Recent advances in the polymerase chain reaction

Heterogeneous Integration of Acoustic Microextraction with an Optoelectronic Sensor on Glass for Nucleic Acid Testing

Lab-on-a-chip systems (LOCs), characterized by their high sensitivity, low sample consumption, and portability, have significantly advanced the field of on-site testing. Despite the evolution of integrated LOCs from qualitative to quantitative analyses, on-chip full integration of sample preparation, purification, and multiplexed detection remains a challenge. Here, we propose a strategy for the heterogeneous integration of a set of complementary metal oxide semiconductor-compatible devices including acoustic resonator, thin-film resistors, and temperature/photosensors as a new type of LOC for nucleic acid testing (NAT). Programmed acoustic streaming-based particles and fluid manipulations largely simplify the nucleic acid extraction process including cell lysis, nucleic acid capture, and elution. The design of the acoustic microextraction module and extraction process was thoroughly studied. Benefitted by the microelectromechanical system approach, the conventional mechanical actions and complex flow control are avoided, which enables a compact hand-held NAT instrument without complicated peripherals. Validation experiments conducted on plasma-harboring mutations in the epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) gene confirmed the robustness of the system, achieving an impressive nucleic acid (NA) extraction efficiency of approximately 90% within 5 min and a limit of detection of the target NA in the plasma of 1 copy/μL.

Analysis of Clinical Samples of Pancreatic Cyst's Lesions with A Multi-Analyte Bioelectronic Simot Array Benchmarked Against Ultrasensitive Chemiluminescent Immunoassay

Pancreatic cancer, ranking as the third factor in cancer-related deaths, necessitates enhanced diagnostic measures through early detection. In response, SiMoT-Single-molecule with a large Transistor multiplexing array, achieving a Technology Readiness Level of 5, is proposed for a timely identification of pancreatic cancer precursor cysts and is benchmarked against the commercially available chemiluminescent immunoassay SIMOA (Single molecule array) SP-X System. A cohort of 39 samples, comprising 33 cyst fluids and 6 blood plasma specimens, undergoes detailed examination with both technologies. The SiMoT array targets oncoproteins MUC1 and CD55, and oncogene KRAS, while the SIMOA SP-X planar technology exclusively focuses on MUC1 and CD55. Employing Principal Component Analysis (PCA) for multivariate data processing, the SiMoT array demonstrates effective discrimination of malignant/pre-invasive high-grade or potentially malignant low-grade pancreatic cysts from benign non-mucinous cysts. Conversely, PCA analysis applied to SIMOA assay reveals less effective differentiation ability among the three cyst classes. Notably, SiMoT unique capability of concurrently analyzing protein and genetic markers with the threshold of one single molecule in 0.1 mL positions it as a comprehensive and reliable diagnostic tool. The electronic response generated by the SiMoT array facilitates direct digital data communication, suggesting potential applications in the development of field-deployable liquid biopsy.

Systems biology approach: identification of hub genes, signaling pathways, and molecular docking of COL1A1 gene in cervical insufficiency

The collagen type I alpha 1 (COL1A1, OMIM #120,150) gene, encoding the alpha-1 chain of type I collagen (UniProt #P02452), plays a key role in life-homeostasis due to its remarkable involvement in collagen synthesis. It is a promising candidate gene implicated in the pathogenesis of cervical insufficiency (CI). This study aimed to identify genetic variations within the COL1A1 gene that contribute to the development of CI. Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and amplicon sequencing were implemented for single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) detection (+ 1245G/T, SP1 rs1800012), which revealed wild-type sequence for targeted SNPs in enrolled proband indicated negative results regarding COL1A1 gene involvement for current form of CI. It allows further investigation of other closely connected genes probed in this study. Computational approaches viz. Protein-protein interaction (PPI), gene ontology (GO), and pathway participation were used to identify the crucial hub genes and signaling pathways for COL1A1 and CI. Using the Yet Another Scientific Artificial Reality Application (YASARA) software, molecular docking, and molecular dynamic (MD) simulation with the oxytocin (CID 439,302), estradiol (CID 129,728,744), progesterone (CID 5994) and hydroxyprogesterone (CID 150,788) were done. Interactive bioinformatics analysis demonstrated that the COL1A1 and more than 10 collagen sister genes had a strong connection with CI. In sum, the findings of this study provide insights into a modus operandi that can be utilized to illuminate the path toward studying sister genes and smooth diagnosis of CI. These findings have implications for understanding the foundational process of the condition and potentially developing screening, diagnostic, and therapeutic interventions.

Graphical Abstract

Rapid and sensitive detection of nucleic acids using an RAA-CRISPR/Cas12b one-pot detection assay (Rcod)

Rapid, sensitive and specific methods are crucial for nucleic acid detection. CRISPR/Cas12b has recently been widely used in nucleic acid detection. However, due to its thermophagic property, DNA isothermal recombinase-aided amplification (RAA) and subsequent CRISPR/Cas12b detection require two separate reactions, which is cumbersome and inconvenient and may cause aerosol pollution. In this study, we propose an RAA-CRISPR/Cas12b one-pot detection assay (Rcod) for Bordetella pertussis detection without additional amplification product transfer steps. The time from sample processing to response time was less than 30 min using nucleic acid extraction-free method, and the sensitivity reached 0.2 copies/μL. In this system, Alicyclobacillus acidoterrestris Cas12b protein (AacCas12b) exhibited strong and specific trans-cleavage activity at a constant temperature of 37 °C, while the cis-cleavage activity was weak. This characteristic reduces the interference of AacCas12b with nucleic acids in the system. Compared with real-time PCR, our Rcod system detected B. pertussis in 221 clinical samples with a sensitivity and specificity of 97.96 % and 99.19 %, respectively, with nucleic acid extraction-free method. The rapid, sensitive and specific Rcod system provides ideas for the establishment of CRISPR-based one-step nucleic acid detection and may aid the development of reliable point-of-care nucleic acid tests. IMPORTANCE: Pertussis is an acute respiratory infection caused by B. pertussis that is highly contagious and potentially fatal, and early diagnosis is essential for the treatment of whooping cough. In this study, we found that AacCas12b has high and strongly specific trans-cleavage activity at lower temperatures. A RAA-CRISPR/Cas12b one-step detection platform (Rcod) without interference with amplification was developed. In addition, the combination of Rcod and nucleic acid extraction-free method can quickly and accurately detect the qualitative detection of B. pertussis, and the detection results are visualized, which makes the pathogen nucleic acid detection and analysis process simpler, and provides a new method for the rapid clinical diagnosis of B. pertussis.

Global prevalence of potentially pathogenic free-living amoebae in sewage and sewage-related environments-systematic review with meta-analysis

Free-living amoebae (FLA) include amphizoic microorganisms important in public health, widely isolated from air, water, and soil. However, its occurrence in sewage-related environments still needs to be systematically documented. This study summarizes the occurrence of FLA in sewage-related environments through a systematic review with meta-analysis. A total of 1983 scientific article were retrieved from different databases, of which 35 were selected and analyzed using a random effects forest plot model with a 95% confidence interval (IC). The pooled overall prevalence of FLA in sewage across 12 countries was 68.96% (95% IC = 58.5-79.42). Subgroup analysis indicates high prevalence in all environments analyzed, including sewage water from the sewage treatment plant (81.19%), treated sewage water (75.57%), sewage-contaminated water (67.70%), sediment contaminated by sewage (48.91%), and sewage water (47.84%). Prevalence values of Acanthamoeba spp., Hartmanella/Vermamoeba spp., and Naegleria spp. are 47.48%, 28.24%, and 16.69%, respectively. Analyzing the species level, the distribution is as follows: Acanthamoeba palestinensis (88%), A. castellanii (23.74%), A. astronyxis (19.18%), A. polyphaga (13.59%), A. culbertsoni (12.5%), A. stevensoni (8.33%), A. tubiashi (4.35%) and A. hatchetti (1.1%), Naegleria fowleri (28.4%), N. gruberi (25%), N. clarki (8.33%), N. australiensis (4.89%) and N. italica (4.29%), Hartmannella/Vermamoeba exundans (40%) and H.V. vermiform (32.61%). Overall, our findings indicate a high risk associated with sewage-related environments, as the prevalence of FLA, including pathogenic strains, is high, even in treated sewage water. The findings of this study may be valuable both for risk remediation actions against amoebic infections and for future research endeavors.

Point-Of-Care Ultra-Portable Single-Molecule Bioassays for One-Health

Screening asymptomatic organisms (humans, animals, plants) with a high-diagnostic accuracy using point-of-care-testing (POCT) technologies, though still visionary holds great potential. Convenient surveillance requires easy-to-use, cost-effective, ultra-portable but highly reliable, in-vitro-diagnostic devices that are ready for use wherever they are needed. Currently, there are not yet such devices available on the market, but there are a couple more promising technologies developed at readiness-level 5: the Clustered-Regularly-Interspaced-Short-Palindromic-Repeats (CRISPR) lateral-flow-strip tests and the Single-Molecule-with-a-large-Transistor (SiMoT) bioelectronic palmar devices. They both hold key features delineated by the World-Health-Organization for POCT systems and an occurrence of false-positive and false-negative errors <1-5% resulting in diagnostic-selectivity and sensitivity >95-99%, while limit-of-detections are of few markers. CRISPR-strip is a molecular assay that, can detect down to few copies of DNA/RNA markers in blood while SiMoT immunometric and molecular test can detect down to a single oligonucleotide, protein marker, or pathogens in 0.1mL of blood, saliva, and olive-sap. These technologies can prospectively enable the systematic and reliable surveillance of asymptomatic ones prior to worsening/proliferation of illnesses allowing for timely diagnosis and swift prognosis. This could establish a proactive healthcare ecosystem that results in effective treatments for all living organisms generating diffuse and well-being at efficient costs.

Modular DNAzymes-Hydrogel Membrane Carriers for Highly Sensitive Isothermal Cross-Cascade Detection of Pathogenic Bacteria Nucleic Acids

The increasing prevalence of antimicrobial resistance has called for improved diagnostic testing of pathogenic bacteria. However, the development of rapid, cost-effective, and easy-to-use tests for bacterial infections remains a constant challenge. Here, we report a class of modular hydrogel membrane carriers incorporated with composite DNAzymes, which enable rapid and highly sensitive detection of pathogenic bacteria gene target analytes. We apply free radical polymerization to incorporate composite DNAzymes, consisting of an RNA substrate component and a DNAzyme component (e.g., 10-23 or 8-17 DNAzymes), into polyethylene glycol diacrylate polymer networks. Initiated by a nucleic acid target acting as an assembly facilitator, multicomponent DNAzymes are combined to cleave the RNA substrate component in the hydrogel carriers, which releases the DNAzyme component to cleave RNA reporter probes to generate fluorescence. We modulate the morphology, composition, and microporous structures of the DNAzyme carriers to achieve quantitative assay performance. We demonstrate a rapid and high-sensitivity detection of C. trachomatis gene target analytes as low as 50 fM in a short assay time of 25 min. The work represents a crucial step forward in the development of a generic, isothermal, and protein enzyme-free pathogenic bacteria testing platform technology.

Cell-free regeneration of ATP based on polyphosphate kinase 2 facilitates cytidine 5'-monophosphate production

Cytidine 5'-monophosphate (5'-CMP), a key intermediate for the production of nucleotide derivatives, has been extensively used in food, agriculture, and medicine industries. Compared to RNA degradation and chemical synthesis, the biosynthesis of 5'-CMP has attracted wide attention due to its relatively low cost and eco-friendliness. In this study, we developed a cell-free regeneration of ATP based on polyphosphate kinase 2 (PPK2) to manufacture 5'-CMP from cytidine (CR). McPPK2 from Meiothermus cerbereus exhibited high specific activity (128.5 U/mg) and was used to accomplish ATP regeneration. McPPK2 and LhUCK (a uridine-cytidine kinase from Lactobacillus helveticus) were combined to convert CR to 5'-CMP. Further, the degradation of CR was inhibited by knocking out cdd from the Escherichia coli genome to enhance 5'-CMP production. Finally, the cell-free system based on ATP regeneration maximized the titer of 5'-CMP up to 143.5 mM. The wider applicability of this cell-free system was demonstrated in the synthesis of deoxycytidine 5'-monophosphate (5'-dCMP) from deoxycytidine (dCR) by incorporating McPPK2 and BsdCK (a deoxycytidine kinase from Bacillus subtilis). This study suggests that the cell-free regeneration of ATP based on PPK2 has the advantage of great flexibility for producing 5'-(d)CMP and other (deoxy)nucleotides.

Elution-free DNA detection using CRISPR/Cas9-mediated light-up aptamer transcription: Toward all-in-one DNA purification and detection tube

Accurate and efficient detection of DNA is crucial for disease diagnosis and health monitoring. The traditional methods for DNA analysis involve multiple steps, including sample preparation, lysis, extraction, amplification, and detection. In this study, we present a one-step elution-free DNA analysis method based on the combination of clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats (CRISPR)/CRISPR-associated protein 9 (Cas9)-mediated light-up aptamer transcription (CLAT) assay and a DNA-capturing poly(2-dimethylaminomethyl styrene) (pDMAMS)-coated tube. The sample solution and lysis buffer are added to the pDMAMS-coated tube, and the DNA is efficiently captured on the surface via electrostatic interaction and directly detected by CLAT assay. The ability of the CRISPR/Cas9 system to specifically recognize DNA enables direct detection of DNA captured on the pDMAMS-coated tube. The combination of CLAT assay and pDMAMS-coated tube simplifies DNA detection in a single tube without the need for complicated extraction steps, improving sensitivity. Our platform demonstrated attomolar sensitivity in the detection of target DNA in cell lysate (0.92 aM), urine (7.7 aM), and plasma (94.6 aM) samples within 1 h. The practical applicability of this method was further demonstrated in experiments with tumor-bearing mice. We believe that this approach brings us closer to an all-in-one DNA purification and detection tube system and has potential applications in tissue and liquid biopsies, as well as various other DNA sensing applications.

Nested PCR Approach for petB Gene Metabarcoding of Marine Synechococcus Populations

The molecular diversity of marine picocyanobacterial populations, an important component of phytoplankton communities, is better characterized using high-resolution marker genes than the 16S rRNA gene as they have greater sequence divergence to differentiate between closely related picocyanobacteria groups. Although specific ribosomal primers have been developed, another general disadvantage of bacterial ribosome-based diversity analyses is the variable number of rRNA gene copies. To overcome these issues, the single-copy petB gene, encoding the cytochrome b6 subunit of the cytochrome b6f complex, has been used as a high-resolution marker gene to characterize Synechococcus diversity. We have designed new primers targeting the petB gene and proposed a nested PCR method (termed Ong_2022) for metabarcoding of marine Synechococcus populations obtained by flow cytometry cell sorting. We evaluated the specificity and sensitivity of Ong_2022 against the standard amplification protocol (termed Mazard_2012) using filtered seawater samples. The Ong_2022 approach was also tested on flow cytometry-sorted Synechococcus populations. Samples (filtered and sorted) were obtained in the Southwest Pacific Ocean, from subtropical (ST) and subantarctic (SA) water masses. The two PCR approaches using filtered samples recovered the same dominant subclades, Ia, Ib, IVa, and IVb, with small differences in relative abundance across the distinct samples. For example, subclade IVa was dominant in ST samples with the Mazard_2012 approach, while the same samples processed with Ong_2022 showed similar contributions of subclades IVa and Ib to the total community. The Ong_2022 approach generally captured a higher genetic diversity of Synechococcus subcluster 5.1 than the Mazard_2012 approach while having a lower proportion of incorrectly assigned amplicon sequence variants (ASVs). All flow cytometry-sorted Synechococcus samples could be amplified only by our nested approach. The taxonomic diversity obtained with our primers on both sample types was in agreement with the clade distribution observed by previous studies that applied other marker genes or PCR-free metagenomic approaches under similar environmental conditions. IMPORTANCE The petB gene has been proposed as a high-resolution marker gene to access the diversity of marine Synechococcus populations. A systematic metabarcoding approach based on the petB gene would improve the characterization/assessment of the Synechococcus community structure in marine planktonic ecosystems. We have designed and tested specific primers to be applied in a nested PCR protocol (Ong_2022) for metabarcoding the petB gene. The Ong_2022 protocol can be applied to samples with low DNA content, such as those obtained by flow cytometry cell sorting, allowing the simultaneous assessment of the genetic diversity of Synechococcus populations and cellular properties and activities (e.g., nutrient cell ratios or carbon uptake rates). Our approach will allow future studies using flow cytometry to investigate the link between ecological traits and taxonomic diversity of marine Synechococcus.

Detection Methods for Foodborne Viruses: Current State-of-Art and Future Perspectives

Foodborne viruses have been recognized as important threats to food safety and human health. Rapid and accurate detection is one of the most crucial measures for food safety control. With the development of biology, chemistry, nanoscience, and related interdisciplines, detection strategies have been devised and advanced continuously. This review mainly focuses on the progress of detection methods for foodborne viruses. The current detection methods for foodborne viruses are summarized, including traditional electron microscopy and cultural isolation, immunoassay, molecular technology, biosensors, and newly emerging CRISPR/Cas-based detection technology. Furthermore, a comparison of the detection methods was objectively discussed. This review provides a comprehensive account of foodborne virus detection methods from fundamentals to state-of-the-art and illustrates the advantages and disadvantages of the current methods and proposes the future trends and directions for foodborne virus detection. It is hoped that this review can update current knowledge and present blueprints in order to accelerate futuristic development.

Opinions of former jail residents about self-collection of SARS-CoV-2 specimens, paired with wastewater surveillance: A qualitative study rapidly examining acceptability of COVID-19 mitigation measures

In year one of the COVID-19 epidemic, the incidence of infection for US carceral populations was 5.5-fold higher than that in the community. Prior to the rapid roll out of a comprehensive jail surveillance program of Wastewater-Based Surveillance (WBS) and individual testing for SARS-CoV-2, we sought the perspectives of formerly incarcerated individuals regarding mitigation strategies against COVID-19 to inform acceptability of the new program. In focus groups, participants discussed barriers to their receiving COVID-19 testing and vaccination. We introduced WBS and individual nasal self-testing, then queried if wastewater testing to improve surveillance of emerging outbreaks before case numbers surged, and specimen self-collection, would be valued. The participants' input gives insight into ways to improve the delivery of COVID-19 interventions. Hearing the voices of those with lived experiences of incarceration is critical to understanding their views on infection control strategies and supports including justice-involved individuals in decision-making processes regarding jail-based interventions.

Genetic Diversity and Population Structure Analysis of Castanopsis hystrix and Construction of a Core Collection Using Phenotypic Traits and Molecular Markers

Castanopsis hystrix is a valuable native, broad-leaved, and fast-growing tree in South China. In this study, 15 phenotypic traits and 32 simple sequence repeat (SSR) markers were used to assess the genetic diversity and population structure of a natural population of C. hystrix and to construct a core germplasm collection by a set of 232 accessions. The results showed that the original population of C. hystrix had relatively high genetic diversity, with the number of alleles (Na), effective number of alleles (Ne), observed heterozygosity (Ho), expected heterozygosity (He), Shannon's information index (I), and polymorphism information content (PIC) averaging at 26.188, 11.565, 0.863, 0.897, 2.660, and 0.889, respectively. Three sub-populations were identified based on a STRUCTURE analysis, indicating a strong genetic structure. The results from the phylogenetic and population structures showed a high level of agreement, with 232 germplasms being classified into three main groups. The analysis of molecular variance (AMOVA) test indicated that 96% of the total variance was derived from within populations, which revealed a low differentiation among populations. A core collection composed of 157 germplasms was firstly constructed thereafter, of which the diversity parameters non-significantly differed from the original population. These results revealed the genetic diversity and population structure of C. hystrix germplasms, which have implications for germplasm management and genome-wide association studies on C. hystrix, as well as for core collection establishment applications in other wood-producing hardwood species.

Application of Microfluidics for Bacterial Identification

Bacterial infections continue to pose serious public health challenges. Though anti-bacterial therapeutics are effective remedies for treating these infections, the emergence of antibiotic resistance has imposed new challenges to treatment. Often, there is a delay in prescribing antibiotics at initial symptom presentation as it can be challenging to clinically differentiate bacterial infections from other organisms (e.g., viruses) causing infection. Moreover, bacterial infections can arise from food, water, or other sources. These challenges have demonstrated the need for rapid identification of bacteria in liquids, food, clinical spaces, and other environments. Conventional methods of bacterial identification rely on culture-based approaches which require long processing times and higher pathogen concentration thresholds. In the past few years, microfluidic devices paired with various bacterial identification methods have garnered attention for addressing the limitations of conventional methods and demonstrating feasibility for rapid bacterial identification with lower biomass thresholds. However, such culture-free methods often require integration of multiple steps from sample preparation to measurement. Research interest in using microfluidic methods for bacterial identification is growing; therefore, this review article is a summary of current advancements in this field with a focus on comparing the efficacy of polymerase chain reaction (PCR), loop-mediated isothermal amplification (LAMP), and emerging spectroscopic methods.

Smart Nanostructured Materials for SARS-CoV-2 and Variants Prevention, Biosensing and Vaccination

The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic, caused by the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), has raised great concerns about human health globally. At the current stage, prevention and vaccination are still the most efficient ways to slow down the pandemic and to treat SARS-CoV-2 in various aspects. In this review, we summarize current progress and research activities in developing smart nanostructured materials for COVID-19 prevention, sensing, and vaccination. A few established concepts to prevent the spreading of SARS-CoV-2 and the variants of concerns (VOCs) are firstly reviewed, which emphasizes the importance of smart nanostructures in cutting the virus spreading chains. In the second part, we focus our discussion on the development of stimuli-responsive nanostructures for high-performance biosensing and detection of SARS-CoV-2 and VOCs. The use of nanostructures in developing effective and reliable vaccines for SARS-CoV-2 and VOCs will be introduced in the following section. In the conclusion, we summarize the current research focus on smart nanostructured materials for SARS-CoV-2 treatment. Some existing challenges are also provided, which need continuous efforts in creating smart nanostructured materials for coronavirus biosensing, treatment, and vaccination.

Design of Hydrogel Silk-Based Microarrays and Molecular Beacons for Reagentless Point-of-Care Diagnostics

We have developed a novel microarray system based on three technologies: 1) molecular beacons designed to interact with DNA targets at room temperature (25–27°C), 2) tridimensional silk-based microarrays containing the molecular beacons immersed in the silk hydrogel, and 3) shallow angle illumination, which uses separated optical pathways for excitation and emission. Unlike conventional microarrays that exhibit reduced signal-to-background ratio, require several stages of incubation, rinsing, and stringency control, and measure only end-point results, our microarray technology provides enhanced signal-to-background ratio (achieved by separating the optical pathways for excitation and emission, resulting in reduced stray light), performs analysis rapidly in one step without the need for labeling DNA targets, and measures the entire course of association kinetics between target DNA and the molecular beacons. To illustrate the benefits of our technology, we conducted microarray assays designed for the identification of influenza viruses. We show that in a single microarray slide, we can identify the virus subtype according to the molecular beacons designed for hemagglutinin (H1, H2, and H3) and neuraminidase (N1, N2). We also show the identification of human and swine influenza using sequence-specific molecular beacons. This microarray technology can be easily implemented for reagentless point-of-care diagnostics of several contagious diseases, including coronavirus variants responsible for the current pandemic.

Electrochemical Impedimetric Real-Time Polymerase Chain Reactions Using Anomalous Charge Transfer Enhancement

We developed a new electrochemical impedimetric method for the real-time detection of polymerase chain reactions (PCR) based on our recent discovery that the DNA intercalator, [Ru(bpy)₂DPPZ]²⁺, anomalously enhances charge transfer between redox mediators, K₄[Fe(CN)₆]/K₃[Fe(CN)₆], and a carbon electrode. Three mM [Fe(CN)₆]^3-/4- and 5 μM [Ru(bpy)₂DPPZ]²⁺ were added to the PCR solution, and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) measurements were performed at each elongation heat cycle. The charge transfer resistance (Rct) was initially low due to the presence of [Ru(bpy)₂DPPZ]²⁺ in the solution. As PCR progressed, amplicon dsDNA was produced exponentially, and intercalated [Ru(bpy)₂DPPZ]²⁺ ions, which could be detected as a steep Rct, increased at specific heat cycles depending on the amount of template DNA. The Rct increase per heat cycle, ΔRct, showed a peak at the same heat cycle as optical detection, proving that PCR can be accurately monitored in real time by impedance measurement. This simple method will enable a cost-effective and portable PCR device.

Detection and genome characterization of Middelburg virus strains isolated from CSF and whole blood samples of humans with neurological manifestations in South Africa

BACKGROUND

The Old world Alphavirus, Middelburg virus (MIDV), is not well known and although a few cases associated with animal illness have previously been described from Southern Africa, there has been no investigation into the association of the virus with human illness. The current study aimed to investigate possible association of MIDV infection with febrile or neurological manifestations in hospitalized or symptomatic patients fromGauteng, South Africa.

METHODS

This study is a descriptive retrospective and prospective laboratory based study. Archived cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) samples submitted to the National Health Laboratory Service (NHLS), Tshwane Academic division for viral investigation from public sector hospitals in Gauteng as well as EDTA (ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid) whole blood samples from ad hoc cases of veterinary students, presenting with neurological and febrile illness, were selected and screened for the presence of alphaviruses using real-time reverse transcription(rtRT) PCR.Virus isolations from rtRT-PCR positive samples were conducted in Vero cell culture and used to obtain full genome sequences. Basic descriptive statistical analysis was conducted using EpiInfo.

RESULTS

MIDV was detected by rtRT-PCR in 3/187 retrospective CSF specimens obtained from the NHLS from hospitalised patients in the Tshwane region of Gauteng and 1/2 EDTA samples submitted in the same year (2017) from ad hoc query arbovirus cases from veterinary students from the Faculty of Veterinary Science University of Pretoria.Full genome sequences were obtained for virus isolates from two cases; one from an EDTA whole blood sample (ad hoc case) and another from a CSF sample (NHLS sample).Two of the four Middelburg virus positive cases,for which clinical information was available, had other comorbidities or infections at the time of infection.

CONCLUSION

Detection of MIDV in CSF of patients with neurological manifestations suggests that the virus should be investigated as a human pathogen with the potential of causing or contributing to neurological signs in children and adults.

Exponential Amplification Using Photoredox Autocatalysis

Exponential molecular amplification such as the polymerase chain reaction is a powerful tool that allows ultrasensitive biodetection. Here, we report a new exponential amplification strategy based on photoredox autocatalysis, where eosin Y, a photocatalyst, amplifies itself by activating a nonfluorescent eosin Y derivative (EYH^3-) under green light. The deactivated photocatalyst is stable and rapidly activated under low-intensity light, making the eosin Y amplification suitable for resource-limited settings. Through steady-state kinetic studies and reaction modeling, we found that EYH^3- is either oxidized to eosin Y via one-electron oxidation by triplet eosin Y and subsequent 1e^-/H⁺ transfer, or activated by singlet oxygen with the risk of degradation. By reducing the rate of the EYH^3- degradation, we successfully improved EYH^3--to-eosin Y recovery, achieving efficient autocatalytic eosin Y amplification. Additionally, to demonstrate its flexibility in output signals, we coupled the eosin Y amplification with photoinduced chromogenic polymerization, enabling sensitive visual detection of analytes. Finally, we applied the exponential amplification methods in developing bioassays for detection of biomarkers including SARS-CoV-2 nucleocapsid protein, an antigen used in the diagnosis of COVID-19.

An integrated microfluidic detection system for the automated and rapid diagnosis of high-risk human papillomavirus

Human papillomavirus (HPV) causes the prevalent sexually transmitted infection that accounts for the majority of cervical cancer incidences. Therefore, the development of a rapid, accurate, automatic and affordable nucleic acid detection strategy is urgently required for HPV tests, among which microfluidic chip is a promising diagnostic method. In this work, we developed a microfluidic detection system consisting of a microfluidic chip and the corresponding detection equipment to diagnose high-risk HPV. The proposed method integrates nucleic acid purification, isothermal amplification and real-time fluorescence detection into one device. Moreover, it demonstrates good detection performance such as high specificity of primer sets (100%) and exceptional stability (coefficient of variation <6%) among five HPV genotypes. Besides, the microfluidic loop-mediated isothermal amplification (LAMP) assay is accurate (specificity of 91.7% and sensitivity of 100%) and fast (average time threshold = 10.56 minutes) when considering the conventional qPCR assay as the gold standard. The integrated microfluidic detection system offers automated and rapid diagnosis within 40 minutes and shows broad potential to deliver point-of-care detection in resource-limited circumstances owing to its simplicity and affordability.

Development of Real-Time and Conventional PCR Assays for Identifying a Newly Named Species of Root-Lesion Nematode (Pratylenchus dakotaensis) on Soybean

A rapid and accurate PCR-based method was developed in this study for detecting and identifying a new species of root-lesion nematode (Pratylenchus dakotaensis) recently discovered in a soybean field in North Dakota, USA. Species-specific primers, targeting the internal transcribed spacer region of ribosomal DNA, were designed to be used in both conventional and quantitative real-time PCR assays for identification of P.dakotaensis. The specificity of the primers was evaluated in silico analysis and laboratory PCR experiments. Results showed that only P.dakotaensis DNA was exclusively amplified in conventional and real-time PCR assays but none of the DNA from other control species were amplified. Detection sensitivity analysis revealed that the conventional PCR was able to detect an equivalent to 1/8 of the DNA of a single nematode whereas real-time PCR detected an equivalent to 1/32 of the DNA of a single nematode. According to the generated standard curve the amplification efficiency of the primers in real-time PCR was 94% with a R2 value of 0.95 between quantification cycle number and log number of P.dakotaensis. To validate the assays to distinguish P.dakotaensis from other Pratylenchus spp. commonly detected in North Dakota soybean fields, 20 soil samples collected from seven counties were tested. The PCR assays amplified the DNA of P.dakotaensis and discriminated it from other Pratylenchus spp. present in North Dakota soybean fields. This is the first report of a species-specific and rapid PCR detection method suitable for use in diagnostic and research laboratories for the detection of P.dakotaensis.

Accurate detection and quantification of seasonal abundance of American bullfrog (Lithobates catesbeianus) using ddPCR eDNA assays

The invasive American bullfrog (Lithobates catesbeianus) imperils freshwater biodiversity worldwide. Effective management hinges on early detection of incipient invasions and subsequent rapid response, as established populations are extremely difficult to eradicate. Although environmental DNA (eDNA) detection methods provide a highly sensitive alternative to conventional surveillance techniques, extensive testing is imperative to generate reliable output. Here, we tested and compared the performance of two primer/probe assays to detect and quantify the abundance of bullfrogs in Western Europe in silico and in situ using digital droplet PCR (ddPCR). Although both assays proved to be equally target-specific and sensitive, one outperformed the other in ddPCR detection resolution (i.e., distinguishing groups of target-positive and target-negative droplets), and hence was selected for further analyses. Mesocosm experiments revealed that tadpole abundance and biomass explained 99% of the variation in eDNA concentration. Because per individual eDNA emission rates did not differ significantly among tadpoles and juveniles, and adults mostly reside out of the water, eDNA concentration can be used as an approximation of local bullfrog abundance in natural populations. Seasonal eDNA patterns in three colonized ponds showed parallel fluctuations in bullfrog eDNA concentration. An increase in eDNA concentration was detected in spring, followed by a strong peak coinciding with the breeding season (August, September or October), and continuously low eDNA concentrations during winter. With this study, we report the validation process required for appropriately implementing eDNA barcoding analyses in lentic systems. We demonstrate that this technique can serve as a solid and reliable tool to detect the early stages of bullfrog invasions and to quantify temporal changes in abundance that will be useful in coordinating large-scale bullfrog eradication programs and evaluating their efficiency.

Ultrasensitive nucleic acid detection based on phosphorothioated hairpin-assisted isothermal amplification

Herein, we describe a phosphorothioated hairpin-assisted isothermal amplification (PHAmp) method for detection of a target nucleic acid. The hairpin probe (HP) is designed to contain a 5' phosphorothioate (PS)-modified overhang, a target recognition site, and a 3' self-priming (SP) region. Upon binding to the target nucleic acid, the HP opens and the SP region is rearranged to serve as a primer. The subsequent process of strand displacement DNA synthesis recycles the bound target to open another HP and produces an extended HP (EP) with a PS-DNA/DNA duplex at the end, which would be readily denatured due to its reduced thermal stability. The trigger then binds to the denatured 3' end of the EP and is extended, producing an intermediate double-stranded (ds) DNA product (IP). The trigger also binds to the denatured 3' end of the IP, and its extension produces the final dsDNA product along with concomitant displacement and recycling of EP. By monitoring the dsDNA products, the target nucleic acid can be identified down to 0.29 fM with a wide dynamic range from 1 nM to 1 fM yielding an excellent specificity to discriminate even a single base-mismatched target. The unique design principle could provide new insights into the development of novel isothermal amplification methods for nucleic acid detection.

Advances in single-molecule fluorescent nanosensors

Single-molecule detection represents the ultimate sensitivity in measurement science with the characteristics of simplicity, rapidity, low sample consumption, and high signal-to-noise ratio and has attracted considerable attentions in biosensor development. In recent years, a variety of functional nanomaterials with unique chemical, optical, mechanical, and electronic features have been synthesized. The integration of single-molecule detection with functional nanomaterials enables the construction of novel single-molecule fluorescent nanosensors with excellent performance. Herein, we review the advance in single-molecule fluorescent nanosensors constructed by novel nanomaterials including quantum dots, gold nanoparticles, upconversion nanoparticles, fluorescent conjugated polymer nanoparticles, nanosheets, and magnetic nanoparticles in the past decade (2011-2020), and discuss the strategies, features, and applications of single-molecule fluorescent nanosensors in the detection of microRNAs, DNAs, enzymes, proteins, viruses, and live cells. Moreover, we highlight the future direction and challenges in this area. This article is categorized under: Diagnostic Tools > Biosensing Diagnostic Tools > In Vitro Nanoparticle-Based Sensing Diagnostic Tools > Diagnostic Nanodevices.

Self-priming phosphorothioated hairpin-mediated isothermal amplification

We herein describe a novel technology, termed self-priming phosphorothioated hairpin-mediated isothermal amplification (SP-HAMP), enabling target nucleic acid detection. Isothermal amplification strategies are a simple process that efficiently raises the amount of nucleic acid at a constant temperature, but still has lots of problems such as the requirement of multiple exogenous primers and enzymes, which trigger non-specific background signal and increase the complexity of procedures. The key component for overcoming the above-mentioned limitations is the designed hairpin probe (HP) consisting of self-priming region along the 3' stem and the 3' overhang and phosphorothioate modifications at the 5' overhang and the specific loop part. The HP was designed to open through binding to target nucleic acid. Upon opening of HP, its self-priming (SP) region is rearranged to form a smaller hairpin whose 3' end could serve as a primer. The following extension produces the extended HP and displaces the bound target nucleic acid, which is then recycled to open another HP. Due to the reduced stability caused by the specific two phosphorothioate (PS) modifications, the 3' end of EP1 is readily rearranged to form the foldback hairpin structure, which would promote the foldback extension to produce once more extended HP. Since the two PS modifications are always located at the same positions along the 5' stem within the further extended HPs, the foldback reaction followed by the extension would be continuously repeated, consequently producing a large number of the long hairpin concatamers. Based on this unique design principle, we successfully detected even a single copy of target DNA with outstanding discrimination capability under an isothermal condition by employing only a single HP without the requirement for the complicated multiple primers. In conclusion, the sophisticated design principle employed in this work would provide great insight for the development of self-operative isothermal amplifying system enabling short target nucleic acid detection such as microRNAs or any target which is less than 200 mer.

PCR: An Effective, Faster and Relevant Method for the Detection of Clinical Isolates of Candida albicans

Background:

Candida albicans is associated with infectious diseases with colonization, in both immunocompromised and immunocompetent patients. Antibiotic treatment can develop candidiasis.

Objective:

Evaluation of ITS 4 and ITS5 primer expression on clinical isolates of C. albicans.

Methods:

Fifty clinical isolates of C. albicans were collected from different sites viz. Catheter Tip (CT), High Vaginal Swab (HVS) and Urine (U).

Results:

Using the universal fungal primers ITS4 and ITS5, PCR produced a single monomorphic amplification at 520 bp indicating that the strains are of same genetic identity.

Conclusion:

This is an effective, faster and relevant method for the detection and characterization of clinically isolated strains of C. albicans.

Self-Priming Hairpin-Utilized Isothermal Amplification Enabling Ultrasensitive Nucleic Acid Detection

We presented a novel method, referred to as self-priming hairpin-utilized isothermal amplification (SPHIA), to enable nucleic acid detection. The hairpin probe (HP1) employed in this strategy was designed to be opened through binding to the target nucleic acid. Upon opening of HP1, the self-priming domain within the HP1 stem region was exposed and rearranged to serve as a primer. The following extension displaced the bound target nucleic acid, which was then recycled to open another HP1. The extended HP1 was subjected to continuously repeated extension and nicking reaction, and abundant triggers were produced as a result. The triggers entered and initiated phase 2 reaction through binding to HP2, and this produced numerous target mimic strands (Target'). The target' entered and activated the phase 1 reaction, mimicking the target nucleic acid. As a consequence of these interconnected two amplification reactions initiated by a positive feedback mechanism, a considerable number of final double-stranded DNA products (FPs) were ultimately produced, which could be monitored in real-time through duplex-specific fluorescent signaling. Exploiting this novel design principle, we detected target DNA down to 28.9 aM with outstanding discrimination capability. The practical diagnostic ability of this strategy was also successfully demonstrated for target RNA detection by rationally redesigning the hairpin probes.

Development and Verification of an Economical Method of Custom Target Library Construction

Although technological advances have greatly reduced the cost of DNA sequencing, sample preparation time and reagent costs remain the limiting factors for many studies. Based on low-cost targeted amplification, we developed an economical method for custom target library construction based on DNA nanoball (DNB) technology and two-step polymerase chain reaction (PCR). Here, we refer to this method as the two-step PCR, which was compared to traditional multiplex PCR methods in three aspects, data quality, efficiency, and specificity to humans. The results confirmed that two-step PCR reduces to finishing 128 sequencing libraries in only 2 h 24 min 59 s of the total PCR time and at a data utilization rate of 0.44 at a cost of approximately $1.70 per sample for targeted sequencing via the two-step PCR. The replacement of traditional multiplex PCR methods with this strategy makes the sample preparation process before sequencing relatively more cost-effective and further reduces the cost of next-generation sequencing (NGS). This method may also be free from the interference of other species and the limitations of sample type and DNA content. These findings reveal possibilities for broad applications of this approach in forensic research.

Nanoplasmonic On-Chip PCR for Rapid Precision Molecular Diagnostics

Emerging molecular diagnosis requires ultrafast polymerase chain reaction (PCR) on chip for rapid precise detection of infectious diseases in the point-of-care test. Here, we report nanoplasmonic on-chip PCR for rapid precision molecular diagnostics. The nanoplasmonic pillar arrays (NPA) comprise gold nanoislands on the top and sidewall of large-scale glass nanopillar arrays. The nanoplasmonic pillars enhance light absorption of a white light-emitting diode (LED) over the whole visible range due to strong electromagnetic hotspots between the nanoislands. As a result, they effectively induce photothermal heating for ultrafast PCR thermal cycling. The temperature profile of NPA exhibits 30 cycles between 98 and 60 °C for a total of 3 min and 30 s during the cyclic excitation of white LED light. The experimental results also demonstrate the rapid DNA amplification of both 0.1 ng μL^-1 of λ-DNA in 20 thermal cycles and 0.1 ng μL^-1 of complementary DNA of Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus in 30 thermal cycles using a conventional PCR volume of 15 μL. This nanoplasmonic PCR technique provides a new opportunity for rapid precision molecular diagnostics.

Improving sensitivity of single tube nested PCR to detect fastidious microorganisms

Single Tube Nested PCR (ST-nPCR) is of value to clinical laboratories with limited settings for the detection of fastidious microorganisms. The detection sensitivity of ST-nPCR is dependent on ensuring minimal leftovers of outer primers during the second round of the reaction. In this work, we investigated various approaches to optimize the performance of outer primers, including decreasing outer primer concentrations; using antisense oligonucleotides to block outer primers; using chemically modified inner primers; and using Q5 Taq polymerase that lacks 5′-3′ exonuclease and strand displacement capabilities. These solutions were tested on C. abortus and C. psittaci, which are both fastidious intracellular bacteria that are difficult to diagnose.

The best obtained result was by using Q5 Taq polymerase. A detection limit with a range between 0.1 and 1 ag was achieved, which corresponds to a range between 0.2 and 2 copies of the plasmid positive control. This level of sensitivity is comparable or even better than the sensitivity achieved by TaqMan probe based real-time PCR assays. The assay was validated using 70 veterinary clinical samples from small ruminant abortions and 10% of these samples gave positive results.

In conclusion, sensitivity of ST-nPCR to detect fastidious microorganisms can be improved by using Taq polymerases that lacks 5′-3′ exonuclease. The proposed assay is affordable and applicable to a wide range of fastidious pathogens and can be suitable for laboratories with limited settings.

Improvement of long segment ribosomal PCR amplification for molecular identification of Litylenchus crenatae mccannii associated with beech leaf disease

Generating DNA markers for microscopic plant parasitic nematodes can be especially difficult if only a few valuable, tiny specimens are available. Providing a reliable maximum amount of unambiguous genetic information from single nematodes is especially important when identifying damaging, regulated nematodes of importance to trade where a few nucleotide differences in diagnostic markers are significant. There are many possible reasons for difficulty amplifying unpurified nematode DNA for long range PCR followed by direct sequencing. Specimen age, proofreading errors and reagent compatibility during PCR are among those problems. While unsuccessful direct amplification of difficult samples may sometimes be overcome by cloning, a more expensive and time-consuming process. Therefore, long segment PCR of a large 3.5 kb segment of ribosomal DNA was optimized for individual difficult-to-amplify young Litylenchus crenatae mccannii (Anguinidae) nematodes by systematically testing thermostable polymerases, proofreading enzymes and buffers. The combination of thermostable DreamTaq™, proofreading Pfu polymerase, and PicoMaxx™ buffer provided the best results. These nematodes are the subject of surveys currently active at many sites in the northeastern United States. This new, optimized PCR protocol will be useful for diagnostic labs associated with the surveys.

Generating DNA markers for microscopic plant parasitic nematodes can be especially difficult if only a few valuable, tiny specimens are available. Providing a reliable maximum amount of unambiguous genetic information from single nematodes is especially important when identifying damaging, regulated nematodes of importance to trade where a few nucleotide differences in diagnostic markers are significant. There are many possible reasons for difficulty amplifying unpurified nematode DNA for long range PCR followed by direct sequencing. Specimen age, proofreading errors and reagent compatibility during PCR are among those problems. While unsuccessful direct amplification of difficult samples may sometimes be overcome by cloning, a more expensive and time-consuming process. Therefore, long segment PCR of a large 3.5 kb segment of ribosomal DNA was optimized for individual difficult-to-amplify young Litylenchus crenatae mccannii (Anguinidae) nematodes by systematically testing thermostable polymerases, proofreading enzymes and buffers. The combination of thermostable DreamTaq™, proofreading Pfu polymerase, and PicoMaxx™ buffer provided the best results. These nematodes are the subject of surveys currently active at many sites in the northeastern United States. This new, optimized PCR protocol will be useful for diagnostic labs associated with the surveys.

Efficient polymerase chain reaction assisted by metal-organic frameworks

As a powerful tool for obtaining sufficient DNA from rare DNA resources, polymerase chain reaction (PCR) has been widely used in various fields, and the optimization of PCR is still in progress due to the dissatisfactory specificity, sensitivity and efficiency. Although many nanomaterials have been proven to be capable of optimizing PCR, their underlying mechanisms are still unclear. So far, the scientifically compelling and functionally evolving metal–organic framework (MOF) materials with high specific surface area, tunable pore sizes, alterable surface charges and favourable thermal conductivity have not been used for PCR optimization. In this study, UiO-66 and ZIF-8 were used to optimize error-prone two round PCR. The results demonstrated that UiO-66 and ZIF-8 not only enhanced the sensitivity and efficiency of the first round PCR, but also increased the specificity and efficiency of the second round PCR. Moreover, they could widen the annealing temperature range of the second round PCR. The interaction of DNA and Taq polymerase with MOFs may be the main reason. This work provided a candidate enhancer for PCR, deepened our understanding on the enhancement mechanisms of nano-PCR, and explored a new application field for MOFs.

Many new materials have the ability to optimize polymerase chain reaction (PCR). Metal-organic frame materials UiO-66 and ZIF-8 can enhance sensitivity, specificity and efficiency of PCR, indicating their potential as PCR enhancers.

Multiplex touchdown PCR assay to enhance specificity and sensitivity for concurrent detection of four foodborne pathogens in raw milk

AIMS

The aim of this study was to develop a multiplex touchdown PCR (multiplex TD-PCR) for rapid and simultaneous detection of four major foodborne pathogens to avoid mispriming and unwanted production during gene amplification. Touchdown PCR is the modified form of standard PCR, which enhances specificity, sensitivity.

METHODS AND RESULTS

For this reason, a multiplex TD-PCR assay with a pre-enrichment step was developed to detect four foodborne pathogens namely Escherichia coli O157:H7, Listeria monocytogenes, Staphylococcus aureus, and Salmonella enterica serovar Enteritidis in pure culture and raw milk samples. The results showed that this protocol can eliminate the unwanted band or reduce significantly. The detection sensitivity of the single and multiplex TD-PCR was one cell per ml in pure culture. Furthermore, the detection limit of multiplex TD-PCR was one cell per 25 ml for artificially contaminated raw milk. We obtained similar results for detection of aforementioned pathogens in raw milk, after comparing the multiplex TD-PCR method with the traditional culture, except in one or two samples.

CONCLUSIONS

Hence, the proposed multiplex TD-PCR method could be confirmed as an effective way for rapid optimization of PCR reactions to increase specificity, sensitivity during gene amplification.

SIGNIFICANCE AND IMPACT OF THE STUDY

Hence, due to its simplicity, cost-effectiveness and being time-saving, it seems that this method is reasonable and economical for rapid optimization of PCR reactions.

Interfacial Effect-Based Quantification of Droplet Isothermal Nucleic Acid Amplification for Bacterial Infection

Bacterial infection is a widespread problem in humans that can potentially lead to hospitalization and morbidity. The largest obstacle for physicians/clinicians is the time delay in accurately identifying infectious bacteria, especially their sub-species, in order to adequately treat and diagnose such infected patients. Loop-mediated amplification (LAMP) is a nucleic acid amplification method that has been widely used in diagnostic applications due to its simplicity of constant temperature, use of up to 4 to 6 primers (rendering it highly specific), and capability of amplifying low copies of target sequences. Use of interfacial effect-based monitoring is expected to dramatically shorten the time-to-results of nucleic acid amplification techniques. In this work, we developed a LAMP-based point-of-care platform for detection of bacterial infection, utilizing smartphone measurement of contact angle from oil-immersed droplet LAMP reactions. Whole bacteria (Escherichia coli O157:H7) were assayed in buffer as well as 5% diluted human whole blood. Monitoring of droplet LAMP reactions was demonstrated in a three-compartment, isothermal proportional-integrated-derived (PID)-controlled chip. Smartphone-captured images of droplet LAMP reactions, and their contact angles, were evaluated. Contact angle decreased substantially upon target amplification in both buffer and whole blood samples. In comparison, no-target control (NTC) droplets remained stable throughout the 30 min isothermal reactions. These results were explained by the pre-adsorption of plasma proteins to an oil-water interface (lowering contact angle), followed by time-dependent amplicon formation and their preferential adsorption to the plasma protein-occupied oil-water interface. Time-to-results was as fast as 5 min, allowing physicians to quickly make their decision for infected patients. The developed assay demonstrated quantification of bacteria concentration, with a limit-of-detection at 102 CFU/μL for buffer samples, and binary target or no-target identification with a limit-of-detection at 10 CFU/μL for 5% diluted whole blood samples.

Biosynthesis of (deoxy)guanosine-5'-triphosphate by GMP kinase and acetate kinase fixed on the surface of E. coli

(Deoxy)guanosine-5'-triphosphate (5'-(d)GTP), the precursor for synthesizing DNA or RNA in vivo, is an important raw material for various modern biotechnologies based on PCR. In this study, we investigated the application of whole-cell catalysts constructed by bacterial cell surface display in biosynthetic reactions of 5'-(d)GTP from (deoxy)guanosine-5'-monophosphate (5'-(d)GMP). By N-terminal or N- and C-terminal fusion of the ice nucleation protein, we successfully displayed the GMP kinase of Lactobacillus bulgaricus and the acetate kinase of E. coli on the surface of E. coli cells. A large amount of soluble target protein was obtained upon induction with 0.2 mM IPTG at 25 °C for 30 h. The conversion of dGMP was up to 91% when catalysed by the surface-displayed enzymes at 37 °C for 4 h. Up to 95% of the GMP was converted after 3 h of reaction. The stability of the whole-cell catalyst at 37 °C was very good. The enzyme activity was maintained above 50% after 9 rounds of recovery. Our research showed that only one-twentieth of the initial substrate concentration of added ATP was sufficient to meet the reaction requirements.

Picoinjection-Enabled Multitarget Loop-Mediated Isothermal Amplification for Detection of Foodborne Pathogens

In this study, we develop a method to detect multiple DNAs of foodborne pathogens by encapsulating emulsion droplets for loop-mediated isothermal amplification (LAMP). In contrast to the traditional bulk-phase LAMP, which involves a labor-intensive mixing process, with our method, different primers are automatically mixed with DNA samples and LAMP buffers after picoinjection. By directly observing and analyzing the fluorescence intensity of the resultant droplets, one can detect DNA from different pathogens, with a detection limit 500 times lower than that obtained by bulk-phase LAMP. We further demonstrate the ability to quantify bacteria concentration by detecting bacterial DNA in practical samples, showing great potential in monitoring water resources and their contamination by pathogenic bacteria.

A highly sensitive 1-tube nested real-time RT-PCR assay using LNA-modified primers for detection of respiratory syncytial virus

Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) causes serious respiratory tract infection worldwide. The relatively low RSV load makes it difficult to detect in frail, elderly, and severely immune-compromised patients. In the present study, we developed a locked nucleic acid–-based 1-tube nested real-time RT-PCR (OTNRT-PCR) assay with the advantages of extremely high sensitivity, facile operability, and less likelihood of cross-contamination. The sensitivity, specificity, and clinical performance of the OTNRT-PCR assay were compared in parallel with a conventional TaqMan probe-based real-time PCR (qRT-PCR) assay and a traditional 2-step nested RT-PCR assay. The limit of detection of the OTNRT-PCR assay was 1.02 × 10⁻¹ TCID50/mL, equivalent to the traditional 2-step nested RT-PCR assay and 25-fold lower than the qRT-PCR assay. Of 616 nasopharyngeal aspirates tested, 143 RSV-negative samples by qRT-PCR were confirmed as positive by sequencing the OTNRT-PCR products. We therefore conclude that OTNRT-PCR is more sensitive than qRT-PCR for detection of RSV in clinical samples.

Primer dephosphorylation-initiated circular exponential amplification for ultrasensitive detection of alkaline phosphatase

Alkaline phosphatase (ALP) is an important diagnostic indicator for various human diseases including bone diseases, liver dysfunction, diabetes, breast and prostatic cancers. However, the conventional methods for ALP assay are usually cumbersome and time-consuming with low sensitivity. Here, we develop a new fluorescent method for ultrasensitive detection of ALP activity on the basis of primer dephosphorylation-initiated isothermal circular exponential amplification. We design two dual-functional hairpin probes (HP1 and HP2), which function as both the templates for exponential amplification reaction (EXPAR) and the generators for signal output. In the presence of ALP, the 3'-phosphorylated primer is dephosphorylated and subsequently hybridizes with the 3' protruding end of HP1 to initiate the first strand displacement amplification (SDA), producing trigger 1 and fluorescence signal. The released trigger 1 is complementary to the 3' protruding end of HP2 for the initiation of the second SDA, producing trigger 2 and fluorescence signal. Notably, trigger 2 is complementary to the 3' protruding end of HP1 and may subsequently initiate two consecutive SDAs, enabling circular EXPAR to generate an amplified fluorescence signal. This method exhibits high sensitivity with a detection limit of 2.0 × 10^-10 U μL^-1 and a large dynamic range of 5 orders of magnitude from 1.0 × 10^-9 to 1.0 × 10^-4 U μL^-1, and it can measure ALP at the single-cell level. Importantly, this method can be applied for the measurement of kinetic parameters and the screening of potential inhibitors, providing a powerful tool for ALP-related biomedical research and clinical diagnosis.

Tuning Vector Stability and Integration Frequency Elevates Functional GPCR Production and Homogeneity in Saccharomyces cerevisiae

Membrane proteins play a valuable role in biotechnology, yet the difficulty of producing high yields of functional membrane protein limits their use in synthetic biology. The practical application of G protein-coupled receptors in whole cell biosensors, for example, is restricted to those that are functionally produced at the cell surface in the chosen host, limiting the range of detectable molecules. Here, we present a facile approach to significantly improve the yield and homogeneity of functional membrane proteins in Saccharomyces cerevisiae by altering only the choice of expression vector. Expression of a model GPCR, the human adenosine A₂a receptor, from commonly used centromeric and episomal vectors leads to low yields and cellular heterogeneity due to plasmid loss in 20-90% of the cell population. In contrast, homogeneous production of GPCR is attained using a multisite integrating vector or a novel, modified high copy vector that does not require genomic integration or addition of any selection agents. Finally, we introduce a FACS-based screen, which enables rapid isolation of cells with 4- to 15-fold increases in gene dosage and up to a 9-fold increase in functional protein yield without loss of homogeneity compared to a strain isolated through conventional, low-throughput methods. These results can be extended to improve the cellular homogeneity and yield of other membrane proteins, expanding the repertoire of useful receptors for synthetic biology applications.

Implications of Tides for Life on Exoplanets

As evident from the nearby examples of Proxima Centauri and TRAPPIST-1, Earth-sized planets in the habitable zone of low-mass stars are common. Here, we focus on such planetary systems and argue that their (oceanic) tides could be more prominent due to stronger tidal forces. We identify the conditions under which tides may exert a significant positive influence on biotic processes including abiogenesis, biological rhythms, nutrient upwelling, and stimulating photosynthesis. We conclude our analysis with the identification of large-scale algal blooms as potential temporal biosignatures in reflectance light curves that can arise indirectly as a consequence of strong tidal forces. Key Words: Tidal effects-Abiogenesis-Biological clocks-Planetary habitability-Temporal biosignatures. Astrobiology 18, 967-982.

Controllable fabrication of bio-bar codes for dendritically amplified sensing of human T-lymphotropic viruses

We demonstrate for the first time the controllable fabrication of bio-bar codes for dendritically amplified sensing of low-abundant HTLV-II DNA.

Human T-lymphotropic virus type II (HTLV-II) is an important type-C retrovirus, closely related to a variety of human diseases. Here, we demonstrate for the first time the controllable fabrication of bio-bar codes for dendritically amplified sensing of low-abundant HTLV-II DNA by the integration of terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase (TdT)-catalyzed template-free polymerization extension with bio-bar-code amplification (BCA). HTLV-II DNA hybridizes with magnetic microparticle (MMP)-modified capture probe 1, forming a stable DNA duplex with a protruding 3′-hydroxylated sequence which may function as a primer to initiate the TdT-catalyzed first-step polymerization extension for the generation of a poly-thymidine (T) sequence. The resultant poly-T products may hybridize with poly-adenine (A) capture probe 2, inducing the self-assembly of multiple capture probe 2-/reporter probe-functionalized Au nanoparticles (AuNPs) onto the MMP. Subsequently, the reporter probes may act as the primers to initiate the TdT-catalyzed second-step polymerization extension, producing large numbers of G-rich DNAzymes for the generation of an enhanced chemiluminescence signal. Taking advantage of the efficient polymerization extension reaction catalyzed by TdT, the high amplification efficiency of BCA, and the intrinsically high sensitivity of G-rich DNAzyme-driven chemiluminescence, this method exhibits ultrahigh sensitivity with a limit of detection of as low as 0.50 aM and a large dynamic range of 9 orders of magnitude from 1 aM to 1 nM. Moreover, this method can be applied for the discrimination of a single-base mismatch and the measurement of HTLV-II DNA in both human serum and human T-lymphocytic leukemia cells, holding great potential in biomedical research and clinical diagnosis.

Hot Start Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR)

The purpose of hot start polymerase chain reaction (PCR) is to optimize the yield of the desired amplified product in PCRs and, simultaneously, to suppress nonspecific amplification and formation of primer dimers. This is achieved by withholding an essential component of the PCR-the DNA polymerase, or the primers, for example-until the reaction mixture has been heated to a temperature that inhibits hybridization of primers to one another or to nonspecific regions of the template.