1
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Shi YB, Fu L, Tanizaki Y. Intestinal remodeling during Xenopus metamorphosis as a model for studying thyroid hormone signaling and adult organogenesis. Mol Cell Endocrinol 2024; 586:112193. [PMID: 38401883 PMCID: PMC10999354 DOI: 10.1016/j.mce.2024.112193] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2024] [Revised: 02/15/2024] [Accepted: 02/20/2024] [Indexed: 02/26/2024]
Abstract
Intestinal development takes places in two phases, the initial formation of neonatal (mammals)/larval (anurans) intestine and its subsequent maturation into the adult form. This maturation occurs during postembryonic development when plasma thyroid hormone (T3) level peaks. In anurans such as the highly related Xenopus laevis and Xenopus tropicalis, the larval/tadpole intestine is drastically remodeled from a simple tubular structure to a complex, multi-folded adult organ during T3-dependent metamorphosis. This involved complete degeneration of larval epithelium via programmed cell death and de novo formation of adult epithelium, with concurrent maturation of the muscles and connective tissue. Here, we will summarize our current understanding of the underlying molecular mechanisms, with a focus on more recent genetic and genome-wide studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yun-Bo Shi
- Section on Molecular Morphogenesis, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (NICHD), National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA.
| | - Liezhen Fu
- Section on Molecular Morphogenesis, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (NICHD), National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
| | - Yuta Tanizaki
- Section on Molecular Morphogenesis, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (NICHD), National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
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2
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Jha RK, Kouzine F, Levens D. MYC function and regulation in physiological perspective. Front Cell Dev Biol 2023; 11:1268275. [PMID: 37941901 PMCID: PMC10627926 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2023.1268275] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2023] [Accepted: 10/12/2023] [Indexed: 11/10/2023] Open
Abstract
MYC, a key member of the Myc-proto-oncogene family, is a universal transcription amplifier that regulates almost every physiological process in a cell including cell cycle, proliferation, metabolism, differentiation, and apoptosis. MYC interacts with several cofactors, chromatin modifiers, and regulators to direct gene expression. MYC levels are tightly regulated, and deregulation of MYC has been associated with numerous diseases including cancer. Understanding the comprehensive biology of MYC under physiological conditions is an utmost necessity to demark biological functions of MYC from its pathological functions. Here we review the recent advances in biological mechanisms, functions, and regulation of MYC. We also emphasize the role of MYC as a global transcription amplifier.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - David Levens
- Gene Regulation Section, Laboratory of Pathology, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute (NCI), Bethesda, MD, United States
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3
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Illi B, Nasi S. Myc beyond Cancer: Regulation of Mammalian Tissue Regeneration. PATHOPHYSIOLOGY 2023; 30:346-365. [PMID: 37606389 PMCID: PMC10443299 DOI: 10.3390/pathophysiology30030027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2023] [Revised: 07/28/2023] [Accepted: 07/31/2023] [Indexed: 08/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Myc is one of the most well-known oncogenes driving tumorigenesis in a wide variety of tissues. From the brain to blood, its deregulation derails physiological pathways that grant the correct functioning of the cell. Its action is carried out at the gene expression level, where Myc governs basically every aspect of transcription. Indeed, in addition to its role as a canonical, chromatin-bound transcription factor, Myc rules RNA polymerase II (RNAPII) transcriptional pause-release, elongation and termination and mRNA capping. For this reason, it is evident that minimal perturbations of Myc function mirror malignant cell behavior and, consistently, a large body of literature mainly focuses on Myc malfunctioning. In healthy cells, Myc controls molecular mechanisms involved in pivotal functions, such as cell cycle (and proliferation thereof), apoptosis, metabolism and cell size, angiogenesis, differentiation and stem cell self-renewal. In this latter regard, Myc has been found to also regulate tissue regeneration, a hot topic in the research fields of aging and regenerative medicine. Indeed, Myc appears to have a role in wound healing, in peripheral nerves and in liver, pancreas and even heart recovery. Herein, we discuss the state of the art of Myc's role in tissue regeneration, giving an overview of its potent action beyond cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Barbara Illi
- Institute of Molecular Biology and Pathology, National Research Council, c/o Department of Biology and Biotechnology “Charles Darwin”, Sapienza University of Rome, 00185 Rome, Italy
| | - Sergio Nasi
- Institute of Molecular Biology and Pathology, National Research Council, c/o Department of Biology and Biotechnology “Charles Darwin”, Sapienza University of Rome, 00185 Rome, Italy
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4
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Tanizaki Y, Shibata Y, Na W, Shi YB. Cell cycle activation in thyroid hormone-induced apoptosis and stem cell development during Xenopus intestinal metamorphosis. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2023; 14:1184013. [PMID: 37265708 PMCID: PMC10230048 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2023.1184013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2023] [Accepted: 05/03/2023] [Indexed: 06/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Amphibian metamorphosis resembles mammalian postembryonic development, a period around birth when many organs mature into their adult forms and when plasma thyroid hormone (T3) concentration peaks. T3 plays a causative role for amphibian metamorphosis. This and its independence from maternal influence make metamorphosis of amphibians, particularly anurans such as pseudo-tetraploid Xenopus laevis and its highly related diploid species Xenopus tropicalis, an excellent model to investigate how T3 regulates adult organ development. Studies on intestinal remodeling, a process that involves degeneration of larval epithelium via apoptosis and de novo formation of adult stem cells followed by their proliferation and differentiation to form the adult epithelium, have revealed important molecular insights on T3 regulation of cell fate during development. Here, we review some evidence suggesting that T3-induced activation of cell cycle program is important for T3-induced larval epithelial cell death and de novo formation of adult intestinal stem cells.
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5
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Cook J, Greene ES, Ramser A, Mullenix G, Dridi JS, Liyanage R, Wideman R, Dridi S. Comparative- and network-based proteomic analysis of bacterial chondronecrosis with osteomyelitis lesions in broiler's proximal tibiae identifies new molecular signatures of lameness. Sci Rep 2023; 13:5947. [PMID: 37045932 PMCID: PMC10097873 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-33060-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2022] [Accepted: 04/06/2023] [Indexed: 04/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Bacterial Chondronecrosis with Osteomyelitis (BCO) is a specific cause of lameness in commercial fast-growing broiler (meat-type) chickens and represents significant economic, health, and wellbeing burdens. However, the molecular mechanisms underlying the pathogenesis remain poorly understood. This study represents the first comprehensive characterization of the proximal tibia proteome from healthy and BCO chickens. Among a total of 547 proteins identified, 222 were differentially expressed (DE) with 158 up- and 64 down-regulated proteins in tibia of BCO vs. normal chickens. Biological function analysis using Ingenuity Pathways showed that the DE proteins were associated with a variety of diseases including cell death, organismal injury, skeletal and muscular disorder, immunological and inflammatory diseases. Canonical pathway and protein-protein interaction network analysis indicated that these DE proteins were involved in stress response, unfolded protein response, ribosomal protein dysfunction, and actin cytoskeleton signaling. Further, we identified proteins involved in bone resorption (osteoclast-stimulating factor 1, OSFT1) and bone structural integrity (collagen alpha-2 (I) chain, COL2A1), as potential key proteins involved in bone attrition. These results provide new insights by identifying key protein candidates involved in BCO and will have significant impact in understanding BCO pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer Cook
- Department of Poultry Science, University of Arkansas, 1260 W. Maple Street, Fayetteville, AR, 72701, USA
| | - Elizabeth S Greene
- Department of Poultry Science, University of Arkansas, 1260 W. Maple Street, Fayetteville, AR, 72701, USA
| | - Alison Ramser
- Department of Poultry Science, University of Arkansas, 1260 W. Maple Street, Fayetteville, AR, 72701, USA
| | - Garrett Mullenix
- Department of Poultry Science, University of Arkansas, 1260 W. Maple Street, Fayetteville, AR, 72701, USA
| | - Jalila S Dridi
- École Universitaire de Kinésithérapie, Université d'Orléans, Rue de Chartres, 45100, Orléans, France
| | - Rohana Liyanage
- Department of Poultry Science, University of Arkansas, 1260 W. Maple Street, Fayetteville, AR, 72701, USA
| | - Robert Wideman
- Department of Poultry Science, University of Arkansas, 1260 W. Maple Street, Fayetteville, AR, 72701, USA
| | - Sami Dridi
- Department of Poultry Science, University of Arkansas, 1260 W. Maple Street, Fayetteville, AR, 72701, USA.
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6
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The "Superoncogene" Myc at the Crossroad between Metabolism and Gene Expression in Glioblastoma Multiforme. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24044217. [PMID: 36835628 PMCID: PMC9966483 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24044217] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2022] [Revised: 02/10/2023] [Accepted: 02/16/2023] [Indexed: 02/22/2023] Open
Abstract
The concept of the Myc (c-myc, n-myc, l-myc) oncogene as a canonical, DNA-bound transcription factor has consistently changed over the past few years. Indeed, Myc controls gene expression programs at multiple levels: directly binding chromatin and recruiting transcriptional coregulators; modulating the activity of RNA polymerases (RNAPs); and drawing chromatin topology. Therefore, it is evident that Myc deregulation in cancer is a dramatic event. Glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) is the most lethal, still incurable, brain cancer in adults, and it is characterized in most cases by Myc deregulation. Metabolic rewiring typically occurs in cancer cells, and GBM undergoes profound metabolic changes to supply increased energy demand. In nontransformed cells, Myc tightly controls metabolic pathways to maintain cellular homeostasis. Consistently, in Myc-overexpressing cancer cells, including GBM cells, these highly controlled metabolic routes are affected by enhanced Myc activity and show substantial alterations. On the other hand, deregulated cancer metabolism impacts Myc expression and function, placing Myc at the intersection between metabolic pathway activation and gene expression. In this review paper, we summarize the available information on GBM metabolism with a specific focus on the control of the Myc oncogene that, in turn, rules the activation of metabolic signals, ensuring GBM growth.
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7
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Shen W, Zhou Q, Peng C, Li J, Yuan Q, Zhu H, Zhao M, Jiang X, Liu W, Ren C. FBXW7 and the Hallmarks of Cancer: Underlying Mechanisms and Prospective Strategies. Front Oncol 2022; 12:880077. [PMID: 35515121 PMCID: PMC9063462 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2022.880077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2022] [Accepted: 03/15/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
FBXW7, a member of the F-box protein family within the ubiquitin–proteasome system, performs an indispensable role in orchestrating cellular processes through ubiquitination and degradation of its substrates, such as c-MYC, mTOR, MCL-1, Notch, and cyclin E. Mainly functioning as a tumor suppressor, inactivation of FBXW7 induces the aberrations of its downstream pathway, resulting in the occurrence of diseases especially tumorigenesis. Here, we decipher the relationship between FBXW7 and the hallmarks of cancer and discuss the underlying mechanisms. Considering the interplay of cancer hallmarks, we propose several prospective strategies for circumventing the deficits of therapeutic resistance and complete cure of cancer patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenyue Shen
- Department of Neurosurgery, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China.,National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Quanwei Zhou
- Department of Neurosurgery, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China.,National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Chenxi Peng
- Department of Neurosurgery, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China.,National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Jiaheng Li
- Department of Neurosurgery, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China.,National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Qizhi Yuan
- Department of Neurosurgery, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China.,National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Hecheng Zhu
- Cancer Research Institute, School of Basic Medical Science, Central South University, Changsha, China.,Changsha Kexin Cancer Hospital, Changsha, China
| | - Ming Zhao
- Changsha Kexin Cancer Hospital, Changsha, China
| | - Xingjun Jiang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China.,National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Weidong Liu
- Cancer Research Institute, School of Basic Medical Science, Central South University, Changsha, China.,The Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis of the Chinese Ministry of Health and the Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Cancer Invasion of the Chinese Ministry of Education, School of Basic Medicine, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Caiping Ren
- Department of Neurosurgery, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China.,National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China.,Cancer Research Institute, School of Basic Medical Science, Central South University, Changsha, China.,The Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis of the Chinese Ministry of Health and the Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Cancer Invasion of the Chinese Ministry of Education, School of Basic Medicine, Central South University, Changsha, China
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8
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Tanizaki Y, Zhang H, Shibata Y, Shi YB. Thyroid hormone receptor α controls larval intestinal epithelial cell death by regulating the CDK1 pathway. Commun Biol 2022; 5:112. [PMID: 35132135 PMCID: PMC8821549 DOI: 10.1038/s42003-022-03061-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2020] [Accepted: 01/18/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Thyroid hormone (T3) regulates adult intestine development through T3 receptors (TRs). It is difficult to study TR function during postembryonic intestinal maturation in mammals due to maternal influence. We chose intestinal remodeling during Xenopus tropicalis metamorphosis as a model to study TR function in adult organ development. By using ChIP (chromatin immunoprecipitation)-Seq, we identified over 3000 TR-bound genes in the intestine of premetamorphic wild type or TRα (the major TR expressed during premetamorphosis)-knockout tadpoles. Surprisingly, cell cycle-related GO (gene ontology) terms and biological pathways were highly enriched among TR target genes even though the first major event during intestinal metamorphosis is larval epithelial cell death, and TRα knockout drastically reduced this enrichment. More importantly, treatment of tadpoles with cell cycle inhibitors blocked T3-induced intestinal remodeling, especially larval epithelial cell death, suggesting that TRα-dependent activation of cell cycle is important for T3-induced apoptosis during intestinal remodeling. Tanizaki et al use ChIP-Seq to identify over 3000 Thyroid hormone (T3) receptor (TR)-bound genes in the intestine of premetamorphic wild type Xenopus tropicalis tadpoles and in TRα-knockouts. They show that treatment of tadpoles with cell cycle inhibitors blocked T3-induced intestinal remodeling, suggesting that TRα-dependent activation of the cell cycle is important for T3-induced apoptosis during intestinal remodelling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuta Tanizaki
- Section on Molecular Morphogenesis, Cell Regulation and Development Affinity Group, Division of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (NICHD), National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Hongen Zhang
- Bioinformatics and Scientific Programming Core, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (NICHD), National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Yuki Shibata
- Section on Molecular Morphogenesis, Cell Regulation and Development Affinity Group, Division of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (NICHD), National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Yun-Bo Shi
- Section on Molecular Morphogenesis, Cell Regulation and Development Affinity Group, Division of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (NICHD), National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, MD, USA.
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9
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Protooncogene MYC drives human melanocyte melanogenesis and senescence. Cancer Gene Ther 2022; 29:1160-1167. [PMID: 35022520 DOI: 10.1038/s41417-021-00424-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2021] [Revised: 12/04/2021] [Accepted: 12/21/2021] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
In spite of extensive research and advances on the molecular biology of melanoma, the process of melanocytic differentiation or its relationship with proliferation is poorly understood. The role of proto-oncogenes in normal melanocyte biology is also intriguing. Proto-oncogene MYC is overexpressed in 40% of melanomas. It has been suggested that MYC can mediate senescence bypass in malignant melanocytes, an important event in melanoma development, likely in cooperation with other oncogenic pathways. However, despite the apparent importance of MYC in melanoma, its functions in normal melanocytes are unknown. We have overexpressed MYC in freshly isolated human primary melanocytes and studied the effects on melanocytic proliferation and differentiation. MYC promoted a transient activation of melanocytes including cell cycle entry, DNA damage and cell migration. Subsequently, MYC induced melanogenesis, increased cellular size and complexity and senescence. Interestingly, we also found strong expression of MYC in regions of human nevi displaying high pigmentation and high expression of senescence marker p16. The results altogether show that MYC drives melanocytic differentiation and suggest that senescence is associated with differentiation. We discuss the implications into the mechanisms governing melanocytic differentiation and the development of melanoma.
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10
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The MYC oncogene - the grand orchestrator of cancer growth and immune evasion. Nat Rev Clin Oncol 2022; 19:23-36. [PMID: 34508258 PMCID: PMC9083341 DOI: 10.1038/s41571-021-00549-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 291] [Impact Index Per Article: 145.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/28/2021] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
The MYC proto-oncogenes encode a family of transcription factors that are among the most commonly activated oncoproteins in human neoplasias. Indeed, MYC aberrations or upregulation of MYC-related pathways by alternate mechanisms occur in the vast majority of cancers. MYC proteins are master regulators of cellular programmes. Thus, cancers with MYC activation elicit many of the hallmarks of cancer required for autonomous neoplastic growth. In preclinical models, MYC inactivation can result in sustained tumour regression, a phenomenon that has been attributed to oncogene addiction. Many therapeutic agents that directly target MYC are under development; however, to date, their clinical efficacy remains to be demonstrated. In the past few years, studies have demonstrated that MYC signalling can enable tumour cells to dysregulate their microenvironment and evade the host immune response. Herein, we discuss how MYC pathways not only dictate cancer cell pathophysiology but also suppress the host immune response against that cancer. We also propose that therapies targeting the MYC pathway will be key to reversing cancerous growth and restoring antitumour immune responses in patients with MYC-driven cancers.
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11
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Harrington CT, Sotillo E, Dang CV, Thomas-Tikhonenko A. Tilting MYC toward cancer cell death. Trends Cancer 2021; 7:982-994. [PMID: 34481764 PMCID: PMC8541926 DOI: 10.1016/j.trecan.2021.08.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2021] [Revised: 07/30/2021] [Accepted: 08/02/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
MYC oncoprotein promotes cell proliferation and serves as the key driver in many human cancers; therefore, considerable effort has been expended to develop reliable pharmacological methods to suppress its expression or function. Despite impressive progress, MYC-targeting drugs have not reached the clinic. Recent advances suggest that within a limited expression range unique to each tumor, MYC oncoprotein can have a paradoxical, proapoptotic function. Here we introduce a counterintuitive idea that modestly and transiently elevating MYC levels could aid chemotherapy-induced apoptosis and thus benefit the patients as much, if not more than MYC inhibition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Colleen T Harrington
- Division of Cancer Pathobiology, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA; Cell and Molecular Biology Graduate Group, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Elena Sotillo
- Division of Cancer Pathobiology, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Chi V Dang
- Cell and Molecular Biology Graduate Group, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA; Molecular and Cellular Oncogenesis Program, The Wistar Institute, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA; Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, New York, NY 10017, USA
| | - Andrei Thomas-Tikhonenko
- Division of Cancer Pathobiology, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA; Cell and Molecular Biology Graduate Group, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA.
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12
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Lu Y, Yang Q, Su Y, Ji Y, Li G, Yang X, Xu L, Lu Z, Dong J, Wu Y, Bei JX, Pan C, Gu X, Li B. MYCN mediates TFRC-dependent ferroptosis and reveals vulnerabilities in neuroblastoma. Cell Death Dis 2021; 12:511. [PMID: 34011924 PMCID: PMC8134466 DOI: 10.1038/s41419-021-03790-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2021] [Revised: 04/29/2021] [Accepted: 04/29/2021] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
MYCN amplification is tightly associated with the poor prognosis of pediatric neuroblastoma (NB). The regulation of NB cell death by MYCN represents an important aspect, as it directly contributes to tumor progression and therapeutic resistance. However, the relationship between MYCN and cell death remains elusive. Ferroptosis is a newly identified cell death mode featured by lipid peroxide accumulation that can be attenuated by GPX4, yet whether and how MYCN regulates ferroptosis are not fully understood. Here, we report that MYCN-amplified NB cells are sensitive to GPX4-targeting ferroptosis inducers. Mechanically, MYCN expression reprograms the cellular iron metabolism by upregulating the expression of TFRC, which encodes transferrin receptor 1 as a key iron transporter on the cell membrane. Further, the increased iron uptake promotes the accumulation of labile iron pool, leading to enhanced lipid peroxide production. Consistently, TFRC overexpression in NB cells also induces selective sensitivity to GPX4 inhibition and ferroptosis. Moreover, we found that MYCN fails to alter the general lipid metabolism and the amount of cystine imported by System Xc(-) for glutathione synthesis, both of which contribute to ferroptosis in alternative contexts. In conclusion, NB cells harboring MYCN amplification are prone to undergo ferroptosis conferred by TFRC upregulation, suggesting that GPX4-targeting ferroptosis inducers or TFRC agonists can be potential strategies in treating MYCN-amplified NB.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuxiong Lu
- Clinical Biological Resource Bank, Guangzhou Institute of Pediatrics, Guangzhou Women and Children’s Hospital, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
- State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, China
| | - Qing Yang
- Department of Biochemistry, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yubin Su
- Key Laboratory of Functional Protein Research of Guangdong Higher Education Institutes, Department of Biotechnology, College of Life Science and Technology, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yin Ji
- State Key Laboratory of Translational Medicine and Innovative Drug Development, Simcere Diagnostics Co., Ltd., Nanjing, China
| | - Guobang Li
- Department of Biochemistry, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xianzhi Yang
- Department of Biochemistry, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Liyan Xu
- Department of Biochemistry, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Zhaoliang Lu
- Clinical Biological Resource Bank, Guangzhou Institute of Pediatrics, Guangzhou Women and Children’s Hospital, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jiajun Dong
- Department of Neurosurgery, Jiangmen Central Hospital, Affiliated Jiangmen Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Jiangmen, China
| | - Yi Wu
- Department of Neurosurgery, Jiangmen Central Hospital, Affiliated Jiangmen Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Jiangmen, China
| | - Jin-Xin Bei
- State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, China
- Center for Precision Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Chaoyun Pan
- Department of Biochemistry, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
- RNA Biomedical Institute, Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xiaoqiong Gu
- Clinical Biological Resource Bank, Guangzhou Institute of Pediatrics, Guangzhou Women and Children’s Hospital, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Bo Li
- State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, China
- Department of Biochemistry, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
- Center for Precision Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
- RNA Biomedical Institute, Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
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13
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Gene Transactivation and Transrepression in MYC-Driven Cancers. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22073458. [PMID: 33801599 PMCID: PMC8037706 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22073458] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2021] [Revised: 03/24/2021] [Accepted: 03/25/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
MYC is a proto-oncogene regulating a large number of genes involved in a plethora of cellular functions. Its deregulation results in activation of MYC gene expression and/or an increase in MYC protein stability. MYC overexpression is a hallmark of malignant growth, inducing self-renewal of stem cells and blocking senescence and cell differentiation. This review summarizes the latest advances in our understanding of MYC-mediated molecular mechanisms responsible for its oncogenic activity. Several recent findings indicate that MYC is a regulator of cancer genome and epigenome: MYC modulates expression of target genes in a site-specific manner, by recruiting chromatin remodeling co-factors at promoter regions, and at genome-wide level, by regulating the expression of several epigenetic modifiers that alter the entire chromatin structure. We also discuss novel emerging therapeutic strategies based on both direct modulation of MYC and its epigenetic cofactors.
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14
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Fairlie WD, Lee EF. Co-Operativity between MYC and BCL-2 Pro-Survival Proteins in Cancer. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22062841. [PMID: 33799592 PMCID: PMC8000576 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22062841] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2021] [Revised: 03/09/2021] [Accepted: 03/10/2021] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
B-Cell Lymphoma 2 (BCL-2), c-MYC and related proteins are arguably amongst the most widely studied in all of biology. Every year there are thousands of papers reporting on different aspects of their biochemistry, cellular and physiological mechanisms and functions. This plethora of literature can be attributed to both proteins playing essential roles in the normal functioning of a cell, and by extension a whole organism, but also due to their central role in disease, most notably, cancer. Many cancers arise due to genetic lesions resulting in deregulation of both proteins, and indeed the development and survival of tumours is often dependent on co-operativity between these protein families. In this review we will discuss the individual roles of both proteins in cancer, describe cancers where co-operativity between them has been well-characterised and finally, some strategies to target these proteins therapeutically.
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Affiliation(s)
- Walter Douglas Fairlie
- Olivia Newton-John Cancer Research Institute, Heidelberg, VIC 3084, Australia;
- School of Cancer Medicine, La Trobe University, Melbourne, VIC 3084, Australia
- Department of Biochemistry and Genetics, La Trobe Institute for Molecular Science, La Trobe University, Bundoora, VIC 3084, Australia
| | - Erinna F. Lee
- Olivia Newton-John Cancer Research Institute, Heidelberg, VIC 3084, Australia;
- School of Cancer Medicine, La Trobe University, Melbourne, VIC 3084, Australia
- Department of Biochemistry and Genetics, La Trobe Institute for Molecular Science, La Trobe University, Bundoora, VIC 3084, Australia
- Correspondence:
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15
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Shi YB, Shibata Y, Tanizaki Y, Fu L. The development of adult intestinal stem cells: Insights from studies on thyroid hormone-dependent anuran metamorphosis. VITAMINS AND HORMONES 2021; 116:269-293. [PMID: 33752821 DOI: 10.1016/bs.vh.2021.02.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Vertebrates organ development often takes place in two phases: initial formation and subsequent maturation into the adult form. This is exemplified by the intestine. In mouse, the intestine at birth has villus, where most differentiated epithelial cells are located, but lacks any crypts, where adult intestinal stem cells reside. The crypt is formed during the first 3 weeks after birth when plasma thyroid hormone (T3) levels are high. Similarly, in anurans, the intestine undergoes drastic remodeling into the adult form during metamorphosis in a process completely dependent on T3. Studies on Xenopus metamorphosis have revealed important clues on the formation of the adult intestine during metamorphosis. Here we will review our current understanding on how T3 induces the degeneration of larval epithelium and de novo formation of adult intestinal stem cells. We will also discuss the mechanistic conservations in intestinal development between anurans and mammals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yun-Bo Shi
- Section on Molecular Morphogenesis, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (NICHD), National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, MD, United States.
| | - Yuki Shibata
- Section on Molecular Morphogenesis, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (NICHD), National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Yuta Tanizaki
- Section on Molecular Morphogenesis, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (NICHD), National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Liezhen Fu
- Section on Molecular Morphogenesis, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (NICHD), National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, MD, United States
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16
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Ahmadi A, Ayyadevara VSSA, Baudry J, Roh KH. Calcium signaling on Jurkat T cells induced by microbeads coated with novel peptide ligands specific to human CD3ε. J Mater Chem B 2021; 9:1661-1675. [PMID: 33481966 DOI: 10.1039/d0tb02235g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
CD3ε is expressed on T lymphocytes as a part of the T cell receptor (TCR)-CD3 complex. Together with other CD3 molecules, CD3ε is responsible for the activation of T cells via transducing the event of antigen recognition by the TCR into intracellular signaling cascades. The present study first aims to identify a novel peptide ligand that binds to human CD3ε in a specific manner and to perform an initial evaluation of its biological efficacy on the human T cell line, Jurkat cells. We screened a phage-display peptide library against human CD3ε using a subtractive biopanning process, from which we identified 13 phage clones displaying unique peptide sequences. One dominant phage clone displaying the 7 amino acid sequence of WSLGYTG, which occupied 90% of tested plaques (18 out of 20) after the 5th round of biopanning, demonstrated a superior binding behavior to other clones in the binding assays against recombinant CD3ε on microbeads or Jurkat cells. The synthesized peptide also showed specific binding to Jurkat cells in a dose-dependent manner but not to B cell lymphoma line, 2PK3 cells. Molecular modeling and docking simulation confirmed that the selected peptide ligand in an energetically stable conformation binds to a pocket of CD3ε that is not hidden by either CD3γ or CD3δ. Lastly, magnetic microbeads conjugated with the synthesized peptide ligands showed a weak but specific association with Jurkat cells and induced the calcium flux, a hallmark indication of proximal T cell receptor signaling, which gave rise to an enhancement of IL-2 section and cell proliferation. The novel peptide ligand and its various multivalent forms have a great potential in applications related to T cell biology and T cell immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Armin Ahmadi
- Department of Chemical & Materials Engineering, University of Alabama in Huntsville, 301 Sparkman Drive NW, Huntsville, AL 35899, USA.
| | - V S S Abhinav Ayyadevara
- Biotechnology Science and Engineering, University of Alabama in Huntsville, Huntsville, AL 35899, USA
| | - Jerome Baudry
- Biotechnology Science and Engineering, University of Alabama in Huntsville, Huntsville, AL 35899, USA and Department of Biological Sciences, University of Alabama in Huntsville, Huntsville, AL 35899, USA
| | - Kyung-Ho Roh
- Department of Chemical & Materials Engineering, University of Alabama in Huntsville, 301 Sparkman Drive NW, Huntsville, AL 35899, USA. and Biotechnology Science and Engineering, University of Alabama in Huntsville, Huntsville, AL 35899, USA
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17
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Wang Z, Cao K, Wang D, Hua B, Zhang H, Xie X. Cadmium sulfate induces apoptosis in planarians. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2020; 27:39308-39316. [PMID: 32648224 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-020-09991-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2020] [Accepted: 07/01/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
With rapid socio-economic development, heavy metal pollution in water has become common and affects both environment and human health. Cadmium (Cd) has been recognized as one of the heavy metals which cause acute or chronic toxic effects if ingested. Although its toxicity is undisputed, the underlying molecular mechanisms in vivo are not fully understood. Planarians, a model organism famous for their regenerative prowess, have long been utilized to study the effects of chemical exposure. In this study, we observed apoptosis with TUNEL assay in planarians induced by cadmium sulfate (CdSO4) in a dose-dependent manner. The apoptosis-related genes were detected with quantitative RT-PCR. Significant changes in c-Myc, P53, and BcL-2 were indicated, which may play a partial role in the regulation of the process of apoptosis in the planarians. H&E staining showed that Cd had obvious biological toxicity in the planarians. Here, new insights on metal toxicity mechanisms are provided, contributing to understand how CdSO4 induces the pathological and physiological processes of apoptosis in the living bodies. Meanwhile, planarians are proved to be a freshwater pollution indicator and toxicological research model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhiyang Wang
- Key Laboratory of Resource Biology and Biotechnology in Western China, Ministry of Education, College of Life Science, Northwest University, Xi'an, China
| | - Keqing Cao
- Key Laboratory of Resource Biology and Biotechnology in Western China, Ministry of Education, College of Life Science, Northwest University, Xi'an, China
| | - Dan Wang
- Key Laboratory of Resource Biology and Biotechnology in Western China, Ministry of Education, College of Life Science, Northwest University, Xi'an, China
| | - Bingjie Hua
- GeWu Medical Research Institute (GMRI), Xi'an, China
| | - Haiyan Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Resource Biology and Biotechnology in Western China, Ministry of Education, College of Life Science, Northwest University, Xi'an, China.
- GeWu Medical Research Institute (GMRI), Xi'an, China.
| | - Xin Xie
- Key Laboratory of Resource Biology and Biotechnology in Western China, Ministry of Education, College of Life Science, Northwest University, Xi'an, China.
- GeWu Medical Research Institute (GMRI), Xi'an, China.
- Department of Translational Medicine, Institute of Integrated Medical Information, Xi'an, China.
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18
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Kong IY, Rimes JS, Light A, Todorovski I, Jones S, Morand E, Knight DA, Bergman YE, Hogg SJ, Falk H, Monahan BJ, Stupple PA, Street IP, Heinzel S, Bouillet P, Johnstone RW, Hodgkin PD, Vervoort SJ, Hawkins ED. Temporal Analysis of Brd4 Displacement in the Control of B Cell Survival, Proliferation, and Differentiation. Cell Rep 2020; 33:108290. [PMID: 33086063 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2020.108290] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2019] [Revised: 05/24/2020] [Accepted: 09/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
JQ1 is a BET-bromodomain inhibitor that has immunomodulatory effects. However, the precise molecular mechanism that JQ1 targets to elicit changes in antibody production is not understood. Our results show that JQ1 induces apoptosis, reduces cell proliferation, and as a consequence, inhibits antibody-secreting cell differentiation. ChIP-sequencing reveals a selective displacement of Brd4 in response to acute JQ1 treatment (<2 h), resulting in specific transcriptional repression. After 8 h, subsequent alterations in gene expression arise as a result of the global loss of Brd4 occupancy. We demonstrate that apoptosis induced by JQ1 is solely attributed to the pro-apoptotic protein Bim (Bcl2l11). Conversely, cell-cycle regulation by JQ1 is associated with multiple Myc-associated gene targets. Our results demonstrate that JQ1 drives temporal changes in Brd4 displacement that results in a specific transcriptional profile that directly affects B cell survival and proliferation to modulate the humoral immune response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isabella Y Kong
- Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, The University of Melbourne, 1G Royal Parade, Parkville, VIC 3052, Australia; Department of Medical Biology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC 3010, Australia
| | - Joel S Rimes
- Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, The University of Melbourne, 1G Royal Parade, Parkville, VIC 3052, Australia; Department of Medical Biology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC 3010, Australia
| | - Amanda Light
- Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, The University of Melbourne, 1G Royal Parade, Parkville, VIC 3052, Australia; Department of Medical Biology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC 3010, Australia
| | - Izabela Todorovski
- Cancer Therapeutics and Cancer Immunology Program, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Melbourne, VIC, Australia; Sir Peter MacCallum Department of Oncology, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Sarah Jones
- Centre for Inflammatory Diseases, School of Clinical Sciences, Monash University, Parkville, VIC 3052, Australia
| | - Eric Morand
- Centre for Inflammatory Diseases, School of Clinical Sciences, Monash University, Parkville, VIC 3052, Australia
| | - Deborah A Knight
- Cancer Therapeutics and Cancer Immunology Program, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Melbourne, VIC, Australia; Sir Peter MacCallum Department of Oncology, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Ylva E Bergman
- Cancer Therapeutics CRC (CTx), Melbourne, VIC 3000, Australia; Medicinal Chemistry, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, Parkville, VIC 3052, Australia
| | - Simon J Hogg
- Cancer Therapeutics and Cancer Immunology Program, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Melbourne, VIC, Australia; Sir Peter MacCallum Department of Oncology, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Hendrik Falk
- Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, The University of Melbourne, 1G Royal Parade, Parkville, VIC 3052, Australia; Cancer Therapeutics CRC (CTx), Melbourne, VIC 3000, Australia
| | - Brendon J Monahan
- Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, The University of Melbourne, 1G Royal Parade, Parkville, VIC 3052, Australia; Cancer Therapeutics CRC (CTx), Melbourne, VIC 3000, Australia
| | - Paul A Stupple
- Cancer Therapeutics CRC (CTx), Melbourne, VIC 3000, Australia; Medicinal Chemistry, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, Parkville, VIC 3052, Australia
| | - Ian P Street
- Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, The University of Melbourne, 1G Royal Parade, Parkville, VIC 3052, Australia; Cancer Therapeutics CRC (CTx), Melbourne, VIC 3000, Australia
| | - Susanne Heinzel
- Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, The University of Melbourne, 1G Royal Parade, Parkville, VIC 3052, Australia; Department of Medical Biology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC 3010, Australia
| | - Philippe Bouillet
- Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, The University of Melbourne, 1G Royal Parade, Parkville, VIC 3052, Australia; Department of Medical Biology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC 3010, Australia
| | - Ricky W Johnstone
- Cancer Therapeutics and Cancer Immunology Program, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Melbourne, VIC, Australia; Sir Peter MacCallum Department of Oncology, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Philip D Hodgkin
- Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, The University of Melbourne, 1G Royal Parade, Parkville, VIC 3052, Australia; Department of Medical Biology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC 3010, Australia
| | - Stephin J Vervoort
- Cancer Therapeutics and Cancer Immunology Program, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Melbourne, VIC, Australia; Sir Peter MacCallum Department of Oncology, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia.
| | - Edwin D Hawkins
- Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, The University of Melbourne, 1G Royal Parade, Parkville, VIC 3052, Australia; Department of Medical Biology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC 3010, Australia.
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19
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Nepal RM, Martin A. Unmasking the Mysteries of MYC. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2019; 202:2517-2518. [PMID: 31010840 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1900186] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Alberto Martin
- Department of Immunology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5S 1A8, Canada
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20
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Wang Y, Lu T, Sun G, Zheng Y, Yang S, Zhang H, Hao S, Liu Y, Ma S, Zhang H, Ru Y, Gao S, Yen K, Cheng H, Cheng T. Targeting of apoptosis gene loci by reprogramming factors leads to selective eradication of leukemia cells. Nat Commun 2019; 10:5594. [PMID: 31811153 PMCID: PMC6898631 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-019-13411-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2019] [Accepted: 11/06/2019] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Applying somatic cell reprogramming strategies in cancer cell biology is a powerful approach to analyze mechanisms of malignancy and develop new therapeutics. Here, we test whether leukemia cells can be reprogrammed in vivo using the canonical reprogramming transcription factors-Oct4, Sox2, Klf4, and c-Myc (termed as OSKM). Unexpectedly, we discover that OSKM can eradicate leukemia cells and dramatically improve survival of leukemia-bearing mice. By contrast, OSKM minimally impact normal hematopoietic cells. Using ATAC-seq, we find OSKM induce chromatin accessibility near genes encoding apoptotic regulators in leukemia cells. Moreover, this selective effect also involves downregulation of H3K9me3 as an early event. Dissection of the functional effects of OSKM shows that Klf4 and Sox2 play dominant roles compared to c-Myc and Oct4 in elimination of leukemia cells. These results reveal an intriguing paradigm by which OSKM-initiated reprogramming induction can be leveraged and diverged to develop novel anti-cancer strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yajie Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Experimental Hematology, Beijing, China.,National Clinical Research Center for Blood Diseases, Tianjin, China.,Institute of Hematology and Blood Disease Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Tianjin, China.,Department of Hematology, the First People's Hospital of Yunnan Province, Yunnan, China
| | - Ting Lu
- Department of Developmental Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Guohuan Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Experimental Hematology, Beijing, China.,National Clinical Research Center for Blood Diseases, Tianjin, China.,Institute of Hematology and Blood Disease Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Tianjin, China
| | - Yawei Zheng
- State Key Laboratory of Experimental Hematology, Beijing, China.,National Clinical Research Center for Blood Diseases, Tianjin, China.,Institute of Hematology and Blood Disease Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Tianjin, China
| | - Shangda Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Experimental Hematology, Beijing, China.,Institute of Hematology and Blood Disease Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Tianjin, China
| | - Hongyan Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Experimental Hematology, Beijing, China.,Institute of Hematology and Blood Disease Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Tianjin, China
| | - Sha Hao
- State Key Laboratory of Experimental Hematology, Beijing, China.,National Clinical Research Center for Blood Diseases, Tianjin, China.,Institute of Hematology and Blood Disease Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Tianjin, China.,Center for Stem Cell Medicine, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Tianjin, China.,Department of Stem Cell & Regenerative Medicine, Peking Union Medical College, Tianjin, China
| | - Yanfeng Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Experimental Hematology, Beijing, China.,Institute of Hematology and Blood Disease Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Tianjin, China
| | - Shihui Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Experimental Hematology, Beijing, China.,National Clinical Research Center for Blood Diseases, Tianjin, China.,Institute of Hematology and Blood Disease Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Tianjin, China
| | - Houyu Zhang
- Department of Developmental Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yongxin Ru
- State Key Laboratory of Experimental Hematology, Beijing, China.,Institute of Hematology and Blood Disease Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Tianjin, China
| | - Shaorong Gao
- School of Life Sciences and Technology, Tongji University, Shanghai, China
| | - Kuangyu Yen
- Department of Developmental Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China.
| | - Hui Cheng
- State Key Laboratory of Experimental Hematology, Beijing, China. .,National Clinical Research Center for Blood Diseases, Tianjin, China. .,Institute of Hematology and Blood Disease Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Tianjin, China. .,Center for Stem Cell Medicine, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Tianjin, China. .,Department of Stem Cell & Regenerative Medicine, Peking Union Medical College, Tianjin, China.
| | - Tao Cheng
- State Key Laboratory of Experimental Hematology, Beijing, China. .,National Clinical Research Center for Blood Diseases, Tianjin, China. .,Institute of Hematology and Blood Disease Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Tianjin, China. .,Center for Stem Cell Medicine, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Tianjin, China. .,Department of Stem Cell & Regenerative Medicine, Peking Union Medical College, Tianjin, China.
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21
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Hay J, Gilroy K, Huser C, Kilbey A, Mcdonald A, MacCallum A, Holroyd A, Cameron E, Neil JC. Collaboration of MYC and RUNX2 in lymphoma simulates T-cell receptor signaling and attenuates p53 pathway activity. J Cell Biochem 2019; 120:18332-18345. [PMID: 31257681 PMCID: PMC6772115 DOI: 10.1002/jcb.29143] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2019] [Accepted: 05/14/2019] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
MYC and RUNX oncogenes each trigger p53‐mediated failsafe responses when overexpressed in vitro and collaborate with p53 deficiency in vivo. However, together they drive rapid onset lymphoma without mutational loss of p53. This phenomenon was investigated further by transcriptomic analysis of premalignant thymus from RUNX2/MYC transgenic mice. The distinctive contributions of MYC and RUNX to transcriptional control were illustrated by differential enrichment of canonical binding sites and gene ontology analyses. Pathway analysis revealed signatures of MYC, CD3, and CD28 regulation indicative of activation and proliferation, but also strong inhibition of cell death pathways. In silico analysis of discordantly expressed genes revealed Tnfsrf8/CD30, Cish, and Il13 among relevant targets for sustained proliferation and survival. Although TP53 mRNA and protein levels were upregulated, its downstream targets in growth suppression and apoptosis were largely unperturbed. Analysis of genes encoding p53 posttranslational modifiers showed significant upregulation of three genes, Smyd2, Set, and Prmt5. Overexpression of SMYD2 was validated in vivo but the functional analysis was constrained by in vitro loss of p53 in RUNX2/MYC lymphoma cell lines. However, an early role is suggested by the ability of SMYD2 to block senescence‐like growth arrest induced by RUNX overexpression in primary fibroblasts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jodie Hay
- Molecular Oncology Laboratory, Centre for Virus Research, Institute of Infection, Immunity, and Inflammation, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - Kathryn Gilroy
- Molecular Oncology Laboratory, Centre for Virus Research, Institute of Infection, Immunity, and Inflammation, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - Camille Huser
- Molecular Oncology Laboratory, Centre for Virus Research, Institute of Infection, Immunity, and Inflammation, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - Anna Kilbey
- Molecular Oncology Laboratory, Centre for Virus Research, Institute of Infection, Immunity, and Inflammation, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - Alma Mcdonald
- Molecular Oncology Laboratory, Centre for Virus Research, Institute of Infection, Immunity, and Inflammation, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - Amanda MacCallum
- Molecular Oncology Laboratory, Centre for Virus Research, Institute of Infection, Immunity, and Inflammation, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - Ailsa Holroyd
- Paul O'Gorman Leukaemia Research Centre, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - Ewan Cameron
- School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - James C Neil
- Molecular Oncology Laboratory, Centre for Virus Research, Institute of Infection, Immunity, and Inflammation, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom
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22
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Schoonen PM, Guerrero Llobet S, van Vugt MATM. Replication stress: Driver and therapeutic target in genomically instable cancers. ADVANCES IN PROTEIN CHEMISTRY AND STRUCTURAL BIOLOGY 2018; 115:157-201. [PMID: 30798931 DOI: 10.1016/bs.apcsb.2018.10.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Genomically instable cancers are characterized by progressive loss and gain of chromosomal fragments, and the acquisition of complex genomic rearrangements. Such cancers, including triple-negative breast cancers and high-grade serous ovarian cancers, typically show aggressive behavior and lack actionable driver oncogenes. Increasingly, oncogene-induced replication stress or defective replication fork maintenance is considered an important driver of genomic instability. Paradoxically, while replication stress causes chromosomal instability and thereby promotes cancer development, it intrinsically poses a threat to cellular viability. Apparently, tumor cells harboring high levels of replication stress have evolved ways to cope with replication stress. As a consequence, therapeutic targeting of such compensatory mechanisms is likely to preferentially target cancers with high levels of replication stress and may prove useful in potentiating chemotherapeutic approaches that exert their effects by interfering with DNA replication. Here, we discuss how replication stress drives chromosomal instability, and the cell cycle-regulated mechanisms that cancer cells employ to deal with replication stress. Importantly, we discuss how mechanisms involving DNA structure-specific resolvases, cell cycle checkpoint kinases and mitotic processing of replication intermediates offer possibilities in developing treatments for difficult-to-treat genomically instable cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pepijn M Schoonen
- Department of Medical Oncology, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Sergi Guerrero Llobet
- Department of Medical Oncology, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Marcel A T M van Vugt
- Department of Medical Oncology, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands.
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23
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Okada M, Shi YB. The balance of two opposing factors Mad and Myc regulates cell fate during tissue remodeling. Cell Biosci 2018; 8:51. [PMID: 30237868 PMCID: PMC6139171 DOI: 10.1186/s13578-018-0249-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2018] [Accepted: 09/08/2018] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Cell proliferation and differentiation are two distinct yet coupled processes in development in diverse organisms. Understanding the molecular mechanisms that regulate this process is a central theme in developmental biology. The intestinal epithelium is a highly complex tissue that relies on the coordination of cell proliferation within the crypts and apoptosis mainly at the tip of the villi, preservation of epithelial function through differentiation, and homeostatic cell migration along the crypt-villus axis. Small populations of adult stem cells are responsible for the self-renewal of the epithelium throughout life. Surprisingly, much less is known about the mechanisms governing the remodeling of the intestine from the embryonic to adult form. Furthermore, it remains unknown how thyroid hormone (T3) affects stem cell development during this postembryonic process, which is around birth in mammals when T3 level increase rapidly in the plasma. Tissue remodeling during amphibian metamorphosis is very similar to the maturation of the mammalian organs around birth in mammals and is regulated by T3. In particular, many unique features of Xenopus intestinal remodeling during metamorphosis has enabled us and others to elucidate how adult stem cells are formed during postembryonic development in vertebrates. In this review, we will focus on recent findings on the role of Mad1/c-Myc in cell death and proliferation during intestinal metamorphosis and discuss how a Mad1-c-Myc balance controls intestinal epithelial cell fate during this T3-dependent process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Morihiro Okada
- Section on Molecular Morphogenesis, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (NICHD), National Institutes of Health (NIH), 18 Library Dr., Bethesda, MD 20892 USA
| | - Yun-Bo Shi
- Section on Molecular Morphogenesis, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (NICHD), National Institutes of Health (NIH), 18 Library Dr., Bethesda, MD 20892 USA
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24
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Wang E, Sorolla A, Cunningham PT, Bogdawa HM, Beck S, Golden E, Dewhurst RE, Florez L, Cruickshank MN, Hoffmann K, Hopkins RM, Kim J, Woo AJ, Watt PM, Blancafort P. Tumor penetrating peptides inhibiting MYC as a potent targeted therapeutic strategy for triple-negative breast cancers. Oncogene 2018; 38:140-150. [PMID: 30076412 PMCID: PMC6318000 DOI: 10.1038/s41388-018-0421-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2017] [Revised: 05/24/2018] [Accepted: 06/29/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Overexpression of MYC oncogene is highly prevalent in many malignancies such as aggressive triple-negative breast cancers (TNBCs) and it is associated with very poor outcome. Despite decades of research, attempts to effectively inhibit MYC, particularly with small molecules, still remain challenging due to the featureless nature of its protein structure. Herein, we describe the engineering of the dominant-negative MYC peptide (OmoMYC) linked to a functional penetrating 'Phylomer' peptide (FPPa) as a therapeutic strategy to inhibit MYC in TNBC. We found FPPa-OmoMYC to be a potent inducer of apoptosis (with IC50 from 1-2 µM) in TNBC cells with negligible effects in non-tumorigenic cells. Transcriptome analysis of FPPa-OmoMYC-treated cells indicated that the fusion protein inhibited MYC-dependent networks, inducing dynamic changes in transcriptional, metabolic, and apoptotic processes. We demonstrated the efficacy of FPPa-OmoMYC in inhibiting breast cancer growth when injected orthotopically in TNBC allografts. Lastly, we identified strong pharmacological synergisms between FPPa-OmoMYC and chemotherapeutic agents. This study highlights a novel therapeutic approach to target highly aggressive and chemoresistant MYC-activated cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edina Wang
- Harry Perkins Institute of Medical Research, QEII Medical Centre, Nedlands and Centre for Medical Research, The University of Western Australia, Crawley, WA, 6009, Australia.,School of Human Sciences, The University of Western Australia, Crawley, WA, 6009, Australia
| | - Anabel Sorolla
- Harry Perkins Institute of Medical Research, QEII Medical Centre, Nedlands and Centre for Medical Research, The University of Western Australia, Crawley, WA, 6009, Australia.,School of Human Sciences, The University of Western Australia, Crawley, WA, 6009, Australia
| | - Paula T Cunningham
- Phylogica Pty Ltd, Subiaco, WA, 6008, Australia.,Telethon Kids Institute, The University of Western Australia, Subiaco, WA, 6008, Australia
| | - Heique M Bogdawa
- Phylogica Pty Ltd, Subiaco, WA, 6008, Australia.,Telethon Kids Institute, The University of Western Australia, Subiaco, WA, 6008, Australia
| | - Samuel Beck
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, 78712, USA.,MDI Biological Laboratory, Kathryn W. Davis Center for Regenerative Biology and Medicine, Salisbury Cove, ME, 04672, USA
| | - Emily Golden
- Harry Perkins Institute of Medical Research, QEII Medical Centre, Nedlands and Centre for Medical Research, The University of Western Australia, Crawley, WA, 6009, Australia.,School of Human Sciences, The University of Western Australia, Crawley, WA, 6009, Australia
| | - Robert E Dewhurst
- Phylogica Pty Ltd, Subiaco, WA, 6008, Australia.,Telethon Kids Institute, The University of Western Australia, Subiaco, WA, 6008, Australia
| | - Laura Florez
- Phylogica Pty Ltd, Subiaco, WA, 6008, Australia.,Telethon Kids Institute, The University of Western Australia, Subiaco, WA, 6008, Australia
| | - Mark N Cruickshank
- Telethon Kids Institute, The University of Western Australia, Subiaco, WA, 6008, Australia
| | - Katrin Hoffmann
- Phylogica Pty Ltd, Subiaco, WA, 6008, Australia.,Telethon Kids Institute, The University of Western Australia, Subiaco, WA, 6008, Australia
| | | | - Jonghwan Kim
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, 78712, USA
| | - Andrew J Woo
- Harry Perkins Institute of Medical Research, QEII Medical Centre, Nedlands and Centre for Medical Research, The University of Western Australia, Crawley, WA, 6009, Australia
| | - Paul M Watt
- Phylogica Pty Ltd, Subiaco, WA, 6008, Australia. .,Telethon Kids Institute, The University of Western Australia, Subiaco, WA, 6008, Australia.
| | - Pilar Blancafort
- Harry Perkins Institute of Medical Research, QEII Medical Centre, Nedlands and Centre for Medical Research, The University of Western Australia, Crawley, WA, 6009, Australia. .,School of Human Sciences, The University of Western Australia, Crawley, WA, 6009, Australia.
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25
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Nayak G, Odaka Y, Prasad V, Solano AF, Yeo EJ, Vemaraju S, Molkentin JD, Trumpp A, Williams B, Rao S, Lang RA. Developmental vascular regression is regulated by a Wnt/β-catenin, MYC and CDKN1A pathway that controls cell proliferation and cell death. Development 2018; 145:dev154898. [PMID: 29777010 PMCID: PMC6031408 DOI: 10.1242/dev.154898] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2017] [Accepted: 05/08/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Normal development requires tight regulation of cell proliferation and cell death. Here, we have investigated these control mechanisms in the hyaloid vessels, a temporary vascular network in the mammalian eye that requires a Wnt/β-catenin response for scheduled regression. We investigated whether the hyaloid Wnt response was linked to the oncogene Myc, and the cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor CDKN1A (P21), both established regulators of cell cycle progression and cell death. Our analysis showed that the Wnt pathway co-receptors LRP5 and LRP6 have overlapping activities that mediate the Wnt/β-catenin signaling in hyaloid vascular endothelial cells (VECs). We also showed that both Myc and Cdkn1a are downstream of the Wnt response and are required for hyaloid regression but for different reasons. Conditional deletion of Myc in VECs suppressed both proliferation and cell death. By contrast, conditional deletion of Cdkn1a resulted in VEC overproliferation that countered the effects of cell death on regression. When combined with analysis of MYC and CDKN1A protein levels, this analysis suggests that a Wnt/β-catenin and MYC-CDKN1A pathway regulates scheduled hyaloid vessel regression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gowri Nayak
- The Visual Systems Group, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH 45229, USA
- Center for Chronobiology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH 45229, USA
- Abrahamson Pediatric Eye Institute, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH 45229, USA
- Divisions of Pediatric Ophthalmology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH 45229, USA
| | - Yoshinobu Odaka
- The Visual Systems Group, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH 45229, USA
- Center for Chronobiology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH 45229, USA
- Abrahamson Pediatric Eye Institute, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH 45229, USA
- Divisions of Pediatric Ophthalmology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH 45229, USA
| | - Vikram Prasad
- Department of Pediatrics, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH 45229, USA
| | - Alyssa F Solano
- The Visual Systems Group, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH 45229, USA
- Center for Chronobiology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH 45229, USA
- Abrahamson Pediatric Eye Institute, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH 45229, USA
- Divisions of Pediatric Ophthalmology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH 45229, USA
| | - Eun-Jin Yeo
- The Visual Systems Group, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH 45229, USA
- Center for Chronobiology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH 45229, USA
- Abrahamson Pediatric Eye Institute, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH 45229, USA
- Divisions of Pediatric Ophthalmology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH 45229, USA
| | - Shruti Vemaraju
- The Visual Systems Group, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH 45229, USA
- Center for Chronobiology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH 45229, USA
- Abrahamson Pediatric Eye Institute, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH 45229, USA
- Divisions of Pediatric Ophthalmology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH 45229, USA
| | - Jeffery D Molkentin
- Department of Pediatrics, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH 45229, USA
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH 45229, USA
| | - Andreas Trumpp
- Heidelberg Institute for Stem Cell Technology and Experimental Medicine (HI-STEM gGmbH), 69120 Heidelberg, Germany; Division of Stem Cells and Cancer, Deutsches Krebsforschungszentrum (DKFZ), 69120 Heidelberg, Germany; German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Bart Williams
- Center for Skeletal Disease Research and Laboratory of Cell Signaling and Carcinogenesis, Van Andel Research Institute, Grand Rapids, MI 49503, USA
| | - Sujata Rao
- Divisions of Pediatric Ophthalmology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH 45229, USA
- The Cleveland Clinic, Ophthalmic Research, 9500 Euclid Avenue, OH 44195, USA
| | - Richard A Lang
- The Visual Systems Group, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH 45229, USA
- Center for Chronobiology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH 45229, USA
- Abrahamson Pediatric Eye Institute, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH 45229, USA
- Divisions of Pediatric Ophthalmology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH 45229, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH 45229, USA
- Developmental Biology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH 45229, USA
- Department of Ophthalmology, College of Medicine, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH 45229, USA
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26
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Mensink M, Anstee NS, Robati M, Schenk RL, Herold MJ, Cory S, Vandenberg CJ. Anti-apoptotic A1 is not essential for lymphoma development in Eµ-Myc mice but helps sustain transplanted Eµ-Myc tumour cells. Cell Death Differ 2018; 25:797-808. [PMID: 29339775 PMCID: PMC5864240 DOI: 10.1038/s41418-017-0045-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2017] [Revised: 11/20/2017] [Accepted: 11/22/2017] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
The transcription factor c-MYC regulates a multiplicity of genes involved in cellular growth, proliferation, metabolism and DNA damage response and its overexpression is a hallmark of many tumours. Since MYC promotes apoptosis under conditions of stress, such as limited availability of nutrients or cytokines, MYC-driven cells are very much dependent on signals that inhibit cell death. Stress signals trigger apoptosis via the pathway regulated by opposing fractions of the BCL-2 protein family and previous genetic studies have shown that the development of B lymphoid tumours in Eµ-Myc mice is critically dependent on expression of pro-survival BCL-2 relatives MCL-1, BCL-W and, to a lesser extent, BCL-XL, but not BCL-2 itself, and that sustained growth of these lymphomas is dependent on MCL-1. Using recently developed mice that lack expression of all three functional pro-survival A1 genes, we show here that the kinetics of lymphoma development in Eµ-Myc mice and the competitive repopulation capacity of Eµ-Myc haemopoietic stem and progenitor cells is unaffected by the absence of A1. However, conditional loss of a single remaining functional A1 gene from transplanted A1-a−/−A1-bfl/flA1-c−/− Eµ-Myc lymphomas slowed their expansion, significantly extending the life of the transplant recipients. Thus, A1 contributes to the survival of malignant Eµ-Myc-driven B lymphoid cells. These results strengthen the case for BFL-1, the human homologue of A1, being a valid target for drug development for MYC-driven tumours.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark Mensink
- The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Victoria, 3052, Australia.,Department of Medical Biology, University of Melbourne, Victoria, 3052, Australia.,Division of Tumor Biology and Immunology, Netherlands Cancer Institute, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Natasha S Anstee
- The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Victoria, 3052, Australia.,Department of Medical Biology, University of Melbourne, Victoria, 3052, Australia.,Deutsches Krebsforschungszentrum (DKFZ), Experimental Hematology Division, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Mikara Robati
- The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Victoria, 3052, Australia
| | - Robyn L Schenk
- The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Victoria, 3052, Australia.,Department of Medical Biology, University of Melbourne, Victoria, 3052, Australia
| | - Marco J Herold
- The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Victoria, 3052, Australia.,Department of Medical Biology, University of Melbourne, Victoria, 3052, Australia
| | - Suzanne Cory
- The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Victoria, 3052, Australia. .,Department of Medical Biology, University of Melbourne, Victoria, 3052, Australia.
| | - Cassandra J Vandenberg
- The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Victoria, 3052, Australia.,Department of Medical Biology, University of Melbourne, Victoria, 3052, Australia
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27
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Alyafee YA, Alaamery M, Bawazeer S, Almutairi MS, Alghamdi B, Alomran N, Sheereen A, Daghestani M, Massadeh S. Preparation of anastrozole loaded PEG-PLA nanoparticles: evaluation of apoptotic response of breast cancer cell lines. Int J Nanomedicine 2017; 13:199-208. [PMID: 29343958 PMCID: PMC5749378 DOI: 10.2147/ijn.s151139] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose Anastrozole (ANS) is an aromatase inhibitor that is widely used as a treatment for breast cancer in postmenopausal women. Despite the wide use of ANS, it is associated with serious side effects due to uncontrolled delivery. In addition, ANS exhibits low solubility and short plasma half-life. Nanotechnology-based drug delivery has the potential to enhance the efficacy of drugs and overcome undesirable side effects. In this study, we aimed to prepare novel ANS-loaded PLA-PEG-PLA nanoparticles (ANS-NPs) and to compare the apoptotic response of MCF-7 cell line to both ANS and ANS-loaded NPs. Method ANS-NPs were synthesized using double emulsion method and characterized using different methods. The apoptotic response was evaluated by assessing cell viability, morphology, and studying changes in the expression of MAPK3, MCL1, and c-MYC apoptotic genes in MCF-7 cell lines. Results ANS was successfully encapsulated within PLA-PEG-PLA, forming monodisperse therapeutic NPs with an encapsulation efficiency of 67%, particle size of 186±27.13, and a polydispersity index of 0.26±0.11 with a sustained release profile extended over 144 hours. In addition, results for cell viability and for gene expression represent a similar apoptotic response between the free ANS and ANS-NPs. Conclusion The synthesized ANS-NPs showed a similar therapeutic effect as the free ANS, which provides a rationale to pursue pre-clinical evaluation of ANS-NPs on animal models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yusra A Alyafee
- Developmental Medicine Department, King Abdullah International Medical Research Center, King Saud Bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences, King AbdulAziz Medical City, Ministry of National Guard Health Affairs, Riyadh, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia.,Department of Zoology/College of Science/King Saud University (KSU), Riyadh, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Manal Alaamery
- Developmental Medicine Department, King Abdullah International Medical Research Center, King Saud Bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences, King AbdulAziz Medical City, Ministry of National Guard Health Affairs, Riyadh, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Shahad Bawazeer
- Developmental Medicine Department, King Abdullah International Medical Research Center, King Saud Bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences, King AbdulAziz Medical City, Ministry of National Guard Health Affairs, Riyadh, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Mansour S Almutairi
- Developmental Medicine Department, King Abdullah International Medical Research Center, King Saud Bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences, King AbdulAziz Medical City, Ministry of National Guard Health Affairs, Riyadh, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Badr Alghamdi
- Developmental Medicine Department, King Abdullah International Medical Research Center, King Saud Bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences, King AbdulAziz Medical City, Ministry of National Guard Health Affairs, Riyadh, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Nawaf Alomran
- Developmental Medicine Department, King Abdullah International Medical Research Center, King Saud Bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences, King AbdulAziz Medical City, Ministry of National Guard Health Affairs, Riyadh, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Atia Sheereen
- Developmental Medicine Department, King Abdullah International Medical Research Center, King Saud Bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences, King AbdulAziz Medical City, Ministry of National Guard Health Affairs, Riyadh, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Maha Daghestani
- Department of Zoology/College of Science/King Saud University (KSU), Riyadh, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Salam Massadeh
- Developmental Medicine Department, King Abdullah International Medical Research Center, King Saud Bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences, King AbdulAziz Medical City, Ministry of National Guard Health Affairs, Riyadh, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia.,College of Pharmacy, King Saud bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences, King Abdullah International Medical Research Center, King Abdulaziz Medical City, Ministry of National Guard, Health Affairs, Riyadh, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
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28
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Campbell KJ, Vandenberg CJ, Anstee NS, Hurlin PJ, Cory S. Mnt modulates Myc-driven lymphomagenesis. Cell Death Differ 2017; 24:2117-2126. [PMID: 28800127 PMCID: PMC5686348 DOI: 10.1038/cdd.2017.131] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2017] [Accepted: 07/06/2017] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
The transcriptional represser Mnt is a functional antagonist of the proto-oncoprotein Myc. Both Mnt and Myc utilise Max as an obligate partner for DNA binding, and Myc/Max and Mnt/Max complexes compete for occupancy at E-box DNA sequences in promoter regions. We have previously shown in transgenic mouse models that the phenotype and kinetics of onset of haemopoietic tumours varies with the level of Myc expression. We reasoned that a decrease in the level of Mnt would increase the functional level of Myc and accelerate Myc-driven tumorigenesis. We tested the impact of reduced Mnt in three models of myc transgenic mice and in p53+/- mice. To our surprise, mnt heterozygosity actually slowed Myc-driven tumorigenesis in vavP-MYC10 and Eμ-myc mice, suggesting that Mnt facilitates Myc-driven oncogenesis. To explore the underlying cause of the delay in tumour development, we enumerated Myc-driven cell populations in healthy young vavP-MYC10 and Eμ-myc mice, expecting that the reduced rate of leukaemogenesis in mnt heterozygous mice would be reflected in a reduced number of preleukaemic cells, due to increased apoptosis or reduced proliferation or both. However, no differences were apparent. Furthermore, when mnt+/+ and mnt+/- pre-B cells from healthy young Eμ-myc mice were compared in vitro, no differences were seen in their sensitivity to apoptosis or in cell size or cell cycling. Moreover, the frequencies of apoptotic, senescent and proliferating cells were comparable in vivo in mnt+/- and mnt+/+ Eμ-myc lymphomas. Thus, although mnt heterozygosity clearly slowed lymphomagenesis in vavP-MYC10 and Eμ-myc mice, the change(s) in cellular properties responsible for this effect remain to be identified.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kirsteen J Campbell
- Molecular Genetics of Cancer Division, The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, 1G Royal Parade, Melbourne, VIC 3052, Australia
| | - Cassandra J Vandenberg
- Molecular Genetics of Cancer Division, The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, 1G Royal Parade, Melbourne, VIC 3052, Australia
- Department of Medical Biology, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC 3010, Australia
| | - Natasha S Anstee
- Molecular Genetics of Cancer Division, The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, 1G Royal Parade, Melbourne, VIC 3052, Australia
- Department of Medical Biology, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC 3010, Australia
| | | | - Suzanne Cory
- Molecular Genetics of Cancer Division, The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, 1G Royal Parade, Melbourne, VIC 3052, Australia
- Department of Medical Biology, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC 3010, Australia
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29
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Izumi D, Ishimoto T, Miyake K, Eto T, Arima K, Kiyozumi Y, Uchihara T, Kurashige J, Iwatsuki M, Baba Y, Sakamoto Y, Miyamoto Y, Yoshida N, Watanabe M, Goel A, Tan P, Baba H. Colorectal Cancer Stem Cells Acquire Chemoresistance Through the Upregulation of F-Box/WD Repeat-Containing Protein 7 and the Consequent Degradation of c-Myc. Stem Cells 2017; 35:2027-2036. [PMID: 28699179 DOI: 10.1002/stem.2668] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2016] [Revised: 06/04/2017] [Accepted: 06/14/2017] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
The cancer stem cell (CSC) paradigm suggests that tumors are organized hierarchically. Chugai previously established an LGR5+ human colorectal cancer (CRC) stem-cell-enriched cell line (colorectal CSCs) that expresses well-accepted colorectal CSC markers and that can dynamically switch between proliferative and drug-resistant noncycling states. We performed this study to elucidate the molecular mechanisms responsible for evading cell death in colorectal CSCs mediated by anticancer agents. During the cell cycle arrest caused by anticancer agents, we found that c-Myc expression was substantially decreased in colorectal CSCs. The c-Myc expression alterations were mediated by upregulation of F-box/WD repeat-containing protein 7 (FBXW7), as evidenced through FBXW7-small interfering RNA knockdown experiments that resulted in enhanced cell sensitivity to anticancer agents. Upregulation of FBXW7 following drug treatment was not evident in commercially available cancer cell lines. Colorectal CSCs were induced to differentiation by Matrigel and fetal bovine serum. Differentiated CSCs treated with anticancer agents did not show upregulation of FBXW7 and were more sensitive to irinotecan (CPT-11), highlighting the potential CSC-specific nature of our data. The FBXW7 over-expression was further validated in resected liver metastatic sites in CRC patients after chemotherapy. In conclusion, our study revealed that a CSC-specific FBXW7-regulatory mechanism is strongly associated with resistance to chemotherapeutic agents. Inhibition of FBXW7-upregulation in CSCs following chemotherapy may enhance the response to anticancer agents and represents an attractive strategy for the elimination of colorectal CSCs. Stem Cells 2017;35:2027-2036.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daisuke Izumi
- Department of Gastroenterological Surgery, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, Japan.,Center for Gastrointestinal Research and Center for Translational Genomics and Oncology, Baylor Scott and White Research Institute and Charles A. Sammons Cancer Center, Dallas, Texas, USA
| | - Takatsugu Ishimoto
- Department of Gastroenterological Surgery, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, Japan.,Cancer and Stem Cell Biology Program, Duke-NUS Medical School Singapore, Singapore.,The International Research Center for Medical Sciences, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, Japan
| | - Keisuke Miyake
- Department of Gastroenterological Surgery, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, Japan.,The International Research Center for Medical Sciences, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, Japan
| | - Tsugio Eto
- Department of Gastroenterological Surgery, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, Japan.,The International Research Center for Medical Sciences, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, Japan
| | - Kota Arima
- Department of Gastroenterological Surgery, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, Japan.,The International Research Center for Medical Sciences, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, Japan
| | - Yuki Kiyozumi
- Department of Gastroenterological Surgery, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, Japan
| | - Tomoyuki Uchihara
- Department of Gastroenterological Surgery, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, Japan.,The International Research Center for Medical Sciences, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, Japan
| | - Junji Kurashige
- Department of Gastroenterological Surgery, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, Japan
| | - Masaaki Iwatsuki
- Department of Gastroenterological Surgery, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, Japan
| | - Yoshifumi Baba
- Department of Gastroenterological Surgery, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, Japan
| | - Yasuo Sakamoto
- Department of Gastroenterological Surgery, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, Japan
| | - Yuji Miyamoto
- Department of Gastroenterological Surgery, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, Japan
| | - Naoya Yoshida
- Department of Gastroenterological Surgery, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, Japan
| | - Masayuki Watanabe
- Department of Gastroenterological Surgery, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, Japan.,Gastroenterological Surgery, The Cancer Institute Hospital of JCFR, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Ajay Goel
- Center for Gastrointestinal Research and Center for Translational Genomics and Oncology, Baylor Scott and White Research Institute and Charles A. Sammons Cancer Center, Dallas, Texas, USA
| | - Patrick Tan
- Cancer and Stem Cell Biology Program, Duke-NUS Medical School Singapore, Singapore
| | - Hideo Baba
- Department of Gastroenterological Surgery, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, Japan
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30
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Chipuk JE, Martin SJ. Special Issue on Cell Death: Murder, mystery (and a little bit of mayhem) in Manhattan. FEBS J 2017; 283:2565-7. [PMID: 27435017 DOI: 10.1111/febs.13782] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2016] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
This Special Issue on Cell Death comprises a series of 12 reviews that span a broad spectrum of topics within highly active research areas in the cell death field. We hope that you will find these pieces to be of interest; we certainly found them to be fresh and engaging and we are grateful to their authors for taking the time to write for The FEBS Journal.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jerry E Chipuk
- Department of Oncological Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Seamus J Martin
- Molecular Cell Biology Laboratory, Department of Genetics, The Smurfit Institute, Trinity College, Dublin 2, Ireland. .,Cellular Biotechnology Laboratory, Saint-Petersburg State Institute of Technology, Russian Federation.
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31
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Trop-Steinberg S, Azar Y. Is Myc an Important Biomarker? Myc Expression in Immune Disorders and Cancer. Am J Med Sci 2017; 355:67-75. [PMID: 29289266 DOI: 10.1016/j.amjms.2017.06.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2017] [Revised: 05/17/2017] [Accepted: 06/14/2017] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
The proto-oncogene Myc serves as a paradigm for understanding the dynamics of transcriptional regulation. Myc protein has been linked to immune dysfunction, cancer development and neoplastic transformation. We review recent research regarding functions of Myc as an important modulator in immune disorders, postallogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT) and several cancers. Myc overexpression has been repeatedly linked to immune disorders and specific cancers, such as myasthenia gravis, psoriasis, pemphigus vulgaris, atherosclerosis, long-term allogeneic survival among HSCT patients, (primary) inflammatory breast cancer, (primary) ovarian carcinoma and hematological malignancies: acute myeloid leukemia, chronic myelogenous leukemia, Hodgkin's lymphoma and diffuse large B-cell lymphoma. However, decreased expression of Myc has been observed in HSCT patients who did not survive. Understanding impaired or inappropriate expression of Myc may present a path for the discovery of new targets for therapeutic applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shivtia Trop-Steinberg
- Faculty of Life and Health Sciences (ST-S), JCT Lev Academic Institute, Jerusalem, Israel.
| | - Yehudit Azar
- Department of Bone Marrow Transplantation (YA), Hadassah-Hebrew University Medical Center, Jerusalem, Israel
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32
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A balance of Mad and Myc expression dictates larval cell apoptosis and adult stem cell development during Xenopus intestinal metamorphosis. Cell Death Dis 2017; 8:e2787. [PMID: 28492553 PMCID: PMC5520718 DOI: 10.1038/cddis.2017.198] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2017] [Revised: 02/24/2017] [Accepted: 04/03/2017] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The Myc/Mad/Max network has long been shown to be an important factor in regulating cell proliferation, death and differentiation in diverse cell types. In general, Myc–Max heterodimers activate target gene expression to promote cell proliferation, although excess of c-Myc can also induce apoptosis. In contrast, Mad competes against Myc to form Mad–Max heterodimers that bind to the same target genes to repress their expression and promote differentiation. The role of the Myc/Mad/Max network during vertebrate development, especially, the so-called postembryonic development, a period around birth in mammals, is unclear. Using thyroid hormone (T3)-dependent Xenopus metamorphosis as a model, we show here that Mad1 is induced by T3 in the intestine during metamorphosis when larval epithelial cell death and adult epithelial stem cell development take place. More importantly, we demonstrate that Mad1 is expressed in the larval cells undergoing apoptosis, whereas c-Myc is expressed in the proliferating adult stem cells during intestinal metamorphosis, suggesting that Mad1 may have a role in cell death during development. By using transcription activator-like effector nuclease-mediated gene-editing technology, we have generated Mad1 knockout Xenopus animals. This has revealed that Mad1 is not essential for embryogenesis or metamorphosis. On the other hand, consistent with its spatiotemporal expression profile, Mad1 knockout leads to reduced larval epithelial apoptosis but surprisingly also results in increased adult stem cell proliferation. These findings not only reveal a novel role of Mad1 in regulating developmental cell death but also suggest that a balance of Mad and Myc controls cell fate determination during adult organ development.
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33
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Chae Y, Kim D, An YJ. Effect of fluoride on the cell viability, cell organelle potential, and photosynthetic capacity of freshwater and soil algae. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2016; 219:359-367. [PMID: 27814553 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2016.10.063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2016] [Revised: 10/18/2016] [Accepted: 10/21/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Although fluoride occurs naturally in the environment, excessive amounts of fluoride in freshwater and terrestrial ecosystems can be harmful. We evaluated the toxicity of fluoride compounds on the growth, viability, and photosynthetic capacity of freshwater (Chlamydomonas reinhardtii and Pseudokirchneriella subcapitata) and terrestrial (Chlorococcum infusionum) algae. To measure algal growth inhibition, a flow cytometric method was adopted (i.e., cell size, granularity, and auto-fluorescence measurements), and algal yield was calculated to assess cell viability. Rhodamine123 and fluorescein diacetate were used to evaluate mitochondrial membrane potential (MMA, ΔΨm) and cell permeability. Nine parameters related to the photosynthetic capacity of algae were also evaluated. The results indicated that high concentrations of fluoride compounds affected cell viability, cell organelle potential, and photosynthetic functions. The cell viability measurements of the three algal species decreased, but apoptosis was only observed in C. infusionum. The MMA (ΔΨm) of cells exposed to fluoride varied among species, and the cell permeability of the three species generally decreased. The decrease in the photosynthetic activity of algae may be attributable to the combination of fluoride ions (F-) with magnesium ions (Mg2+) in chlorophyll. Our results therefore provide strong evidence for the potential risks of fluoride compounds to microflora and microfauna in freshwater and terrestrial ecosystems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yooeun Chae
- Department of Environmental Health Science, Konkuk University, 120 Neungdong-ro, Gwangjin-gu, Seoul 05029, Republic of Korea
| | - Dokyung Kim
- Department of Environmental Health Science, Konkuk University, 120 Neungdong-ro, Gwangjin-gu, Seoul 05029, Republic of Korea
| | - Youn-Joo An
- Department of Environmental Health Science, Konkuk University, 120 Neungdong-ro, Gwangjin-gu, Seoul 05029, Republic of Korea.
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Hurwitz A, Ruutiainen-Altman K, Marzella L, Botero L, Dushnik M, Adashi EY. Follicular Atresia as an Apoptotic Process: Atresia-Associated Increase in the Ovarian Expression of the Putative Apoptotic Marker Sulfated Glycoprotein-2. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2016. [DOI: 10.1177/107155769600300407] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Louis Marzella
- Division os Reproductive Endocrinology, Department of Obstetnes and Gynecology, and the Department of Pathology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Luis Botero
- Division os Reproductive Endocrinology, Department of Obstetnes and Gynecology, and the Department of Pathology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland; Universidad Javeriana, Hospital San Ignacio, Departamento de Gineco-Obstetricia (3rd PISO), Bogota, Colombia
| | - Matat Dushnik
- Division os Reproductive Endocrinology, Department of Obstetnes and Gynecology, and the Department of Pathology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Eli Y. Adashi
- Division os Reproductive Endocrinology, Department of Obstetnes and Gynecology, and the Department of Pathology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland; Division of Reproductive Endocrinology, Departments of Obstetrics/Gynecology and Physiology, 405 W. Redwood Street, Third Floor, Baltimore, MD 21201
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35
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Tatter SB, Galpern WR, Isacson O. Neurotrophic Factor Protection against Excitotoxic Neuronal Death. Neuroscientist 2016. [DOI: 10.1177/107385849500100506] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Neurotrophic factors are polypeptides capable of promoting neuronal survival in both the developing and the adult brain. In addition to the neurotrophins, NGF, brain-derived neurotropic factor, and NT-3 to -6, other neurotrophic factors include ciliary neurotrophic factor, fibroblast growth factors, insulin-like growth factors, members of the transforming growth factor superfamily, members of the epidermal growth factor family, and other cytokines such as leukemia inhibitory factor, oncostatin M, and interleukins-6 and -11. One condition under which these factors promote survival is the challenge of neurons with analogs of excitatory amino acid transmitters. Such analogs, including quinolinic acid, kainic acid, and ibotenic acid, are frequently employed as models of neurological diseases such as Huntington's disease, Parkinson's disease, Alzheimer's disease, epilepsy, cerebellar degenerations, and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. Excitotoxicity also plays a role in neu ronal death caused by focal ischemia, hypoglycemia, or trauma. Although much has been learned about the mechanisms of both the action of neurotrophic factors and of cell death in response to excitotoxins, the mechanism of protection by these factors remains uncertain. This review explores the biochemical and phys iological changes mediated by neurotrophic factors that may underlie their ability to protect against excito toxic cell death. Second messenger pathways used degenerately by both excitotoxins and neurotrophic factors are discussed as a potential site of interaction mediating the protective effects of neurotrophic factors. Particular attention is also paid to the importance of the route of neurotrophic factor delivery in conferring neuroprotection in particular excitotoxic models. The Neuroscientist 1:286-297, 1995
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephen B. Tatter
- Departments of Neurosurgery and Neurology Massachusetts
General Hospital Boston, Massachusetts, Neuroregeneration Laboratory McLean Hospital Belmont,
Massachusetts
| | - Wendy R. Galpern
- Departments of Neurosurgery and Neurology Massachusetts
General Hospital Boston, Massachusetts, Neuroregeneration Laboratory McLean Hospital Belmont,
Massachusetts
| | - Ole Isacson
- Departments of Neurosurgery and Neurology Massachusetts
General Hospital Boston, Massachusetts, Neuroregeneration Laboratory McLean Hospital Belmont,
Massachusetts
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36
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Zou Z, Chen J, Liu A, Zhou X, Song Q, Jia C, Chen Z, Lin J, Yang C, Li M, Jiang Y, Bai X. mTORC2 promotes cell survival through c-Myc-dependent up-regulation of E2F1. J Cell Biol 2016; 211:105-22. [PMID: 26459601 PMCID: PMC4602034 DOI: 10.1083/jcb.201411128] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Inactivation of mTORC2 reduces PP2A activity toward c-Myc serine 62 (S62), leading to enhancement of c-Myc phosphorylation and expression and increased transcription of pri-miR-9-2/miR-9-3p, which in turn suppresses E2F1 and enhances apoptosis. Previous studies have reported that mTORC2 promotes cell survival through phosphorylating AKT and enhancing its activity. We reveal another mechanism by which mTORC2 controls apoptosis. Inactivation of mTORC2 promotes binding of CIP2A to PP2A, leading to reduced PP2A activity toward c-Myc serine 62 and, consequently, enhancement of c-Myc phosphorylation and expression. Increased c-Myc activity induces transcription of pri-miR-9-2/miR-9-3p, in turn inhibiting expression of E2F1, a transcriptional factor critical for cancer cell survival and tumor progression, resulting in enhanced apoptosis. In vivo experiments using B cell–specific mTORC2 (rapamycin-insensitive companion of mTOR) deletion mice and a xenograft tumor model confirmed that inactivation of mTORC2 causes up-regulation of c-Myc and miR-9-3p, down-regulation of E2F1, and consequent reduction in cell survival. Conversely, Antagomir-9-3p reversed mTORC1/2 inhibitor–potentiated E2F1 suppression and resultant apoptosis in xenograft tumors. Our in vitro and in vivo findings collectively demonstrate that mTORC2 promotes cell survival by stimulating E2F1 expression through a c-Myc– and miR-9-3p–dependent mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhipeng Zou
- Department of Cell Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510515, China
| | - Juan Chen
- Department of Cell Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510515, China
| | - Anling Liu
- Department of Cell Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510515, China
| | - Xuan Zhou
- Department of Cell Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510515, China
| | - Qiancheng Song
- Department of Cell Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510515, China
| | - Chunhong Jia
- Department of Cell Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510515, China
| | - Zhenguo Chen
- Department of Cell Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510515, China
| | - Jun Lin
- Department of Cell Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510515, China
| | - Cuilan Yang
- Department of Cell Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510515, China
| | - Ming Li
- Department of Cell Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510515, China
| | - Yu Jiang
- Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA 15213
| | - Xiaochun Bai
- Department of Cell Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510515, China
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37
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Nakagawa R, Leyland R, Meyer-Hermann M, Lu D, Turner M, Arbore G, Phan TG, Brink R, Vigorito E. MicroRNA-155 controls affinity-based selection by protecting c-MYC+ B cells from apoptosis. J Clin Invest 2015; 126:377-88. [PMID: 26657861 DOI: 10.1172/jci82914] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2015] [Accepted: 10/26/2015] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The production of high-affinity antibodies by B cells is essential for pathogen clearance. Antibody affinity for antigen is increased through the affinity maturation in germinal centers (GCs). This is an iterative process in which B cells cycle between proliferation coupled with the acquisition of mutations and antigen-based positive selection, resulting in retention of the highest-affinity B cell clones. The posttranscriptional regulator microRNA-155 (miR-155) is critical for efficient affinity maturation and the maintenance of the GCs; however, the cellular and molecular mechanism by which miR-155 regulates GC responses is not well understood. Here, we utilized a miR-155 reporter mouse strain and showed that miR-155 is coexpressed with the proto-oncogene encoding c-MYC in positively selected B cells. Functionally, miR-155 protected positively selected c-MYC+ B cells from apoptosis, allowing clonal expansion of this population, providing an explanation as to why Mir155 deletion impairs affinity maturation and promotes the premature collapse of GCs. We determined that miR-155 directly inhibits the Jumonji family member JARID2, which enhances B cell apoptosis when overexpressed, and thereby promotes GC B cell survival. Our findings also suggest that there is cooperation between c-MYC and miR-155 during the normal GC response, a cooperation that may explain how c-MYC and miR-155 can collaboratively function as oncogenes.
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38
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Cencioni MT, Santini S, Ruocco G, Borsellino G, De Bardi M, Grasso MG, Ruggieri S, Gasperini C, Centonze D, Barilá D, Battistini L, Volpe E. FAS-ligand regulates differential activation-induced cell death of human T-helper 1 and 17 cells in healthy donors and multiple sclerosis patients. Cell Death Dis 2015; 6:e1741. [PMID: 25950471 PMCID: PMC4669684 DOI: 10.1038/cddis.2015.100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2014] [Revised: 02/13/2015] [Accepted: 02/27/2015] [Indexed: 12/03/2022]
Abstract
Functionally distinct T-helper (Th) subsets orchestrate immune responses. Maintenance of homeostasis through the tight control of inflammatory Th cells is crucial to avoid autoimmune inflammation. Activation-Induced Cell Death (AICD) regulates homeostasis of T cells, and it has never been investigated in human Th cells. We generated stable clones of inflammatory Th subsets involved in autoimmune diseases, such as Th1, Th17 and Th1/17 cells, from healthy donors (HD) and multiple sclerosis (MS) patients and we measured AICD. We find that human Th1 cells are sensitive, whereas Th17 and Th1/17 are resistant, to AICD. In particular, Th1 cells express high level of FAS-ligand (FASL), which interacts with FAS and leads to caspases' cleavage and ultimately to cell death. In contrast, low FASL expression in Th17 and Th1/17 cells blunts caspase 8 activation and thus reduces cell death. Interestingly, Th cells obtained from healthy individuals and MS patients behave similarly, suggesting that this mechanism could explain the persistence of inflammatory IL-17-producing cells in autoimmune diseases, such as MS, where their generation is particularly substantial.
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Affiliation(s)
- M T Cencioni
- Neuroimmunology Unit, Santa Lucia Foundation, Rome, Italy
| | - S Santini
- 1] Cell Signaling Unit, Santa Lucia Foundation, Rome, Italy [2] Multiple Sclerosis Centre, Santa Lucia Foundation, Rome, Italy
| | - G Ruocco
- Neuroimmunology Unit, Santa Lucia Foundation, Rome, Italy
| | - G Borsellino
- Neuroimmunology Unit, Santa Lucia Foundation, Rome, Italy
| | - M De Bardi
- Neuroimmunology Unit, Santa Lucia Foundation, Rome, Italy
| | - M G Grasso
- Department of Biology, University Tor Vergata, Rome, Italy
| | - S Ruggieri
- Department of Neuroscience, University Tor Vergata, Rome, Italy
| | - C Gasperini
- Department of Neuroscience, University Tor Vergata, Rome, Italy
| | - D Centonze
- 1] Department of Neuroscience "Lancisi", San Camillo Hospital, Rome, Italy [2] Neuroimmunology and Synaptic Plasticity Unit, Santa Lucia Foundation, Rome, Italy
| | - D Barilá
- 1] Cell Signaling Unit, Santa Lucia Foundation, Rome, Italy [2] Multiple Sclerosis Centre, Santa Lucia Foundation, Rome, Italy
| | - L Battistini
- Neuroimmunology Unit, Santa Lucia Foundation, Rome, Italy
| | - E Volpe
- Neuroimmunology Unit, Santa Lucia Foundation, Rome, Italy
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39
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Wong C, Chen C, Wu Q, Liu Y, Zheng P. A critical role for the regulated wnt-myc pathway in naive T cell survival. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2014; 194:158-67. [PMID: 25429066 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1401238] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Wnt signaling is involved in T cell development, activation, and differentiation. However, the role for Wnt signaling in mature naive T cells has not been investigated. In this article, we report that activation of Wnt signaling in T cell lineages by deletion of the Apc (adenomatous polyposis coli) gene causes spontaneous T cell activation and severe T cell lymphopenia. The lymphopenia is the result of rapid apoptosis of newly exported, mature T cells in the periphery and is not due to defects in thymocyte development or emigration. Using chimera mice consisting of both wild-type and Apc-deficient T cells, we found that loss of naive T cells is due to T cell intrinsic dysregulation of Wnt signaling. Because Apc deletion causes overexpression of the Wnt target gene cMyc, we generated mice with combined deletion of the cMyc gene. Because combined deletion of cMyc and Apc attenuated T cell loss, cMyc overexpression is partially responsible for spontaneous T cell apoptosis and lymphopenia. Cumulatively, our data reveal a missing link between Wnt signaling and survival of naive T cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chunshu Wong
- Center for Cancer and Immunology Research, Children's National Medical Center, Washington, DC 20010; Immunology Graduate Program, Program in Biomedical Sciences, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109
| | - Chong Chen
- Department of Surgery, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109
| | - Qi Wu
- Department of Neurology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109; and
| | - Yang Liu
- Center for Cancer and Immunology Research, Children's National Medical Center, Washington, DC 20010;
| | - Pan Zheng
- Center for Cancer and Immunology Research, Children's National Medical Center, Washington, DC 20010; Division of Pathology, Children's National Medical Center, Washington, DC 20010
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40
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Wetmore JB, Calvet JP, Yu ASL, Lynch CF, Wang CJ, Kasiske BL, Engels EA. Polycystic kidney disease and cancer after renal transplantation. J Am Soc Nephrol 2014; 25:2335-41. [PMID: 24854270 PMCID: PMC4178444 DOI: 10.1681/asn.2013101122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2013] [Accepted: 02/15/2014] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease (ADPKD), the most common form of polycystic kidney disease (PKD), is a disorder with characteristics of neoplasia. However, it is not known whether renal transplant recipients with PKD have an increased risk of cancer. Data from the Scientific Registry of Transplant Recipients, which contains information on all solid organ transplant recipients in the United States, were linked to 15 population-based cancer registries in the United States. For PKD recipients, we compared overall cancer risk with that in the general population. We also compared cancer incidence in PKD versus non-PKD renal transplant recipients using Poisson regression, and we determined incidence rate ratios (IRRs) adjusted for age, sex, race/ethnicity, dialysis duration, and time since transplantation. The study included 10,166 kidney recipients with PKD and 107,339 without PKD. Cancer incidence in PKD recipients was 1233.6 per 100,000 person-years, 48% higher than expected in the general population (standardized incidence ratio, 1.48; 95% confidence interval [95% CI], 1.37 to 1.60), whereas cancer incidence in non-PKD recipients was 1119.1 per 100,000 person-years. The unadjusted incidence was higher in PKD than in non-PKD recipients (IRR, 1.10; 95% CI, 1.01 to 1.20). However, PKD recipients were older (median age at transplantation, 51 years versus 45 years for non-PKD recipients), and after multivariable adjustment, cancer incidence was lower in PKD recipients than in others (IRR, 0.84; 95% CI, 0.77 to 0.91). The reason for the lower cancer risk in PKD recipients is not known but may relate to biologic characteristics of ADPKD or to cancer risk behaviors associated with ADPKD.
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Affiliation(s)
- James B Wetmore
- Department of Medicine, Division of Nephrology, The Kidney Institute,
| | - James P Calvet
- The Kidney Institute, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, and Department of Cancer Biology, University of Kansas School of Medicine, Kansas City, Kansas
| | - Alan S L Yu
- Department of Medicine, Division of Nephrology, The Kidney Institute
| | - Charles F Lynch
- Department of Epidemiology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa
| | - Connie J Wang
- Department of Medicine, Division of Nephrology, The Kidney Institute
| | - Bertram L Kasiske
- Department of Medicine, Division of Nephrology, Hennepin County Medical Center, Minneapolis, Minnesota; and
| | - Eric A Engels
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, Maryland
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41
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Abstract
MYC expression is tightly correlated with cell-cycle progression in normal tissues, whereas unchecked MYC expression is among the most prominent hallmarks of the hyperproliferation associated with most forms of cancer. At first glance it might seem counterintuitive that MYC is also among the most robust agents of programmed cell death (apoptosis) in mammalian cells. However it is clearly beneficial for a multicellular organism to have a mechanism for triggering death in cells that express potentially oncogenic levels of MYC. Decades of intense study have begun to provide an understanding of the mechanisms that regulate MYC's seemingly split personality. Key features of MYC-induced apoptosis will be discussed here along with examples of how our understanding of this pathway might be exploited for the therapeutic benefit of cancer patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steven B McMahon
- Department of Cancer Biology, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19107
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42
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Nair BC, Krishnan SR, Sareddy GR, Mann M, Xu B, Natarajan M, Hasty P, Brann D, Tekmal RR, Vadlamudi RK. Proline, glutamic acid and leucine-rich protein-1 is essential for optimal p53-mediated DNA damage response. Cell Death Differ 2014; 21:1409-18. [PMID: 24786831 DOI: 10.1038/cdd.2014.55] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2013] [Revised: 02/21/2014] [Accepted: 03/17/2014] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Proline-, glutamic acid- and leucine-rich protein-1 (PELP1) is a scaffolding oncogenic protein that functions as a coregulator for a number of nuclear receptors. p53 is an important transcription factor and tumor suppressor that has a critical role in DNA damage response (DDR) including cell cycle arrest, repair or apoptosis. In this study, we found an unexpected role for PELP1 in modulating p53-mediated DDR. PELP1 is phosphorylated at Serine1033 by various DDR kinases like ataxia-telangiectasia mutated, ataxia telangiectasia and Rad3-related or DNAPKc and this phosphorylation of PELP1 is important for p53 coactivation functions. PELP1-depleted p53 (wild-type) breast cancer cells were less sensitive to various genotoxic agents including etoposide, camptothecin or γ-radiation. PELP1 interacts with p53, functions as p53-coactivator and is required for optimal activation of p53 target genes under genomic stress. Overall, these studies established a new role of PELP1 in DDRs and these findings will have future implications in our understanding of PELP1's role in cancer progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- B C Nair
- University of Texas Health Science Center, and Cancer Therapy and Research Center, San Antonio, TX, USA
| | - S R Krishnan
- University of Texas Health Science Center, and Cancer Therapy and Research Center, San Antonio, TX, USA
| | - G R Sareddy
- University of Texas Health Science Center, and Cancer Therapy and Research Center, San Antonio, TX, USA
| | - M Mann
- University of Texas Health Science Center, and Cancer Therapy and Research Center, San Antonio, TX, USA
| | - B Xu
- Molecular Radiation Biology Laboratory, Research Institute, South Birmingham, AL, USA
| | - M Natarajan
- University of Texas Health Science Center, and Cancer Therapy and Research Center, San Antonio, TX, USA
| | - P Hasty
- University of Texas Health Science Center, and Cancer Therapy and Research Center, San Antonio, TX, USA
| | - D Brann
- Institute of Molecular Medicine and Genetics, Georgia Reagents University, Augusta, GA, USA
| | - R R Tekmal
- University of Texas Health Science Center, and Cancer Therapy and Research Center, San Antonio, TX, USA
| | - R K Vadlamudi
- University of Texas Health Science Center, and Cancer Therapy and Research Center, San Antonio, TX, USA
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43
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Abstract
The MYC family of proteins is a group of basic-helix-loop-helix-leucine zipper transcription factors that feature prominently in cancer. Overexpression of MYC is observed in the vast majority of human malignancies and promotes an extraordinary set of changes that impact cell proliferation, growth, metabolism, DNA replication, cell cycle progression, cell adhesion, differentiation, and metastasis. The purpose of this review is to introduce the reader to the mammalian family of MYC proteins, highlight important functional properties that endow them with their potent oncogenic potential, describe their mechanisms of action and of deregulation in cancer cells, and discuss efforts to target the unique properties of MYC, and of MYC-driven tumors, to treat cancer.
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44
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Wang FW, Guan XY, Xie D. Roles of eukaryotic initiation factor 5A2 in human cancer. Int J Biol Sci 2013; 9:1013-20. [PMID: 24250246 PMCID: PMC3831114 DOI: 10.7150/ijbs.7191] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2013] [Accepted: 09/26/2013] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Eukaryotic initiation factor 5A (eIF5A), the only known cellular protein containing the amino acid hypusine, is an essential component of translation elongation. eIF5A2, one of the two isoforms in the eIF5A family, is reported to be a novel oncogenic protein in many types of human cancer. Both in vitro and in vivo studies showed that eIF5A2 could initiate tumor formation, enhance cancer cell growth, and increase cancer cell motility and metastasis by inducing epithelial-mesenchymal transition. Accumulatied evidence suggests that eIF5A2 is a useful biomarker in the prediction of cancer prognoses and serves as an anticancer molecular target. In this review, we will focus on updating current knowledge of the EIF5A2 gene in human cancers. The molecular mechanisms of EIF5A2 related to tumorigenesis will also be discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Feng-wei Wang
- 1. Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center; State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China. Collaborative Innovation Center of Cancer Medicine
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45
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Wensveen FM, van Gisbergen KPJM, Eldering E. The fourth dimension in immunological space: how the struggle for nutrients selects high-affinity lymphocytes. Immunol Rev 2013; 249:84-103. [PMID: 22889217 DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-065x.2012.01156.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Lymphocyte activation via the antigen receptor is associated with radical shifts in metabolism and changes in requirements for nutrients and cytokines. Concomitantly, drastic changes occur in the expression of pro-and anti-apoptotic proteins that alter the sensitivity of lymphocytes to limiting concentrations of key survival factors. Antigen affinity is a primary determinant for the capacity of activated lymphocytes to access these vital resources. The shift in metabolic needs and the variable access to key survival factors is used by the immune system to eliminate activated low-affinity cells and to generate an optimal high-affinity response. In this review, we focus on the control of apoptosis regulators in activated lymphocytes by nutrients, cytokines, and costimulation. We propose that the struggle among individual clones that leads to the formation of high-affinity effector cell populations is in effect an 'invisible' fourth signal required for effective immune responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Felix M Wensveen
- Department of Experimental Immunology, Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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46
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Potential of Antisense Technology in the Treatment of Immunological Disorders. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012. [DOI: 10.1007/bf03259283] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
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47
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Gandarillas A. The mysterious human epidermal cell cycle, or an oncogene-induced differentiation checkpoint. Cell Cycle 2012; 11:4507-16. [PMID: 23114621 PMCID: PMC3562294 DOI: 10.4161/cc.22529] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Fifteen years ago, we reported that proto-oncogene MYC promoted differentiation of human epidermal stem cells, a finding that was surprising to the MYC and the skin research communities. MYC was one of the first human oncogenes identified, and it had been strongly associated with proliferation. However, it was later shown that MYC could induce apoptosis under low survival conditions. Currently, the notion that MYC promotes epidermal differentiation is widely accepted, but the cell cycle mechanisms that elicit this function remain unresolved. We have recently reported that keratinocytes respond to cell cycle deregulation and DNA damage by triggering terminal differentiation. This mechanism might constitute a homeostatic protection face to cell cycle insults. Here, I discuss recent and not-so-recent evidence suggesting the existence of a largely unexplored oncogene-induced differentiation response (OID) analogous to oncogene-induced apoptosis (OIA) or senescence (OIS). In addition, I propose a model for the role of the cell cycle in skin homeostasis maintenance and for the dual role of MYC in differentiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alberto Gandarillas
- Cell Cycle, Stem Cell Fate and Cancer Laboratory, Fundación Marqués de Valdecilla-Instituto de Formación e Investigación Marqués de Valdecilla (IFIMAV), Santander, Spain.
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48
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Perciavalle RM, Opferman JT. Delving deeper: MCL-1's contributions to normal and cancer biology. Trends Cell Biol 2012; 23:22-9. [PMID: 23026029 DOI: 10.1016/j.tcb.2012.08.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 171] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2012] [Revised: 08/28/2012] [Accepted: 08/30/2012] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
BCL-2 molecules are regulators of programmed cell death and defects in this pathway contribute to human diseases. One family member, MCL-1, is unique because its expression is tightly regulated and it is essential for promoting the survival of myriad cellular lineages. Additionally, MCL-1 promotes the maintenance of normal mitochondrial morphology and energy production. Dissection of these functions revealed recently that they depend on separate mitochondrial sublocalizations. MCL-1's antiapoptotic activity is restricted to the outer mitochondrial membrane (OMM), whereas its function in mitochondrial physiology requires localization to the matrix. These findings provide an attractive model for how MCL-1's diverse functions may contribute to normal cell homeostasis and function. MCL-1 is highly amplified in human cancer, suggesting that these functions may contribute to malignant cell growth and evasion of apoptosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rhonda M Perciavalle
- Department of Biochemistry, St Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN 38105, USA
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Abstract
Reprogramming healthy somatic cells into induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) with four defined factors (Oct4, Sox2, c-Myc and Klf4) has been intensively investigated. However, reprogramming diseased cells such as cancer cells has fallen much behind. In this issue of Oncogene, Zhang et al. demonstrated that reprogrammed sarcoma cells with defined factors, as well as Nanog and Lin28, lost their tumorigenicity and dedifferentiated to mesenchymal stem cells (MSC) and hematopoietic stem cell (HSC)-like cells that can be terminally differentiated into mature connective tissues and red blood cells, suggesting sarcoma cells may be reversed back to a stage of common ancestor iPSC bifurcating for HSC and MSC ontogeny. It may, therefore, provide a novel strategy for cancer treatment via ancestor pluripotency induction.
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Ambrosone A, Marchesano V, Tino A, Hobmayer B, Tortiglione C. Hymyc1 downregulation promotes stem cell proliferation in Hydra vulgaris. PLoS One 2012; 7:e30660. [PMID: 22292012 PMCID: PMC3264606 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0030660] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2011] [Accepted: 12/20/2011] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Hydra is a unique model for studying the mechanisms underlying stem cell biology. The activity of the three stem cell lineages structuring its body constantly replenishes mature cells lost due to normal tissue turnover. By a poorly understood mechanism, stem cells are maintained through self-renewal while concomitantly producing differentiated progeny. In vertebrates, one of many genes that participate in regulating stem cell homeostasis is the protooncogene c-myc, which has been recently identified also in Hydra, and found expressed in the interstitial stem cell lineage. In the present paper, by developing a novel strategy of RNA interference-mediated gene silencing (RNAi) based on an enhanced uptake of small interfering RNAi (siRNA), we provide molecular and biological evidence for an unexpected function of the Hydra myc gene (Hymyc1) in the homeostasis of the interstitial stem cell lineage. We found that Hymyc1 inhibition impairs the balance between stem cell self renewal/differentiation, as shown by the accumulation of stem cell intermediate and terminal differentiation products in genetically interfered animals. The identical phenotype induced by the 10058-F4 inhibitor, a disruptor of c-Myc/Max dimerization, demonstrates the specificity of the RNAi approach. We show the kinetic and the reversible feature of Hymyc1 RNAi, together with the effects displayed on regenerating animals. Our results show the involvement of Hymyc1 in the control of interstitial stem cell dynamics, provide new clues to decipher the molecular control of the cell and tissue plasticity in Hydra, and also provide further insights into the complex myc network in higher organisms. The ability of Hydra cells to uptake double stranded RNA and to trigger a RNAi response lays the foundations of a comprehensive analysis of the RNAi response in Hydra allowing us to track back in the evolution and the origin of this process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alfredo Ambrosone
- Istituto di Cibernetica “E Caianiello,” Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Pozzuoli, Italy
| | - Valentina Marchesano
- Istituto di Cibernetica “E Caianiello,” Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Pozzuoli, Italy
| | - Angela Tino
- Istituto di Cibernetica “E Caianiello,” Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Pozzuoli, Italy
| | - Bert Hobmayer
- Zoological Institute and Center for Molecular Biosciences, University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Claudia Tortiglione
- Istituto di Cibernetica “E Caianiello,” Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Pozzuoli, Italy
- * E-mail:
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