based on stress control of the deposited thin films. First, stress-controlled metal bilayer films are deposited using direct current magnetron sputtering. Subsequently, mechanical bending is applied to facilitate the release of the metal bilayer by increasing the overall stress. Experimental and simulation studies elucidate the stress evolution mechanisms during the processes. By using this method, we successfully transfer metal thin films and high-temperature-treated oxide thin films onto flexible or stretchable substrates, enabling the fabrication of two-dimensional flexible electronic devices and three-dimensional multifunctional devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoonsoo Shin
- Center for Nanoparticle Research, Institute for Basic Science (IBS), Seoul, Republic of Korea
- School of Chemical and Biological Engineering and Institute of Chemical Processes, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Seungki Hong
- Center for Nanoparticle Research, Institute for Basic Science (IBS), Seoul, Republic of Korea
- School of Chemical and Biological Engineering and Institute of Chemical Processes, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Yong Chan Hur
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Pusan National University, Busan, Republic of Korea
| | - Chanhyuk Lim
- Center for Nanoparticle Research, Institute for Basic Science (IBS), Seoul, Republic of Korea
- School of Chemical and Biological Engineering and Institute of Chemical Processes, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyungsik Do
- Center for Nanoparticle Research, Institute for Basic Science (IBS), Seoul, Republic of Korea
- School of Chemical and Biological Engineering and Institute of Chemical Processes, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Ji Hoon Kim
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Pusan National University, Busan, Republic of Korea.
| | - Dae-Hyeong Kim
- Center for Nanoparticle Research, Institute for Basic Science (IBS), Seoul, Republic of Korea.
- School of Chemical and Biological Engineering and Institute of Chemical Processes, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea.
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea.
| | - Sangkyu Lee
- Center for Nanoparticle Research, Institute for Basic Science (IBS), Seoul, Republic of Korea.
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11
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Lee D, Kim SB, Kim T, Choi D, Sim JH, Lee W, Cho H, Yang JH, Kim J, Hahn S, Moon H, Yoo S. Stretchable OLEDs based on a hidden active area for high fill factor and resolution compensation. Nat Commun 2024; 15:4349. [PMID: 38834548 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-024-48396-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2023] [Accepted: 04/29/2024] [Indexed: 06/06/2024] Open
Abstract
Stretchable organic light-emitting diodes (OLEDs) have emerged as promising optoelectronic devices with exceptional degree of freedom in form factors. However, stretching OLEDs often results in a reduction in the geometrical fill factor (FF), that is the ratio of an active area to the total area, thereby limiting their potential for a broad range of applications. To overcome these challenges, we propose a three-dimensional (3D) architecture adopting a hidden active area that serves a dual role as both an emitting area and an interconnector. For this purpose, an ultrathin OLED is first attached to a 3D rigid island array structure through quadaxial stretching for precise, deformation-free alignment. A portion of the ultrathin OLED is concealed by letting it 'fold in' between the adjacent islands in the initial, non-stretched condition and gradually surfaces to the top upon stretching. This design enables the proposed stretchable OLEDs to exhibit a relatively high FF not only in the initial state but also after substantial deformation corresponding to a 30% biaxial system strain. Moreover, passive-matrix OLED displays that utilize this architecture are shown to be configurable for compensation of post-stretch resolution loss, demonstrating the efficacy of the proposed approach in realizing the full potential of stretchable OLEDs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Donggyun Lee
- School of Electrical Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon, 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Su-Bon Kim
- School of Electrical Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon, 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Taehyun Kim
- School of Electrical Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon, 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Dongho Choi
- School of Electrical Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon, 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Jee Hoon Sim
- School of Electrical Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon, 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Woochan Lee
- School of Electrical Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon, 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyunsu Cho
- Electronics Telecommunications Research Institute (ETRI), Daejeon, 34129, Republic of Korea
| | - Jong-Heon Yang
- Electronics Telecommunications Research Institute (ETRI), Daejeon, 34129, Republic of Korea
| | - Junho Kim
- School of Electrical Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon, 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Sangin Hahn
- School of Electrical Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon, 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Hanul Moon
- Department of Semiconductor; Department of Chemical Engineering (BK21 FOUR Graduate Program), Dong-A University, Busan, 49315, Republic of Korea.
| | - Seunghyup Yoo
- School of Electrical Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon, 34141, Republic of Korea.
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12
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Shi Y, Zhao J, Zhang B, Qin J, Hu X, Cheng Y, Yu J, Jie J, Zhang X. Freestanding Serpentine Silicon Strips with Ultrahigh Stretchability over 300% for Wearable Electronics. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2024; 36:e2313603. [PMID: 38489559 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202313603] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2023] [Revised: 03/07/2024] [Indexed: 03/17/2024]
Abstract
Well-functionalized electronic materials, such as silicon, in a stretchable format are desirable for high-performance wearable electronics. However, obtaining Si materials that meet the required stretchability of over 100% for wearable applications remains a significant challenge. Herein, a rational design strategy is proposed to achieve freestanding serpentine Si strips (FS-Si strips) with ultrahigh stretchability, fulfilling wearable requirements. The self-supporting feature makes the strips get rid of excessive constraints from substrates and enables them to deform with the minimum strain energy. Micrometer-scale thicknesses enhance robustness, and large diameter-to-width ratios effectively reduce strain concentration. Consequently, the FS-Si strips with the optimum design could withstand 300% stretch, bending, and torsion without fracturing, even under rough manual operation. They also exhibit excellent stability and durability over 50,000 cycles of 100% stretching cycles. For wearable applications, the FS-Si strips can maintain conformal contact with the skin and have a maximum stretchability of 120%. Moreover, they are electrically insensitive to large deformations, which ensure signal stability during their daily use. Combined with mature processing techniques and the excellent semiconductor properties of Si, FS-Si strips are promising core stretchable electronic materials for wearable electronics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yihao Shi
- Institute of Functional Nano & Soft Materials (FUNSOM), Soochow University, Suzhou, 215123, P. R. China
| | - Jianzhong Zhao
- Applied Mechanics Laboratory, Department of Engineering Mechanics, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, P. R. China
- Laboratory of Flexible Electronics Technology, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, P. R. China
| | - Bingchang Zhang
- School of Optoelectronic Science and Engineering, Key Laboratory of Advanced Optical Manufacturing Technologies of Jiangsu Province, Key Laboratory of Modern Optical Technologies of Education Ministry of China, Soochow University, Suzhou, 215006, P. R. China
| | - Jiahao Qin
- Institute of Functional Nano & Soft Materials (FUNSOM), Soochow University, Suzhou, 215123, P. R. China
- Suzhou Industrial Park Monash Research Institute of Science and Technology, Monash University, Suzhou, 215000, P. R. China
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Monash University, Clayton, VIC, 3800, Australia
| | - Xinyue Hu
- Institute of Functional Nano & Soft Materials (FUNSOM), Soochow University, Suzhou, 215123, P. R. China
| | - Yuan Cheng
- Suzhou Industrial Park Monash Research Institute of Science and Technology, Monash University, Suzhou, 215000, P. R. China
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Monash University, Clayton, VIC, 3800, Australia
| | - Jia Yu
- Institute of Functional Nano & Soft Materials (FUNSOM), Soochow University, Suzhou, 215123, P. R. China
| | - Jiansheng Jie
- Institute of Functional Nano & Soft Materials (FUNSOM), Soochow University, Suzhou, 215123, P. R. China
| | - Xiaohong Zhang
- Institute of Functional Nano & Soft Materials (FUNSOM), Soochow University, Suzhou, 215123, P. R. China
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Advanced Negative Carbon Technologies, Soochow University, Suzhou, 215123, P. R. China
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13
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Liu Z, Hu X, Bo R, Yang Y, Cheng X, Pang W, Liu Q, Wang Y, Wang S, Xu S, Shen Z, Zhang Y. A three-dimensionally architected electronic skin mimicking human mechanosensation. Science 2024; 384:987-994. [PMID: 38815009 DOI: 10.1126/science.adk5556] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2023] [Accepted: 04/19/2024] [Indexed: 06/01/2024]
Abstract
Human skin sensing of mechanical stimuli originates from transduction of mechanoreceptors that converts external forces into electrical signals. Although imitating the spatial distribution of those mechanoreceptors can enable developments of electronic skins capable of decoupled sensing of normal/shear forces and strains, it remains elusive. We report a three-dimensionally (3D) architected electronic skin (denoted as 3DAE-Skin) with force and strain sensing components arranged in a 3D layout that mimics that of Merkel cells and Ruffini endings in human skin. This 3DAE-Skin shows excellent decoupled sensing performances of normal force, shear force, and strain and enables development of a tactile system for simultaneous modulus/curvature measurements of an object through touch. Demonstrations include rapid modulus measurements of fruits, bread, and cake with various shapes and degrees of freshness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhi Liu
- Applied Mechanics Laboratory, Department of Engineering Mechanics, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, P.R. China
- Laboratory of Flexible Electronics Technology, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, P.R. China
| | - Xiaonan Hu
- Applied Mechanics Laboratory, Department of Engineering Mechanics, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, P.R. China
- Laboratory of Flexible Electronics Technology, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, P.R. China
| | - Renheng Bo
- Applied Mechanics Laboratory, Department of Engineering Mechanics, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, P.R. China
- Laboratory of Flexible Electronics Technology, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, P.R. China
| | - Youzhou Yang
- Applied Mechanics Laboratory, Department of Engineering Mechanics, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, P.R. China
- Laboratory of Flexible Electronics Technology, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, P.R. China
| | - Xu Cheng
- Applied Mechanics Laboratory, Department of Engineering Mechanics, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, P.R. China
- Laboratory of Flexible Electronics Technology, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, P.R. China
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore 119276, Singapore
- Institute for Health Innovation & Technology (iHealthtech), National University of Singapore, Singapore 119276, Singapore
| | - Wenbo Pang
- Applied Mechanics Laboratory, Department of Engineering Mechanics, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, P.R. China
- Laboratory of Flexible Electronics Technology, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, P.R. China
| | - Qing Liu
- Applied Mechanics Laboratory, Department of Engineering Mechanics, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, P.R. China
- Laboratory of Flexible Electronics Technology, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, P.R. China
| | - Yuejiao Wang
- Applied Mechanics Laboratory, Department of Engineering Mechanics, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, P.R. China
- Laboratory of Flexible Electronics Technology, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, P.R. China
| | - Shuheng Wang
- Applied Mechanics Laboratory, Department of Engineering Mechanics, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, P.R. China
- Laboratory of Flexible Electronics Technology, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, P.R. China
| | - Shiwei Xu
- Applied Mechanics Laboratory, Department of Engineering Mechanics, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, P.R. China
- Laboratory of Flexible Electronics Technology, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, P.R. China
| | - Zhangming Shen
- Applied Mechanics Laboratory, Department of Engineering Mechanics, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, P.R. China
- Laboratory of Flexible Electronics Technology, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, P.R. China
| | - Yihui Zhang
- Applied Mechanics Laboratory, Department of Engineering Mechanics, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, P.R. China
- Laboratory of Flexible Electronics Technology, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, P.R. China
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14
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An S, Cao Y, Jiang H. A mechanically robust and facile shape morphing using tensile-induced buckling. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2024; 10:eado8431. [PMID: 38781341 PMCID: PMC11114219 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.ado8431] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2024] [Accepted: 04/17/2024] [Indexed: 05/25/2024]
Abstract
Inspired by the adaptive mechanisms observed in biological organisms, shape-morphing soft structures have emerged as promising platforms for many applications. In this study, we present a shape-morphing strategy to overcome existing limitations of the intricate fabrication process and the lack of mechanical robustness against mechanical perturbations. Our method uses tensile-induced buckling, achieved by attaching restraining strips to a stretchable substrate. When the substrate is stretched, the stiffness mismatch between the restraining strips and the substrate, and the Poisson's effect on the substrate cause the restraining strips to buckle, thereby transforming initially flat shapes into intricate three-dimensional (3D) configurations. Guided by an inverse design method, we demonstrate the capability to achieve complicated and diverse 3D shapes. Leveraging shape morphing, we further develop soft grippers exhibiting outstanding universality, high grasping efficiencies, and exceptional durability. Our proposed shape-morphing strategy is scalable and material-independent, holding notable potential for applications in soft robotics, haptics, and biomedical devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Siqi An
- School of Engineering, Westlake University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310030, China
- Westlake Institute for Advanced Study, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310024, China
| | - Yajun Cao
- School of Engineering, Westlake University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310030, China
- Westlake Institute for Advanced Study, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310024, China
| | - Hanqing Jiang
- School of Engineering, Westlake University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310030, China
- Westlake Institute for Advanced Study, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310024, China
- Research Center for Industries of the Future, Westlake University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310030, China
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15
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Yang Y, Wang Y, Lin M, Liu M, Huang C. Bio-inspired facile strategy for programmable osmosis-driven shape-morphing elastomer composite structures. MATERIALS HORIZONS 2024; 11:2180-2190. [PMID: 38406864 DOI: 10.1039/d3mh01731a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/27/2024]
Abstract
Achieving programmable and reversible deformations of soft materials is a long-standing goal for various applications in soft robotics, flexible electronics and many other fields. Swelling-induced shape morphing has been intensively studied as one of the potential mechanisms. However, achieving an extremely large swelling ratio (>1000% in volume) remains challenging with existing swellable soft materials (e.g., hydrogels and water-swellable rubbers). Inspired by the shape change enabled by the osmosis-driven swelling in living organisms, herein, we report a polymer composite system composed of fine sodium chloride (NaCl) particles embedded in Ecoflex00-10 polymer. This Ecoflex00-10/NaCl polymer composite can achieve controllable volumetric swelling up to 3000% while maintaining a relatively high elastic stiffness. We demonstrate that this swellable polymer composite can serve as an active component to drive the shape morphing of various structures. By controlling the geometric design and the fraction of the NaCl particle, morphing structures capable of deforming sequentially are created. Finally, by encapsulating 3D printed polymer composite patterns using water-permeable PDMS membrane, a programmable braille with visual and tactile regulation is demonstrated for the purpose of information encryption. Our study provides a facile approach to generate customizable shape-morphing structures, aiming to broaden the range of techniques and applications for morphing devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuanhang Yang
- School of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore 639798, Singapore.
| | - Yueying Wang
- School of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore 639798, Singapore.
| | - Marcus Lin
- School of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore 639798, Singapore.
| | - Mingchao Liu
- School of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore 639798, Singapore.
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK
| | - Changjin Huang
- School of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore 639798, Singapore.
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16
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Jin L, Yang S. Engineering Kirigami Frameworks Toward Real-World Applications. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2024; 36:e2308560. [PMID: 37983878 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202308560] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2023] [Revised: 11/05/2023] [Indexed: 11/22/2023]
Abstract
The surge in advanced manufacturing techniques has led to a paradigm shift in the realm of material design from developing completely new chemistry to tailoring geometry within existing materials. Kirigami, evolved from a traditional cultural and artistic craft of cutting and folding, has emerged as a powerful framework that endows simple 2D sheets with unique mechanical, thermal, optical, and acoustic properties, as well as shape-shifting capabilities. Given its flexibility, versatility, and ease of fabrication, there are significant efforts in developing kirigami algorithms to create various architectured materials for a wide range of applications. This review summarizes the fundamental mechanisms that govern the transformation of kirigami structures and elucidates how these mechanisms contribute to their distinctive properties, including high stretchability and adaptability, tunable surface topography, programmable shape morphing, and characteristics of bistability and multistability. It then highlights several promising applications enabled by the unique kirigami designs and concludes with an outlook on the future challenges and perspectives of kirigami-inspired metamaterials toward real-world applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lishuai Jin
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Pennsylvania, 3231 Walnut Street, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
| | - Shu Yang
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Pennsylvania, 3231 Walnut Street, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
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17
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Leanza S, Wu S, Sun X, Qi HJ, Zhao RR. Active Materials for Functional Origami. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2024; 36:e2302066. [PMID: 37120795 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202302066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2023] [Revised: 04/13/2023] [Indexed: 06/19/2023]
Abstract
In recent decades, origami has been explored to aid in the design of engineering structures. These structures span multiple scales and have been demonstrated to be used toward various areas such as aerospace, metamaterial, biomedical, robotics, and architectural applications. Conventionally, origami or deployable structures have been actuated by hands, motors, or pneumatic actuators, which can result in heavy or bulky structures. On the other hand, active materials, which reconfigure in response to external stimulus, eliminate the need for external mechanical loads and bulky actuation systems. Thus, in recent years, active materials incorporated with deployable structures have shown promise for remote actuation of light weight, programmable origami. In this review, active materials such as shape memory polymers (SMPs) and alloys (SMAs), hydrogels, liquid crystal elastomers (LCEs), magnetic soft materials (MSMs), and covalent adaptable network (CAN) polymers, their actuation mechanisms, as well as how they have been utilized for active origami and where these structures are applicable is discussed. Additionally, the state-of-the-art fabrication methods to construct active origami are highlighted. The existing structural modeling strategies for origami, the constitutive models used to describe active materials, and the largest challenges and future directions for active origami research are summarized.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sophie Leanza
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA
| | - Shuai Wu
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA
| | - Xiaohao Sun
- The George W. Woodruff School of Mechanical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, 30332, USA
| | - H Jerry Qi
- The George W. Woodruff School of Mechanical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, 30332, USA
| | - Ruike Renee Zhao
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA
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18
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Ou Yang CW, Yu SY, Chan CW, Tseng CY, Cai JF, Huang HP, Juang JY. Enhancing the Versatility and Performance of Soft Robotic Grippers, Hands, and Crawling Robots Through Three-Dimensional-Printed Multifunctional Buckling Joints. Soft Robot 2024. [PMID: 38387016 DOI: 10.1089/soro.2023.0111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/24/2024] Open
Abstract
Soft robotic grippers and hands offer adaptability, lightweight construction, and enhanced safety in human-robot interactions. In this study, we introduce vacuum-actuated soft robotic finger joints to overcome their limitations in stiffness, response, and load-carrying capability. Our design-optimized through parametric design and three-dimensional (3D) printing-achieves high stiffness using vacuum pressure and a buckling mechanism for large bending angles (>90°) and rapid response times (0.24 s). We develop a theoretical model and nonlinear finite-element simulations to validate the experimental results and provide valuable insights into the underlying mechanics and visualization of the deformation and stress field. We showcase versatile applications of the buckling joints: a three-finger gripper with a large lifting ratio (∼96), a five-finger robotic hand capable of replicating human gestures and adeptly grasping objects of various characteristics in static and dynamic scenarios, and a planar-crawling robot carrying loads 30 times its weight at 0.89 body length per second (BL/s). In addition, a jellyfish-inspired robot crawls in circular pipes at 0.47 BL/s. By enhancing soft robotic grippers' functionality and performance, our study expands their applications and paves the way for innovation through 3D-printed multifunctional buckling joints.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chih-Wen Ou Yang
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Shao-Yi Yu
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of California at Berkeley, Berkeley, California, USA
| | - Che-Wei Chan
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Chien-Yao Tseng
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Jing-Fang Cai
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Han-Pang Huang
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Jia-Yang Juang
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
- Program in Nanoengineering and Nanoscience, Graduate School of Advanced Technology, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
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19
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Hu C, Wang L, Liu S, Sheng X, Yin L. Recent Development of Implantable Chemical Sensors Utilizing Flexible and Biodegradable Materials for Biomedical Applications. ACS NANO 2024; 18:3969-3995. [PMID: 38271679 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.3c11832] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2024]
Abstract
Implantable chemical sensors built with flexible and biodegradable materials exhibit immense potential for seamless integration with biological systems by matching the mechanical properties of soft tissues and eliminating device retraction procedures. Compared with conventional hospital-based blood tests, implantable chemical sensors have the capability to achieve real-time monitoring with high accuracy of important biomarkers such as metabolites, neurotransmitters, and proteins, offering valuable insights for clinical applications. These innovative sensors could provide essential information for preventive diagnosis and effective intervention. To date, despite extensive research on flexible and bioresorbable materials for implantable electronics, the development of chemical sensors has faced several challenges related to materials and device design, resulting in only a limited number of successful accomplishments. This review highlights recent advancements in implantable chemical sensors based on flexible and biodegradable materials, encompassing their sensing strategies, materials strategies, and geometric configurations. The following discussions focus on demonstrated detection of various objects including ions, small molecules, and a few examples of macromolecules using flexible and/or bioresorbable implantable chemical sensors. Finally, we will present current challenges and explore potential future directions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chen Hu
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, The Key Laboratory of Advanced Materials of Ministry of Education, State Key Laboratory of New Ceramics and Fine Processing, Laboratory of Flexible Electronics Technology, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, P. R. China
| | - Liu Wang
- Key Laboratory of Biomechanics and Mechanobiology of Ministry of Education, Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Biomedical Engineering, School of Biological Science and Medical Engineering, Beihang University, Beijing 100083, P. R. China
| | - Shangbin Liu
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, The Key Laboratory of Advanced Materials of Ministry of Education, State Key Laboratory of New Ceramics and Fine Processing, Laboratory of Flexible Electronics Technology, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, P. R. China
| | - Xing Sheng
- Department of Electronic Engineering, Beijing National Research Center for Information Science and Technology, Institute for Precision Medicine, Laboratory of Flexible Electronics Technology, IDG/McGovern Institute for Brain Research, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, P. R. China
| | - Lan Yin
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, The Key Laboratory of Advanced Materials of Ministry of Education, State Key Laboratory of New Ceramics and Fine Processing, Laboratory of Flexible Electronics Technology, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, P. R. China
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20
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Hua Q, Shen G. Low-dimensional nanostructures for monolithic 3D-integrated flexible and stretchable electronics. Chem Soc Rev 2024; 53:1316-1353. [PMID: 38196334 DOI: 10.1039/d3cs00918a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2024]
Abstract
Flexible/stretchable electronics, which are characterized by their ultrathin design, lightweight structure, and excellent mechanical robustness and conformability, have garnered significant attention due to their unprecedented potential in healthcare, advanced robotics, and human-machine interface technologies. An increasing number of low-dimensional nanostructures with exceptional mechanical, electronic, and/or optical properties are being developed for flexible/stretchable electronics to fulfill the functional and application requirements of information sensing, processing, and interactive loops. Compared to the traditional single-layer format, which has a restricted design space, a monolithic three-dimensional (M3D) integrated device architecture offers greater flexibility and stretchability for electronic devices, achieving a high-level of integration to accommodate the state-of-the-art design targets, such as skin-comfort, miniaturization, and multi-functionality. Low-dimensional nanostructures possess small size, unique characteristics, flexible/elastic adaptability, and effective vertical stacking capability, boosting the advancement of M3D-integrated flexible/stretchable systems. In this review, we provide a summary of the typical low-dimensional nanostructures found in semiconductor, interconnect, and substrate materials, and discuss the design rules of flexible/stretchable devices for intelligent sensing and data processing. Furthermore, artificial sensory systems in 3D integration have been reviewed, highlighting the advancements in flexible/stretchable electronics that are deployed with high-density, energy-efficiency, and multi-functionalities. Finally, we discuss the technical challenges and advanced methodologies involved in the design and optimization of low-dimensional nanostructures, to achieve monolithic 3D-integrated flexible/stretchable multi-sensory systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qilin Hua
- School of Integrated Circuits and Electronics, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China.
- Institute of Flexible Electronics, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 102488, China
| | - Guozhen Shen
- School of Integrated Circuits and Electronics, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China.
- Institute of Flexible Electronics, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 102488, China
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21
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Xie R, Cao Y, Sun R, Wang R, Morgan A, Kim J, Callens SJP, Xie K, Zou J, Lin J, Zhou K, Lu X, Stevens MM. Magnetically driven formation of 3D freestanding soft bioscaffolds. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2024; 10:eadl1549. [PMID: 38306430 PMCID: PMC10836728 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.adl1549] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2023] [Accepted: 01/04/2024] [Indexed: 02/04/2024]
Abstract
3D soft bioscaffolds have great promise in tissue engineering, biohybrid robotics, and organ-on-a-chip engineering applications. Though emerging three-dimensional (3D) printing techniques offer versatility for assembling soft biomaterials, challenges persist in overcoming the deformation or collapse of delicate 3D structures during fabrication, especially for overhanging or thin features. This study introduces a magnet-assisted fabrication strategy that uses a magnetic field to trigger shape morphing and provide remote temporary support, enabling the straightforward creation of soft bioscaffolds with overhangs and thin-walled structures in 3D. We demonstrate the versatility and effectiveness of our strategy through the fabrication of bioscaffolds that replicate the complex 3D topology of branching vascular systems. Furthermore, we engineered hydrogel-based bioscaffolds to support biohybrid soft actuators capable of walking motion triggered by cardiomyocytes. This approach opens new possibilities for shaping hydrogel materials into complex 3D morphologies, which will further empower a broad range of biomedical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruoxiao Xie
- Department of Materials, Department of Bioengineering and Institute of Biomedical Engineering, Imperial College London, London SW7 2AZ, UK
| | - Yuanxiong Cao
- Department of Materials, Department of Bioengineering and Institute of Biomedical Engineering, Imperial College London, London SW7 2AZ, UK
- Department of Physiology, Anatomy and Genetics, Kavli Institute for Nanoscience Discovery, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford, OX1 3QU, UK
| | - Rujie Sun
- Department of Materials, Department of Bioengineering and Institute of Biomedical Engineering, Imperial College London, London SW7 2AZ, UK
| | - Richard Wang
- Department of Materials, Department of Bioengineering and Institute of Biomedical Engineering, Imperial College London, London SW7 2AZ, UK
| | - Alexis Morgan
- Department of Materials, Department of Bioengineering and Institute of Biomedical Engineering, Imperial College London, London SW7 2AZ, UK
| | - Junyoung Kim
- Department of Materials, Department of Bioengineering and Institute of Biomedical Engineering, Imperial College London, London SW7 2AZ, UK
| | - Sebastien J P Callens
- Department of Materials, Department of Bioengineering and Institute of Biomedical Engineering, Imperial College London, London SW7 2AZ, UK
| | - Kai Xie
- Department of Materials, Department of Bioengineering and Institute of Biomedical Engineering, Imperial College London, London SW7 2AZ, UK
| | - Jiawen Zou
- Department of Materials, Department of Bioengineering and Institute of Biomedical Engineering, Imperial College London, London SW7 2AZ, UK
| | - Junliang Lin
- Department of Materials, Department of Bioengineering and Institute of Biomedical Engineering, Imperial College London, London SW7 2AZ, UK
- Department of Physiology, Anatomy and Genetics, Kavli Institute for Nanoscience Discovery, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford, OX1 3QU, UK
| | - Kun Zhou
- Department of Materials, Department of Bioengineering and Institute of Biomedical Engineering, Imperial College London, London SW7 2AZ, UK
| | - Xiangrong Lu
- Department of Materials, Department of Bioengineering and Institute of Biomedical Engineering, Imperial College London, London SW7 2AZ, UK
| | - Molly M Stevens
- Department of Materials, Department of Bioengineering and Institute of Biomedical Engineering, Imperial College London, London SW7 2AZ, UK
- Department of Physiology, Anatomy and Genetics, Kavli Institute for Nanoscience Discovery, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford, OX1 3QU, UK
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22
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Gong S, Lu Y, Yin J, Levin A, Cheng W. Materials-Driven Soft Wearable Bioelectronics for Connected Healthcare. Chem Rev 2024; 124:455-553. [PMID: 38174868 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.3c00502] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2024]
Abstract
In the era of Internet-of-things, many things can stay connected; however, biological systems, including those necessary for human health, remain unable to stay connected to the global Internet due to the lack of soft conformal biosensors. The fundamental challenge lies in the fact that electronics and biology are distinct and incompatible, as they are based on different materials via different functioning principles. In particular, the human body is soft and curvilinear, yet electronics are typically rigid and planar. Recent advances in materials and materials design have generated tremendous opportunities to design soft wearable bioelectronics, which may bridge the gap, enabling the ultimate dream of connected healthcare for anyone, anytime, and anywhere. We begin with a review of the historical development of healthcare, indicating the significant trend of connected healthcare. This is followed by the focal point of discussion about new materials and materials design, particularly low-dimensional nanomaterials. We summarize material types and their attributes for designing soft bioelectronic sensors; we also cover their synthesis and fabrication methods, including top-down, bottom-up, and their combined approaches. Next, we discuss the wearable energy challenges and progress made to date. In addition to front-end wearable devices, we also describe back-end machine learning algorithms, artificial intelligence, telecommunication, and software. Afterward, we describe the integration of soft wearable bioelectronic systems which have been applied in various testbeds in real-world settings, including laboratories that are preclinical and clinical environments. Finally, we narrate the remaining challenges and opportunities in conjunction with our perspectives.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shu Gong
- Department of Chemical & Biological Engineering, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria 3800, Australia
| | - Yan Lu
- Department of Chemical & Biological Engineering, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria 3800, Australia
| | - Jialiang Yin
- Department of Chemical & Biological Engineering, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria 3800, Australia
| | - Arie Levin
- Department of Chemical & Biological Engineering, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria 3800, Australia
| | - Wenlong Cheng
- Department of Chemical & Biological Engineering, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria 3800, Australia
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23
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Guo S, Gao M, Zhang W, Liu F, Guo X, Zhou K. Recent Advances in Laser-Induced Synthesis of MOF Derivatives. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2023; 35:e2303065. [PMID: 37319033 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202303065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2023] [Revised: 06/01/2023] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) are crystalline materials with permanent pores constructed by the self-assembly of organic ligands and metal clusters through coordination bonds. Due to their diversity and tunability, MOFs are used as precursors to be converted into other types of functional materials by pyrolytic recrystallization. Laser-induced synthesis is proven to be a powerful pyrolytic processing technique with fast and accurate laser irradiation, low loss, high efficiency, selectivity, and programmability, which endow MOF derivatives with new features. Laser-induced MOF derivatives exhibit high versatility in multidisciplinary research fields. In this review, first, the basic principles of laser smelting and the types of materials for laser preparation of MOF derivatives are briefly introduced. Subsequently, it is focused on the peculiarity of the engineering of structural defects and their applications in catalysis, environmental protection, and energy fields. Finally, the challenges and opportunities at the current stage are highlighted with the aim of elucidating the future direction of the rapidly growing field of laser-induced synthesis of MOF derivatives.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuailong Guo
- Singapore Centre for 3D Printing, School of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, 639798, Singapore
| | - Ming Gao
- Singapore Centre for 3D Printing, School of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, 639798, Singapore
| | - Wang Zhang
- College of Materials Science and Engineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, 310014, China
| | - Feng Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Powder Metallurgy, Central South University, Changsha, 410083, China
| | - Xueyi Guo
- School of Metallurgy and Environment, Central South University, Changsha, 410083, China
| | - Kun Zhou
- Singapore Centre for 3D Printing, School of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, 639798, Singapore
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24
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McCaskill JS, Karnaushenko D, Zhu M, Schmidt OG. Microelectronic Morphogenesis: Smart Materials with Electronics Assembling into Artificial Organisms. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2023; 35:e2306344. [PMID: 37814374 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202306344] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2023] [Revised: 08/27/2023] [Indexed: 10/11/2023]
Abstract
Microelectronic morphogenesis is the creation and maintenance of complex functional structures by microelectronic information within shape-changing materials. Only recently has in-built information technology begun to be used to reshape materials and their functions in three dimensions to form smart microdevices and microrobots. Electronic information that controls morphology is inheritable like its biological counterpart, genetic information, and is set to open new vistas of technology leading to artificial organisms when coupled with modular design and self-assembly that can make reversible microscopic electrical connections. Three core capabilities of cells in organisms, self-maintenance (homeostatic metabolism utilizing free energy), self-containment (distinguishing self from nonself), and self-reproduction (cell division with inherited properties), once well out of reach for technology, are now within the grasp of information-directed materials. Construction-aware electronics can be used to proof-read and initiate game-changing error correction in microelectronic self-assembly. Furthermore, noncontact communication and electronically supported learning enable one to implement guided self-assembly and enhance functionality. Here, the fundamental breakthroughs that have opened the pathway to this prospective path are reviewed, the extent and way in which the core properties of life can be addressed are analyzed, and the potential and indeed necessity of such technology for sustainable high technology in society is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- John S McCaskill
- Research Center for Materials, Architectures and Integration of Nanomembranes (MAIN), Chemnitz University of Technology, 09126, Chemnitz, Germany
- Material Systems for Nanoelectronics, Chemnitz University of Technology, 09126, Chemnitz, Germany
- European Centre for Living Technology (ECLT), Ca' Bottacin, Dorsoduro 3911, Venice, 30123, Italy
| | - Daniil Karnaushenko
- Research Center for Materials, Architectures and Integration of Nanomembranes (MAIN), Chemnitz University of Technology, 09126, Chemnitz, Germany
- Material Systems for Nanoelectronics, Chemnitz University of Technology, 09126, Chemnitz, Germany
| | - Minshen Zhu
- Research Center for Materials, Architectures and Integration of Nanomembranes (MAIN), Chemnitz University of Technology, 09126, Chemnitz, Germany
- Material Systems for Nanoelectronics, Chemnitz University of Technology, 09126, Chemnitz, Germany
| | - Oliver G Schmidt
- Research Center for Materials, Architectures and Integration of Nanomembranes (MAIN), Chemnitz University of Technology, 09126, Chemnitz, Germany
- Material Systems for Nanoelectronics, Chemnitz University of Technology, 09126, Chemnitz, Germany
- European Centre for Living Technology (ECLT), Ca' Bottacin, Dorsoduro 3911, Venice, 30123, Italy
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25
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Wu B, Zhang Z, Zheng Z, Cai T, You C, Liu C, Li X, Wang Y, Wang J, Li H, Song E, Cui J, Huang G, Mei Y. Self-Rolled-Up Ultrathin Single-Crystalline Silicon Nanomembranes for On-Chip Tubular Polarization Photodetectors. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2023; 35:e2306715. [PMID: 37721970 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202306715] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2023] [Revised: 09/09/2023] [Indexed: 09/20/2023]
Abstract
Freestanding single-crystalline nanomembranes and their assembly have broad application potential in photodetectors for integrated chips. However, the release and self-assembly process of single-crystalline semiconductor nanomembranes still remains a great challenge in on-chip processing and functional integration, and photodetectors based on nanomembrane always suffer from limited absorption of nanoscale thickness. Here, a non-destructive releasing and rolling process is employed to prepare tubular photodetectors based on freestanding single-crystalline Si nanomembranes. Spontaneous release and self-assembly are achieved by residual strain introduced by lattice mismatch at the epitaxial interface of Si and Ge, and the intrinsic stress and strain distributions in self-rolled-up Si nanomembranes are analyzed experimentally and computationally. The advantages of light trapping and wide-angle optical coupling are realized by tubular geometry. This Si microtube device achieves reliable Ohmic contact and exhibits a photoresponsivity of over 330 mA W-1 , a response time of 370 µs, and a light incident detection angle range of over 120°. Furthermore, the microtubular structure shows a distinct polarization angle-dependent light absorption, with a dichroic ratio of 1.24 achieved at 940 nm. The proposed Si-based microtubes provide new possibilities for the construction of multifunctional chips for integrated circuit ecosystems in the More than Moore era.
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Affiliation(s)
- Binmin Wu
- Department of Materials Science & State Key Laboratory of ASIC and Systems, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200438, P. R. China
| | - Ziyu Zhang
- Department of Materials Science & State Key Laboratory of ASIC and Systems, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200438, P. R. China
| | - Zhi Zheng
- Department of Materials Science & State Key Laboratory of ASIC and Systems, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200438, P. R. China
| | - Tianjun Cai
- Department of Materials Science & State Key Laboratory of ASIC and Systems, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200438, P. R. China
| | - Chunyu You
- Department of Materials Science & State Key Laboratory of ASIC and Systems, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200438, P. R. China
| | - Chang Liu
- Department of Materials Science & State Key Laboratory of ASIC and Systems, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200438, P. R. China
| | - Xing Li
- Department of Materials Science & State Key Laboratory of ASIC and Systems, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200438, P. R. China
| | - Yang Wang
- Department of Materials Science & State Key Laboratory of ASIC and Systems, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200438, P. R. China
| | - Jinlong Wang
- Department of Materials Science & State Key Laboratory of ASIC and Systems, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200438, P. R. China
| | - Hongbin Li
- Department of Materials Science & State Key Laboratory of ASIC and Systems, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200438, P. R. China
| | - Enming Song
- Yiwu Research Institute of Fudan University, Yiwu, 322000, P. R. China
- International Institute of Intelligent Nanorobots and Nanosystems, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200438, P. R. China
- Shanghai Frontiers Science Research Base of Intelligent Optoelectronics and Perception, Institute of Optoelectronics, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200438, P. R. China
| | - Jizhai Cui
- Department of Materials Science & State Key Laboratory of ASIC and Systems, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200438, P. R. China
- Yiwu Research Institute of Fudan University, Yiwu, 322000, P. R. China
- International Institute of Intelligent Nanorobots and Nanosystems, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200438, P. R. China
| | - Gaoshan Huang
- Department of Materials Science & State Key Laboratory of ASIC and Systems, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200438, P. R. China
- Yiwu Research Institute of Fudan University, Yiwu, 322000, P. R. China
- International Institute of Intelligent Nanorobots and Nanosystems, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200438, P. R. China
| | - Yongfeng Mei
- Department of Materials Science & State Key Laboratory of ASIC and Systems, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200438, P. R. China
- Yiwu Research Institute of Fudan University, Yiwu, 322000, P. R. China
- International Institute of Intelligent Nanorobots and Nanosystems, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200438, P. R. China
- Shanghai Frontiers Science Research Base of Intelligent Optoelectronics and Perception, Institute of Optoelectronics, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200438, P. R. China
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26
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Cui X, Dang M, Jiang J, Liu ZT, Liu ZW, Li G. Stretching-Induced 2D-to-3D Shape Transformation of an Elastic Composite for Sensitivity-Tailorable Soft Electronics. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2023; 15:51846-51853. [PMID: 37874133 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.3c13997] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2023]
Abstract
The shapes of rubbers and elastomers are challenging to alter, and current methods relying on permanent plasticity and dynamic cross-linking strategies are usually laborious and can inevitably compromise the network elasticity. Here, we report a photoresponsive elastic composite that can be programmed into 3D shapes by first UV light irradiation and then stretching. The composite comprises ethylene propylene rubber as the elastic substrate and photoliquefiable azobenzene small molecules as the responsive filler. Upon UV light irradiation, the liquefication of the filler induces the destruction of the crystalline aggregates near the irradiated surface, and after stretching and subsequent stress release, the irradiated part bends to the irradiated side based on a gradient network orientation mechanism. The position and amplitude of bending deformation can be controlled to realize a 2D-to-3D shape transformation. We further show that the resulting 3D-shaped elastomer can integrate with silver conductive paste to develop soft conductive lines with tailorable strain-sensitive conductivities. This study may open a new door for the development of shape-tailorable elastomers and soft electronics with designable strain-sensitive conductivities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiangxi Cui
- Key Laboratory of Syngas Conversion of Shaanxi Province, Key Laboratory of Applied Surface and Colloid Chemistry, Ministry of Education, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an, Shaanxi Province 710062, China
| | - Min Dang
- Shaanxi Textile Science Institute Co., Ltd., Xi'an, Shaanxi Province 710062, China
| | - Jinqiang Jiang
- Key Laboratory of Syngas Conversion of Shaanxi Province, Key Laboratory of Applied Surface and Colloid Chemistry, Ministry of Education, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an, Shaanxi Province 710062, China
| | - Zhao-Tie Liu
- Key Laboratory of Syngas Conversion of Shaanxi Province, Key Laboratory of Applied Surface and Colloid Chemistry, Ministry of Education, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an, Shaanxi Province 710062, China
| | - Zhong-Wen Liu
- Key Laboratory of Syngas Conversion of Shaanxi Province, Key Laboratory of Applied Surface and Colloid Chemistry, Ministry of Education, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an, Shaanxi Province 710062, China
| | - Guo Li
- Key Laboratory of Syngas Conversion of Shaanxi Province, Key Laboratory of Applied Surface and Colloid Chemistry, Ministry of Education, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an, Shaanxi Province 710062, China
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27
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Chen T, Lau KSK, Hong SH, Shi HTH, Iwasa SN, Chen JXM, Li T, Morrison T, Kalia SK, Popovic MR, Morshead CM, Naguib HE. Cryogel-based neurostimulation electrodes to activate endogenous neural precursor cells. Acta Biomater 2023; 171:392-405. [PMID: 37683963 DOI: 10.1016/j.actbio.2023.08.056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2023] [Revised: 08/24/2023] [Accepted: 08/29/2023] [Indexed: 09/10/2023]
Abstract
The delivery of electrical pulses to the brain via penetrating electrodes, known as brain stimulation, has been recognized as an effective clinical approach for treating neurological disorders. Resident brain neural precursor cells (NPCs) are electrosensitive cells that respond to electrical stimulation by expanding in number, migrating and differentiating which are important characteristics that support neural repair. Here, we report the design of a conductive cryogel brain stimulation electrode specifically developed for NPC activation. The cryogel electrode has a modulus switching mechanism permitting facile penetration and reducing the mechanical mismatch between brain tissue and the penetrating electrode. The cryogel demonstrated good in vivo biocompatibility and reduced the interfacial impedance to deliver the stimulating electric field with lower voltage under charge-balanced current controlled stimulation. An ex vivo assay reveals that electrical stimulation using the cryogel electrodes results in significant expansion in the size of NPC pool. Hence, the cryogel electrodes have the potential to be used for NPC activation to support endogenous neural repair. STATEMENT OF SIGNIFICANCE: The objective of this study is to develop a cryogel-based stimulation electrode as an alternative to traditional electrode materials to be used in regenerative medicine applications for enhancing neural regeneration in brain. The electrode offers benefits such as adaptive modulus for implantation, high charge storage and injection capacities, and modulus matching with brain tissue, allowing for stable delivery of electric field for long-term neuromodulation. The electrochemical properties of cryogel electrodes were characterized in living tissue with an ex vivo set-up, providing a deeper understanding of stimulation capacity in brain environments. The cryogel electrode is biocompatible and enables low voltage, current-controlled stimulation for effective activation of endogenous neural precursor cells, revealing their potential utility in neural stem cell-mediated brain repair.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tianhao Chen
- Institute of Biomedical Engineering, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Kylie Sin Ki Lau
- Institute of Biomedical Engineering, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Sung Hwa Hong
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Applied Chemistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Hao Tian Harvey Shi
- Department of Mechanical and Materials Engineering, Western University, London, Ontario, Canada
| | - Stephanie N Iwasa
- The KITE Research Institute, Toronto Rehabilitation Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; CRANIA, University Health Network and University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Jia Xi Mary Chen
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Terek Li
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Taylor Morrison
- Department of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Suneil K Kalia
- The KITE Research Institute, Toronto Rehabilitation Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; CRANIA, University Health Network and University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Department of Neurosurgery, University Health Network, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Krembil Research Institute, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Department of Surgery, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Milos R Popovic
- Institute of Biomedical Engineering, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; The KITE Research Institute, Toronto Rehabilitation Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; CRANIA, University Health Network and University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Cindi M Morshead
- Institute of Biomedical Engineering, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; The KITE Research Institute, Toronto Rehabilitation Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; CRANIA, University Health Network and University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Department of Surgery, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.
| | - Hani E Naguib
- Institute of Biomedical Engineering, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Department of Chemical Engineering and Applied Chemistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Department of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.
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28
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Hu H, Zhang C, Ding Y, Chen F, Huang Q, Zheng Z. A Review of Structure Engineering of Strain-Tolerant Architectures for Stretchable Electronics. SMALL METHODS 2023; 7:e2300671. [PMID: 37661591 DOI: 10.1002/smtd.202300671] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2023] [Revised: 08/01/2023] [Indexed: 09/05/2023]
Abstract
Stretchable electronics possess significant advantages over their conventional rigid counterparts and boost game-changing applications such as bioelectronics, flexible displays, wearable health monitors, etc. It is, nevertheless, a formidable task to impart stretchability to brittle electronic materials such as silicon. This review provides a concise but critical discussion of the prevailing structural engineering strategies for achieving strain-tolerant electronic devices. Not only the more commonly discussed lateral designs of structures such as island-bridge, wavy structures, fractals, and kirigami, but also the less discussed vertical architectures such as strain isolation and elastoplastic principle are reviewed. Future opportunities are envisaged at the end of the paper.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hong Hu
- Laboratory for Advanced Interfacial Materials and Devices, School of Fashion and Textiles, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong SAR, 999077, China
| | - Chi Zhang
- Department of Applied Biology and Chemical Technology, Faculty of Science, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong SAR, 999077, China
| | - Yichun Ding
- Laboratory for Advanced Interfacial Materials and Devices, School of Fashion and Textiles, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong SAR, 999077, China
| | - Fan Chen
- Laboratory for Advanced Interfacial Materials and Devices, School of Fashion and Textiles, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong SAR, 999077, China
| | - Qiyao Huang
- Laboratory for Advanced Interfacial Materials and Devices, School of Fashion and Textiles, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong SAR, 999077, China
- Research Institute for Intelligent Wearable Systems, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong SAR, 999077, China
| | - Zijian Zheng
- Laboratory for Advanced Interfacial Materials and Devices, School of Fashion and Textiles, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong SAR, 999077, China
- Department of Applied Biology and Chemical Technology, Faculty of Science, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong SAR, 999077, China
- Research Institute for Intelligent Wearable Systems, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong SAR, 999077, China
- Research Institute for Smart Energy, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong SAR, 999077, China
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29
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Kim S, Jang J, Kang K, Jin S, Choi H, Son D, Shin M. Injection-on-Skin Granular Adhesive for Interactive Human-Machine Interface. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2023; 35:e2307070. [PMID: 37769671 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202307070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2023] [Revised: 09/12/2023] [Indexed: 10/03/2023]
Abstract
Realization of interactive human-machine interfaces (iHMI) is improved with development of soft tissue-like strain sensors beyond hard robotic exosuits, potentially allowing cognitive behavior therapy and physical rehabilitation for patients with brain disorders. Here, this study reports on a strain-sensitive granular adhesive inspired by the core-shell architectures of natural basil seeds for iHMI as well as human-metaverse interfacing. The granular adhesive sensor consists of easily fragmented hydropellets as a core and tissue-adhesive catecholamine layers as a shell, satisfying great on-skin injectability, ionic-electrical conductivity, and sensitive resistance changes through reversible yet robust cohesion among the hydropellets. Particularly, it is found that the ionic-electrical self-doping of the catecholamine shell on hydrosurfaces leads to a compact ion density of the materials. Based on these physical and electrical properties of the sensor, it is demonstrated that successful iHMI integration with a robot arm in both real and virtual environments enables robotic control by finger gesture and haptic feedback. This study expresses benefits of using granular hydrogel-based strain sensors for implementing on-skin writable bioelectronics and their bridging into the metaverse world.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sumin Kim
- Department of Intelligent Precision Healthcare Convergence, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon, 16419, Republic of Korea
- Center for Neuroscience Imaging Research, Institute for Basic Science (IBS), Suwon, 16419, Republic of Korea
| | - Jaepyo Jang
- Center for Neuroscience Imaging Research, Institute for Basic Science (IBS), Suwon, 16419, Republic of Korea
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon, 16419, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyumin Kang
- Center for Neuroscience Imaging Research, Institute for Basic Science (IBS), Suwon, 16419, Republic of Korea
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon, 16419, Republic of Korea
| | - Subin Jin
- Department of Intelligent Precision Healthcare Convergence, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon, 16419, Republic of Korea
- Center for Neuroscience Imaging Research, Institute for Basic Science (IBS), Suwon, 16419, Republic of Korea
| | - Heewon Choi
- Center for Neuroscience Imaging Research, Institute for Basic Science (IBS), Suwon, 16419, Republic of Korea
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon, 16419, Republic of Korea
| | - Donghee Son
- Center for Neuroscience Imaging Research, Institute for Basic Science (IBS), Suwon, 16419, Republic of Korea
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon, 16419, Republic of Korea
- Department of Artificial Intelligence System Engineering, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon, 16419, Republic of Korea
| | - Mikyung Shin
- Department of Intelligent Precision Healthcare Convergence, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon, 16419, Republic of Korea
- Center for Neuroscience Imaging Research, Institute for Basic Science (IBS), Suwon, 16419, Republic of Korea
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon, 16419, Republic of Korea
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30
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Cao S, Wei Y, Bo R, Yun X, Xu S, Guan Y, Zhao J, Lan Y, Zhang B, Xiong Y, Jin T, Lai Y, Chang J, Zhao Q, Wei M, Shao Y, Quan Q, Zhang Y. Inversely engineered biomimetic flexible network scaffolds for soft tissue regeneration. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2023; 9:eadi8606. [PMID: 37756408 PMCID: PMC10530085 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.adi8606] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2023] [Accepted: 08/25/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023]
Abstract
Graft-host mechanical mismatch has been a longstanding issue in clinical applications of synthetic scaffolds for soft tissue regeneration. Although numerous efforts have been devoted to resolve this grand challenge, the regenerative performance of existing synthetic scaffolds remains limited by slow tissue growth (comparing to autograft) and mechanical failures. We demonstrate a class of rationally designed flexible network scaffolds that can precisely replicate nonlinear mechanical responses of soft tissues and enhance tissue regeneration via reduced graft-host mechanical mismatch. Such flexible network scaffold includes a tubular network frame containing inversely engineered curved microstructures to produce desired mechanical properties, with an electrospun ultrathin film wrapped around the network to offer a proper microenvironment for cell growth. Using rat models with sciatic nerve defects or Achilles tendon injuries, our network scaffolds show regenerative performances evidently superior to that of clinically approved electrospun conduit scaffolds and achieve similar outcomes to autologous nerve transplantation in prevention of target organ atrophy and recovery of static sciatic index.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shunze Cao
- AML, Department of Engineering Mechanics, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, P.R. China
- Laboratory of Flexible Electronics Technology, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, P.R. China
| | - Yu Wei
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, The Fourth Medical Center of Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing 100142, P.R. China
| | - Renheng Bo
- AML, Department of Engineering Mechanics, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, P.R. China
- Laboratory of Flexible Electronics Technology, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, P.R. China
| | - Xing Yun
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, The Fourth Medical Center of Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing 100142, P.R. China
| | - Shiwei Xu
- AML, Department of Engineering Mechanics, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, P.R. China
- Laboratory of Flexible Electronics Technology, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, P.R. China
| | - Yanjun Guan
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Key Laboratory of Musculoskeletal Trauma & War Injuries PLA, Beijing 100142, P.R. China
- Key Lab of Regenerative Medicine in Orthopedics, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing 100142, Beijing, P.R. China
| | - Jianzhong Zhao
- AML, Department of Engineering Mechanics, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, P.R. China
- Laboratory of Flexible Electronics Technology, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, P.R. China
| | - Yu Lan
- AML, Department of Engineering Mechanics, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, P.R. China
- Laboratory of Flexible Electronics Technology, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, P.R. China
| | - Bin Zhang
- AML, Department of Engineering Mechanics, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, P.R. China
| | - Yingjie Xiong
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Key Laboratory of Musculoskeletal Trauma & War Injuries PLA, Beijing 100142, P.R. China
- Key Lab of Regenerative Medicine in Orthopedics, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing 100142, Beijing, P.R. China
| | - Tianqi Jin
- AML, Department of Engineering Mechanics, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, P.R. China
- Laboratory of Flexible Electronics Technology, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, P.R. China
| | - Yuchen Lai
- AML, Department of Engineering Mechanics, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, P.R. China
- Laboratory of Flexible Electronics Technology, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, P.R. China
| | - Jiahui Chang
- AML, Department of Engineering Mechanics, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, P.R. China
| | - Qing Zhao
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, The Fourth Medical Center of Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing 100142, P.R. China
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Key Laboratory of Musculoskeletal Trauma & War Injuries PLA, Beijing 100142, P.R. China
- Key Lab of Regenerative Medicine in Orthopedics, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing 100142, Beijing, P.R. China
| | - Min Wei
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, The Fourth Medical Center of Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing 100142, P.R. China
| | - Yue Shao
- AML, Department of Engineering Mechanics, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, P.R. China
- Institute of Biomechanics and Medical Engineering, Department of Engineering Mechanics, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, P.R. China
| | - Qi Quan
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, The Fourth Medical Center of Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing 100142, P.R. China
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Key Laboratory of Musculoskeletal Trauma & War Injuries PLA, Beijing 100142, P.R. China
- Key Lab of Regenerative Medicine in Orthopedics, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing 100142, Beijing, P.R. China
| | - Yihui Zhang
- AML, Department of Engineering Mechanics, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, P.R. China
- Laboratory of Flexible Electronics Technology, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, P.R. China
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31
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Bo R, Xu S, Yang Y, Zhang Y. Mechanically-Guided 3D Assembly for Architected Flexible Electronics. Chem Rev 2023; 123:11137-11189. [PMID: 37676059 PMCID: PMC10540141 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.3c00335] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2023] [Indexed: 09/08/2023]
Abstract
Architected flexible electronic devices with rationally designed 3D geometries have found essential applications in biology, medicine, therapeutics, sensing/imaging, energy, robotics, and daily healthcare. Mechanically-guided 3D assembly methods, exploiting mechanics principles of materials and structures to transform planar electronic devices fabricated using mature semiconductor techniques into 3D architected ones, are promising routes to such architected flexible electronic devices. Here, we comprehensively review mechanically-guided 3D assembly methods for architected flexible electronics. Mainstream methods of mechanically-guided 3D assembly are classified and discussed on the basis of their fundamental deformation modes (i.e., rolling, folding, curving, and buckling). Diverse 3D interconnects and device forms are then summarized, which correspond to the two key components of an architected flexible electronic device. Afterward, structure-induced functionalities are highlighted to provide guidelines for function-driven structural designs of flexible electronics, followed by a collective summary of their resulting applications. Finally, conclusions and outlooks are given, covering routes to achieve extreme deformations and dimensions, inverse design methods, and encapsulation strategies of architected 3D flexible electronics, as well as perspectives on future applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Renheng Bo
- Applied
Mechanics Laboratory, Department of Engineering Mechanics, Tsinghua University, 100084 Beijing, People’s Republic of China
- Laboratory
of Flexible Electronics Technology, Tsinghua
University, 100084 Beijing, People’s Republic
of China
| | - Shiwei Xu
- Applied
Mechanics Laboratory, Department of Engineering Mechanics, Tsinghua University, 100084 Beijing, People’s Republic of China
- Laboratory
of Flexible Electronics Technology, Tsinghua
University, 100084 Beijing, People’s Republic
of China
| | - Youzhou Yang
- Applied
Mechanics Laboratory, Department of Engineering Mechanics, Tsinghua University, 100084 Beijing, People’s Republic of China
- Laboratory
of Flexible Electronics Technology, Tsinghua
University, 100084 Beijing, People’s Republic
of China
| | - Yihui Zhang
- Applied
Mechanics Laboratory, Department of Engineering Mechanics, Tsinghua University, 100084 Beijing, People’s Republic of China
- Laboratory
of Flexible Electronics Technology, Tsinghua
University, 100084 Beijing, People’s Republic
of China
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32
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Singh V, Feldman Y, Leitus G, Brumfeld V, Shimon LJW, Lahav M, van der Boom ME. Factors Controlling Complex Morphologies of Isomorphous Metal-Organic Frameworks. Chemistry 2023; 29:e202301825. [PMID: 37334917 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202301825] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2023] [Revised: 06/18/2023] [Accepted: 06/19/2023] [Indexed: 06/21/2023]
Abstract
We demonstrate here how nitrate salts of bivalent copper, nickel, cobalt, and manganese, along with an achiral organic ligand, assemble into various structures such as symmetrical double-decker flowers, smooth elongated hexagonal bipyramids, and hexagonal prisms. Large morphological changes occur in these structures because of different metal cations, although they maintain isomorphous hexagonal crystallographic structures. Metal cations with stronger coordination to ligands (Cu and Ni) tend to form uniform crystals with unusual shapes, whereas weaker coordinating metal cations (Mn and Co) produce crystals with more regular hexagonal morphologies. The unusual flower-like crystals formed with copper nitrate have two pairs of six symmetrical petals with hexagonal convex centers. The texture of the petals indicates dendritic growth. Two different types of morphologies were formed by using different copper nitrate-to-ligand ratios. An excess of the metal salt results in uniform and hexagonal crystals having a narrow size distribution, whereas the use of an excess of ligand results in double-decker morphologies. Mechanistically, an intermediate structure was observed with slightly concave facets and a domed center. Such structures most likely play a key role in the formation of double-decker crystals that can be formed by fusion processes. The coordination chemistry results in isostructural chiral frameworks consisting of two types of continuous helical channels. Four pyridine units from four separate ligands are coordinated to the metal center in a plane having a chiral (propeller-type) arrangement. The individual double-decker flower crystals are homochiral and a batch consists of crystals having both handedness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vivek Singh
- Department of Molecular Chemistry and Materials Science, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, 7610001, Israel
| | - Yishay Feldman
- Department of Chemical Research Support, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, 7610001, Israel
| | - Gregory Leitus
- Department of Chemical Research Support, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, 7610001, Israel
| | - Vlad Brumfeld
- Department of Chemical Research Support, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, 7610001, Israel
| | - Linda J W Shimon
- Department of Chemical Research Support, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, 7610001, Israel
| | - Michal Lahav
- Department of Molecular Chemistry and Materials Science, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, 7610001, Israel
| | - Milko E van der Boom
- Department of Molecular Chemistry and Materials Science, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, 7610001, Israel
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33
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Wang Y, Zhou Z, Li R, Wang J, Sha B, Li S, Su Y. A Hierarchical Theory for the Tensile Stiffness of Non-Buckling Fractal-Inspired Interconnects. NANOMATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 13:2542. [PMID: 37764571 PMCID: PMC10536892 DOI: 10.3390/nano13182542] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2023] [Revised: 08/21/2023] [Accepted: 09/08/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023]
Abstract
The design of non-buckling interconnects with thick sections has gained important applications in stretchable inorganic electronics due to their simultaneous achievement of high stretchability, low resistance, and low heat generation. However, at the same time, such a design sharply increased the tensile stiffness, which is detrimental to the conformal fit and skin comfort. Introducing the fractal design into the non-buckling interconnects is a promising approach to greatly reduce the tensile stiffness while maintaining other excellent performances. Here, a hierarchical theory is proposed for the tensile stiffness of the non-buckling fractal-inspired interconnects with an arbitrary shape at each order, which is verified by the finite element analysis. The results show that the tensile stiffness of the non-buckling fractal-inspired interconnects decreases with the increase in either the height/span ratio or the number of fractal orders but is not highly correlated with the ratio of the two adjacent dimensions. When the ratio of the two adjacent dimensions and height/span ratio are fixed, the tensile stiffness of the serpentine fractal-inspired interconnect is smaller than that of sinusoidal and zigzag fractal-inspired interconnects. These findings are of great significance for the design of non-buckling fractal-inspired interconnects of stretchable inorganic electronics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yongkang Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Nonlinear Mechanics, Institute of Mechanics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
- School of Engineering Science, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Zanxin Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Nonlinear Mechanics, Institute of Mechanics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
- School of Engineering Science, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Rui Li
- State Key Laboratory of Structural Analysis, Optimization and CAE Software for Industrial Equipment, Department of Engineering Mechanics, International Research Center for Computational Mechanics, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116024, China
| | - Jianru Wang
- Xi’an Aerospace Propulsion Technology Institute, Xi’an 710025, China
| | - Baolin Sha
- The 41st Institute of the Fourth Academy of CASC, Xi’an 710025, China
| | - Shuang Li
- State Key Laboratory of Nonlinear Mechanics, Institute of Mechanics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
- School of Engineering Science, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Yewang Su
- State Key Laboratory of Nonlinear Mechanics, Institute of Mechanics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
- School of Engineering Science, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Engineered Construction and Mechanobiology, Institute of Mechanics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
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34
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Zhao Y, Jin KQ, Li JD, Sheng KK, Huang WH, Liu YL. Flexible and Stretchable Electrochemical Sensors for Biological Monitoring. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2023:e2305917. [PMID: 37639636 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202305917] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2023] [Revised: 08/23/2023] [Indexed: 08/31/2023]
Abstract
The rise of flexible and stretchable electronics has revolutionized biosensor techniques for probing biological systems. Particularly, flexible and stretchable electrochemical sensors (FSECSs) enable the in situ quantification of numerous biochemical molecules in different biological entities owing to their exceptional sensitivity, fast response, and easy miniaturization. Over the past decade, the fabrication and application of FSECSs have significantly progressed. This review highlights key developments in electrode fabrication and FSECSs functionalization. It delves into the electrochemical sensing of various biomarkers, including metabolites, electrolytes, signaling molecules, and neurotransmitters from biological systems, encompassing the outer epidermis, tissues/organs in vitro and in vivo, and living cells. Finally, considering electrode preparation and biological applications, current challenges and future opportunities for FSECSs are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi Zhao
- College of Chemistry and Molecular Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430072, China
| | - Kai-Qi Jin
- College of Chemistry and Molecular Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430072, China
| | - Jing-Du Li
- College of Chemistry and Molecular Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430072, China
| | - Kai-Kai Sheng
- College of Chemistry and Molecular Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430072, China
| | - Wei-Hua Huang
- College of Chemistry and Molecular Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430072, China
| | - Yan-Ling Liu
- College of Chemistry and Molecular Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430072, China
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35
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Huang X, Liu L, Lin YH, Feng R, Shen Y, Chang Y, Zhao H. High-stretchability and low-hysteresis strain sensors using origami-inspired 3D mesostructures. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2023; 9:eadh9799. [PMID: 37624897 PMCID: PMC10456843 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.adh9799] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2023] [Accepted: 07/27/2023] [Indexed: 08/27/2023]
Abstract
Stretchable strain sensors are essential for various applications such as wearable electronics, prosthetics, and soft robotics. Strain sensors with high strain range, minimal hysteresis, and fast response speed are highly desirable for accurate measurements of large and dynamic deformations of soft bodies. Current stretchable strain sensors mostly rely on deformable conducting materials, which often have difficulties in achieving these properties simultaneously. In this study, we introduce capacitive strain sensor concepts based on origami-inspired three-dimensional mesoscale electrodes formed by a mechanically guided assembly process. These sensors exhibit up to 200% stretchability with 1.2% degree of hysteresis, <22 ms response time, small sensing area (~5 mm2), and directional strain responses. To showcase potential applications, we demonstrate the use of distributed strain sensors for measuring multimodal deformations of a soft continuum arm.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinghao Huang
- Department of Aerospace and Mechanical Engineering, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90089, USA
| | - Liangshu Liu
- Department of Aerospace and Mechanical Engineering, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90089, USA
| | - Yung Hsin Lin
- Department of Aerospace and Mechanical Engineering, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90089, USA
| | - Rui Feng
- Mork Family Department of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90089, USA
| | - Yiyang Shen
- Mork Family Department of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90089, USA
| | - Yuanning Chang
- Ming Hsieh Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90089, USA
| | - Hangbo Zhao
- Department of Aerospace and Mechanical Engineering, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90089, USA
- Alfred E. Mann Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90089, USA
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36
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Zhang Y, Yin M, Xu B. Elastocapillary rolling transfer weaves soft materials to spatial structures. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2023; 9:eadh9232. [PMID: 37611102 PMCID: PMC10446489 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.adh9232] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2023] [Accepted: 07/24/2023] [Indexed: 08/25/2023]
Abstract
Spatial structures of soft materials have attracted great attention because of emerging applications in wearable electronics, biomedical devices, and soft robotics, but there are no facile technologies available to assemble the soft materials into spatial structures. Here, we report a mechanical transfer route enabled by the rotational motion of curved substrates relative to the soft materials on liquid surface. This transfer can weave soft materials into a broad variety of spatial structures with controllable global weaving chirality and orders and could also produce local ear-like folds with programmable numbers and distributions. We further prove that multiple pieces of soft materials in different forms including wire, ribbon, and large-area film can be woven onto curved substrates with various three-dimensional geometry shapes. Application demonstrations on the woven freestanding spatial structures with on-demand weaving patterns and orders have been conducted to show the temperature-driven multimodal actuating functionalities for programmable robotic postures.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Baoxing Xu
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, USA
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37
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Gao Y, Zhang H, Song B, Zhao C, Lu Q. Electric Double Layer Based Epidermal Electronics for Healthcare and Human-Machine Interface. BIOSENSORS 2023; 13:787. [PMID: 37622873 PMCID: PMC10452760 DOI: 10.3390/bios13080787] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2023] [Revised: 07/25/2023] [Accepted: 07/31/2023] [Indexed: 08/26/2023]
Abstract
Epidermal electronics, an emerging interdisciplinary field, is advancing the development of flexible devices that can seamlessly integrate with the skin. These devices, especially Electric Double Layer (EDL)-based sensors, overcome the limitations of conventional electronic devices, offering high sensitivity, rapid response, and excellent stability. Especially, Electric Double Layer (EDL)-based epidermal sensors show great potential in the application of wearable electronics to detect biological signals due to their high sensitivity, fast response, and excellent stability. The advantages can be attributed to the biocompatibility of the materials, the flexibility of the devices, and the large capacitance due to the EDL effect. Furthermore, we discuss the potential of EDL epidermal electronics as wearable sensors for health monitoring and wound healing. These devices can analyze various biofluids, offering real-time feedback on parameters like pH, temperature, glucose, lactate, and oxygen levels, which aids in accurate diagnosis and effective treatment. Beyond healthcare, we explore the role of EDL epidermal electronics in human-machine interaction, particularly their application in prosthetics and pressure-sensing robots. By mimicking the flexibility and sensitivity of human skin, these devices enhance the functionality and user experience of these systems. This review summarizes the latest advancements in EDL-based epidermal electronic devices, offering a perspective for future research in this rapidly evolving field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuan Gao
- School of CHIPS, XJTLU Entrepreneur College (Taicang), Xi’an Jiaotong-Liverpool University, 111 Taicang Avenue, Taicang 215488, China; (Y.G.); (H.Z.); (B.S.)
| | - Hanchu Zhang
- School of CHIPS, XJTLU Entrepreneur College (Taicang), Xi’an Jiaotong-Liverpool University, 111 Taicang Avenue, Taicang 215488, China; (Y.G.); (H.Z.); (B.S.)
| | - Bowen Song
- School of CHIPS, XJTLU Entrepreneur College (Taicang), Xi’an Jiaotong-Liverpool University, 111 Taicang Avenue, Taicang 215488, China; (Y.G.); (H.Z.); (B.S.)
| | - Chun Zhao
- School of Advanced Technology, Xi’an Jiaotong-Liverpool University, Suzhou 215123, China;
| | - Qifeng Lu
- School of CHIPS, XJTLU Entrepreneur College (Taicang), Xi’an Jiaotong-Liverpool University, 111 Taicang Avenue, Taicang 215488, China; (Y.G.); (H.Z.); (B.S.)
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38
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Wang J, Sotzing M, Lee M, Chortos A. Passively addressed robotic morphing surface (PARMS) based on machine learning. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2023; 9:eadg8019. [PMID: 37478174 PMCID: PMC10361599 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.adg8019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2023] [Accepted: 06/21/2023] [Indexed: 07/23/2023]
Abstract
Reconfigurable morphing surfaces provide new opportunities for advanced human-machine interfaces and bio-inspired robotics. Morphing into arbitrary surfaces on demand requires a device with a sufficiently large number of actuators and an inverse control strategy. Developing compact, efficient control interfaces and algorithms is vital for broader adoption. In this work, we describe a passively addressed robotic morphing surface (PARMS) composed of matrix-arranged ionic actuators. To reduce the complexity of the physical control interface, we introduce passive matrix addressing. Matrix addressing allows the control of N2 independent actuators using only 2N control inputs, which is substantially lower than traditional direct addressing (N2 control inputs). Using machine learning with finite element simulations for training, our control algorithm enables real-time, high-precision forward and inverse control, allowing PARMS to dynamically morph into arbitrary achievable predefined surfaces on demand. These innovations may enable the future implementation of PARMS in wearables, haptics, and augmented reality/virtual reality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jue Wang
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Purdue University, 500 Central Dr, Lafayette, IN 47907, USA
| | - Michael Sotzing
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Purdue University, 500 Central Dr, Lafayette, IN 47907, USA
| | - Mina Lee
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Purdue University, 500 Central Dr, Lafayette, IN 47907, USA
| | - Alex Chortos
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Purdue University, 500 Central Dr, Lafayette, IN 47907, USA
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39
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Zhao S, Zheng J, Fang L, Zhang Y, Zhang L, Xia Y, Jiang Y. Ultra-robust, Highly Stretchable, and Conductive Nanocomposites with Self-healable Asymmetric Structures Prepared by a Simple Green Method. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2023. [PMID: 37433744 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.3c02970] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/13/2023]
Abstract
Flexible conductive polymer nanocomposites based on silver nanowires (AgNWs) have been extensively studied to develop the next generation of flexible electronic devices. Fiber materials with high strength and large stretching are an important part of high-performance wearable electronics. However, manufacturing conductive composites with both high mechanical strength and good stability remains challenging. In addition, the process of effectively dispersing conductive fillers into substrates is relatively complex, which greatly hampers its widespread application. Here, a simple green self-assembly preparation method in water is reported. The AgNW is evenly dispersed in aqueous, i.e., water-borne polyurethane (WPU) with water as the solvent, and a AgNW/WPU conductive nanocomposite film with an asymmetric structure is formed by self-assembly in one step. The film has high strength (≈49.2 MPa) and high strain (≈910%), low initial resistance (99.9 mΩ/sq), high conductivity (9968.1 S/cm), and excellent self-healing (93%) and adhesion. With good self-healing performance, fibers with a conductive filler spiral structure are formed. At the same time, the application of the conductive composite material with an asymmetric structure in intelligent wearability is demonstrated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuang Zhao
- College of Textile and Clothing, State Key Laboratory of Bio-Fibers and Eco-Textiles, Collaborative Innovation Center for Eco-Textiles of Shandong Province, Qingdao University, Qingdao, Shandong 266101, China
| | - Jie Zheng
- College of Textile and Clothing, State Key Laboratory of Bio-Fibers and Eco-Textiles, Collaborative Innovation Center for Eco-Textiles of Shandong Province, Qingdao University, Qingdao, Shandong 266101, China
| | - Liu Fang
- College of Textile and Clothing, State Key Laboratory of Bio-Fibers and Eco-Textiles, Collaborative Innovation Center for Eco-Textiles of Shandong Province, Qingdao University, Qingdao, Shandong 266101, China
| | - Yuying Zhang
- College of Textile and Clothing, State Key Laboratory of Bio-Fibers and Eco-Textiles, Collaborative Innovation Center for Eco-Textiles of Shandong Province, Qingdao University, Qingdao, Shandong 266101, China
| | - Liming Zhang
- College of Textile and Clothing, State Key Laboratory of Bio-Fibers and Eco-Textiles, Collaborative Innovation Center for Eco-Textiles of Shandong Province, Qingdao University, Qingdao, Shandong 266101, China
| | - Yanzhi Xia
- College of Textile and Clothing, State Key Laboratory of Bio-Fibers and Eco-Textiles, Collaborative Innovation Center for Eco-Textiles of Shandong Province, Qingdao University, Qingdao, Shandong 266101, China
| | - Yijun Jiang
- College of Textile and Clothing, State Key Laboratory of Bio-Fibers and Eco-Textiles, Collaborative Innovation Center for Eco-Textiles of Shandong Province, Qingdao University, Qingdao, Shandong 266101, China
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40
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Yan Z, Liu Y, Xiong J, Wang B, Dai L, Gao M, Pan T, Yang W, Lin Y. Hierarchical Serpentine-Helix Combination for 3D Stretchable Electronics. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2023; 35:e2210238. [PMID: 36896499 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202210238] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2022] [Revised: 02/21/2023] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
3D stretchable electronics attract growing interest due to their new and more complex functionalities compared to 1D or 2D counterparts. Among all 3D configuration designs, a 3D helical structure is commonly used as it can be designed to achieve outstanding stretching ratios as well as highly robust mechanical performance. However, the stretching ratio that mainly focuses on the axis direction hinders its applications. Inspired by hierarchies in a tendon, a novel structural design of hierarchical 3D serpentine-helix combination is proposed. The structural design constructed by a sequence with repeating small units winding in a helical manner around the axis can enable large mechanical forces transferred down to a smaller scale with the dissipation of potentially damaging stresses by microscale buckling, thereby endowing the electronic components made from high-performance but hard-to-stretch materials with large stretchability (≥200%) in x-, y-, or z-axis direction, high structural stability, and extraordinary electromechanical performance. Two applications including a wireless charging patch and an epidermal electronic system are demonstrated. The epidermal electronic system made of several hierarchical 3D serpentine-helix combinations allows for high-fidelity monitoring of electrophysiological signals, galvanic skin response, and finger-movement-induced electrical signals, which can achieve good tactile pattern recognition when combined with an artificial neural network.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhuocheng Yan
- School of Materials and Energy, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, Sichuan, 610054, P. R. China
| | - Yuting Liu
- School of Materials and Energy, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, Sichuan, 610054, P. R. China
| | - Jian Xiong
- School of Materials and Energy, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, Sichuan, 610054, P. R. China
| | - Bin Wang
- School of Materials and Energy, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, Sichuan, 610054, P. R. China
| | - Lingliang Dai
- School of Materials and Energy, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, Sichuan, 610054, P. R. China
| | - Min Gao
- School of Materials and Energy, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, Sichuan, 610054, P. R. China
| | - Taisong Pan
- School of Materials and Energy, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, Sichuan, 610054, P. R. China
- Medico-Engineering Cooperation on Applied Medicine Research Center, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, 610054, P. R. China
| | - Weiqing Yang
- Key Laboratory of Advanced Technologies of Materials (Ministry of Education), School of Materials Science and Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Traction Power, Southwest Jiaotong University, Chengdu, 610031, P. R. China
| | - Yuan Lin
- School of Materials and Energy, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, Sichuan, 610054, P. R. China
- Medico-Engineering Cooperation on Applied Medicine Research Center, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, 610054, P. R. China
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41
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Yu J, Yin Y, Leng Y, Zhang J, Wang C, Chen Y, Li X, Wang X, Liu H, Liao Y, Jin Y, Zhang Y, Lu K, Wang K, Wang X, Wang L, Zheng F, Gu Z, Li Y, Fan Y. Emerging strategies of engineering retinal organoids and organoid-on-a-chip in modeling intraocular drug delivery: current progress and future perspectives. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2023; 197:114842. [PMID: 37105398 DOI: 10.1016/j.addr.2023.114842] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2023] [Revised: 04/17/2023] [Accepted: 04/20/2023] [Indexed: 04/29/2023]
Abstract
Retinal diseases are a rising concern as major causes of blindness in an aging society; therapeutic options are limited, and the precise pathogenesis of these diseases remains largely unknown. Intraocular drug delivery and nanomedicines offering targeted, sustained, and controllable delivery are the most challenging and popular topics in ocular drug development and toxicological evaluation. Retinal organoids (ROs) and organoid-on-a-chip (ROoC) are both emerging as promising in-vitro models to faithfully recapitulate human eyes for retinal research in the replacement of experimental animals and primary cells. In this study, we review the generation and application of ROs resembling the human retina in cell subtypes and laminated structures and introduce the emerging engineered ROoC as a technological opportunity to address critical issues. On-chip vascularization, perfusion, and close inter-tissue interactions recreate physiological environments in vitro, whilst integrating with biosensors facilitates real-time analysis and monitoring during organogenesis of the retina representing engineering efforts in ROoC models. We also emphasize that ROs and ROoCs hold the potential for applications in modeling intraocular drug delivery in vitro and developing next-generation retinal drug delivery strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiaheng Yu
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Biomedical Engineering, School of Engineering Medicine, and with the School of Biological Science and Medical Engineering, Beihang University, Beijing, 100083, China
| | - Yuqi Yin
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Biomedical Engineering, School of Engineering Medicine, and with the School of Biological Science and Medical Engineering, Beihang University, Beijing, 100083, China
| | - Yubing Leng
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Biomedical Engineering, School of Engineering Medicine, and with the School of Biological Science and Medical Engineering, Beihang University, Beijing, 100083, China
| | - Jingcheng Zhang
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Biomedical Engineering, School of Engineering Medicine, and with the School of Biological Science and Medical Engineering, Beihang University, Beijing, 100083, China
| | - Chunyan Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Space Medicine Fundamentals and Application, China Astronaut Research and Training Center, Beijing, 100094, China
| | - Yanyun Chen
- Beijing Tongren Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100730, China
| | - Xiaorui Li
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Biomedical Engineering, School of Engineering Medicine, and with the School of Biological Science and Medical Engineering, Beihang University, Beijing, 100083, China
| | - Xudong Wang
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Biomedical Engineering, School of Engineering Medicine, and with the School of Biological Science and Medical Engineering, Beihang University, Beijing, 100083, China
| | - Hui Liu
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Biomedical Engineering, School of Engineering Medicine, and with the School of Biological Science and Medical Engineering, Beihang University, Beijing, 100083, China
| | - Yulong Liao
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Biomedical Engineering, School of Engineering Medicine, and with the School of Biological Science and Medical Engineering, Beihang University, Beijing, 100083, China
| | - Yishan Jin
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Biomedical Engineering, School of Engineering Medicine, and with the School of Biological Science and Medical Engineering, Beihang University, Beijing, 100083, China
| | - Yihan Zhang
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Biomedical Engineering, School of Engineering Medicine, and with the School of Biological Science and Medical Engineering, Beihang University, Beijing, 100083, China
| | - Keyu Lu
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Biomedical Engineering, School of Engineering Medicine, and with the School of Biological Science and Medical Engineering, Beihang University, Beijing, 100083, China
| | - Kehao Wang
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Biomedical Engineering, School of Engineering Medicine, and with the School of Biological Science and Medical Engineering, Beihang University, Beijing, 100083, China; Key Laboratory for Biomechanics and Mechanobiology of Ministry of Education, Beihang University, Beijing, 100083, China
| | - Xiaofei Wang
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Biomedical Engineering, School of Engineering Medicine, and with the School of Biological Science and Medical Engineering, Beihang University, Beijing, 100083, China; Key Laboratory for Biomechanics and Mechanobiology of Ministry of Education, Beihang University, Beijing, 100083, China
| | - Lizhen Wang
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Biomedical Engineering, School of Engineering Medicine, and with the School of Biological Science and Medical Engineering, Beihang University, Beijing, 100083, China; Key Laboratory for Biomechanics and Mechanobiology of Ministry of Education, Beihang University, Beijing, 100083, China
| | - Fuyin Zheng
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Biomedical Engineering, School of Engineering Medicine, and with the School of Biological Science and Medical Engineering, Beihang University, Beijing, 100083, China; Key Laboratory for Biomechanics and Mechanobiology of Ministry of Education, Beihang University, Beijing, 100083, China.
| | - Zhongze Gu
- State Key Laboratory of Bioelectronics, School of Biological Science and Medical Engineering, Southeast University, Nanjing 210096, China.
| | - Yinghui Li
- State Key Laboratory of Space Medicine Fundamentals and Application, China Astronaut Research and Training Center, Beijing, 100094, China.
| | - Yubo Fan
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Biomedical Engineering, School of Engineering Medicine, and with the School of Biological Science and Medical Engineering, Beihang University, Beijing, 100083, China; Key Laboratory for Biomechanics and Mechanobiology of Ministry of Education, Beihang University, Beijing, 100083, China.
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Cheng X, Fan Z, Yao S, Jin T, Lv Z, Lan Y, Bo R, Chen Y, Zhang F, Shen Z, Wan H, Huang Y, Zhang Y. Programming 3D curved mesosurfaces using microlattice designs. Science 2023; 379:1225-1232. [PMID: 36952411 DOI: 10.1126/science.adf3824] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 28.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/25/2023]
Abstract
Cellular microstructures form naturally in many living organisms (e.g., flowers and leaves) to provide vital functions in synthesis, transport of nutrients, and regulation of growth. Although heterogeneous cellular microstructures are believed to play pivotal roles in their three-dimensional (3D) shape formation, programming 3D curved mesosurfaces with cellular designs remains elusive in man-made systems. We report a rational microlattice design that allows transformation of 2D films into programmable 3D curved mesosurfaces through mechanically guided assembly. Analytical modeling and a machine learning-based computational approach serve as the basis for shape programming and determine the heterogeneous 2D microlattice patterns required for target 3D curved surfaces. About 30 geometries are presented, including both regular and biological mesosurfaces. Demonstrations include a conformable cardiac electronic device, a stingray-like dual mode actuator, and a 3D electronic cell scaffold.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xu Cheng
- Applied Mechanics Laboratory, Department of Engineering Mechanics, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, P.R. China
- Laboratory of Flexible Electronics Technology, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, P.R. China
| | - Zhichao Fan
- Applied Mechanics Laboratory, Department of Engineering Mechanics, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, P.R. China
- Laboratory of Flexible Electronics Technology, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, P.R. China
- College of Mechanical and Vehicle Engineering, Hunan University, Changsha 410082, P.R. China
| | - Shenglian Yao
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing 100083, P.R. China
| | - Tianqi Jin
- Applied Mechanics Laboratory, Department of Engineering Mechanics, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, P.R. China
- Laboratory of Flexible Electronics Technology, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, P.R. China
| | - Zengyao Lv
- Applied Mechanics Laboratory, Department of Engineering Mechanics, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, P.R. China
- Laboratory of Flexible Electronics Technology, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, P.R. China
| | - Yu Lan
- Applied Mechanics Laboratory, Department of Engineering Mechanics, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, P.R. China
- Laboratory of Flexible Electronics Technology, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, P.R. China
| | - Renheng Bo
- Applied Mechanics Laboratory, Department of Engineering Mechanics, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, P.R. China
- Laboratory of Flexible Electronics Technology, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, P.R. China
| | - Yitong Chen
- Applied Mechanics Laboratory, Department of Engineering Mechanics, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, P.R. China
- Department of Automation, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, P.R. China
| | - Fan Zhang
- Applied Mechanics Laboratory, Department of Engineering Mechanics, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, P.R. China
- Laboratory of Flexible Electronics Technology, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, P.R. China
| | - Zhangming Shen
- Applied Mechanics Laboratory, Department of Engineering Mechanics, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, P.R. China
- Laboratory of Flexible Electronics Technology, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, P.R. China
| | - Huanhuan Wan
- College of Mechanical and Vehicle Engineering, Hunan University, Changsha 410082, P.R. China
| | - Yonggang Huang
- Querrey Simpson Institute for Bioelectronics, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL 60208, USA
- Departments of Civil & Environmental Engineering, Mechanical Engineering, and Materials Science & Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL 60208, USA
| | - Yihui Zhang
- Applied Mechanics Laboratory, Department of Engineering Mechanics, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, P.R. China
- Laboratory of Flexible Electronics Technology, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, P.R. China
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Słoma M. 3D printed electronics with nanomaterials. NANOSCALE 2023; 15:5623-5648. [PMID: 36880539 DOI: 10.1039/d2nr06771d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
A large variety of printing, deposition and writing techniques have been incorporated to fabricate electronic devices in the last decades. This approach, printed electronics, has gained great interest in research and practical applications and is successfully fuelling the growth in materials science and technology. On the other hand, a new player is emerging, additive manufacturing, called 3D printing, introducing a new capability to create geometrically complex constructs with low cost and minimal material waste. Having such tremendous technology in our hands, it was just a matter of time to combine advances of printed electronics technology for the fabrication of unique 3D structural electronics. Nanomaterial patterning with additive manufacturing techniques can enable harnessing their nanoscale properties and the fabrication of active structures with unique electrical, mechanical, optical, thermal, magnetic and biological properties. In this paper, we will briefly review the properties of selected nanomaterials suitable for electronic applications and look closer at the current achievements in the synergistic integration of nanomaterials with additive manufacturing technologies to fabricate 3D printed structural electronics. The focus is fixed strictly on techniques allowing as much as possible fabrication of spatial 3D objects, or at least conformal ones on 3D printed substrates, while only selected techniques are adaptable for 3D printing of electronics. Advances in the fabrication of conductive paths and circuits, passive components, antennas, active and photonic components, energy devices, microelectromechanical systems and sensors are presented. Finally, perspectives for development with new nanomaterials, multimaterial and hybrid techniques, bioelectronics, integration with discrete components and 4D-printing are briefly discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcin Słoma
- Micro- and Nanotechnology Division, Institute of Metrology and Biomedical Engineering, Faculty of Mechatronics, Warsaw University of Technology, 8 Sw. A Boboli St., 02-525 Warsaw, Poland.
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Dong Z, He Q, Shen D, Gong Z, Zhang D, Zhang W, Ono T, Jiang Y. Microfabrication of functional polyimide films and microstructures for flexible MEMS applications. MICROSYSTEMS & NANOENGINEERING 2023; 9:31. [PMID: 36969964 PMCID: PMC10030833 DOI: 10.1038/s41378-023-00503-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2022] [Revised: 11/27/2022] [Accepted: 02/01/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Polyimides are widely used in the MEMS and flexible electronics fields due to their combined physicochemical properties, including high thermal stability, mechanical strength, and chemical resistance values. In the past decade, rapid progress has been made in the microfabrication of polyimides. However, enabling technologies, such as laser-induced graphene on polyimide, photosensitive polyimide micropatterning, and 3D polyimide microstructure assembly, have not been reviewed from the perspective of polyimide microfabrication. The aims of this review are to systematically discuss polyimide microfabrication techniques, which cover film formation, material conversion, micropatterning, 3D microfabrication, and their applications. With an emphasis on polyimide-based flexible MEMS devices, we discuss the remaining technological challenges in polyimide fabrication and possible technological innovations in this field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zihao Dong
- Institute of Bionic and Micronano Systems, School of Mechanical Engineering and Automation, Beihang University, Beijing, 100191 China
| | - Qipei He
- Institute of Bionic and Micronano Systems, School of Mechanical Engineering and Automation, Beihang University, Beijing, 100191 China
| | - Dawei Shen
- Institute of Bionic and Micronano Systems, School of Mechanical Engineering and Automation, Beihang University, Beijing, 100191 China
| | - Zheng Gong
- Institute of Bionic and Micronano Systems, School of Mechanical Engineering and Automation, Beihang University, Beijing, 100191 China
| | - Deyuan Zhang
- Institute of Bionic and Micronano Systems, School of Mechanical Engineering and Automation, Beihang University, Beijing, 100191 China
| | - Wenqiang Zhang
- College of Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100083 China
| | - Takahito Ono
- Graduate School of Engineering, Tohoku University, 6-6-01 Aramaki-Aza-Aoba, Aoba-ku, Sendai, 980-8579 Japan
| | - Yonggang Jiang
- Institute of Bionic and Micronano Systems, School of Mechanical Engineering and Automation, Beihang University, Beijing, 100191 China
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45
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Gu Y, Huo Y. Advanced Electronic Packaging Technology: From Hard to Soft. MATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 16:2346. [PMID: 36984224 PMCID: PMC10051394 DOI: 10.3390/ma16062346] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2023] [Accepted: 03/07/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Packaging is a pivotal step in electronic device manufacturing, determining the translational performance of bare chips [...].
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Affiliation(s)
- Yue Gu
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China
- Department of Neurosurgery, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06520, USA
| | - Yongjun Huo
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China
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46
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Localizing strain via micro-cage structure for stretchable pressure sensor arrays with ultralow spatial crosstalk. Nat Commun 2023; 14:1252. [PMID: 36878931 PMCID: PMC9988987 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-36885-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2022] [Accepted: 02/21/2023] [Indexed: 03/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Tactile sensors with high spatial resolution are crucial to manufacture large scale flexible electronics, and low crosstalk sensor array combined with advanced data analysis is beneficial to improve detection accuracy. Here, we demonstrated the photo-reticulated strain localization films (prslPDMS) to prepare the ultralow crosstalk sensor array, which form a micro-cage structure to reduce the pixel deformation overflow by 90.3% compared to that of conventional flexible electronics. It is worth noting that prslPDMS acts as an adhesion layer and provide spacer for pressure sensing. Hence, the sensor achieves the sufficient pressure resolution to detect 1 g weight even in bending condition, and it could monitor human pulse under different states or analyze the grasping postures. Experiments show that the sensor array acquires clear pressure imaging and ultralow crosstalk (33.41 dB) without complicated data processing, indicating that it has a broad application prospect in precise tactile detection.
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47
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Biosensor integrated tissue chips and their applications on Earth and in space. Biosens Bioelectron 2023; 222:114820. [PMID: 36527831 PMCID: PMC10143284 DOI: 10.1016/j.bios.2022.114820] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2022] [Revised: 09/24/2022] [Accepted: 10/13/2022] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
The development of space exploration technologies has positively impacted everyday life on Earth in terms of communication, environmental, social, and economic perspectives. The human body constantly fluctuates during spaceflight, even for a short-term mission. Unfortunately, technology is evolving faster than humans' ability to adapt, and many therapeutics entering clinical trials fail even after being subjected to vigorous in vivo testing due to toxicity and lack of efficacy. Therefore, tissue chips (also mentioned as organ-on-a-chip) with biosensors are being developed to compensate for the lack of relevant models to help improve the drug development process. There has been a push to monitor cell and tissue functions, based on their biological signals and utilize the integration of biosensors into tissue chips in space to monitor and assess cell microenvironment in real-time. With the collaboration between the Center for the Advancement of Science in Space (CASIS), the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) and other partners, they are providing the opportunities to study the effects of microgravity environment has on the human body. Institutions such as the National Institute of Health (NIH) and National Science Foundation (NSF) are partnering with CASIS and NASA to utilize tissue chips onboard the International Space Station (ISS). This article reviews the endless benefits of space technology, the development of integrated biosensors in tissue chips and their applications to better understand human biology, physiology, and diseases in space and on Earth, followed by future perspectives of tissue chip applications on Earth and in space.
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48
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Huang J, Huang G, Zhao Z, Wang C, Cui J, Song E, Mei Y. Nanomembrane-assembled nanophotonics and optoelectronics: from materials to applications. JOURNAL OF PHYSICS. CONDENSED MATTER : AN INSTITUTE OF PHYSICS JOURNAL 2022; 35:093001. [PMID: 36560918 DOI: 10.1088/1361-648x/acabf3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2022] [Accepted: 12/15/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Nanophotonics and optoelectronics are the keys to the information transmission technology field. The performance of the devices crucially depends on the light-matter interaction, and it is found that three-dimensional (3D) structures may be associated with strong light field regulation for advantageous application. Recently, 3D assembly of flexible nanomembranes has attracted increasing attention in optical field, and novel optoelectronic device applications have been demonstrated with fantastic 3D design. In this review, we first introduce the fabrication of various materials in the form of nanomembranes. On the basis of the deformability of nanomembranes, 3D structures can be built by patterning and release steps. Specifically, assembly methods to build 3D nanomembrane are summarized as rolling, folding, buckling and pick-place methods. Incorporating functional materials and constructing fine structures are two important development directions in 3D nanophotonics and optoelectronics, and we settle previous researches on these two aspects. The extraordinary performance and applicability of 3D devices show the potential of nanomembrane assembly for future optoelectronic applications in multiple areas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiayuan Huang
- Department of Materials Science, International Institute of Intelligent Nanorobots and Nanosystems, Institute of Optoelectronics, Yiwu Research Institute, State Key Laboratory of ASIC and Systems, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, People's Republic of China
| | - Gaoshan Huang
- Department of Materials Science, International Institute of Intelligent Nanorobots and Nanosystems, Institute of Optoelectronics, Yiwu Research Institute, State Key Laboratory of ASIC and Systems, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhe Zhao
- Department of Materials Science, International Institute of Intelligent Nanorobots and Nanosystems, Institute of Optoelectronics, Yiwu Research Institute, State Key Laboratory of ASIC and Systems, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, People's Republic of China
| | - Chao Wang
- Department of Materials Science, International Institute of Intelligent Nanorobots and Nanosystems, Institute of Optoelectronics, Yiwu Research Institute, State Key Laboratory of ASIC and Systems, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, People's Republic of China
| | - Jizhai Cui
- Department of Materials Science, International Institute of Intelligent Nanorobots and Nanosystems, Institute of Optoelectronics, Yiwu Research Institute, State Key Laboratory of ASIC and Systems, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, People's Republic of China
| | - Enming Song
- Shanghai Frontiers Science Research Base of Intelligent Optoelectronics and Perception, Institute of Optoelectronics, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, People's Republic of China
| | - Yongfeng Mei
- Department of Materials Science, International Institute of Intelligent Nanorobots and Nanosystems, Institute of Optoelectronics, Yiwu Research Institute, State Key Laboratory of ASIC and Systems, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, People's Republic of China
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49
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Li G, Ma X, Xu Z, Shen Y, Yuan M, Huang J, Cole T, Wei J, Liu S, Han F, Li H, Bayinqiaoge, Xu Z, Tang SY, Liu Z. A crack compensation strategy for highly stretchable conductors based on liquid metal inclusions. iScience 2022; 25:105495. [PMID: 36419853 PMCID: PMC9676391 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2022.105495] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2022] [Revised: 10/04/2022] [Accepted: 11/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Crack control strategies have been proven very useful for enhancing the stretchability of metal film-based stretchable conductors. However, existing strategies often suffer from the drawbacks of complicated preparation and predefined effective directions. Here, we propose a crack compensation strategy for preparing conductors featured with high stretchability by using liquid metal microparticles (LMMPs)-embedded polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) as the substrate with a thin film of gold (Au) sputtered on the surface. LMMPs can be elongated to connect the cracked Au film upon stretching, which can form a conductive "island-tunnel" (IT) architecture to compensate for the cracks and maintain the conductivity. The high performance of the stretchable conductor is demonstrated by using it as electrodes to record surface electromyography of human brachioradialis and monitor electrocorticography signals of a rat in normal and epileptic states. The developed strategy shows the potential to provide a new perspective for the fabrication of flexible electronics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guoqiang Li
- Sauvage Laboratory for Smart Materials, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology (Shenzhen), Shenzhen 518055, China
- Department of Electronic Electrical and Systems Engineering, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK
| | - Xing Ma
- Sauvage Laboratory for Smart Materials, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology (Shenzhen), Shenzhen 518055, China
- Corresponding author
| | - Zirong Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Advanced Welding and Joining, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150001, China
| | - Yifeng Shen
- Sauvage Laboratory for Smart Materials, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology (Shenzhen), Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Man Yuan
- Sauvage Laboratory for Smart Materials, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology (Shenzhen), Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Jianping Huang
- Research Center for Neural Engineering, Shenzhen Institute of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Tim Cole
- Department of Electronic Electrical and Systems Engineering, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK
| | - Jingjing Wei
- Research Center for Neural Engineering, Shenzhen Institute of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Sanhu Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Advanced Welding and Joining, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150001, China
| | - Fei Han
- Research Center for Neural Engineering, Shenzhen Institute of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Hanfei Li
- Research Center for Neural Engineering, Shenzhen Institute of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Bayinqiaoge
- Department of Electronic Electrical and Systems Engineering, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK
| | - Zhiwu Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Advanced Welding and Joining, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150001, China
| | - Shi-Yang Tang
- Department of Electronic Electrical and Systems Engineering, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK
- Corresponding author
| | - Zhiyuan Liu
- Research Center for Neural Engineering, Shenzhen Institute of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen 518055, China
- Corresponding author
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50
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Xia N, Jin D, Pan C, Zhang J, Yang Z, Su L, Zhao J, Wang L, Zhang L. Dynamic morphological transformations in soft architected materials via buckling instability encoded heterogeneous magnetization. Nat Commun 2022; 13:7514. [PMID: 36473857 PMCID: PMC9727123 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-022-35212-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2022] [Accepted: 11/23/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The geometric reconfigurations in three-dimensional morphable structures have a wide range of applications in flexible electronic devices and smart systems with unusual mechanical, acoustic, and thermal properties. However, achieving the highly controllable anisotropic transformation and dynamic regulation of architected materials crossing different scales remains challenging. Herein, we develop a magnetic regulation approach that provides an enabling technology to achieve the controllable transformation of morphable structures and unveil their dynamic modulation mechanism as well as potential applications. With buckling instability encoded heterogeneous magnetization profiles inside soft architected materials, spatially and temporally programmed magnetic inputs drive the formation of a variety of anisotropic morphological transformations and dynamic geometric reconfiguration. The introduction of magnetic stimulation could help to predetermine the buckling states of soft architected materials, and enable the formation of definite and controllable buckling states without prolonged magnetic stimulation input. The dynamic modulations can be exploited to build systems with switchable fluidic properties and are demonstrated to achieve capabilities of fluidic manipulation, selective particle trapping, sensitivity-enhanced biomedical analysis, and soft robotics. The work provides new insights to harness the programmable and dynamic morphological transformation of soft architected materials and promises benefits in microfluidics, programmable metamaterials, and biomedical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Neng Xia
- Department of Mechanical and Automation Engineering, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Dongdong Jin
- Department of Mechanical and Automation Engineering, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China.
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology (Shenzhen), Guangdong, China.
| | - Chengfeng Pan
- Department of Mechanical and Automation Engineering, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Jiachen Zhang
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, City University of Hong Kong, Kowloon, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Zhengxin Yang
- Department of Mechanical and Automation Engineering, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Lin Su
- Department of Mechanical and Automation Engineering, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Jinsheng Zhao
- Department of Mechanical and Automation Engineering, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Liu Wang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Mechanical Behavior and Design of Materials, Department of Modern Mechanics, University of Science and Technology of China, 230026, Hefei, Anhui, China
| | - Li Zhang
- Department of Mechanical and Automation Engineering, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China.
- Chow Yuk Ho Technology Center for Innovative Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China.
- CUHK T Stone Robotics Institute, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China.
- Department of Surgery, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, 999077, Hong Kong SAR, China.
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