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Features of Winter Stratosphere Small-Scale Disturbance during Sudden Stratospheric Warmings. REMOTE SENSING 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/rs14122798] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
We analyzed the characteristics of small-scale wave disturbances emerging during the evolution and transformation of the jet stream (JS) in the winter stratosphere and the lower mesosphere of the northern hemisphere, including the periods of sudden stratospheric warming (SSW) events. Continuous generation of small-scale wave disturbances is shown to occur over quiet geomagnetic winter periods in the region of a steady jet stream in the strato–mesosphere. We studied spatial spectra for the vertical velocity variations, determined by the parameters of emerging wave disturbances. The greatest intensities of disturbances are recorded in the regions corresponding to the high velocities of the JS (from 100 m/s and higher). In the northern hemisphere, those latitudes encompass ~40–60° N. When a steady jet stream forms, the horizontal length and periods of the most intensive wavelike disturbances are shown to vary within 300–1000 km and 50–150 min correspondingly (which match the characteristic scales of internal gravity waves, or IGWs). During the SSW prewarming stage, the JS transforms substantially. Over the same periods, a disturbance intensification is recorded, as well as the emergence of larger-scale disturbances with 3000–5000-km horizontal wavelengths, and even higher. After the SSW peak and during the stratosphere circulation recovery, the velocity in the JS substantially decreases and an essential reduction in wave-disturbance generation occurs. There are decreases in the average amplitude values (by factors of 1.8–6.7). The strongest amplitude drop was observed for short waves (zonal wavelength λU = 300 km). The maximum attenuation for all wavelengths was observed for the strongest 2008/2009 winter SSW. For the analyzed events, such attenuation was observed for up to about a month after the SSW peak. Thus, JS disruption during major SSWs leads to deactivating the source for generating small-scale wave disturbances in the stratosphere. This may affect disturbances in higher atmospheric layers. The results obtained are the experimental evidence that JS itself is the primary source for the generation of IGWs in the stratosphere–lower mesosphere.
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2
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Jiao X, He C, Yu H, He J, Wang C. Photo-generated hydroxyl radicals contribute to the formation of halogen radicals leading to ozone depletion on and within polar stratospheric clouds surface. CHEMOSPHERE 2022; 291:132816. [PMID: 34752833 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2021.132816] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2021] [Revised: 11/02/2021] [Accepted: 11/05/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Polar stratospheric clouds (PSCs), of which the surface is a dynamic liquid water layer and might consist of aqueous HNO3 and H2O2, is a well-known key meteorological condition contributing to the ozone hole in the polar stratosphere. PSCs has been considered to provide abundant surface for the heterogeneous reactions causing the formation of the Cl2 and HOCl, which are further photolyzed into Cl and ClO radicals leading to the ozone destruction. Here we demonstrated that the sunlight drives the massive and stable production of OH radicals in aqueous HNO3 and its main photo-induced byproduct HNO2. We also found that the photo-generated OH radicals in aqueous HNO3, HNO2 and H2O2 have the remarkable capability to react with the dissolved HCl, Cl- and Br- to form halogen radicals. In addition, we observed that the H2O2 can react with dissolved HCl and Br- in darkness to form and release Cl2 and Br2 gases, which could further be photolyzed into reactive halogen radicals whenever sunlight is available. All these findings suggest that, except for the well-known heterogeneous reactions, photochemical reactions involving the aqueous HNO3 and H2O2 on and within PSCs surface might constitute another important halogen activation pathway for ozone destruction. This study may shed deeper insights into the mechanism of halogen radicals resulting in ozone depletion in polar stratosphere.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoyu Jiao
- College of Resources and Environmental Science, South-Central University for Nationalities, Wuhan, 430074, China
| | - Congcong He
- College of Resources and Environmental Science, South-Central University for Nationalities, Wuhan, 430074, China
| | - Huan Yu
- School of Environmental Studies, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan, 430074, China
| | - Jun He
- Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, University of Nottingham Ningbo China, Ningbo, 315100, China
| | - Chengjun Wang
- College of Resources and Environmental Science, South-Central University for Nationalities, Wuhan, 430074, China.
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3
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Strahan SE, Douglass AR, Damon MR. Why Do Antarctic Ozone Recovery Trends Vary? JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH. ATMOSPHERES : JGR 2019; 124:8837-8850. [PMID: 32071827 PMCID: PMC7027592 DOI: 10.1029/2019jd030996] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2019] [Accepted: 07/09/2019] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
We use satellite ozone records and Global Modeling Initiative chemistry transport model simulations integrated with Modern Era Retrospective for Research and Analysis 2 meteorology to identify a metric that accurately captures the trend in Antarctic ozone attributable to the decline in ozone depleting substances (ODSs). The GMI CTM Baseline simulation with realistically varying ODS levels closely matches observed interannual to decadal scale variations in Antarctic September ozone over the past four decades. The expected increase or recovery trend is obtained from the differences between the Baseline simulation and one with identical meteorology and fixed 1995 ODS levels. The differences show that vortex-averaged column O3 has the greatest sensitivity to ODS change from 1 to 20 September. The observed vortex-averaged column O3 during this period produces a trend consistent with the expected recovery attributable to ODS decline. Trends from dates after 20 September have smaller sensitivity to ODS decline and are more uncertain due to transport variability. Simulations show that the greatest decrease in O3 loss (i.e., recovery) occurs inside the vortex near the edge. The polar cap metrics have vortex size-dependent bias and do not consistently sample this region. Because the 60-90°S 220 Dobson unit O3 mass deficit metric does not sample the edge region, its trend is lower than the expected trend; this is improved by area weighting. The 250-Dobson unit O3 mass deficit metric samples more of the edge region, which increases its trend. Approximately 25% of the September Antarctic O3 increase is due to higher O3 levels in June prior to winter depletion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susan E Strahan
- Atmospheric Chemistry and Dynamics Laboratory, NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, MD, USA
- Universities Space Research Association, Columbia, MD, USA
| | - Anne R Douglass
- Atmospheric Chemistry and Dynamics Laboratory, NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, MD, USA
| | - Megan R Damon
- Atmospheric Chemistry and Dynamics Laboratory, NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, MD, USA
- Science Systems and Applications, Inc., Lanham, MD, USA
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Abstract
Abstract
Remarkable progress has occurred over the last 100 years in our understanding of atmospheric chemical composition, stratospheric and tropospheric chemistry, urban air pollution, acid rain, and the formation of airborne particles from gas-phase chemistry. Much of this progress was associated with the developing understanding of the formation and role of ozone and of the oxides of nitrogen, NO and NO2, in the stratosphere and troposphere. The chemistry of the stratosphere, emerging from the pioneering work of Chapman in 1931, was followed by the discovery of catalytic ozone cycles, ozone destruction by chlorofluorocarbons, and the polar ozone holes, work honored by the 1995 Nobel Prize in Chemistry awarded to Crutzen, Rowland, and Molina. Foundations for the modern understanding of tropospheric chemistry were laid in the 1950s and 1960s, stimulated by the eye-stinging smog in Los Angeles. The importance of the hydroxyl (OH) radical and its relationship to the oxides of nitrogen (NO and NO2) emerged. The chemical processes leading to acid rain were elucidated. The atmosphere contains an immense number of gas-phase organic compounds, a result of emissions from plants and animals, natural and anthropogenic combustion processes, emissions from oceans, and from the atmospheric oxidation of organics emitted into the atmosphere. Organic atmospheric particulate matter arises largely as gas-phase organic compounds undergo oxidation to yield low-volatility products that condense into the particle phase. A hundred years ago, quantitative theories of chemical reaction rates were nonexistent. Today, comprehensive computer codes are available for performing detailed calculations of chemical reaction rates and mechanisms for atmospheric reactions. Understanding the future role of atmospheric chemistry in climate change and, in turn, the impact of climate change on atmospheric chemistry, will be critical to developing effective policies to protect the planet.
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Lawrence ZD, Manney GL, Wargan K. Reanalysis intercomparisons of stratospheric polar processing diagnostics. ATMOSPHERIC CHEMISTRY AND PHYSICS 2018; 18:13547-13579. [PMID: 30581457 PMCID: PMC6299841 DOI: 10.5194/acp-18-13547-2018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
We compare herein polar processing diagnostics derived from the four most recent full-input reanalysis datasets: the National Centers for Environmental Prediction Climate Forecast System Reanalysis / Climate Forecast System, version 2 (CFSR/CFSv2), the European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts Interim Reanalysis (ERA-Interim), the Japanese Meteorological Agency's Japanese 55-year Reanalysis (JRA-55), and the National Aeronautics and Space Administration's Modern Era Retrospective-analysis for Research and Applications version 2 (MERRA-2). We focus on diagnostics based on temperatures and potential vorticity (PV) in the lower to middle stratosphere that are related to formation of polar stratospheric clouds (PSCs), chlorine activation, and the strength, size, and longevity of the stratospheric polar vortex. Polar minimum temperatures (Tmin) and the area of regions having temperatures below PSC formation thresholds (APSC) show large persistent differences between the reanalyses, especially in the southern hemisphere (SH), for years prior to 1999. Average absolute differences of the reanalyses from the reanalysis ensemble mean (REM) in Tmin are as large as 3 K at some levels in the SH (1.5 K in the NH), and absolute differences of reanalysis APSC from the REM up to 1.5% of a hemisphere (0.75% of a hemisphere in the NH). After 1999, the reanalyses converge toward better agreement in both hemispheres, dramatically so in the SH: Average Tmin differences from the REM are generally less than 1 K in both hemispheres, and average APSC differences less than 0.3% of a hemisphere. The comparisons of diagnostics based on isentropic PV for assessing polar vortex characteristics, including maximum PV gradients (MPVG) and the area of the vortex in sunlight (or sunlit vortex area, SVA), show more complex behavior: SH MPVG showed convergence toward better agreement with the REM after 1999, while NH MPVG differences remained largely constant over time; differences in SVA remained relatively constant in both hemispheres. While the average differences from the REM are generally small for these vortex diagnostics, understanding such differences among the reanalyses is complicated by the need to use different methods to obtain vertically-resolved PV for the different reanalyses. We also evaluated other winter season summary diagnostics, including the winter mean volume of air below PSC thresholds, and vortex decay dates. For the volume of air below PSC thresholds, the reanalyses generally agree best in the SH, where relatively small interannual variability has led to many winter seasons with similar polar processing potential and duration, and thus low sensitivity to differences in meteorological conditions among the reanalyses. In contrast, the large interannual variability of NH winters has given rise to many seasons with marginal conditions that are more sensitive to reanalysis differences. For vortex decay dates, larger differences are seen in the SH than in the NH; in general the differences in decay dates among the reanalyses follow from persistent differences in their vortex areas. Our results indicate that the transition from the reanalyses assimilating Tiros Operational Vertical Sounder (TOVS) data to Advanced TOVS and other data around 1998 - 2000 resulted in a profound improvement in the agreement of the temperature diagnostics presented (especially in the SH) and to a lesser extent the agreement of the vortex diagnostics. We present several recommendations for using reanalyses in polar processing studies, particularly related to the sensitivity to changes in data inputs and assimilation. Because of these sensitivities, we urge great caution for studies aiming to assess trends derived from reanalysis temperatures. We also argue that one of the best ways to assess the sensitivity of scientific results on polar processing is to use multiple reanalysis datasets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zachary D Lawrence
- New Mexico Institute of Mining and Technology, Socorro, NM USA
- NorthWest Research Associates, Socorro, NM USA
| | - Gloria L Manney
- NorthWest Research Associates, Socorro, NM USA
- New Mexico Institute of Mining and Technology, Socorro, NM USA
| | - Krzysztof Wargan
- NASA/Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, MD USA
- Science Systems and Applications Inc., Lanham, MD, USA
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Lünsmann B, Kantz H. An extended transfer operator approach to identify separatrices in open flows. CHAOS (WOODBURY, N.Y.) 2018; 28:053101. [PMID: 29857670 DOI: 10.1063/1.5001667] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Vortices of coherent fluid volume are considered to have a substantial impact on transport processes in turbulent media. Yet, due to their Lagrangian nature, detecting these structures is highly nontrivial. In this respect, transfer operator approaches have been proven to provide useful tools: Approximating a possibly time-dependent flow as a discrete Markov process in space and time, information about coherent structures is contained in the operator's eigenvectors, which is usually extracted by employing clustering methods. Here, we propose an extended approach that couples surrounding filaments using "mixing boundary conditions" and focuses on the separation of the inner coherent set and embedding outer flow. The approach refrains from using unsupervised machine learning techniques such as clustering and uses physical arguments by maximizing a coherence ratio instead. We show that this technique improves the reconstruction of separatrices in stationary open flows and succeeds in finding almost-invariant sets in periodically perturbed flows.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benedict Lünsmann
- Max Planck Institute for the Physics of Complex Systems (MPIPKS), 01187 Dresden, Germany
| | - Holger Kantz
- Max Planck Institute for the Physics of Complex Systems (MPIPKS), 01187 Dresden, Germany
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7
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Stratospheric ozone loss over the Eurasian continent induced by the polar vortex shift. Nat Commun 2018; 9:206. [PMID: 29335470 PMCID: PMC5768802 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-017-02565-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2017] [Accepted: 12/08/2017] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
The Montreal Protocol has succeeded in limiting major ozone-depleting substance emissions, and consequently stratospheric ozone concentrations are expected to recover this century. However, there is a large uncertainty in the rate of regional ozone recovery in the Northern Hemisphere. Here we identify a Eurasia-North America dipole mode in the total column ozone over the Northern Hemisphere, showing negative and positive total column ozone anomaly centres over Eurasia and North America, respectively. The positive trend of this mode explains an enhanced total column ozone decline over the Eurasian continent in the past three decades, which is closely related to the polar vortex shift towards Eurasia. Multiple chemistry-climate-model simulations indicate that the positive Eurasia-North America dipole trend in late winter is likely to continue in the near future. Our findings suggest that the anticipated ozone recovery in late winter will be sensitive not only to the ozone-depleting substance decline but also to the polar vortex changes, and could be substantially delayed in some regions of the Northern Hemisphere extratropics. Climate change can exert a significant effect on the ozone recovery. Here, the authors show that the Arctic polar vortex shift associated with Arctic sea-ice loss could slow down ozone recovery over the Eurasian continent.
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8
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Polar Cyclone Identification from 4D Climate Data in a Knowledge-Driven Visualization System. CLIMATE 2016. [DOI: 10.3390/cli4030043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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9
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Schoeberl MR, Doiron SD, Lait LR, Newman PA, Krueger AJ. A simulation of the Cerro Hudson SO2cloud. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012. [DOI: 10.1029/92jd02517] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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10
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Rood RB, Douglass AR, Kaye JA, Considine DB. Characteristics of wintertime and autumn nitric acid chemistry as defined by Limb Infrared Monitor of the Stratosphere (LIMS) data. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012. [DOI: 10.1029/93jd01419] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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11
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Wirth V. Quasi-stationary planetary waves in total ozone and their correlation with lower stratospheric temperature. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012. [DOI: 10.1029/92jd02820] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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12
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Plumb RA, Ko MKW. Interrelationships between mixing ratios of long-lived stratospheric constituents. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012. [DOI: 10.1029/92jd00450] [Citation(s) in RCA: 314] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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13
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Manney GL, Santee ML, Rex M, Livesey NJ, Pitts MC, Veefkind P, Nash ER, Wohltmann I, Lehmann R, Froidevaux L, Poole LR, Schoeberl MR, Haffner DP, Davies J, Dorokhov V, Gernandt H, Johnson B, Kivi R, Kyrö E, Larsen N, Levelt PF, Makshtas A, McElroy CT, Nakajima H, Parrondo MC, Tarasick DW, von der Gathen P, Walker KA, Zinoviev NS. Unprecedented Arctic ozone loss in 2011. Nature 2011; 478:469-75. [DOI: 10.1038/nature10556] [Citation(s) in RCA: 472] [Impact Index Per Article: 36.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2011] [Accepted: 09/07/2011] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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14
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Anderson JG, Toohey DW, Brune WH. Free Radicals Within the Antarctic Vortex: The Role of CFCs in Antarctic Ozone Loss. Science 2010; 251:39-46. [PMID: 17778601 DOI: 10.1126/science.251.4989.39] [Citation(s) in RCA: 206] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
How strong is the case linking global release of chlorofluorocarbons to episodic disappearance of ozone from the Antarctic stratosphere each austral spring? Three lines of evidence defining a link are (i) observed containment in the vortex of ClO concentrations two orders of magnitude greater than normal levels; (ii) in situ observations obtained during ten high-altitude aircraft flights into the vortex as the ozone hole was forming that show a decrease in ozone concentrations as ClO concentrations increased; and (iii) a comparison between observed ozone loss rates and those predicted with the use of absolute concentrations of ClO and BrO, the rate-limiting radicals in an array of proposed catalytic cycles. Recent advances in our understanding of the kinetics, photochemistry, and structural details of key intermediates in these catalytic cycles as well as an improved absolute calibration for ClO and BrO concentrations at the temperatures and pressures encountered in the lower antarctic stratosphere have been essential for defining the link.
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15
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Peter T, Müller R, Drdla K, Petzoldt K, Reimer E. A Micro-Physical Box Model for EASOE: Preliminary Results for the January/February 1990 PSC Event over Kiruna. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2010. [DOI: 10.1002/bbpc.19920960324] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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16
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Waugh DW, Polvani LM. Stratospheric polar vortices. THE STRATOSPHERE: DYNAMICS, TRANSPORT, AND CHEMISTRY 2010. [DOI: 10.1029/2009gm000887] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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17
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Flasar FM, Achterberg RK. The structure and dynamics of Titan's middle atmosphere. PHILOSOPHICAL TRANSACTIONS. SERIES A, MATHEMATICAL, PHYSICAL, AND ENGINEERING SCIENCES 2009; 367:649-664. [PMID: 19073460 DOI: 10.1098/rsta.2008.0242] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Titan's middle atmosphere is characterized by cyclostrophic winds and strong seasonal modulation. Cassini CIRS observations, obtained in northern winter, indicate that the stratosphere near 1mbar is warmest at low latitudes, with the South Pole a few degrees colder and the North Pole approximately 20K colder. Associated with the cold northern temperatures are strong circumpolar winds with speeds as high as 190ms-1. Within this vortex, the mixing ratios of several organic gases are enhanced relative to those at low latitudes. Comparison with Voyager thermal infrared measurements, obtained 25 years ago in northern spring, suggests that the enhancement currently observed will increase as the winter progresses. The stratopause height increases from 0.1mbar near the equator to 0.01mbar near the North Pole, where it is the warmest part of the atmosphere, greater than 200K. This implies subsidence at the pole, which is consistent with the enhanced organics observed. Condensate features, several still not identified, are also apparent in the infrared spectra at high northern latitudes. In many ways, the winter vortex observed on Titan, with cyclostrophic winds, resembles the polar winter vortices on the Earth, where the mean winds are geostrophic.
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Affiliation(s)
- F M Flasar
- NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, Code 693, Greenbelt, MD 20771, USA.
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18
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Teanby NA, de Kok R, Irwin PGJ, Osprey S, Vinatier S, Gierasch PJ, Read PL, Flasar FM, Conrath BJ, Achterberg RK, Bézard B, Nixon CA, Calcutt SB. Titan's winter polar vortex structure revealed by chemical tracers. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2008. [DOI: 10.1029/2008je003218] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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19
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Khosrawi F, Müller R, Proffitt MH, Urban J, Murtagh D, Ruhnke R, Grooß JU, Nakajima H. Seasonal cycle of averages of nitrous oxide and ozone in the Northern and Southern Hemisphere polar, midlatitude, and tropical regions derived from ILAS/ILAS-II and Odin/SMR observations. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2008. [DOI: 10.1029/2007jd009556] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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20
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Huck PE, Tilmes S, Bodeker GE, Randel WJ, McDonald AJ, Nakajima H. An improved measure of ozone depletion in the Antarctic stratosphere. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2007. [DOI: 10.1029/2006jd007860] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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21
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Affiliation(s)
- F M Flasar
- Planetary Systems Laboratory, NASA Goddard Spaceflight Center, Greenbelt, MD 20771, USA.
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22
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Wilmouth DM, Stimpfle RM, Anderson JG, Elkins JW, Hurst DF, Salawitch RJ, Lait LR. Evolution of inorganic chlorine partitioning in the Arctic polar vortex. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2006. [DOI: 10.1029/2005jd006951] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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23
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Massoli P, Maturilli M, Neuber R. Climatology of Arctic polar stratospheric clouds as measured by lidar in Ny-Ålesund, Spitsbergen (79°N, 12°E). ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2006. [DOI: 10.1029/2005jd005840] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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24
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Berti S, Vergni D, Visconti F, Vulpiani A. Mixing and reaction efficiency in closed domains. PHYSICAL REVIEW. E, STATISTICAL, NONLINEAR, AND SOFT MATTER PHYSICS 2005; 72:036302. [PMID: 16241566 DOI: 10.1103/physreve.72.036302] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2004] [Revised: 04/25/2005] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
We present a numerical study of mixing and reaction efficiency in closed domains. In particular, we focus our attention on laminar flows. In the case of inert transport the mixing properties of the flows strongly depend on the details of the Lagrangian transport. We also study the reaction efficiency. Starting with a little spot of product, we compute the time needed to complete the reaction in the container. We find that the reaction efficiency is not strictly related to the mixing properties of the flow. In particular, reaction acts as a "dynamical regulator".
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Affiliation(s)
- S Berti
- Dipartimento di Fisica Generale, Università di Torino, Via Pietro Giuria 1, I-10125 Torino, Italy
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25
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Flasar FM, Achterberg RK, Conrath BJ, Gierasch PJ, Kunde VG, Nixon CA, Bjoraker GL, Jennings DE, Romani PN, Simon-Miller AA, Bézard B, Coustenis A, Irwin PGJ, Teanby NA, Brasunas J, Pearl JC, Segura ME, Carlson RC, Mamoutkine A, Schinder PJ, Barucci A, Courtin R, Fouchet T, Gautier D, Lellouch E, Marten A, Prangé R, Vinatier S, Strobel DF, Calcutt SB, Read PL, Taylor FW, Bowles N, Samuelson RE, Orton GS, Spilker LJ, Owen TC, Spencer JR, Showalter MR, Ferrari C, Abbas MM, Raulin F, Edgington S, Ade P, Wishnow EH. Titan's Atmospheric Temperatures, Winds, and Composition. Science 2005; 308:975-8. [PMID: 15894528 DOI: 10.1126/science.1111150] [Citation(s) in RCA: 282] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
Temperatures obtained from early Cassini infrared observations of Titan show a stratopause at an altitude of 310 kilometers (and 186 kelvin at 15 degrees S). Stratospheric temperatures are coldest in the winter northern hemisphere, with zonal winds reaching 160 meters per second. The concentrations of several stratospheric organic compounds are enhanced at mid- and high northern latitudes, and the strong zonal winds may inhibit mixing between these latitudes and the rest of Titan. Above the south pole, temperatures in the stratosphere are 4 to 5 kelvin cooler than at the equator. The stratospheric mole fractions of methane and carbon monoxide are (1.6 +/- 0.5) x 10(-2) and (4.5 +/- 1.5) x 10(-5), respectively.
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26
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Steinhorst HM, Konopka P, Günther G, Müller R. How permeable is the edge of the Arctic vortex: Model studies of winter 1999-2000. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2005. [DOI: 10.1029/2004jd005268] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Paul Konopka
- Institute for Stratospheric Chemistry (ICG-I), Research Center; Jülich Germany
| | - Gebhard Günther
- Institute for Stratospheric Chemistry (ICG-I), Research Center; Jülich Germany
| | - Rolf Müller
- Institute for Stratospheric Chemistry (ICG-I), Research Center; Jülich Germany
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27
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Orton GS, Yanamandra-Fisher PA. Saturn's Temperature Field from High-Resolution Middle-Infrared Imaging. Science 2005; 307:696-8. [PMID: 15692044 DOI: 10.1126/science.1105730] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
Saturn was imaged between 8 and 24.5 micrometers at approximately 3000-kilometer resolution with the Keck I Telescope. Saturn's atmosphere has zonal temperature bands, which are mostly uncorrelated with visible cloud reflectivity, strong 100-millibar zonal temperature oscillations near 32 degrees S, a warm south polar cap, and a compact hot point within 3 degrees of the south pole.
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Affiliation(s)
- G S Orton
- Jet Propulsion Laboratory, MS 169-237, 4800 Oak Grove Drive, Pasadena, CA 91109, USA
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Thornton BF, Toohey DW, Avallone LM, Hallar AG, Harder H, Martinez M, Simpas JB, Brune WH, Koike M, Kondo Y, Takegawa N, Anderson BE, Avery MA. Variability of active chlorine in the lowermost Arctic stratosphere. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2005. [DOI: 10.1029/2004jd005580] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Mengistu Tsidu G. NOyfrom Michelson Interferometer for Passive Atmospheric Sounding on Environmental Satellite during the Southern Hemisphere polar vortex split in September/October 2002. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2005. [DOI: 10.1029/2004jd005322] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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30
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Sprague AL, Boynton WV, Kerry KE, Janes DM, Hunten DM, Kim KJ, Reedy RC, Metzger AE. Mars' South Polar Ar Enhancement: A Tracer for South Polar Seasonal Meridional Mixing. Science 2004; 306:1364-7. [PMID: 15472041 DOI: 10.1126/science.1098496] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
The gamma ray spectrometer on the Mars Odyssey spacecraft measured an enhancement of atmospheric argon over southern high latitudes during autumn followed by dissipation during winter and spring. Argon does not freeze at temperatures normal for southern winter (approximately 145 kelvin) and is left in the atmosphere, enriched relative to carbon dioxide (CO2), as the southern seasonal cap of CO2 frost accumulates. Calculations of seasonal transport of argon into and out of southern high latitudes point to meridional (north-south) mixing throughout southern winter and spring.
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Affiliation(s)
- A L Sprague
- Lunar and Planetary Laboratory, 1629 East University Boulevard, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85721-0092, USA.
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31
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Tan WW. A case study of excessive subtropical transport in the stratosphere of a data assimilation system. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2004. [DOI: 10.1029/2003jd004057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Affiliation(s)
- Theodore G Shepherd
- Department of Physics, University of Toronto, 60 St. George Street, Toronto, M5S 1A7 Canada.
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Proffitt MH, Aikin K, Tuck AF, Margitan JJ, Webster CR, Toon GC, Elkins JW. Seasonally averaged ozone and nitrous oxide in the Northern Hemisphere lower stratosphere. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2003. [DOI: 10.1029/2002jd002657] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- M. H. Proffitt
- Aeronomy Laboratory; National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA); Boulder Colorado USA
- Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental Sciences (CIRES); Boulder Colorado USA
| | - K. Aikin
- Aeronomy Laboratory; National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA); Boulder Colorado USA
- Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental Sciences (CIRES); Boulder Colorado USA
| | - A. F. Tuck
- Aeronomy Laboratory; National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA); Boulder Colorado USA
| | - J. J. Margitan
- National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) Jet Propulsion Laboratory; California Institute of Technology; Pasadena California USA
| | - C. R. Webster
- National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) Jet Propulsion Laboratory; California Institute of Technology; Pasadena California USA
| | - G. C. Toon
- National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) Jet Propulsion Laboratory; California Institute of Technology; Pasadena California USA
| | - J. W. Elkins
- Climate Monitoring and Diagnostics Laboratory; National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA); Boulder Colorado USA
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Fromm M. A unified, long-term, high-latitude stratospheric aerosol and cloud database using SAM II, SAGE II, and POAM II/III data: Algorithm description, database definition, and climatology. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2003. [DOI: 10.1029/2002jd002772] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Weller R, Jones AE, Wille A, Jacobi HW, McIntyre HP, Sturges WT, Huke M, Wagenbach D. Seasonality of reactive nitrogen oxides (NOy) at Neumayer Station, Antarctica. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2002. [DOI: 10.1029/2002jd002495] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- R. Weller
- Alfred-Wegener-Institut für Polar- und Meeresforschung; Bremerhaven Germany
| | - A. E. Jones
- British Antarctic Survey, Natural Environment Research Council, High Cross; Cambridge UK
| | | | - H.-W. Jacobi
- Alfred-Wegener-Institut für Polar- und Meeresforschung; Bremerhaven Germany
| | - H. P. McIntyre
- School of Environmental Sciences; University of East Anglia; Norwich UK
| | - W. T. Sturges
- School of Environmental Sciences; University of East Anglia; Norwich UK
| | - M. Huke
- Institut für Umweltphysik; Universität Heidelberg; Heidelberg Germany
| | - D. Wagenbach
- Institut für Umweltphysik; Universität Heidelberg; Heidelberg Germany
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Kawa SR, Bevilacqua RM, Margitan JJ, Douglass AR, Schoeberl MR, Hoppel KW, Sen B. Interaction between dynamics and chemistry of ozone in the setup phase of the Northern Hemisphere polar vortex. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2002. [DOI: 10.1029/2001jd001527] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- S. R. Kawa
- NASA Goddard Space Flight Center; Greenbelt Maryland USA
| | | | - J. J. Margitan
- Jet Propulsion Laboratory; California Institute of Technology; Pasadena California USA
| | - A. R. Douglass
- NASA Goddard Space Flight Center; Greenbelt Maryland USA
| | | | - K. W. Hoppel
- Naval Research Laboratory; Washington, D. C. USA
| | - B. Sen
- Jet Propulsion Laboratory; California Institute of Technology; Pasadena California USA
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Lee AM, Jones RL, Kilbane-Dawe I, Pyle JA. Diagnosing ozone loss in the extratropical lower stratosphere. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2002. [DOI: 10.1029/2001jd000538] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Adrian M. Lee
- Centre for Atmospheric Science, Department of Chemistry; University of Cambridge; Cambridge UK
| | - Roderic L. Jones
- Centre for Atmospheric Science, Department of Chemistry; University of Cambridge; Cambridge UK
| | - Iarla Kilbane-Dawe
- Centre for Atmospheric Science, Department of Chemistry; University of Cambridge; Cambridge UK
| | - John A. Pyle
- Centre for Atmospheric Science, Department of Chemistry; University of Cambridge; Cambridge UK
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38
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Greenblatt JB. Tracer-based determination of vortex descent in the 1999/2000 Arctic winter. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2002. [DOI: 10.1029/2001jd000937] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Greenblatt JB. Defining the polar vortex edge from an N2O:potential temperature correlation. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2002. [DOI: 10.1029/2001jd000575] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Brinksma EJ. Five years of observations of ozone profiles over Lauder, New Zealand. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2002. [DOI: 10.1029/2001jd000737] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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Gerrard AJ. Synoptic scale study of the Arctic polar vortex's influence on the middle atmosphere, 1, Observations. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2002. [DOI: 10.1029/2001jd000681] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Leblanc T, McDermid IS. Stratospheric ozone climatology from lidar measurements at Table Mountain (34.4°N, 117.7°W) and Mauna Loa (19.5°N, 155.6°W). ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2000. [DOI: 10.1029/2000jd900030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Hartmann DL, Wallace JM, Limpasuvan V, Thompson DW, Holton JR. Can ozone depletion and global warming interact to produce rapid climate change? Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2000; 97:1412-7. [PMID: 10677475 PMCID: PMC26447 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.97.4.1412] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/1999] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The atmosphere displays modes of variability whose structures exhibit a strong longitudinally symmetric (annular) component that extends from the surface to the stratosphere in middle and high latitudes of both hemispheres. In the past 30 years, these modes have exhibited trends that seem larger than their natural background variability, and may be related to human influences on stratospheric ozone and/or atmospheric greenhouse gas concentrations. The pattern of climate trends during the past few decades is marked by rapid cooling and ozone depletion in the polar lower stratosphere of both hemispheres, coupled with an increasing strength of the wintertime westerly polar vortex and a poleward shift of the westerly wind belt at the earth's surface. Annular modes of variability are fundamentally a result of internal dynamical feedbacks within the climate system, and as such can show a large response to rather modest external forcing. The dynamics and thermodynamics of these modes are such that strong synergistic interactions between stratospheric ozone depletion and greenhouse warming are possible. These interactions may be responsible for the pronounced changes in tropospheric and stratospheric climate observed during the past few decades. If these trends continue, they could have important implications for the climate of the 21st century.
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Affiliation(s)
- D L Hartmann
- Department of Atmospheric Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195-1640, USA
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Miyahara M, Yoshioka T, Nakamura JI, Okazaki M. Simple Evaluation Scheme of Adsorbate-Solid Interaction for Nano-Pore Characterization Studied with Monte Carlo Simulation. JOURNAL OF CHEMICAL ENGINEERING OF JAPAN 2000. [DOI: 10.1252/jcej.33.103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Morio Okazaki
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Kyoto University
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Santee ML, Manney GL, Froidevaux L, Read WG, Waters JW. Six years of UARS Microwave Limb Sounder HNO3observations: Seasonal, interhemispheric, and interannual variations in the lower stratosphere. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1999. [DOI: 10.1029/1998jd100089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Considine DB, Dessler AE, Jackman CH, Rosenfield JE, Meade PE, Schoeberl MR, Roche AE, Waters JW. Interhemispheric asymmetry in the 1 mbar O3trend: An analysis using an interactive zonal mean model and UARS data. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1998. [DOI: 10.1029/97jd02363] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Wauben WMF, van Velthoven PFJ, Kelder H, Bintanja R. Reply [to “Comment on ‘On the magnitude of transport out of the Antarctic polar vortex’ by Wiel M. F. Wauben et al.”]. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1997. [DOI: 10.1029/97jd02846] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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50
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Häder DP, Lebert M, Tahedl H, Richter P. The Erlanger flagellate test (EFT): photosynthetic flagellates in biological dosimeters. JOURNAL OF PHOTOCHEMISTRY AND PHOTOBIOLOGY B-BIOLOGY 1997. [DOI: 10.1016/s1011-1344(97)00028-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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