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Xu J, Wang R, Zhang X, Zhuang W, Zhang Y, Lin J, Zhan P, Chen S, Lu H, Wang A, Liao C. Identification and expression profiling of GAPDH family genes involved in response to Sclerotinia sclerotiorum infection and phytohormones in Brassica napus. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2024; 15:1360024. [PMID: 38745922 PMCID: PMC11091349 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2024.1360024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2023] [Accepted: 04/12/2024] [Indexed: 05/16/2024]
Abstract
Glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate dehydrogenase (GAPDH) is a crucial enzyme in glycolysis, an essential metabolic pathway for carbohydrate metabolism across all living organisms. Recent research indicates that phosphorylating GAPDH exhibits various moonlighting functions, contributing to plant growth and development, autophagy, drought tolerance, salt tolerance, and bacterial/viral diseases resistance. However, in rapeseed (Brassica napus), the role of GAPDHs in plant immune responses to fungal pathogens remains unexplored. In this study, 28 genes encoding GAPDH proteins were revealed in B. napus and classified into three distinct subclasses based on their protein structural and phylogenetic relationships. Whole-genome duplication plays a major role in the evolution of BnaGAPDHs. Synteny analyses revealed orthologous relationships, identifying 23, 26, and 26 BnaGAPDH genes with counterparts in Arabidopsis, Brassica rapa, and Brassica oleracea, respectively. The promoter regions of 12 BnaGAPDHs uncovered a spectrum of responsive elements to biotic and abiotic stresses, indicating their crucial role in plant stress resistance. Transcriptome analysis characterized the expression profiles of different BnaGAPDH genes during Sclerotinia sclerotiorum infection and hormonal treatment. Notably, BnaGAPDH17, BnaGAPDH20, BnaGAPDH21, and BnaGAPDH22 exhibited sensitivity to S. sclerotiorum infection, oxalic acid, hormone signals. Intriguingly, under standard physiological conditions, BnaGAPDH17, BnaGAPDH20, and BnaGAPDH22 are primarily localized in the cytoplasm and plasma membrane, with BnaGAPDH21 also detectable in the nucleus. Furthermore, the nuclear translocation of BnaGAPDH20 was observed under H2O2 treatment and S. sclerotiorum infection. These findings might provide a theoretical foundation for elucidating the functions of phosphorylating GAPDH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Xu
- Institute of Crop Research, Fujian Academy of Agricultural Sciences (Fujian Germplasm Resources Center)/Fujian Province Characteristic Dry Crop Variety Breeding Engineering Technology Research Center, Fuzhou, China
- State Key Laboratory of Ecological Pest Control for Fujian and Taiwan Crops, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Rongbo Wang
- Fujian Key Laboratory for Monitoring and Integrated Management of Crop Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Fujian Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Fuzhou, China
| | - Xiong Zhang
- The Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Oil Crops, The Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs of the PRC, Oil Crops Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Wuhan, China
| | - Wei Zhuang
- Institute of Crop Research, Fujian Academy of Agricultural Sciences (Fujian Germplasm Resources Center)/Fujian Province Characteristic Dry Crop Variety Breeding Engineering Technology Research Center, Fuzhou, China
| | - Yang Zhang
- Institute of Crop Research, Fujian Academy of Agricultural Sciences (Fujian Germplasm Resources Center)/Fujian Province Characteristic Dry Crop Variety Breeding Engineering Technology Research Center, Fuzhou, China
| | - Jianxin Lin
- Institute of Crop Research, Fujian Academy of Agricultural Sciences (Fujian Germplasm Resources Center)/Fujian Province Characteristic Dry Crop Variety Breeding Engineering Technology Research Center, Fuzhou, China
| | - Penglin Zhan
- Institute of Crop Research, Fujian Academy of Agricultural Sciences (Fujian Germplasm Resources Center)/Fujian Province Characteristic Dry Crop Variety Breeding Engineering Technology Research Center, Fuzhou, China
| | - Shanhu Chen
- Institute of Crop Research, Fujian Academy of Agricultural Sciences (Fujian Germplasm Resources Center)/Fujian Province Characteristic Dry Crop Variety Breeding Engineering Technology Research Center, Fuzhou, China
| | - Heding Lu
- Institute of Crop Research, Fujian Academy of Agricultural Sciences (Fujian Germplasm Resources Center)/Fujian Province Characteristic Dry Crop Variety Breeding Engineering Technology Research Center, Fuzhou, China
| | - Airong Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Ecological Pest Control for Fujian and Taiwan Crops, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Changjian Liao
- Institute of Crop Research, Fujian Academy of Agricultural Sciences (Fujian Germplasm Resources Center)/Fujian Province Characteristic Dry Crop Variety Breeding Engineering Technology Research Center, Fuzhou, China
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2
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Sirover MA. The role of posttranslational modification in moonlighting glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase structure and function. Amino Acids 2021; 53:507-515. [PMID: 33651246 DOI: 10.1007/s00726-021-02959-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2020] [Accepted: 02/06/2021] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (GAPDH) is a moonlighting protein exhibiting distinct activities apart from its classical role in glycolysis. Regulation of its moonlighting functions and its subcellular localization may be dependent on its posttranslational modification (PTM). The latter include its phosphorylation, which is required for its role in intermembrane trafficking, synaptic transmission and cancer survival; nitrosylation, which is required for its function in apoptosis, heme metabolism and the immune response; acetylation which is necessary for its modulation of apoptotic gene regulation; and N-acetylglucosamine modification which may induce changes in GAPDH oligomeric structure. These findings suggest a structure function relationship between GAPDH posttranslational modification and its diverse moonlighting activities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael A Sirover
- Department of Pharmacology, Lewis Katz School of Medicine, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA, 19140, USA.
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3
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Kalyanasundaram A, Henry BJ, Henry C, Kendall RJ. Molecular phylogenetic and in silico analysis of glyceraldeyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (GAPDH) gene from northern bobwhite quail (Colinus virginianus). Mol Biol Rep 2021; 48:1093-1101. [PMID: 33580461 DOI: 10.1007/s11033-021-06186-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2020] [Accepted: 01/28/2021] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Many recent studies have been focused on prevalence and impact of two helminth parasites, eyeworm Oxyspirura petrowi and caecal worm Aulonocephalus pennula, in the northern bobwhite quail (Colinus virginianus). However, few studies have attempted to examine the effect of these parasites on the bobwhite immune system. This is likely due to the lack of proper reference genes for relative gene expression studies. Glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate dehydrogenase (GAPDH) is a glycolytic enzyme that is often utilized as a reference gene, and in this preliminary study, we evaluated the similarity of bobwhite GAPDH to GAPDH in other avian species to evaluate its potential as a reference gene in bobwhite. GAPDH was identified in the bobwhite full genome sequence and multiple sets of PCR primers were designed to generate overlapping PCR products. These products were then sequenced and then aligned to generate the sequence for the full-length open reading frame (ORF) of bobwhite GAPDH. Utilizing this sequence, phylogenetic analyses and comparative analysis of the exon-intron pattern were conducted that revealed high similarity of GAPDH encoding sequences among bobwhite and other Galliformes. Additionally, This ORF sequence was also used to predict the encoded protein and its three-dimensional structure which like the phylogenetic analyses reveal that bobwhite GAPDH is similar to GAPDH in other Galliformes. Finally, GAPDH qPCR primers were designed, standardized, and tested with bobwhite both uninfected and infected with O. petrowi, and this preliminary test showed no statistical difference in expression of GAPDH between the two groups. These analyses are the first to investigate GAPDH in bobwhite. These efforts in phylogeny, sequence analysis, and protein structure suggest that there is > 97% conservation of GADPH among Galliformes. Furthermore, the results of these in silico tests and the preliminary qPCR indicate that GAPDH is a prospective candidate for use in gene expression analyses in bobwhite.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Brett J Henry
- The Wildlife Toxicology Laboratory, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, TX, 79409-3290, USA
| | - Cassandra Henry
- The Wildlife Toxicology Laboratory, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, TX, 79409-3290, USA
| | - Ronald J Kendall
- The Wildlife Toxicology Laboratory, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, TX, 79409-3290, USA.
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4
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Ci S, Xia W, Liang W, Qin L, Zhang Y, Dianov GL, Wang M, Zhao X, Wu C, Alagamuthu KK, Hu Z, He L, Pan F, Guo Z. Src-mediated phosphorylation of GAPDH regulates its nuclear localization and cellular response to DNA damage. FASEB J 2020; 34:10443-10461. [PMID: 32539222 DOI: 10.1096/fj.201902904rr] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2019] [Revised: 05/06/2020] [Accepted: 05/22/2020] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (GAPDH) is a key enzyme involved in energy metabolism. Recently, GAPDH has been suggested to have extraglycolytic functions in DNA repair, but the underlying mechanism for the GAPDH response to DNA damage remains unclear. Here, we demonstrate that the tyrosine kinase Src is activated under DNA damage stress and phosphorylates GAPDH at Tyr41. This phosphorylation of GAPDH is essential for its nuclear translocation and DNA repair function. Blocking the nuclear import of GAPDH by suppressing Src signaling or through a GAPDH Tyr41 mutation impairs its response to DNA damage. Nuclear GAPDH is recruited to DNA lesions and associates with DNA polymerase β (Pol β) to function in DNA repair. Nuclear GAPDH promotes Pol β polymerase activity and increases base excision repair (BER) efficiency. Furthermore, GAPDH knockdown dramatically decreases BER efficiency and sensitizes cells to DNA damaging agents. Importantly, the knockdown of GAPDH in colon cancer SW480 cells and xenograft models effectively enhances their sensitivity to the chemotherapeutic drug 5-FU. In summary, our findings provide mechanistic insight into the new function of GAPDH in DNA repair and suggest a potential therapeutic target in chemotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shusheng Ci
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Molecular and Medical Biotechnology, College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing, China
| | - Wen Xia
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Molecular and Medical Biotechnology, College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing, China
| | - Weichu Liang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Molecular and Medical Biotechnology, College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing, China
| | - Lihong Qin
- Department of Oncology, No. 7 People's Hospital of ChangZhou, Changzhou, China
| | - Yilan Zhang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Molecular and Medical Biotechnology, College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing, China
| | - Grigory L Dianov
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Molecular and Medical Biotechnology, College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing, China.,Department of Natural Sciences, Novosibirsk State University, Novosibirsk, Russia.,Department of Oncology, Oxford Institute for Radiation Oncology, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Meina Wang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Molecular and Medical Biotechnology, College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing, China
| | - Xingqi Zhao
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Molecular and Medical Biotechnology, College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing, China
| | - Congye Wu
- Department of Oncology, Nanjing First Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Karthick Kumar Alagamuthu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Molecular and Medical Biotechnology, College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing, China
| | - Zhigang Hu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Molecular and Medical Biotechnology, College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing, China
| | - Lingfeng He
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Molecular and Medical Biotechnology, College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing, China
| | - Feiyan Pan
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Molecular and Medical Biotechnology, College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing, China
| | - Zhigang Guo
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Molecular and Medical Biotechnology, College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing, China
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Olson CO, Pejhan S, Kroft D, Sheikholeslami K, Fuss D, Buist M, Ali Sher A, Del Bigio MR, Sztainberg Y, Siu VM, Ang LC, Sabourin-Felix M, Moss T, Rastegar M. MECP2 Mutation Interrupts Nucleolin-mTOR-P70S6K Signaling in Rett Syndrome Patients. Front Genet 2018; 9:635. [PMID: 30619462 PMCID: PMC6305968 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2018.00635] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2018] [Accepted: 11/27/2018] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Rett syndrome (RTT) is a severe and rare neurological disorder that is caused by mutations in the X-linked MECP2 (methyl CpG-binding protein 2) gene. MeCP2 protein is an important epigenetic factor in the brain and in neurons. In Mecp2-deficient neurons, nucleoli structures are compromised. Nucleoli are sites of active ribosomal RNA (rRNA) transcription and maturation, a process mainly controlled by nucleolin and mechanistic target of rapamycin (mTOR)-P70S6K signaling. Currently, it is unclear how nucleolin-rRNA-mTOR-P70S6K signaling from RTT cellular model systems translates into human RTT brain. Here, we studied the components of nucleolin-rRNA-mTOR-P70S6K signaling in the brain of RTT patients with common T158M and R255X mutations. Immunohistochemical examination of T158M brain showed disturbed nucleolin subcellular localization, which was absent in Mecp2-deficient homozygous male or heterozygote female mice, compared to wild type (WT). We confirmed by Western blot analysis that nucleolin protein levels are altered in RTT brain, but not in Mecp2-deficient mice. Further, we studied the expression of rRNA transcripts in Mecp2-deficient mice and RTT patients, as downstream molecules that are controlled by nucleolin. By data mining of published ChIP-seq studies, we showed MeCP2-binding at the multi-copy rRNA genes in the mouse brain, suggesting that rRNA might be a direct MeCP2 target gene. Additionally, we observed compromised mTOR-P70S6K signaling in the human RTT brain, a molecular pathway that is upstream of rRNA-nucleolin molecular conduits. RTT patients showed significantly higher phosphorylation of active mTORC1 or mTORC2 complexes compared to age- and sex-matched controls. Correlational analysis of mTORC1/2-P70S6K signaling pathway identified multiple points of deviation from the control tissues that may result in abnormal ribosome biogenesis in RTT brain. To our knowledge, this is the first report of deregulated nucleolin-rRNA-mTOR-P70S6K signaling in the human RTT brain. Our results provide important insight toward understanding the molecular properties of human RTT brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carl O Olson
- Regenerative Medicine Program, and Department of Biochemistry and Medical Genetics, Max Rady College of Medicine, Rady Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, Canada
| | - Shervin Pejhan
- Regenerative Medicine Program, and Department of Biochemistry and Medical Genetics, Max Rady College of Medicine, Rady Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, Canada
| | - Daniel Kroft
- Regenerative Medicine Program, and Department of Biochemistry and Medical Genetics, Max Rady College of Medicine, Rady Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, Canada
| | - Kimia Sheikholeslami
- Regenerative Medicine Program, and Department of Biochemistry and Medical Genetics, Max Rady College of Medicine, Rady Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, Canada.,Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - David Fuss
- Regenerative Medicine Program, and Department of Biochemistry and Medical Genetics, Max Rady College of Medicine, Rady Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, Canada
| | - Marjorie Buist
- Regenerative Medicine Program, and Department of Biochemistry and Medical Genetics, Max Rady College of Medicine, Rady Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, Canada
| | - Annan Ali Sher
- Regenerative Medicine Program, and Department of Biochemistry and Medical Genetics, Max Rady College of Medicine, Rady Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, Canada
| | - Marc R Del Bigio
- Department of Pathology, Max Rady College of Medicine, Rady Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, Canada
| | - Yehezkel Sztainberg
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, United States
| | - Victoria Mok Siu
- Division of Medical Genetics, Department of Paediatrics, Schulich School of Medicine, Western University, London, ON, Canada
| | - Lee Cyn Ang
- Department of Pathology, Schulich School of Medicine and Dentistry, Western University, London, ON, Canada
| | - Marianne Sabourin-Felix
- Cancer Division of the Quebec University Hospital Research Centre, Department of Molecular Biology, Medical Biochemistry and Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, Laval University, Quebec City, QC, Canada
| | - Tom Moss
- Cancer Division of the Quebec University Hospital Research Centre, Department of Molecular Biology, Medical Biochemistry and Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, Laval University, Quebec City, QC, Canada
| | - Mojgan Rastegar
- Regenerative Medicine Program, and Department of Biochemistry and Medical Genetics, Max Rady College of Medicine, Rady Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, Canada
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6
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Kosova AA, Khodyreva SN, Lavrik OI. Role of Glyceraldehyde-3-Phosphate Dehydrogenase (GAPDH) in DNA Repair. BIOCHEMISTRY (MOSCOW) 2017; 82:643-654. [PMID: 28601074 DOI: 10.1134/s0006297917060013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (GAPDH) is widely known as a glycolytic enzyme. Nevertheless, various functions of GAPDH have been found that are unrelated to glycolysis. Some of these functions presume interaction of GAPDH with DNA, but the mechanism of its translocation to the nucleus is not fully understood. When in the nucleus, GAPDH participates in the initiation of apoptosis and transcription of genes involved in antiapoptotic pathways and cell proliferation and plays a role in the regulation of telomere length. Several authors have shown that GAPDH displays the uracil-DNA glycosylase activity and interacts with some types of DNA damages, such as apurinic/apyrimidinic sites, nucleotide analogs, and covalent DNA adducts with alkylating agents. Moreover, GAPDH can interact with proteins participating in DNA repair, such as APE1, PARP1, HMGB1, and HMGB2. In this review, the functions of GAPDH associated with DNA repair are discussed in detail.
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Affiliation(s)
- A A Kosova
- Institute of Chemical Biology and Fundamental Medicine, Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Novosibirsk, 630090, Russia
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Feder JH. NATURAL HYBRIDIZATION AND GENETIC DIVERGENCE BETWEEN THE TOADS BUFO BOREAS AND BUFO PUNCTATUS. Evolution 2017; 33:1089-1097. [PMID: 28563922 DOI: 10.1111/j.1558-5646.1979.tb04764.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/1978] [Revised: 03/23/1979] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Juliana H Feder
- Museum of Vertebrate Zoology, University of California, Berkeley, California, 94720
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8
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Exploring potential biomarker responses to lithium in Daphnia magna from the perspectives of function and signaling networks. Mol Cell Toxicol 2017. [DOI: 10.1007/s13273-017-0009-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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9
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Structural analysis of glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase functional diversity. Int J Biochem Cell Biol 2014; 57:20-6. [PMID: 25286305 DOI: 10.1016/j.biocel.2014.09.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2014] [Revised: 09/26/2014] [Accepted: 09/27/2014] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Multifunctional proteins provide a new mechanism to expand exponentially cell information and capability beyond that indicated by conventional gene analyses. As such, examination of their structure-function relationships provides a means to define the mechanisms through which cells accomplish critical yet disparate activities required for cell viability and survival. Glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (GAPDH) may be considered the quintessential multidimensional protein which exhibits a variety of functions unrelated to its classical role in energy production. This review discusses new insights into the structure-function mechanisms through which defined GAPDH amino acid domains are utilized for its diverse activities, the importance of its post-translational modification, and, intriguingly, the logic inherent in the presence or the absence of specific signaling domains.
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10
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Radiation induces senescence and a bystander effect through metabolic alterations. Cell Death Dis 2014; 5:e1255. [PMID: 24853433 PMCID: PMC4047910 DOI: 10.1038/cddis.2014.220] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2013] [Revised: 03/29/2014] [Accepted: 04/18/2014] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Cellular senescence is a state of irreversible growth arrest; however, the metabolic processes of senescent cells remain active. Our previous studies have shown that radiation induces senescence of human breast cancer cells that display low expression of securin, a protein involved in control of the metaphase–anaphase transition and anaphase onset. In this study, the protein expression profile of senescent cells was resolved by two-dimensional gel electrophoresis to investigate associated metabolic alterations. We found that radiation induced the expression and activation of glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase that has an important role in glycolysis. The activity of lactate dehydrogenase A, which is involved in the conversion of pyruvate to lactate, the release of lactate and the acidification of the extracellular environment, was also induced. Inhibition of glycolysis by dichloroacetate attenuated radiation-induced senescence. In addition, radiation also induced activation of the 5′-adenosine monophosphate-activated protein kinase (AMPK) and nuclear factor kappa B (NF-κB) pathways to promote senescence. We also found that radiation increased the expression of monocarboxylate transporter 1 (MCT1) that facilitates the export of lactate into the extracellular environment. Inhibition of glycolysis or the AMPK/NF-κB signalling pathways reduced MCT1 expression and rescued the acidification of the extracellular environment. Interestingly, these metabolic-altering signalling pathways were also involved in radiation-induced invasion of the surrounding, non-irradiated breast cancer and normal endothelial cells. Taken together, radiation can induce the senescence of human breast cancer cells through metabolic alterations.
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Abstract
Glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (GAPDH) has long been recognized as an important enzyme for energy metabolism and the production of ATP and pyruvate through anaerobic glycolysis in the cytoplasm. Recent studies have shown that GAPDH has multiple functions independent of its role in energy metabolism. Although increased GAPDH gene expression and enzymatic function is associated with cell proliferation and tumourigenesis, conditions such as oxidative stress impair GAPDH catalytic activity and lead to cellular aging and apoptosis. The mechanism(s) underlying the effects of GAPDH on cellular proliferation remains unclear, yet much evidence has been accrued that demonstrates a variety of interacting partners for GAPDH, including proteins, various RNA species and telomeric DNA. The present mini review summarizes recent findings relating to the extraglycolytic functions of GAPDH and highlights the significant role this enzyme plays in regulating both cell survival and apoptotic death.
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Affiliation(s)
- Craig Nicholls
- Molecular Signalling Laboratory, Murdoch Childrens Research Institute, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
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12
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Sirover MA. Subcellular dynamics of multifunctional protein regulation: mechanisms of GAPDH intracellular translocation. J Cell Biochem 2012; 113:2193-200. [PMID: 22388977 DOI: 10.1002/jcb.24113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 134] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Multidimensional proteins such as glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (GAPDH) exhibit distinct activities unrelated to their originally identified functions. Apart from glycolysis, GAPDH participates in iron metabolism, membrane trafficking, histone biosynthesis, the maintenance of DNA integrity and receptor mediated cell signaling. Further, multifunctional proteins exhibit distinct changes in their subcellular localization reflecting their new activities. As such, GAPDH is not only a cytosolic protein but is localized in the membrane, the nucleus, polysomes, the ER and the Golgi. In addition, although the initial subcellular localizations of multifunctional proteins may be of significance, dynamic changes in intracellular distribution may occur as a consequence of those new activities. As such, regulatory mechanisms may exist through which cells control multifunctional protein expression as a function of their subcellular localization. The temporal sequence through which subcellular translocation and the acquisition of new GAPDH functions is considered as well as post-translational modification as a basis for its intracellular transport.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael A Sirover
- Department of Pharmacology, Temple University School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19140, USA.
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Glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (GAPDH) induces cancer cell senescence by interacting with telomerase RNA component. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2012; 109:13308-13. [PMID: 22847419 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1206672109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Oxidative stress regulates telomere homeostasis and cellular aging by unclear mechanisms. Glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate dehydrogenase (GAPDH) is a key mediator of many oxidative stress responses, involving GAPDH nuclear translocation and induction of cell death. We report here that GAPDH interacts with the telomerase RNA component (TERC), inhibits telomerase activity, and induces telomere shortening and breast cancer cell senescence. The Rossmann fold containing NAD(+) binding region on GAPDH is responsible for the interaction with TERC, whereas a lysine residue in the GAPDH catalytic domain is required for inhibiting telomerase activity and disrupting telomere maintenance. Furthermore, the GAPDH substrate glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate (G3P) and the nitric oxide donor S-nitrosoglutathione (GSNO) both negatively regulate GAPDH inhibition of telomerase activity. Thus, we demonstrate that GAPDH is regulated to target the telomerase complex, resulting in an arrest of telomere maintenance and cancer cell proliferation.
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14
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Affiliation(s)
- Roger A Brumback
- Department of Pathology, Creighton University Medical Center, Omaha, NE, USA
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15
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Sirover MA. On the functional diversity of glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase: biochemical mechanisms and regulatory control. Biochim Biophys Acta Gen Subj 2011; 1810:741-51. [PMID: 21640161 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbagen.2011.05.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 210] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2011] [Revised: 05/13/2011] [Accepted: 05/16/2011] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND New studies provide evidence that glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (GAPDH) is not simply a classical glycolytic protein of little interest. Instead, it is a multifunctional protein with significant activity in a number of fundamental cell pathways. GAPDH is a highly conserved gene and protein, with a single mRNA transcribed from a unique gene. Control mechanisms must exist which regulate its functional diversity. SCOPE OF REVIEW This review focuses on new, timely studies defining not only its diverse activities but also those which define the regulatory mechanisms through which those functions may be controlled. The reader is referred to the author's prior review for the consideration of past reports which first indicated GAPDH multiple activities (Sirover, Biochim. Biophys. Acta 1432 (1999) 159-184.) CONCLUSIONS These investigations demonstrate fundamental roles of GAPDH in vivo, dynamic changes in its subcellular localization, and the importance of posttranslational modifications as well as protein:protein interactions as regulatory control mechanisms. GENERAL SIGNIFICANCE GAPDH is the prototype "moonlighting" protein which exhibits activities distinct from their classically identified functions. Their participation in diverse cell pathways is essential. Regulatory mechanisms exist which control those diverse activities as well as changes in their subcellular localization as a consequence of those new functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael A Sirover
- Department of Pharmacology, Temple University School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19140, USA.
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16
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Said HM, Polat B, Hagemann C, Anacker J, Flentje M, Vordermark D. Absence of GAPDH regulation in tumor-cells of different origin under hypoxic conditions in - vitro. BMC Res Notes 2009; 2:8. [PMID: 19144146 PMCID: PMC2646737 DOI: 10.1186/1756-0500-2-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2008] [Accepted: 01/13/2009] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Gene expression studies related to cancer diagnosis and treatment are important. In order to conduct such experiment accurately, absolutely reliable housekeeping genes are essential to normalize cancer related gene expression. The most important characteristics of such genes are their presence in all cells and their expression levels remain relatively constant under different experimental conditions. However, no single gene of this group of genes manifests always stable expression levels under all experimental conditions. Incorrect choice of housekeeping genes leads to interpretation errors of experimental results including evaluation and quantification of pathological gene expression. Here, we examined (a) the degree of GAPDH expression regulation in Hep-1-6 mouse hepatoma and Hep-3-B and HepG2 human hepatocellular carcinoma cell lines as well as in human lung adenocarcinoma epithelial cell line (A-549) in addition to both HT-29, and HCT-116 colon cancer cell lines, under hypoxic conditions in vitro in comparison to other housekeeping genes like β-actin, serving as experimental loading controls, (b) the potential use of GAPDH as a target for tumor therapeutic approaches was comparatively examined in vitro on both protein and mRNA level, by western blot and semi quantitative RT-PCR, respectively. Findings No hypoxia-induced regulatory effect on GAPDH expression was observed in the cell lines studied in vitro that were; Hep-1-6 mouse hepatoma and Hep-3-B and HepG2 human hepatocellular carcinoma cell lines, Human lung adenocarcinoma epithelial cell line (A-549), both colon cancer cell lines HT-29, and HCT-116. Conclusion As it is the case for human hepatocellular carcinoma, mouse hepatoma, human colon cancer, and human lung adenocarcinoma, GAPDH represents an optimal choice of a housekeeping gene and/(or) loading control to determine the expression of hypoxia induced genes in tumors of different origin. The results confirm our previous findings in human glioblastoma that this gene is not an attractive target for tumor therapeutic approaches because of the lack of GAPDH regulation under hypoxia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Harun M Said
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany.
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17
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Mazzola JL, Sirover MA. Subcellular localization of human glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase is independent of its glycolytic function. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA 2003; 1622:50-6. [PMID: 12829261 DOI: 10.1016/s0304-4165(03)00117-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (GAPDH) was considered a classical glycolytic protein involved exclusively in cytosolic energy production. However, recent evidence suggests that it is a multifunctional protein displaying diverse activities distinct from its conventional metabolic role. These new roles for GAPDH may be dependent on its subcellular localization, oligomeric state or on the proliferative state of the cell. GAPDH is encoded by a single gene without alternate splicing. The regulatory mechanisms are unknown through which an individual GAPDH molecule fulfills its non-glycolytic functions or is targeted to a specific intracellular localization. Accordingly, as a first step to elucidate these subcellular regulatory mechanisms, we examined the interrelationship between the intracellular expression of the GAPDH protein and its glycolytic function in normal human fetal and senior cells. GAPDH localization was determined by immunoblot analysis. Enzyme activity was quantitated by in vitro biochemical assay. We now report that the subcellular expression of GAPDH was independent of its classical glycolytic function. In particular, in both fetal and senior cells, considerable GADPH protein was present in intracellular domains characterized by significantly reduced catalysis. Gradient analysis indicated that this lower activity was not due to the dissociation of tetrameric GAPDH. These results suggest that human cells contain significant intracellular levels of enzymatically inactive GAPDH which is age-independent. The possibility is considered that the functional diversity of GAPDH may be mediated either by posttranslational alteration or by subcellular protein:protein and/or protein:nucleic acid interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer L Mazzola
- Department of Pharmacology, Temple University School of Medicine, 3420 N. Broad Street, Philadelphia, PA 19140, USA
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18
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Sirover MA. New insights into an old protein: the functional diversity of mammalian glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA 1999; 1432:159-84. [PMID: 10407139 DOI: 10.1016/s0167-4838(99)00119-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 598] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
Glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (GAPDH) was considered a classical glycolytic protein examined for its pivotal role in energy production. It was also used as a model protein for analysis of protein structure and enzyme mechanisms. The GAPDH gene was utilized as a prototype for studies of genetic organization, expression and regulation. However, recent evidence demonstrates that mammalian GAPDH displays a number of diverse activities unrelated to its glycolytic function. These include its role in membrane fusion, microtubule bundling, phosphotransferase activity, nuclear RNA export, DNA replication and DNA repair. These new activities may be related to the subcellular localization and oligomeric structure of GAPDH in vivo. Furthermore, other investigations suggest that GAPDH is involved in apoptosis, age-related neurodegenerative disease, prostate cancer and viral pathogenesis. Intriguingly, GAPDH is also a unique target of nitric oxide. This review discusses the functional diversity of GAPDH in relation to its protein structure. The mechanisms through which mammalian cells may utilize GAPDH amino acid sequences to provide these new functions and to determine its intracellular localization are considered. The interrelationship between new GAPDH activities and its role in cell pathologies is addressed.
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Affiliation(s)
- M A Sirover
- Department of Pharmacology, Temple University School of Medicine, Philadelphia PA 19140, USA.
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19
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Fothergill-Gilmore LA, Michels PA. Evolution of glycolysis. PROGRESS IN BIOPHYSICS AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 1993; 59:105-235. [PMID: 8426905 DOI: 10.1016/0079-6107(93)90001-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 342] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
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20
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Nadeau JH, Davisson MT, Doolittle DP, Grant P, Hillyard AL, Kosowsky MR, Roderick TH. Comparative map for mice and humans. Mamm Genome 1992; 3:480-536. [PMID: 1392257 DOI: 10.1007/bf00778825] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- J H Nadeau
- Jackson Laboratory, Bar Harbor, Maine 04609
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21
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Patracchini P, Aiello V, Marchetti G, Palazzi P, Ferrati M, Calzolari E, Bernardi F. Localization of cloned human DNA sequences and analysis of chromosomal alterations by in situ hybridization. LIVER 1992; 12:280-5. [PMID: 1447960 DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0676.1992.tb01061.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
The in situ hybridization technique was used for the localization on human chromosomes of single-copy and repeated sequences and, in addition, for the characterization of altered human chromosomes. Two anonymous clones, single or low-copy, obtained from a human X chromosome library were localized on the distal part of the long arm and in the paracentromeric region of X chromosome, respectively. A genomic fragment of the single-copy thyroglobulin (TG) gene was used to confirm the localization on the distal part of the long arm of chromosome 8. The localization and distribution on human chromosomes of the glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (GAPD) multigene family obtained by in situ hybridization and by somatic cell hybrids were compared. A phosphoglycerate kinase (PGK) c-DNA clone, which detects genic and pseudogenic sequences on the X chromosome, was used for the characterization of three small ring markers present in unrelated female patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Patracchini
- Centro di Studi Biochimici delle Patologie del Genoma Umano, Università di Ferrara, Italy
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22
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Nadeau JH, Davisson MT, Doolittle DP, Grant P, Hillyard AL, Kosowsky M, Roderick TH. Comparative map for mice and humans. Mamm Genome 1991; 1 Spec No:S461-515. [PMID: 1799811 DOI: 10.1007/bf00656504] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- J H Nadeau
- Jackson Laboratory, Bar Harbor, ME 04609
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23
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Yarbrough PO, Hayden MA, Dunn LA, Vermersch PS, Klass MR, Hecht RM. The glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase gene family in the nematode, Caenorhabditis elegans: isolation and characterization of one of the genes. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA 1987; 908:21-33. [PMID: 3026481 DOI: 10.1016/0167-4781(87)90018-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
The isolation and genomic sequence of one of possibly four glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase genes in the nematode, Caenorhabditis elegans is presented. The complete nucleotide sequence of the coding as well as the noncoding flanking regions of this gene has been determined. The deduced amino-acid sequence agrees with the sequence of typical glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase enzymes and its molecular weight of 36,235 agrees with its size determined previously (Yarbrough, P. and Hecht, R. (1984) J. Biol. Chem. 259, 14711-14720). That this isolated gene encodes a nematode glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase is additionally confirmed by demonstrating its immunoreactivity to an anti-nematode glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase antibody after its expression as a fusion protein with dihydrofolate reductase. Codon utilization follows a pattern typical of other expressed nematode genes. The gene is split by two introns that are highly conserved in comparison to other introns observed in C. elegans. The placement of one of these introns is conserved with respect to the chicken glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase gene. Within the 5' flanking sequence homology to actin and the homology 2 block of the major myosin gene (unc-54) is noted. It is of interest that the 3' flanking region contains a CAAAT box, followed by a TATAAT box, before an open reading frame of a closely linked gene that also contains a small AT-rich intron with the nematode consensus splice junction.
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24
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Human glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase: mRNA levels and enzyme activity in developing muscle. Mol Cell Biol 1986. [PMID: 3837856 DOI: 10.1128/mcb.5.8.2147] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Analysis of human glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase mRNA revealed that levels in adult skeletal muscle are 12-fold greater per microgram of polyadenylated RNA than in fetal skeletal muscle, whereas in cardiac muscle RNA levels were about equal in fetal and adult tissue. The mRNA levels correlate well with glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate dehydrogenase enzyme activities. There was no evidence for fetus- or tissue-specific forms.
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25
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Edwards YH, Lloyd JC, McMillan SL, Benham FJ. Human glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase: mRNA levels and enzyme activity in developing muscle. Mol Cell Biol 1985; 5:2147-9. [PMID: 3837856 PMCID: PMC366933 DOI: 10.1128/mcb.5.8.2147-2149.1985] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Analysis of human glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase mRNA revealed that levels in adult skeletal muscle are 12-fold greater per microgram of polyadenylated RNA than in fetal skeletal muscle, whereas in cardiac muscle RNA levels were about equal in fetal and adult tissue. The mRNA levels correlate well with glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate dehydrogenase enzyme activities. There was no evidence for fetus- or tissue-specific forms.
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26
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Naylor SL, Gray PW, Lalley PA. Mouse immune interferon (IFN-gamma) gene is on chromosome 10. SOMATIC CELL AND MOLECULAR GENETICS 1984; 10:531-4. [PMID: 6433489 DOI: 10.1007/bf01534857] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
A cDNA clone for mouse immune interferon has been used to map the mouse interferon gamma gene (Ifg) to a specific chromosome. This clone, which contains a 638-bp insert detects an 18-kb HindIII fragment of mouse DNA. The presence of the mouse Ifg gene in cel hybrids and its chromosomal location were determined by assaying cell hybrid DNA for the presence of the 18-kb HindIII fragment by Southern filter hybridization. Under the hybridization conditions used, Chinese hamster DNA did not hybridize to the cDNA probe. The segregation of mouse chromosomes in cell hybrids indicated that Ifg is located on chromosome 10. Previously, we have mapped immune interferon to the p12.05----qter region of chromosome 12 in humans (1). This region of chromosome 12 also contains the genes for peptidase B and citrate synthase. The homologous genes in mouse are also located on chromosome 10, suggesting that these genes comprise a conserved linkage group.
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27
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Jones C, Moore EE. Localization of a gene which complements branched-chain amino acid transaminase deficiency to the short arm of human chromosome 12. Hum Genet 1984; 66:206-11. [PMID: 6585344 DOI: 10.1007/bf00286602] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
A human X Chinese hamster somatic cell hybrid (J1) containing only one human chromosome (number 11) does not express branched-chain amino acid transaminase and, therefore, cannot grow if the branched-alpha-keto acids are substituted for the branched-chain amino acids in the growth medium. J1 cells, which are glycine auxotrophs (Gly-A), were fused with normal human lymphocytes and the resulting hybrids selectively isolated in glycine-free medium. A total of 16 primary and 46 secondary clones were analyzed for isozymic and nutritional markers. Cytogenetic analysis with chromosome banding was also performed on selected hybrid clones. The results provide evidence that branched-chain amino acid transaminase is syntenic with lactic dehydrogenase B and is located on the short arm of human chromosome 12.
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28
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29
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Lagarde AE, Siminovitch L. Studies on Chinese hamster ovary mutants showing multiple cross-resistance to oxidative phosphorylation inhibitors. SOMATIC CELL GENETICS 1979; 5:847-71. [PMID: 545726 DOI: 10.1007/bf01542646] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Several stable Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) mutants were selected after ethylmethane sulfonate mutagenesis for resistance to oligomycin, ruatmycin, venturicidin, or antimycin. These mutants shared a number of common properties. They exhibited cross-resistance to those drugs which act on oxidative phosphorylation, irrespective of the structure and site of action of the drug. All the mutants showed a reduced ability to grow in suspension and to reach high saturation densities. They were also unable to use galactose as a carbon source. The short lag period required for selection (10-15 days), the similarity of the mutation rates for resistance to each of the four drugs, the high variance/mean ratios in fluctuation tests, and the recessive behavior of the resistance marker in hybrids suggest that the mutations responsible for resistance to oxidative phosphorylation inhibitors in CHO cells are coded by nuclear DNA. Segregation experiments indicated no linkage between the oligomycin-resistant marker (OLG) AND Thg (thioguanine resistance). Oxidative phosphorylation, as measured by the rate of respiration coupled to phosphorylation in whole cells remained as sensitive to the drugs in the mutants as in the parental cell line. Glucose transport and the overall Krebs' cycle activities also appeared similar in the mutants and the wild type. All the mutants had an increased rate of lactic acid production (up to twofold), associated with increased specific activities for several glycolytic enzymes when assayed in cell-free extracts.
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30
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Serville F, Junien C, Kaplan JC, Gachet M, Cadoux J, Broustet A. Gene dosage effect for human triosephosphate isomerase and glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase in partial trisomy 12p13 and trisomy 18p. Hum Genet 1978; 45:63-9. [PMID: 730182 DOI: 10.1007/bf00277574] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
An 8-year-old girl with profound mental retardation and a neurologic syndrome associated with morphologic abnormalities was found to have a supernumerary small submetacentric chromosome. Several members of her family carried a balanced translocation t(12;18)(p12;q11), and the child's karyotype could be explained by 3:1 maternal segregation (tertiary trisomy). The proband was trisomic for 12p13 and 18p. A gene dosage effect was demonstrated for triosephosphate isomerase and glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate in erythrocytes and leukocytes allowing us to assign the corresponding loci to the tip of the chromosome 12 short arm.
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31
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Law ML, Kao FT. Induced segregation of human syntenic genes by 5-bromodeozyuridine + near-visible light. SOMATIC CELL GENETICS 1978; 4:465-76. [PMID: 684558 DOI: 10.1007/bf01538867] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Chromosome-breaking agents have been used in two different procedures for promoting segregation of syntenic genes on human chromosome 12. In method A, a human-Chinese hamster cell hybrid containing the single human chromosome 12 was treated either with 5-bromodeoxyuridine BrdU + near-visible light or with X-rays. In method B, normal human fibroblasts were treated with BrdU + near-visible light followed by their fusion with a Chinese hamster glycine-requiring cell mutant CHO-K1/gly-A. Since the human complementing gene for serine hydroxymethyltransferase, an enzyme deficient in gly-A, lies on human chromosome 12, only those hybrids retaining that chromosome can survive the glycine-free medium. Clones isolated from both procedures were analyzed for the loss or retention of four other syntenic genes on chromosome 12, TPI, GAPD, LDH B, and PepB. The results demonstrate that method B is much more effective in generating clones with extensive marker losses. In addition, the segregation pattern and frequency obtained in this study provided information on the linear order of TPI and GAPD on chromosome 12.
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Minna JD, Bruns GA, Krinsky AH, Lalley PA, Francke U, Gerald PS. Assignment of a Mus musculus gene for triosephosphate isomerase to chromosome 6 and for glyoxalase-I to chromosome 17 using somatic cell hybrids. SOMATIC CELL GENETICS 1978; 4:241-52. [PMID: 566476 DOI: 10.1007/bf01538988] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Chinese hamster X mouse hybrid cells segregating mouse chromosomes have been used to assign a gene for triosephosphate isomerase (TPI-1, EC 5.3.1.1, McKusick No. 19045) to mouse chromosome 6, and a gene for Glyoxalase-I (GLO-1, EC 4.4.1.5, McKusick No 13875) to mouse chromosome 17. The genes for TPI-1 and lactate dehydrogenase B are syntenic in man and probably so in the dog. It is therefore likely that they are syntenic also in the mouse. It is of interest then that there is a mouse gene, Ldr-1, on chromosome 6 that regulates the level of LDH B subunits in mouse erythrocytes. The locus for GLO-1 is closely linked to the major histocompatibility complex in man. Since the major histocompatibility complex in the mouse is present on chromosome 17, this locus and the Glo-1 locus are syntenic in the mouse as well. This finding adds to the number of autosomal gene pairs which are syntenic in both mouse and man and reinforces the belief that there is considerable conservation. of linkage groups during evolution.
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Abstract
In man, the specific chromosome that carries each of about 210 gene loci is known. These loci include at least one assigned to each chromosome (including the Y), about 110 assigned to specific autosomes, and about 100 to the X chromosome. For many loci, information on regional chromosomal localization is also available. The information comes mainly from studies in families and somatic cell hybrids, as well as an intgratsight of results from the two methods. Knowledge of the chromosome map gives insight into evolution, chromosomal organization in relation to genetic control mechanisms, and the pathogenesis of neoplasms and malformations. Furthermore, it is useful in prenatal or premorbid diagnosis of hereditary diseases.
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