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Rittig N, Aagaard NK, Sundelin E, Villadsen GE, Sandahl TD, Holst JJ, Hartmann B, Brøsen K, Grønbaek H, Jessen N. Metformin Stimulates Intestinal Glycolysis and Lactate Release: A single-Dose Study of Metformin in Patients With Intrahepatic Portosystemic Stent. Clin Pharmacol Ther 2021; 110:1329-1336. [PMID: 34331316 DOI: 10.1002/cpt.2382] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2021] [Accepted: 07/21/2021] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
The pharmacodynamic effects of metformin remain elusive, but several lines of evidence suggest a critical role of direct effects in the gastrointestinal (GI) tract. We investigated if metformin stimulates intestinal glucose metabolism and lactate release in the prehepatic circulation. We included eight patients with transjugular intrahepatic portosytemic stent in an open label study. Portal and arterialized peripheral blood was obtained before and 90 minutes after ingestion of 1,000 mg metformin. Metformin increased lactate concentrations by 23% (95% confidence interval (CI): 6-40) after 90 minutes in the portal vein. The plasma concentration of glucose, insulin, and C-peptide was higher in the portal vein compared with arterialized blood (P < 0.05, all) and was lowered at both sampling sites following metformin ingestion (P < 0.01, all). Plasma concentration of GLP-1 was 20% (95% CI: 2-38) higher in the portal vein at baseline and metformin increased the concentration with 11% (1.5 pM, P = 0.05). The median concentration of growth differentiation factor 15 was 10% (95% CI: 1-19) higher in the portal vein compared with arterialized blood. Ninety minutes after metformin administration, the median portal vein concentration increased to around 3,000 ng/mL with a mean portal/arterial ratio of 1.5 (95% CI: 1.2-1.8). Non-targeted metabolomics showed that metformin acutely affected benzoate-hippurate metabolism. A single-dose of metformin directly affects substrate metabolism in the upper GI tract in humans with direct stimulation of nonoxidative glucose metabolism. These data suggest glucose lowering effects of metformin can be intrinsically linked with the GI tract without hepatic uptake of the drug.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nikolaj Rittig
- Steno Diabetes Center Aarhus, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus N, Denmark.,Department and Laboratories of Diabetes and Hormone diseases, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus N, Denmark
| | - Niels K Aagaard
- Department of Hepatology and Gastroenterology, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus N, Denmark
| | - Elias Sundelin
- Steno Diabetes Center Aarhus, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus N, Denmark.,Department and Laboratories of Diabetes and Hormone diseases, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus N, Denmark
| | - Gerda E Villadsen
- Department of Hepatology and Gastroenterology, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus N, Denmark
| | - Thomas D Sandahl
- Department of Hepatology and Gastroenterology, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus N, Denmark
| | - Jens J Holst
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Bolette Hartmann
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Kim Brøsen
- Department of Public Health, Clinical Pharmacology, Pharmacy and Environmental Health, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
| | - Henning Grønbaek
- Department of Hepatology and Gastroenterology, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus N, Denmark
| | - Niels Jessen
- Steno Diabetes Center Aarhus, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus N, Denmark.,Department of Biomedicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus C, Denmark.,Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus N, Denmark
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Structural basis for divergent C-H hydroxylation selectivity in two Rieske oxygenases. Nat Commun 2020; 11:2991. [PMID: 32532989 PMCID: PMC7293229 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-020-16729-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2020] [Accepted: 05/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Biocatalysts that perform C–H hydroxylation exhibit exceptional substrate specificity and site-selectivity, often through the use of high valent oxidants to activate these inert bonds. Rieske oxygenases are examples of enzymes with the ability to perform precise mono- or dioxygenation reactions on a variety of substrates. Understanding the structural features of Rieske oxygenases responsible for control over selectivity is essential to enable the development of this class of enzymes for biocatalytic applications. Decades of research has illuminated the critical features common to Rieske oxygenases, however, structural information for enzymes that functionalize diverse scaffolds is limited. Here, we report the structures of two Rieske monooxygenases involved in the biosynthesis of paralytic shellfish toxins (PSTs), SxtT and GxtA, adding to the short list of structurally characterized Rieske oxygenases. Based on these structures, substrate-bound structures, and mutagenesis experiments, we implicate specific residues in substrate positioning and the divergent reaction selectivity observed in these two enzymes. Rieske oxygenases are iron-dependent enzymes that catalyse C–H mono- and dihydroxylation reactions. Here, the authors characterise two cyanobacterial Rieske oxygenases, SxtT and GxtA that are involved in the biosynthesis of paralytic shellfish toxins and determine their substrate free and saxitoxin analog-bound crystal structures and by using mutagenesis experiments identify residues, which are important for substrate positioning and reaction selectivity.
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Rogers MS, Lipscomb JD. Salicylate 5-Hydroxylase: Intermediates in Aromatic Hydroxylation by a Rieske Monooxygenase. Biochemistry 2019; 58:5305-5319. [PMID: 31066545 PMCID: PMC6856394 DOI: 10.1021/acs.biochem.9b00292] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Rieske oxygenases (ROs) catalyze a large range of oxidative chemistry. We have shown that cis-dihydrodiol-forming Rieske dioxygenases first react with their aromatic substrates via an active site nonheme Fe(III)-superoxide; electron transfer from the Rieske cluster then completes the product-forming reaction. Alternatively, two-electron-reduced Fe(III)-peroxo or hydroxo-Fe(V)-oxo activated oxygen intermediates are possible and may be utilized by other ROs to expand the catalytic range. Here, the reaction of a Rieske monooxygenase, salicylate 5-hydroxylase, that does not form a cis-dihydrodiol is examined. Single-turnover kinetic studies show fast binding of salicylate and O2. Transfer of the Rieske electron required to form the gentisate product occurs through bonds over ∼12 Å and must also be very fast. However, the observed rate constant for this reaction is much slower than expected and sensitive to substrate type. This suggests that initial reaction with salicylate occurs using the same Fe(III)-superoxo-level intermediate as Rieske dioxygenases and that this reaction limits the observed rate of electron transfer. A transient intermediate (λmax = 700 nm) with an electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) at g = 4.3 is observed after the product is formed in the active site. The use of 17O2 (I = 5/2) results in hyperfine broadening of the g = 4.3 signal, showing that gentisate binds to the mononuclear iron via its C5-OH in the intermediate. The chromophore and EPR signal allow study of product release in the catalytic cycle. Comparison of the kinetics of single- and multiple-turnover reactions shows that re-reduction of the metal centers accelerates product release ∼300-fold, providing insight into the regulatory mechanism of ROs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melanie S. Rogers
- Department of Biochemistry, Molecular Biology, and Biophysics and Center for Metals in Biocatalysis, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, United States
| | - John D. Lipscomb
- Department of Biochemistry, Molecular Biology, and Biophysics and Center for Metals in Biocatalysis, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, United States
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Bush KT, Wu W, Lun C, Nigam SK. The drug transporter OAT3 (SLC22A8) and endogenous metabolite communication via the gut-liver-kidney axis. J Biol Chem 2017; 292:15789-15803. [PMID: 28765282 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m117.796516] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2017] [Revised: 07/27/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The organic anion transporters OAT1 (SLC22A6) and OAT3 (SLC22A8) have similar substrate specificity for drugs, but it is far from clear whether this holds for endogenous substrates. By analysis of more than 600 metabolites in the Oat3KO (Oat3 knockout) by LC/MS, we demonstrate OAT3 involvement in the movement of gut microbiome products, key metabolites, and signaling molecules, including those flowing through the gut-liver-kidney axis. Major pathways affected included those involved in metabolism of bile acids, flavonoids, nutrients, amino acids (including tryptophan-derivatives that are uremic toxins), and lipids. OAT3 is also critical in elimination of liver-derived phase II metabolites, particularly those undergoing glucuronidation. Analysis of physicochemical features revealed nine distinct metabolite groups; at least one member of most clusters has been previously validated in transport assays. In contrast to drugs interacting with the OATs, endogenous metabolites accumulating in the Oat1KO (Oat1 knockout) versus Oat3KO have distinct differences in their physicochemical properties; they are very different in size, number of rings, hydrophobicity, and molecular complexity. Consistent with the Remote Sensing and Signaling Hypothesis, the data support the importance of the OAT transporters in inter-organ and inter-organismal remote communication via transporter-mediated movement of key metabolites and signaling molecules (e.g. gut microbiome-to-intestine-to-blood-to-liver-to-kidney-to-urine). We discuss the possibility of an intimate connection between OATs and metabolite sensing and signaling pathways (e.g. bile acids). Furthermore, the metabolomics and pathway analysis support the view that OAT1 plays a greater role in kidney proximal tubule metabolism and OAT3 appears relatively more important in systemic metabolism, modulating levels of metabolites flowing through intestine, liver, and kidney.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Christina Lun
- Biology, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093
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Yang Y, Yan B, Cheng X, Ding Y, Tian X, Shi Y, Le G. Metabolomic studies on the systemic responses of mice with oxidative stress induced by short-term oxidized tyrosine administration. RSC Adv 2017. [DOI: 10.1039/c7ra02665j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Oxidized tyrosine (O-Tyr) has attracted more interest in recent years because many researchers have discovered that it and its product (dityrosine) are associated with pathological conditions, especially various age-related disorders in biological systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuhui Yang
- The Laboratory of Food Nutrition and Functional Factors
- School of Food Science and Technology
- Jiangnan University
- Wuxi 214122
- China
| | - Biao Yan
- The Laboratory of Food Nutrition and Functional Factors
- School of Food Science and Technology
- Jiangnan University
- Wuxi 214122
- China
| | - Xiangrong Cheng
- The Laboratory of Food Nutrition and Functional Factors
- School of Food Science and Technology
- Jiangnan University
- Wuxi 214122
- China
| | - Yinyi Ding
- The Laboratory of Food Nutrition and Functional Factors
- School of Food Science and Technology
- Jiangnan University
- Wuxi 214122
- China
| | - Xu Tian
- The Laboratory of Food Nutrition and Functional Factors
- School of Food Science and Technology
- Jiangnan University
- Wuxi 214122
- China
| | - Yonghui Shi
- The Laboratory of Food Nutrition and Functional Factors
- School of Food Science and Technology
- Jiangnan University
- Wuxi 214122
- China
| | - Guowei Le
- The Laboratory of Food Nutrition and Functional Factors
- School of Food Science and Technology
- Jiangnan University
- Wuxi 214122
- China
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Patel NZ, Patel JN, Patel RM. Synthesis and Biological Activity of Polyketone Resins-IV. Systems Based on m-Xylene with Nitrobenzene as Solvent. HIGH PERFORM POLYM 2016. [DOI: 10.1088/0954-0083/4/3/002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Seven chlorine-terminated polyketones of low molecular weight were prepared from m-xylene, chloroacetyl chloride and ao-dichloroalkanes, i.e. dichloro-methane and 1,2-dichloroethane, by the Friedel-Crafts reaction using nitrobenzene as solvent. The polyketones were characterized by [R spectra and vapour pressure osmome-t'y. The thermal properties were studied by thermogravimetry and differential scanning calorimetry. The kinetic parameters for the decomposition reactions were evaluated by the Broido and Doyle methods. The polyketones were found to be thermally sable up to 220°C but decompose beyond this temperature. All the resins were screened for their biological activity against plant pathogens (Pseudomonas fluorescens, Bacillus subtilis, Aspergillus niger and Trichoderma viride). The biological screening against bacteria has indicated that these polyketones have biocidal properties.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - R. M. Patel
- Department of Chemistry, Sardar Patel University, Vallabh Vidyanagar 388120, Gujarat, India
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Patel NZ, Patel JN, Ray RM, Patel RM. Synthesis and Biological Activity of Polyketone Resins. Part I: Systems Based on Toluene with Carbon Disulphide as Solvent. HIGH PERFORM POLYM 2016. [DOI: 10.1088/0954-0083/3/3/002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
Polyketone resins have been synthesized by reacting toluene, chloroacezyl chloride, 1,2-dichloroethane and dichloromethane using anhydrous aluminium chloride as catalyst. The polyketones thus obtained were characterized by IR analyses and number average molecular weight by vapour pressure osmometry. The thermal properties were studied by thermogravimetry and differential scanning calorimetry. All the polyketone resins were tested for their biological activity against bacteria and fungi. The results show that the growth of the tested organisms can be controlled by the polyketones.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - R. M. Patel
- Department of Chemistry, Sardar Patel University, Vallabh Vidyanagar 388120, Gujarat, India
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Patel NZ, Patel JN, Ray RM, Patel RM. Synthesis and Biological Activity of Polyketone Resins. Part III: Systems Based on Toluene with Nitrobenzene as Solvent. HIGH PERFORM POLYM 2016. [DOI: 10.1088/0954-0083/3/3/004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Polymers were prepared by condensing chloroacetyl chloride/l,2-dichloroethane/dichloromethane with toluene in the presence of anhydrous aluminium chloride in nitrobenzene. The polymer samples were characterized by an IR spectral study, measurement of their number average molecular weight by vapour pressure osmometry, thermnogravimetric analysis and differential scanning calorimetry. All the polymers were tested for their biological activity against bacteria and fungi. The results show that the growth of the organisms tested can be controlled to some extent by the polycondensates.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - R. M. Patel
- Department of Chemistry, Sardar Patel University, Valabh Vidyanagar 388120, Gujarat, India
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The effect of a high-roughage diet on the metabolism of aromatic compounds by rumen microbes: a metagenomic study using Mehsani buffalo (Bubalus bubalis). Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2015; 100:1319-1331. [PMID: 26711277 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-015-7239-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2015] [Revised: 12/06/2015] [Accepted: 12/09/2015] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
In developing countries, livestock are often fed a high-lignin, low-nutrient diet that is rich in aromatic compounds. It is therefore important to understand the structure of the microbial community responsible for the metabolism of these substances. A metagenomic analysis was therefore carried out to assess the microbial communities associated with the liquid and solid fractions of rumen biomaterial from domestic Mehsani buffalo (Bubalus bubalis) fed with varying proportions of roughage. The experimental design consisted of three feeding regimes (50, 75 and 100 % roughage) and two roughage types (green and dry). Genes associated with aromatic compound degradation were assessed via high-throughput DNA sequencing. A total of 3914.94 Mb data were generated from all treatment groups. Genes coding for functional responses associated with aromatic compound metabolism were more prevalent in the liquid fraction of rumen samples than solid fractions. Statistically significant differences (p < 0.05) were also observed between treatment groups. These differences were dependent on the proportion of roughage fed to the animal, with the type of roughage having little effect. The genes present in the highest abundance in all treatment groups were those related to aromatic compound catabolism. At the phylum level, Bacteroidetes were dominant in all treatments closely followed by the Firmicutes. This study demonstrates the use of feed type to selectively enrich microbial communities capable of metabolizing aromatic compounds in the rumen of domestic buffalo. The results may help to improve nutrient utilization efficiency in livestock and are thus of interest to farming industries, particularly in developing countries, worldwide.
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Wei M, Harnisch F, Vogt C, Ahlheim J, Neu TR, Richnow HH. Harvesting electricity from benzene and ammonium-contaminated groundwater using a microbial fuel cell with an aerated cathode. RSC Adv 2015. [DOI: 10.1039/c4ra12144a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
A microbial fuel cell (MFC) was successfully applied for the treatment of benzene and ammonium co-contaminated groundwater.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manman Wei
- Department of Isotope Biogeochemistry
- Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research – UFZ
- 04318 Leipzig
- Germany
- Faculty of Natural Sciences
| | - Falk Harnisch
- Department of Environmental Microbiology
- Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research – UFZ
- 04318 Leipzig
- Germany
| | - Carsten Vogt
- Department of Isotope Biogeochemistry
- Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research – UFZ
- 04318 Leipzig
- Germany
| | - Jörg Ahlheim
- Department of Groundwater Remediation
- Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research – UFZ
- 04318 Leipzig
- Germany
| | - Thomas R. Neu
- Department of River Ecology
- Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research – UFZ
- Magdeburg
- Germany
| | - Hans H. Richnow
- Department of Isotope Biogeochemistry
- Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research – UFZ
- 04318 Leipzig
- Germany
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Xu B, Xu W, Yang F, Li J, Yang Y, Tang X, Mu Y, Zhou J, Huang Z. Metagenomic analysis of the pygmy loris fecal microbiome reveals unique functional capacity related to metabolism of aromatic compounds. PLoS One 2013; 8:e56565. [PMID: 23457582 PMCID: PMC3574064 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0056565] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2012] [Accepted: 01/11/2013] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
The animal gastrointestinal tract contains a complex community of microbes, whose composition ultimately reflects the co-evolution of microorganisms with their animal host. An analysis of 78,619 pyrosequencing reads generated from pygmy loris fecal DNA extracts was performed to help better understand the microbial diversity and functional capacity of the pygmy loris gut microbiome. The taxonomic analysis of the metagenomic reads indicated that pygmy loris fecal microbiomes were dominated by Bacteroidetes and Proteobacteria phyla. The hierarchical clustering of several gastrointestinal metagenomes demonstrated the similarities of the microbial community structures of pygmy loris and mouse gut systems despite their differences in functional capacity. The comparative analysis of function classification revealed that the metagenome of the pygmy loris was characterized by an overrepresentation of those sequences involved in aromatic compound metabolism compared with humans and other animals. The key enzymes related to the benzoate degradation pathway were identified based on the Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes pathway assignment. These results would contribute to the limited body of primate metagenome studies and provide a framework for comparative metagenomic analysis between human and non-human primates, as well as a comparative understanding of the evolution of humans and their microbiome. However, future studies on the metagenome sequencing of pygmy loris and other prosimians regarding the effects of age, genetics, and environment on the composition and activity of the metagenomes are required.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bo Xu
- School of Life Science, Yunnan Normal University, Kunming, China
- Engineering Research Center of Sustainable Development and Utilization of Biomass Energy, Ministry of Education, Kunming, China
- Key Laboratory of Yunnan for Biomass Energy and Biotechnology of Environment, Kunming, China
- Key Laboratory of Enzyme Engineering, Yunnan Normal University, Kunming, China
| | - Weijiang Xu
- School of Life Science, Yunnan Normal University, Kunming, China
- Engineering Research Center of Sustainable Development and Utilization of Biomass Energy, Ministry of Education, Kunming, China
- Key Laboratory of Yunnan for Biomass Energy and Biotechnology of Environment, Kunming, China
- Key Laboratory of Enzyme Engineering, Yunnan Normal University, Kunming, China
| | - Fuya Yang
- School of Life Science, Yunnan Normal University, Kunming, China
- Key Laboratory of Enzyme Engineering, Yunnan Normal University, Kunming, China
| | - Junjun Li
- School of Life Science, Yunnan Normal University, Kunming, China
- Engineering Research Center of Sustainable Development and Utilization of Biomass Energy, Ministry of Education, Kunming, China
- Key Laboratory of Yunnan for Biomass Energy and Biotechnology of Environment, Kunming, China
- Key Laboratory of Enzyme Engineering, Yunnan Normal University, Kunming, China
| | - Yunjuan Yang
- School of Life Science, Yunnan Normal University, Kunming, China
- Engineering Research Center of Sustainable Development and Utilization of Biomass Energy, Ministry of Education, Kunming, China
- Key Laboratory of Yunnan for Biomass Energy and Biotechnology of Environment, Kunming, China
- Key Laboratory of Enzyme Engineering, Yunnan Normal University, Kunming, China
| | - Xianghua Tang
- School of Life Science, Yunnan Normal University, Kunming, China
- Engineering Research Center of Sustainable Development and Utilization of Biomass Energy, Ministry of Education, Kunming, China
- Key Laboratory of Yunnan for Biomass Energy and Biotechnology of Environment, Kunming, China
- Key Laboratory of Enzyme Engineering, Yunnan Normal University, Kunming, China
| | - Yuelin Mu
- School of Life Science, Yunnan Normal University, Kunming, China
- Engineering Research Center of Sustainable Development and Utilization of Biomass Energy, Ministry of Education, Kunming, China
- Key Laboratory of Yunnan for Biomass Energy and Biotechnology of Environment, Kunming, China
- Key Laboratory of Enzyme Engineering, Yunnan Normal University, Kunming, China
| | - Junpei Zhou
- School of Life Science, Yunnan Normal University, Kunming, China
- Engineering Research Center of Sustainable Development and Utilization of Biomass Energy, Ministry of Education, Kunming, China
- Key Laboratory of Yunnan for Biomass Energy and Biotechnology of Environment, Kunming, China
- Key Laboratory of Enzyme Engineering, Yunnan Normal University, Kunming, China
| | - Zunxi Huang
- School of Life Science, Yunnan Normal University, Kunming, China
- Engineering Research Center of Sustainable Development and Utilization of Biomass Energy, Ministry of Education, Kunming, China
- Key Laboratory of Yunnan for Biomass Energy and Biotechnology of Environment, Kunming, China
- Key Laboratory of Enzyme Engineering, Yunnan Normal University, Kunming, China
- * E-mail:
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Huang C, Lei H, Zhao X, Tang H, Wang Y. Metabolic influence of acute cyadox exposure on Kunming mice. J Proteome Res 2012; 12:537-45. [PMID: 23234330 DOI: 10.1021/pr301033a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Cyadox is an antibiotic drug and has the potential to be used as a feedstuff additive in promoting the growth of animals. However, the toxicity of cyadox should be fully assessed before application, and this has prompted the current investigation on the metabolic responses of mice to cyadox exposure, using a metabonomic technique. Three groups of Kunming mice were respectively given a single dose of cyadox at three different concentrations (100, 650, and 4000 mg/kg body weight) via gavage. We present here the metabolic alterations of urine, plasma, liver, and renal medulla extracts induced by cyadox exposure. The metabolic alterations induced by cyadox exposure are dose-dependent, and metabolic recovery is achieved only for low and moderate levels of cyadox exposure during the experimental period. Cyadox exposure resulted in a disturbance of gut microbiota, which is manifested in depleted levels of urinary hippurate, trimethylamine-N-oxide (TMAO), dimethylamine (DMA), and trimethylamine (TMA). In addition, mice exposed to cyadox at high levels caused accumulations of amino acids and depletions of nucleotides in the liver. Furthermore, marked elevations of nucleotides and a range of organic osmolytes, such as myo-inositol, choline, and glycerophosphocholine (GPC), and decreased levels of amino acids are observed in the renal medulla of cyadox-exposed mice. These results suggest that cyadox exposure causes inhibition of amino acid metabolism in the liver and disturbance of gut microbiota community, influencing osmolytic homeostasis and nucleic acids synthesis in both the liver and the kidney. Our work provides a comprehensive view of the toxicological effects of cyadox, which is important in animal and human food safety.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chongyang Huang
- Key Laboratory of Magnetic Resonance in Biological Systems, Wuhan Centre for Magnetic Resonance, Wuhan Institute of Physics and Mathematics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430071, People's Republic of China
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Williams HRT, Cox IJ, Walker DG, Cobbold JFL, Taylor-Robinson SD, Marshall SE, Orchard TR. Differences in gut microbial metabolism are responsible for reduced hippurate synthesis in Crohn's disease. BMC Gastroenterol 2010; 10:108. [PMID: 20849615 PMCID: PMC2954941 DOI: 10.1186/1471-230x-10-108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2010] [Accepted: 09/17/2010] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Certain urinary metabolites are the product of gut microbial or mammalian metabolism; others, such as hippurate, are mammalian-microbial 'co-metabolites'. It has previously been observed that Crohn's disease (CD) patients excrete significantly less hippurate than controls. There are two stages in the biosynthesis of this metabolite: 1) gut microbial metabolism of dietary aromatic compounds to benzoate, and 2) subsequent hepatorenal conjugation of benzoate with glycine, forming hippurate. Differences in such urinary co-metabolites may therefore reflect systemic consequences of altered gut microbial metabolism, though altered host metabolic pathways may also be involved. Methods It was hypothesised that reduced hippurate excretion in CD patients was due to alterations in the gut microbiota, and not differences in dietary benzoate, nor defective host enzymatic conjugation of benzoate. 5 mg/kg sodium benzoate were administered orally to 16 CD patients and 16 healthy controls on a low-benzoate diet. Baseline and peak urinary hippurate excretion were measured. Results Baseline hippurate levels were significantly lower in the CD patients (p = 0.0009). After benzoate ingestion, peak urinary levels of hippurate did not differ significantly between the cohorts. Consequently the relative increase in excretion was significantly greater in CD (p = 0.0007). Conclusions Lower urinary hippurate levels in CD are not due to differences in dietary benzoate. A defect in the enzymatic conjugation of benzoate in CD has been excluded, strongly implicating altered gut microbial metabolism as the cause of decreased hippurate levels in CD.
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Kim EJ, Jeon JR, Kim YM, Murugesan K, Chang YS. Mineralization and transformation of monofluorophenols by Pseudonocardia benzenivorans. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2010; 87:1569-77. [DOI: 10.1007/s00253-010-2647-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2009] [Revised: 03/03/2010] [Accepted: 04/24/2010] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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Pour AK, Mamer OA, Cooper DG, Maric M, Nicell JA. Metabolites from the biodegradation of 1,6-hexanediol dibenzoate, a potential green plasticizer, by Rhodococcus rhodochrous. JOURNAL OF MASS SPECTROMETRY : JMS 2009; 44:662-671. [PMID: 19125399 DOI: 10.1002/jms.1541] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Metabolites from the biodegradation of a potential plasticizer 1,6-hexanediol dibenzoate in the presence of n-hexadecane as a co-substrate by the common soil organism Rhodococcus rhodochrous were identified using GC/MS and Fourier transform mass spectroscopy (FTMS) techniques. Trimethylsilylation of compounds from the biodegradation broth permitted detection of the following metabolites: 1-hexadecyl benzoate, 6-benzoyloxyhexanoic acid, 4-benzoyloxybutanoic acid, 6-benzoyloxyhexan-1-ol and benzoic acid. The presence of these metabolites was confirmed by repeating the biodegradation with 1,6-hexanediol di[(2)H(5)]benzoate, by measurement of their exact masses in FTMS and by comparison with available authentic materials. The results show that biodegradation of 1,6-hexanediol dibenzoate by R. rhodochrous does not lead to the accumulation of persistent metabolites as has been reported for commercial dibenzoate plasticizers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Azadeh Kermanshahi Pour
- Department of Chemical Engineering, McGill University, 3610 University Street, Montreal, QC, Canada H3A 2B2
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17
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18
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Kovaleva EG, Lipscomb JD. Versatility of biological non-heme Fe(II) centers in oxygen activation reactions. Nat Chem Biol 2008; 4:186-93. [PMID: 18277980 PMCID: PMC2720164 DOI: 10.1038/nchembio.71] [Citation(s) in RCA: 492] [Impact Index Per Article: 30.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Oxidase and oxygenase enzymes allow the use of relatively unreactive O2 in biochemical reactions. Many of the mechanistic strategies used in nature for this key reaction are represented within the 2-histidine-1-carboxylate facial triad family of non-heme Fe(II)-containing enzymes. The open face of the metal coordination sphere opposite the three endogenous ligands participates directly in the reaction chemistry. Here, data from several studies are presented showing that reductive O2 activation within this family is initiated by substrate (and in some cases cosubstrate or cofactor) binding, which then allows coordination of O2 to the metal. From this starting point, the O2 activation process and the reactions with substrates diverge broadly. The reactive species formed in these reactions have been proposed to encompass four oxidation states of iron and all forms of reduced O2 as well as several of the reactive oxygen species that derive from O-O bond cleavage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena G Kovaleva
- Elena G. Kovaleva and John D. Lipscomb are in the Department of Biochemistry, Molecular Biology and Biophysics and the Center for Metals in Biocatalysis, University of Minnesota, 6-155 Jackson Hall, Minneapolis, Minnesota, 55455 USA
| | - John D Lipscomb
- Elena G. Kovaleva and John D. Lipscomb are in the Department of Biochemistry, Molecular Biology and Biophysics and the Center for Metals in Biocatalysis, University of Minnesota, 6-155 Jackson Hall, Minneapolis, Minnesota, 55455 USA
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19
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Fernández-Medarde A, Luengo JM. Purification and characterization of the 4-hydroxyphenylacetic acid-3-hydroxylase from Pseudomonas putida U. FEMS Microbiol Lett 2006. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1574-6968.1997.tb12751.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
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20
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Molecular structure and spectroscopic properties of 4-nitrocatechol at different pH: UV–visible, Raman, DFT and TD-DFT calculations. Chem Phys 2005. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chemphys.2004.09.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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21
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Chang MK, Voice TC, Criddle CS. Kinetics of competitive inhibition and cometabolism in the biodegradation of benzene, toluene, andp-xylene by twoPseudomonasisolates. Biotechnol Bioeng 2004; 41:1057-65. [DOI: 10.1002/bit.260411108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 169] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Myung-Keun Chang
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering; Michigan State University; Research Complex/Engineering A129, Michigan State University, East Lasing, Michigan 48824-1326
| | - Thomas C. Voice
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering; Michigan State University; Research Complex/Engineering A129, Michigan State University, East Lasing, Michigan 48824-1326
| | - Craig S. Criddle
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering; Michigan State University; Research Complex/Engineering A129, Michigan State University, East Lasing, Michigan 48824-1326
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22
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Chapter 3 Enzymatic catalysis on petroleum products. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2004. [DOI: 10.1016/s0167-2991(04)80144-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register]
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23
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Vrionis HA, Kropinski AM, Daugulis AJ. Enhancement of a two-phase partitioning bioreactor system by modification of the microbial catalyst: demonstration of concept. Biotechnol Bioeng 2002; 79:587-94. [PMID: 12209805 DOI: 10.1002/bit.10313] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Application of two-phase partitioning bioreactors (TPPB) to the degradation of phenol and xenobiotics has been limited by the fact that many organic compounds that would otherwise be desirable delivery solvents can be utilized by the microorganisms employed. The ability to metabolize the solvent itself could interfere with xenobiotic degradation, limiting remediation efficiency, and hence represents a microbial characteristic incompatible with process goals. To avoid the issue of bioavailability, previous TPPB applications have relied on complex and often expensive delivery solvents or suboptimal catalyst-solvent pairings. In an effort to enhance TPPB activity and applicability, a genetically engineered derivative of Pseudomonas putida ATCC 11172 mutated in its ability to utilize medium-chain-length alcohols was generated (AVP2) and applied as the catalyst within a TPPB system with decanol as the delivery solvent. Kinetic analysis verified that the genetic alteration had not negatively affected phenol degradation. The volumetric productivity of AVP2 (0.48 g/L x h(-1)) was equivalent to that seen for wild-type ATCC 11172 (0.51 g/L x h(-1)), but a comparison of initial cell concentrations and yields revealed an improved phenol-degrading efficiency for the mutant under process conditions. Yield coefficients, cell dry weight, and viable count determinations all confirmed the stability of the modified phenotype. This work illustrates the possibilities for TPPB process enhancement through a careful combination of genetic modification and solvent selection.
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Affiliation(s)
- H A Vrionis
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Queen's University, Kingston, Ontario K7L 3N6, Canada
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24
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Wicklund PA, Brown DG. Synthesis and characterization of some cobalt(III) catechol complexes. Inorg Chem 2002. [DOI: 10.1021/ic50156a031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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25
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Hao OJ, Kim MH, Seagren EA, Kim H. Kinetics of phenol and chlorophenol utilization by Acinetobacter species. CHEMOSPHERE 2002; 46:797-807. [PMID: 11922060 DOI: 10.1016/s0045-6535(01)00182-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 109] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Although microbial transformations via cometabolism have been widely observed, the few available kinetic models of cometabolism have not adequately addressed the case of inhibition from both the growth and nongrowth substrates. The present study investigated the degradation kinetics of self-inhibitory growth (phenol) and nongrowth (4-chlorophenol, 4-CP) substrates, present individually and in combination. Specifically, batch experiments were performed using an Acinetobacter isolate growing on phenol alone and with 4-CP present. In addition, batch experiments were also performed to evaluate the transformation of 4-CP by resting, phenol-induced Acinetobacter cultures. The Haldane kinetic model adequately predicted the biodegradation of phenol alone, although a slight discrepancy was noted in cases of higher initial phenol concentrations. Similarly, a Haldane model for substrate utilization was also able to describe the trends in 4-CP transformation by the resting cell cultures. The 4-CP transformation by the Acinetobacter species growing on phenol was modeled using a competitive kinetic model of cometabolism, which included growth and nongrowth substrate inhibition and cross-inhibition terms. Excellent agreement was obtained between the model predictions using experimentally estimated parameter values and the experimental data for the synchronous disappearance of phenol and 4-CP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oliver J Hao
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Maryland, College Park 20742, USA.
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26
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Peres CM, Agathos SN. Biodegradation of nitroaromatic pollutants: from pathways to remediation. BIOTECHNOLOGY ANNUAL REVIEW 2001; 6:197-220. [PMID: 11193295 DOI: 10.1016/s1387-2656(00)06023-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Nitroaromatic compounds are important contaminants of the environment, mainly of anthropogenic origin. They are produced as intermediates and products in the industrial manufacturing of dyes, explosives, pesticides, etc. Their toxicity has been extensively demonstrated in a whole range of living organisms, and nitroaromatic contamination dating from World War II is the proof of the recalcitrance of such compounds to microbial recycling. In spite of this, bacteria have evolved diverse pathways that allow them to mineralize specific nitroaromatic compounds. Degradation sequences initiated by an oxidation, an attack by a hydride ion, or a partial reduction have been documented. Some of these reactions have been exploited in bioreactors. Although pathways and enzymes involved are rather well understood, the molecular basis of these pathways is still currently under investigation. However, productive metabolism is an exception. As a rule, most bacteria are only able to reduce the nitro group into an amino function. This reduction is cometabolic: the metabolism of exogenous carbon sources is required to provide reducing equivalents. Composting and processes in bioreactors have exploited the easy reduction of the nitroaromatic compounds. In the case an amino-aromatic compound is produced, it is important to incorporate it in the remediation scheme. Some processes dealing with both nitro- and amino-aromatic compounds have been described, the amino derivative being either mineralized by the same or, more often, another microorganism, or immobilized on soil particles. Depending on the nitroaromatic compound and the environment it is contaminating, a whole range of reactions and reactor studies are now available to help devise a successful remediation strategy.
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Affiliation(s)
- C M Peres
- Unité de Génie Biologique, Université Catholique de Louvain, B-1348 Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium
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Larsen L, Jørgensen C, Aamand J. Potential mineralization of four herbicides in a ground water--fed wetland area. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL QUALITY 2001; 30:24-30. [PMID: 11215660 DOI: 10.2134/jeq2001.30124x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Herbicides may leach from agricultural fields into ground water feeding adjacent wetlands. However, only little is known of the fate of herbicides in wetland areas. The purpose of the study was to examine the potential of a riparian fen to mineralize herbides that could leach from an adjacent catchment area. Slurries were prepared from sediment and ground water collected from different parts of a wetland representing different redox conditions. The slurries were amended with O2, NO3-, SO4(2-), and CO2, or CO2 alone as electron acceptors to simulate the in situ conditions and their ability to mineralize the herbides mecoprop, metsulfuron-methyl, isoproturon and atrazine. In addition, the abundance of bacteria able to utilize O2, NO3-, SO4(2-) + CO2, and CO2 as electron acceptors was investigated along with the O2-reducing and methanogenic potential of the sediment. The recalcitrance to bacterial degradation depended on both the type of herbicide and the redox conditions pertaining. Mecoprop was the most readily degraded herbicide, with 36% of [ring-U-14C]mecoprop being mineralized to 14CO2 under aerobic conditions after 473 d. In comparison, approximately 29% of [phenyl-U-14C]metsulfuron-methyl and 16% of [ring-U-14C]isoproturon mineralized in aerobic slurries during the same period. Surprisingly, 8 to 13% of mecoprop also mineralized under anaerobic conditions. Neither metsulfuron-methyl nor isoproturon were mineralized under anaerobic conditions and atrazine was not mineralized under any of the redox conditions examined. The present study is the first to report mineralization of meco-prop in ground water in a wetland area, and the first to report mineralization of a phenoxyalcanoic acid herbicide under both aerobic and anaerobic conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Larsen
- Geological Survey of Denmark and Greenland, Department of Geochemistry, Copenhagen
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Werwath J, Arfmann HA, Pieper DH, Timmis KN, Wittich RM. Biochemical and genetic characterization of a gentisate 1, 2-dioxygenase from Sphingomonas sp. strain RW5. J Bacteriol 1998; 180:4171-6. [PMID: 9696766 PMCID: PMC107414 DOI: 10.1128/jb.180.16.4171-4176.1998] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/1998] [Accepted: 06/04/1998] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
A 4,103-bp long DNA fragment containing the structural gene of a gentisate 1,2-dioxygenase (EC 1.13.11.4), gtdA, from Sphingomonas sp. strain RW5 was cloned and sequenced. The gtdA gene encodes a 350-amino-acid polypeptide with a predicted size of 38.85 kDa. Comparison of the gtdA gene product with protein sequences in databases, including those of intradiol or extradiol ring-cleaving dioxygenases, revealed no significant homology except for a low similarity (27%) to the 1-hydroxy-2-naphthoate dioxygenase (phdI) of the phenanthrene degradation in Nocardioides sp. strain KP7 (T. Iwabuchi and S. Harayama, J. Bacteriol. 179:6488-6494, 1997). This gentisate 1,2-dioxygenase is thus a member of a new class of ring-cleaving dioxygenases. The gene was subcloned and hyperexpressed in E. coli. The resulting product was purified to homogeneity and partially characterized. Under denaturing conditions, the polypeptide exhibited an approximate size of 38.5 kDa and migrated on gel filtration as a species with a molecular mass of 177 kDa. The enzyme thus appears to be a homotetrameric protein. The purified enzyme stoichiometrically converted gentisate to maleylpyruvate, which was identified by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry analysis as its methyl ester. Values of affinity constants (Km) and specificity constants (Kcat/Km) of the enzyme were determined to be 15 microM and 511 s-1 M-1 x 10(4) for gentisate and 754 microM and 20 s-1 M-1 x 10(4) for 3, 6-dichlorogentisate. Three further open reading frames (ORFs) were found downstream of gtdA. The deduced amino acid sequence of ORF 2 showed homology to several isomerases and carboxylases, and those of ORFs 3 and 4 exhibited significant homology to enzymes of the glutathione isomerase superfamily and glutathione reductase superfamily, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Werwath
- Division of Microbiology, GBF-National Research Centre for Biotechnology, D-38124 Braunschweig, Germany
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30
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Kanekar P, Sarnaik S. Microbial process for treatment of phenol bearing dye ‐ industry effluent in a fixed film bioreactor. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1995. [DOI: 10.1080/10934529509376304] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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31
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Collins AM, Woodley JM, Liddell JM. Determination of reactor operation for the microbial hydroxylation of toluene in a two-liquid phase process. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1995. [DOI: 10.1007/bf01569955] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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32
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Hudlicky T, Reed JW. An evolutionary perspective of microbial oxidations of aromatic compounds in enantioselective synthesis. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1995. [DOI: 10.1016/s1874-5148(06)80009-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/08/2023]
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33
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Greenberg A, Bock CW, George P, Glusker JP. Mechanism of Metabolic Ring Opening of Benzene and its Relation to Mammalian PAH Metabolism. Polycycl Aromat Compd 1994. [DOI: 10.1080/10406639408014721] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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34
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Fernández-Valverde M, Reglero A, Martinez-Blanco H, Luengo JM. Purification of Pseudomonas putida acyl coenzyme A ligase active with a range of aliphatic and aromatic substrates. Appl Environ Microbiol 1993; 59:1149-54. [PMID: 8476289 PMCID: PMC202253 DOI: 10.1128/aem.59.4.1149-1154.1993] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Acyl coenzyme A (acyl-CoA) ligase (acyl-CoA synthetase [ACoAS]) from Pseudomonas putida U was purified to homogeneity (252-fold) after this bacterium was grown in a chemically defined medium containing octanoic acid as the sole carbon source. The enzyme, which has a mass of 67 kDa, showed maximal activity at 40 degrees C in 10 mM K2PO4H-NaPO4H2 buffer (pH 7.0) containing 20% (wt/vol) glycerol. Under these conditions, ACoAS showed hyperbolic behavior against acetate, CoA, and ATP; the Kms calculated for these substrates were 4.0, 0.7, and 5.2 mM, respectively. Acyl-CoA ligase recognizes several aliphatic molecules (acetic, propionic, butyric, valeric, hexanoic, heptanoic, and octanoic acids) as substrates, as well as some aromatic compounds (phenylacetic and phenoxyacetic acids). The broad substrate specificity of ACoAS from P. putida was confirmed by coupling it with acyl-CoA:6-aminopenicillanic acid acyltransferase from Penicillium chrysogenum to study the formation of several penicillins.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Fernández-Valverde
- Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad de León, Spain
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Haddock JD, Ferry JG. Initial steps in the anaerobic degradation of 3,4,5-trihydroxybenzoate by Eubacterium oxidoreducens: characterization of mutants and role of 1,2,3,5-tetrahydroxybenzene. J Bacteriol 1993; 175:669-73. [PMID: 8423143 PMCID: PMC196204 DOI: 10.1128/jb.175.3.669-673.1993] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Chemical mutagenesis and antibiotic enrichment techniques were used to isolate five mutant strains of the obligate anaerobe Eubacterium oxidoreducens that were unable to grow on 3,4,5-trihydroxybenzoate (gallate). Two strains could not transform gallate and showed no detectable gallate decarboxylase activity. Two other strains transformed gallate to pyrogallol and dihydrophloroglucinol but lacked the hydrolase activity responsible for ring cleavage. A fifth strain accumulated pyrogallol, although it contained adequate levels of the enzymes proposed for the complete transformation of gallate to the ring cleavage product. The conversion of pyrogallol to phloroglucinol by cell extract of the wild-type strain was dependent on the addition of 1,2,3,5-tetrahydroxybenzene or dimethyl sulfoxide. This activity was induced by growth on gallate, while the other enzymes involved in the initial reactions of gallate catabolism were constitutively expressed during growth on crotonate. The results confirm the initial steps in the pathway previously proposed for the metabolism of gallate by E. oxidoreducens, except for the conversion of pyrogallol to phloroglucinol.
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Affiliation(s)
- J D Haddock
- Department of Anaerobic Microbiology, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg 24061
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36
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Kanekar P, Kumbhojkar MS, Ghate V, Sarnaik S, Kelkar A. Evaluation of Acacia nilotica (L.) del. and Casuarina equisetifolia forst. for tolerance and growth on microbially treated dyestuff wastewater. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 1993; 81:47-50. [PMID: 15091836 DOI: 10.1016/0269-7491(93)90027-l] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/1992] [Accepted: 04/28/1992] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Two tree species, Acacia nilotica (L.) Del. and Casuarina equisetifolia Forst., were tested for their tolerance and growth on dyestuff wastewater containing phenol, aniline, and methyl violet. The wastewater was treated microbially by using a culture of Pseudomonas alcaligenes in a fixed-film bioreactor. The plants were watered with untreated and treated wastewater and tap water (control) at the rate of 2 litre per plant per week. A. nilotica exhibited 100% survival with both untreated and treated wastewater, and growth (increase in height) was comparable to that of control plants. However, growth of C. equisetifolia was adversely affected. It exhibited 100% survival with treated wastewater but only 87% survival with untreated waste-water and the percentage increase in height was less with both treated and untreated wastewater. There was no effect on soil except for an increase in chloride content.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Kanekar
- Department of Microbiology, M.A.C.S. Research Institute, Law College Road, Pune-411 004, Maharashtra State, India
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Bioconversion of aniline to acetaminophen and overproduction of acetaminophen byStreptomyces spp. Arch Pharm Res 1992. [DOI: 10.1007/bf02973982] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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Saxena M, Allameh A, Mukerji KG, Raj HG. Epoxidation of aflatoxin B1 by Aspergillus flavus microsomes in vitro: interaction with DNA and formation of aflatoxin B1-glutathione conjugate. Chem Biol Interact 1991; 78:13-22. [PMID: 1901247 DOI: 10.1016/0009-2797(91)90099-s] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Metabolism of aflatoxin B1 (AFB1) by subcellular preparations of Aspergillus flavus is least understood. The results reported here have demonstrated for the first time the epoxidation of AFB1 and subsequent conjugation with glutathione (GSH). Microsomes prepared from toxigenic mycelia catalysed [3H]AFB1 to calf thymus DNA to a greater extent (approximately 2-fold) as compared to that of non-toxigenic. The binding of [3H]AFB1 to exogenous and A. flavus nuclear DNA catalyzed by A. flavus microsomes was found to be comparable with that of mammalian extrahepatic tissue such as lung. Addition of phenobarbitone to the growing cultures resulted in 1.5-fold increase in [3H]AFB1-DNA binding mediated by microsomes prepared from either of the two strains. Tolnaftate, an inhibitor of aflatoxin synthesis enhanced the epoxidation rate in a dose-related manner. The binding of [3H]AFB1 to DNA catalyzed by A. flavus microsomes was significantly reduced (50% of control) upon addition of hamster liver cytosol, thereby substantiating the formation of the carcinogen adduct with DNA as reported in mammalian tissues. The metabolite formed by subcellular preparation of A. flavus was found to be AFB1-GSH having Rf value (6.5) similar to that obtained for mammalian liver preparations.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Saxena
- Department of Biochemistry, Vallabhbhai Patel Chest Institute, Delhi, India
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41
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Martínez-Blanco H, Reglero A, Rodriguez-Aparicio LB, Luengo JM. Purification and biochemical characterization of phenylacetyl-CoA ligase from Pseudomonas putida. A specific enzyme for the catabolism of phenylacetic acid. J Biol Chem 1990. [DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9258(19)39262-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022] Open
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Shiaris MP. Phenanthrene mineralization along a natural salinity gradient in an Urban Estuary, Boston Harbor, Massachusetts. MICROBIAL ECOLOGY 1989; 18:135-146. [PMID: 24196129 DOI: 10.1007/bf02030122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
The effect of varying salinity on phenanthrene and glutamate mineralization was examined in sediments along a natural salinity gradient in an urban tidal river. Mineralization was measured by trapping(14)CO2 from sediment slurries dosed with trace levels of [(14)C]phenanthrene or [(14)C]glutamate. Sediments from three sites representing three salinity regimes (0, 15, and 30%.) were mixed with filtered column water from each site. Ambient phenanthrene concentrations were also determined to calculate phenanthrene mineralization rates. Rates of phenanthrene mineralization related significantly to increasing salinity along the transect as determined by linear regression analysis. Rates ranged from 1 ng/hour/g dry sediment at the freshwater site to > 16 ng/hour/g dry sediment at the 30‰ salinity site. Glutamate mineralization also increased from the freshwater to the marine site; however, the relationship to salinity was not statistically significant.To examine the effect of salinity on mineralizing activities, individual sediments were mixed with filtered water of the other two sites. Slurries were also made with artificial seawater composed of 0, 15, or 30 g NaCl/ liter to substitute for overlying water. Rates of phenanthrene mineralization in the 0‰ ambient salinity sediments were not affected by higher salinity waters. Activities in the 15 and 30‰ ambient salinity sediments, however, were significantly inhibited by incubation with 0‰ salinity water. The inhibition, in large part, appears to be due to the decreased NaCl concentration of the water phase. Glutamate mineralization was affected in a similar manner, but not as dramatically as phenanthrene mineralization. The results suggest that phenanthrene degraders in low salinity estuarine sediments subject to salt water intrusion are tolerant to a wide range of salinities but phenanthrene degradation in brackish waters is mainly a function of obligate marine microorganisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- M P Shiaris
- Biology Department, University of Massachusetts at Boston, 02125, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
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Shiaris MP. Seasonal Biotransformation of Naphthalene, Phenanthrene, and Benzo[
a
]pyrene in Surficial Estuarine Sediments. Appl Environ Microbiol 1989; 55:1391-9. [PMID: 16347932 PMCID: PMC202877 DOI: 10.1128/aem.55.6.1391-1399.1989] [Citation(s) in RCA: 97] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Transformation rates of naphthalene, phenanthrene, and benzo[
a
]pyrene in oxidized surficial sediments of a polluted urban estuary, Boston Harbor, Mass., were determined over a period of 15 months. Three sites characterized by muddy sediments were selected to represent a >300-fold range of ambient polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH) concentration. Transformation rates were determined by a trace-level radiolabel PAH assay which accounted for PAH mineralization, the formation of polar metabolites, residue, and recovered parental PAHs in sediment slurries. Transformation rates of the model PAHs increased with increasing ambient PAH concentrations. However, turnover times for a given PAH were similar at all sites. The turnover times were as follows: naphthalene, 13.2 to 20.1 days; phenanthrene, 7.9 to 19.8 days, and benzo[
a
]pyrene, 53.7 to 82.3 days. At specific sites, rates were significantly affected by salinity, occasionally affected by temperature, but not affected by pH over the course of the study. Seasonal patterns of mineralization were observed for each of the PAHs at all sites. The timing of seasonal maxima of PAH mineralization varied from site to site. Seasonal potential heterotrophic activities as measured by acetate and glutamate mineralization rates did not always coincide with PAH mineralization maxima and minima, suggesting that the two processes are uncoupled in estuarine sediments.
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Affiliation(s)
- M P Shiaris
- Biology Department, University of Massachusetts at Boston, Boston, Massachusetts 02125
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44
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Haddock JD, Ferry JG. Purification and properties of phloroglucinol reductase from Eubacterium oxidoreducens G-41. J Biol Chem 1989. [DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9258(18)83759-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022] Open
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45
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Massé R, Messier F, Ayotte C, Lévesque MF, Sylvestre M. A comprehensive gas chromatographic/mass spectrometric analysis of 4-chlorobiphenyl bacterial degradation products. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1989. [DOI: 10.1002/bms.1200180106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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46
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Nozawa T, Maruyama Y. Anaerobic metabolism of phthalate and other aromatic compounds by a denitrifying bacterium. J Bacteriol 1988; 170:5778-84. [PMID: 3192515 PMCID: PMC211682 DOI: 10.1128/jb.170.12.5778-5784.1988] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
The anaerobic metabolism of phthalate and other aromatic compounds by the denitrifying bacterium Pseudomonas sp. strain P136 was studied. Benzoate, cyclohex-1-ene-carboxylate, 2-hydroxycyclohexanecarboxylate, and pimelate were detected as predominant metabolic intermediates during the metabolism of three isomers of phthalate, m-hydroxybenzoate, p-hydroxybenzoate, and cyclohex-3-ene-carboxylate. Inducible acyl-coenzyme A synthetase activities for phthalates, benzoate, cyclohex-1-ene-carboxylate, and cyclohex-3-ene-carboxylate were detected in the cells grown on aromatic compounds. Simultaneous adaptation to these aromatic compounds also occurred. A similar phenomenon was observed in the aerobic metabolism of aromatic compounds by this strain. A new pathway for the anaerobic metabolism of phthalate and a series of other aromatic compounds by this strain was proposed. Some properties of the regulation of this pathway were also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Nozawa
- Department of Agricultural Chemistry, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Tokyo, Japan
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47
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Nozawa T, Maruyama Y. Denitrification by a soil bacterium with phthalate and other aromatic compounds as substrates. J Bacteriol 1988; 170:2501-5. [PMID: 3372476 PMCID: PMC211162 DOI: 10.1128/jb.170.6.2501-2505.1988] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
A soil bacterium, Pseudomonas sp. strain P136, was isolated by selective enrichment for anaerobic utilization of o-phthalate through nitrate respiration. o-Phthalate, m-phthalate, p-phthalate, benzoate, cyclohex-1-ene-carboxylate, and cyclohex-3-ene-carboxylate were utilized by this strain under both aerobic and anaerobic conditions. m-Hydroxybenzoate and p-hydroxybenzoate were utilized only under anaerobic conditions. Protocatechuate and catechol were neither utilized nor detected as metabolic intermediates during the metabolism of these aromatic compounds under both aerobic and anaerobic conditions. Cells grown anaerobically on one of these aromatic compounds also utilized all other aromatic compounds as substrates for denitrification without a lag period. On the other hand, cells grown on succinate utilized aromatic compounds after a lag period. Anaerobic growth on these substrates was dependent on the presence of nitrate and accompanied by the production of molecular nitrogen. The reduction of nitrite to nitrous oxide and the reduction of nitrous oxide to molecular nitrogen were also supported by anaerobic utilization of these aromatic compounds in this strain. Aerobically grown cells showed a lag period in denitrification with all substrates tested. Cells grown anaerobically on aromatic compounds also consumed oxygen. No lag period was observed for oxygen consumption during the transition period from anaerobic to aerobic conditions. Cells grown aerobically on one of these aromatic compounds were also adapted to utilize other aromatic compounds as substrates for respiration. However, cells grown on succinate showed a lag period during respiration with aromatic compounds. Some other characteristic properties on metabolism and regulation of this strain are also discussed for their physiological aspects.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Nozawa
- Department of Agricultural Chemistry, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Tokyo, Japan
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48
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Janke D, Al-Mofarji T, Straube G, Schumann P, Prauser H. Critical steps in degradation of chloroaromatics by rhodococci I. Initial enzyme reactions involved in catabolism of aniline, phenol and benzoate byRhodococcus sp. An 117 and An 213. J Basic Microbiol 1988. [DOI: 10.1002/jobm.3620280811] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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49
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Blake CK, Hegeman GD. Plasmid pCBI carries genes for anaerobic benzoate catabolism in Alcaligenes xylosoxidans subsp. denitrificans PN-1. J Bacteriol 1987; 169:4878-83. [PMID: 2822651 PMCID: PMC213880 DOI: 10.1128/jb.169.11.4878-4883.1987] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Pseudomonas sp. strain PN-1 is reclassified as Alcaligenes xylosoxidans subsp. denitrificans PN-1. Strain PN-1 is a gram-negative, rod-shaped organism, is motile by means of lateral flagella, is oxidase positive, and does not ferment sugars. Plasmid pCBI, carrying genes for the anaerobic degradation of benzoate in strain PN-1, is 17.4 kilobase pairs in length and is transmissible to a number of denitrifying Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Pseudomonas stutzeri strains. A restriction endonuclease map was constructed.
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Affiliation(s)
- C K Blake
- Department of Biology, Indiana University, Bloomington 47405
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50
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Abstract
A Pseudomonas species able to degrade p-dichlorobenzene as the sole source of carbon and energy was isolated by selective enrichment from activated sludge. The organism also grew well on chlorobenzene and benzene. Washed cells released chloride in stoichiometric amounts from o-, m-, and p-dichlorobenzene, 2,5-dichlorophenol, 4-chlorophenol, 3-chlorocatechol, 4-chlorocatechol, and 3,6-dichlorocatechol. Initial steps in the pathway for p-dichlorobenzene degradation were determined by isolation of metabolites, simultaneous adaptation studies, and assay of enzymes in cell extracts. Results indicate that p-dichlorobenzene was initially converted by a dioxygenase to 3,6-dichloro-cis-1,2-dihydroxycyclohexa-3,5-diene, which was converted to 3,6-dichlorocatechol by an NAD+-dependent dehydrogenase. Ring cleavage of 3,6-dichlorocatechol was by a 1,2-oxygenase to form 2,5-dichloro-cis, cis-muconate. Enzymes for degradation of haloaromatic compounds were induced in cells grown on chlorobenzene or p-dichlorobenzene, but not in cells grown on benzene, succinate, or yeast extract. Enzymes of the ortho pathway induced in cells grown on benzene did not attack chlorobenzenes or chlorocatechols.
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