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Capobianco CA, Hankenson KD, Knights AJ. Temporal dynamics of immune-stromal cell interactions in fracture healing. Front Immunol 2024; 15:1352819. [PMID: 38455063 PMCID: PMC10917940 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2024.1352819] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2023] [Accepted: 02/06/2024] [Indexed: 03/09/2024] Open
Abstract
Bone fracture repair is a complex, multi-step process that involves communication between immune and stromal cells to coordinate the repair and regeneration of damaged tissue. In the US, 10% of all bone fractures do not heal properly without intervention, resulting in non-union. Complications from non-union fractures are physically and financially debilitating. We now appreciate the important role that immune cells play in tissue repair, and the necessity of the inflammatory response in initiating healing after skeletal trauma. The temporal dynamics of immune and stromal cell populations have been well characterized across the stages of fracture healing. Recent studies have begun to untangle the intricate mechanisms driving the immune response during normal or atypical, delayed healing. Various in vivo models of fracture healing, including genetic knockouts, as well as in vitro models of the fracture callus, have been implemented to enable experimental manipulation of the heterogeneous cellular environment. The goals of this review are to (1): summarize our current understanding of immune cell involvement in fracture healing (2); describe state-of-the art approaches to study inflammatory cells in fracture healing, including computational and in vitro models; and (3) identify gaps in our knowledge concerning immune-stromal crosstalk during bone healing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christina A. Capobianco
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, United States
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, United States
| | - Kurt D. Hankenson
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, United States
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, United States
| | - Alexander J. Knights
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, United States
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2
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Nakanishi-Matsui M, Matsumoto N, Sun-Wada GH, Wada Y. Role of the Cytosolic Domain of the a3 Subunit of V-ATPase in the Interaction with Rab7 and Secretory Lysosome Trafficking in Osteoclasts. Biol Pharm Bull 2024; 47:339-344. [PMID: 38296463 DOI: 10.1248/bpb.b23-00833] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2024]
Abstract
We previously reported that the a3 subunit of proton-pumping vacuolar-type ATPase (V-ATPase) interacts with Rab7 and its guanine nucleotide exchange factor, Mon1a-Ccz1, and recruits them to secretory lysosomes in osteoclasts, which is essential for anterograde trafficking of secretory lysosomes. The a3 subunit interacts with Mon1a-Ccz1 through its cytosolic N-terminal domain. Here, we examined the roles of this domain in the interaction with Rab7 and trafficking of secretory lysosomes. Immunoprecipitation experiments showed that a3 interacted with Rab7 through its cytosolic domain, similar to the interaction with Mon1a-Ccz1. We connected this domain with a lysosome localization signal and expressed it in a3-knockout (a3KO) osteoclasts. Although the signal connected to the cytosolic domain was mainly detected in lysosomes, impaired lysosome trafficking in a3KO osteoclasts was not rescued. These results indicate that the cytosolic domain of a3 can interact with trafficking regulators, but is insufficient to induce secretory lysosome trafficking. The C-terminal domain of a3 and other subunits of V-ATPase are likely required to form a fully functional complex for secretory lysosome trafficking.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Naomi Matsumoto
- Division of Biochemistry, School of Pharmacy, Iwate Medical University
- Center for Basic Medical Research, International University of Health and Welfare
| | - Ge-Hong Sun-Wada
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Doshisha Women's College
| | - Yoh Wada
- Division of Biological Sciences, Institute of Scientific and Industrial Research, Osaka University
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3
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Chen N, Wu RW, Lam Y, Chan WC, Chan D. Hypertrophic chondrocytes at the junction of musculoskeletal structures. Bone Rep 2023; 19:101698. [PMID: 37485234 PMCID: PMC10359737 DOI: 10.1016/j.bonr.2023.101698] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2023] [Revised: 06/12/2023] [Accepted: 07/01/2023] [Indexed: 07/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Hypertrophic chondrocytes are found at unique locations at the junction of skeletal tissues, cartilage growth plate, articular cartilage, enthesis and intervertebral discs. Their role in the skeleton is best understood in the process of endochondral ossification in development and bone fracture healing. Chondrocyte hypertrophy occurs in degenerative conditions such as osteoarthritis. Thus, the role of hypertrophic chondrocytes in skeletal biology and pathology is context dependent. This review will focus on hypertrophic chondrocytes in endochondral ossification, in which they exist in a transient state, but acting as a central regulator of differentiation, mineralization, vascularization and conversion to bone. The amazing journey of a chondrocyte from being entrapped in the extracellular matrix environment to becoming proliferative then hypertrophic will be discussed. Recent studies on the dynamic changes and plasticity of hypertrophic chondrocytes have provided new insights into how we view these cells, not as terminally differentiated but as cells that can dedifferentiate to more progenitor-like cells in a transition to osteoblasts and adipocytes, as well as a source of skeletal stem and progenitor cells residing in the bone marrow. This will provide a foundation for studies of hypertrophic chondrocytes at other skeletal sites in development, tissue maintenance, pathology and therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ning Chen
- School of Biomedical Sciences, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Robin W.H. Wu
- School of Biomedical Sciences, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Yan Lam
- School of Biomedical Sciences, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Wilson C.W. Chan
- School of Biomedical Sciences, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
- Department of Orthopaedics Surgery and Traumatology, The University of Hong Kong-Shenzhen Hospital (HKU-SZH), Shenzhen 518053, China
| | - Danny Chan
- School of Biomedical Sciences, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
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4
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Borkowski L, Jojczuk M, Belcarz A, Pawlowska-Olszewska M, Kruk-Bachonko J, Radzki R, Bienko M, Slowik T, Lübek T, Nogalski A, Ginalska G. Comparing the Healing Abilities of Fluorapatite and Hydroxyapatite Ceramics in Regenerating Bone Tissue: An In Vivo Study. MATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 16:5992. [PMID: 37687681 PMCID: PMC10488477 DOI: 10.3390/ma16175992] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2023] [Revised: 08/25/2023] [Accepted: 08/28/2023] [Indexed: 09/10/2023]
Abstract
Some reports in the literature show the advantages of fluoride-containing apatite ceramics over hydroxyapatite (HAP), at least in some aspects. While HAP has been used extensively in the treatment of bone defects, fluoridated apatite has hardly been tested in vivo. In order to verify the biological properties of fluoride-doped apatite and to assess its therapeutic potential, we synthesized fluorapatite (FAP) and applied it as a filling in bone defects of experimental animals (rabbits). The treatment effects were evaluated on extracted bones after 3 and 6 months from implantation using peripheral quantitative computed tomography (pQCT), dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA), radiography (X-ray) and histological staining. The study proved the integration between FAP and the bone tissue, thus indicating its stimulating effect on new bone formation and mineralization. The results achieved after 3 months of treatment were difficult to interpret unequivocally and suggested the transient delay in FAP integration of bone in comparison with HAP. The reasons for this phenomenon are unclear. Most likely, these differences between FAP and HAP resulted mainly from the different porosities, densities and ionic reactivity of the ceramics, which in our opinion affected their solubility, integration and degree of bone tissue resorption. However, it was shown that 6 months after implantation, similar level of bone defect regeneration was achieved for both FAP and HAP. In this article, we present our hypothesis concerning the basis of this phenomenon.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leszek Borkowski
- Chair and Department of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, Medical University of Lublin, Chodzki 1, 20-093 Lublin, Poland
| | - Mariusz Jojczuk
- Chair and Department of Traumatology and Emergency Medicine, Medical University of Lublin, Staszica 11, 20-081 Lublin, Poland
| | - Anna Belcarz
- Chair and Department of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, Medical University of Lublin, Chodzki 1, 20-093 Lublin, Poland
| | - Marta Pawlowska-Olszewska
- Department of Animal Physiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Life Sciences in Lublin, Akademicka St. 12, 20-950 Lublin, Poland
| | - Joanna Kruk-Bachonko
- 2nd Departament of Radiology, University Hospital of Lublin, Staszica 16, 20-081 Lublin, Poland
| | - Radoslaw Radzki
- Department of Animal Physiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Life Sciences in Lublin, Akademicka St. 12, 20-950 Lublin, Poland
| | - Marek Bienko
- Department of Animal Physiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Life Sciences in Lublin, Akademicka St. 12, 20-950 Lublin, Poland
| | - Tymoteusz Slowik
- Experimental Medicine Center, Medical University of Lublin, Jaczewskiego 8, 20-090 Lublin, Poland
| | - Tomasz Lübek
- Chair and Department of Traumatology and Emergency Medicine, Medical University of Lublin, Staszica 11, 20-081 Lublin, Poland
| | - Adam Nogalski
- Chair and Department of Traumatology and Emergency Medicine, Medical University of Lublin, Staszica 11, 20-081 Lublin, Poland
| | - Grazyna Ginalska
- Chair and Department of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, Medical University of Lublin, Chodzki 1, 20-093 Lublin, Poland
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5
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Fernandes CJDC, Cassiano AFB, Henrique-Silva F, Cirelli JA, de Souza EP, Coaguila-Llerena H, Zambuzzi WF, Faria G. Recombinant sugarcane cystatin CaneCPI-5 promotes osteogenic differentiation. Tissue Cell 2023; 83:102157. [PMID: 37451011 DOI: 10.1016/j.tice.2023.102157] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2023] [Revised: 07/04/2023] [Accepted: 07/05/2023] [Indexed: 07/18/2023]
Abstract
Cysteine proteases orchestrate bone remodeling, and are inhibited by cystatins. In reinforcing our hypothesis that exogenous and naturally obtained inhibitors of cysteine proteases (cystatins) act on bone remodeling, we decided to challenge osteoblasts with sugarcane-derived cystatin (CaneCPI-5) for up to 7 days. To this end, we investigated molecular issues related to the decisive, preliminary stages of osteoblast biology, such as adhesion, migration, proliferation, and differentiation. Our data showed that CaneCPI-5 negatively modulates both cofilin phosphorylation at Ser03, and the increase in cytoskeleton remodeling during the adhesion mechanism, possibly as a prerequisite to controlling cell proliferation and migration. This is mainly because CaneCPI-5 also caused the overexpression of the CDK2 gene, and greater migration of osteoblasts. Extracellular matrix remodeling was also evaluated in this study by investigating matrix metalloproteinase (MMP) activities. Our data showed that CaneCPI-5 overstimulates both MMP-2 and MMP-9 activities, and suggested that this cellular event could be related to osteoblast differentiation. Additionally, differentiation mechanisms were better evaluated by investigating Osterix and alkaline phosphatase (ALP) genes, and bone morphogenetic protein (BMP) signaling members. Altogether, our data showed that CaneCPI-5 can trigger biological mechanisms related to osteoblast differentiation, and broaden the perspectives for better exploring biotechnological approaches for bone disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Célio Junior da Costa Fernandes
- Bioassays and Cell Dynamics Lab, Department of Chemical and Biological Sciences, Institute of Biosciences, Sao Paulo State University - UNESP, Botucatu, São Paulo, Brazil; Exercise Cell Biology Lab, School of Applied Sciences, University of Campinas, Limeira, São Paulo, Brazil; Department of Biophysics and Pharmacology, Institute of Biosciences, Sao Paulo State University - UNESP, Botucatu, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Ana Flávia Balestrero Cassiano
- Department of Restorative Dentistry, School of Dentistry at Araraquara, Sao Paulo State University - UNESP, Araraquara, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Flavio Henrique-Silva
- Department of Genetics and Evolution, Federal University of Sao Carlos, São Carlos, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Joni Augusto Cirelli
- Department of Diagnosis and Surgery, School of Dentistry at Araraquara, Sao Paulo State University -UNESP, Araraquara, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Eduardo Pereira de Souza
- Department of Genetics and Evolution, Federal University of Sao Carlos, São Carlos, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Hernán Coaguila-Llerena
- Department of Restorative Dentistry, School of Dentistry at Araraquara, Sao Paulo State University - UNESP, Araraquara, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Willian Fernando Zambuzzi
- Bioassays and Cell Dynamics Lab, Department of Chemical and Biological Sciences, Institute of Biosciences, Sao Paulo State University - UNESP, Botucatu, São Paulo, Brazil.
| | - Gisele Faria
- Department of Restorative Dentistry, School of Dentistry at Araraquara, Sao Paulo State University - UNESP, Araraquara, São Paulo, Brazil.
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Yocom A, Contino E, Kawcak C. Review of the Mechanism of Action and Use of Bisphosphonates in Horses. J Equine Vet Sci 2023:104503. [PMID: 37120118 DOI: 10.1016/j.jevs.2023.104503] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2022] [Revised: 04/13/2023] [Accepted: 04/24/2023] [Indexed: 05/01/2023]
Abstract
Bisphosphonates are a group of drugs that can reduce bone resorption by incorporating into the crystal structure of exposed hydroxyapatite where they are taken up by osteoclasts. Bisphosphonates have several other mechanisms of action including reducing pain and inflammation and altering macrophage function. There are two types of bisphosphonates - nitrogenous and non-nitrogenous, the latter of which is used in horses. This article provides a literature-based review of the proposed mechanisms of action and therapeutic uses of bisphosphonates including a brief review of bone response to disease. A review of the literature available in horses including safety data and current rules and regulations is also provided.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alicia Yocom
- Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Colorado State University, 300 West Drake Road, Fort Collins, CO 80523
| | - Erin Contino
- Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Colorado State University, 300 West Drake Road, Fort Collins, CO 80523
| | - Christopher Kawcak
- Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Colorado State University, 300 West Drake Road, Fort Collins, CO 80523.
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7
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Abstract
Carbonic anhydrase II deficiency (OMIM # 259730), initially called "osteopetrosis with renal tubular acidosis and cerebral calcification syndrome", reveals an important role for the enzyme carbonic anhydrase II (CA II) in osteoclast and renal tubule function. Discovered in 1972 and subsequently given various names, CA II deficiency now describes >100 affected individuals encountered predominantly from the Middle East and Mediterranean region. In 1983, CA II deficiency emerged as the first osteopetrosis (OPT) understood metabolically, and in 1991 the first understood molecularly. CA II deficiency is the paradigm OPT featuring failure of osteoclasts to resorb bone due to inability to acidify their pericellular milieu. The disorder presents late in infancy or early in childhood with fracturing, developmental delay, weakness, short stature, and/or cranial nerve compression and palsy. Mental retardation is common. The skeletal findings may improve by adult life, and CA II deficiency can be associated with a normal life-span. Therefore, it has been considered an "intermediate" type of OPT. In CA II deficiency, OPT is uniquely accompanied by renal tubular acidosis (RTA) of proximal, distal, or combined type featuring hyperchloremic metabolic acidosis, rarely with hypokalemia and paralysis. Cerebral calcification uniquely appears in early childhood. The etiology is bi-allelic loss-of-function mutations of CA2 that encodes CA II. Prenatal diagnosis requires mutational analysis of CA2. Although this enzymopathy reveals how CA II is important for the skeleton and kidney tubule, the pathogenesis of the mental subnormality and cerebral calcification is less well understood. Several mouse models of CA II deficiency have shown growth hormone deficiency, yet currently there is no standard pharmacologic therapy for patients. Treatment of the systemic acidosis is often begun when growth is complete. Although CA II deficiency is an "osteoclast-rich" OPT, and therefore transplantation of healthy osteoclasts can improve the skeletal disease, the RTA and central nervous system difficulties persist.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael P Whyte
- Division of Bone and Mineral Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA; Shriners Hospitals for Children-St. Louis, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA.
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8
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Sugar transporter Slc37a2 regulates bone metabolism in mice via a tubular lysosomal network in osteoclasts. Nat Commun 2023; 14:906. [PMID: 36810735 PMCID: PMC9945426 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-36484-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2022] [Accepted: 02/01/2023] [Indexed: 02/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Osteoclasts are giant bone-digesting cells that harbor specialized lysosome-related organelles termed secretory lysosomes (SLs). SLs store cathepsin K and serve as a membrane precursor to the ruffled border, the osteoclast's 'resorptive apparatus'. Yet, the molecular composition and spatiotemporal organization of SLs remains incompletely understood. Here, using organelle-resolution proteomics, we identify member a2 of the solute carrier 37 family (Slc37a2) as a SL sugar transporter. We demonstrate in mice that Slc37a2 localizes to the SL limiting membrane and that these organelles adopt a hitherto unnoticed but dynamic tubular network in living osteoclasts that is required for bone digestion. Accordingly, mice lacking Slc37a2 accrue high bone mass owing to uncoupled bone metabolism and disturbances in SL export of monosaccharide sugars, a prerequisite for SL delivery to the bone-lining osteoclast plasma membrane. Thus, Slc37a2 is a physiological component of the osteoclast's unique secretory organelle and a potential therapeutic target for metabolic bone diseases.
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9
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Kim AS, Girgis CM, McDonald MM. Osteoclast Recycling and the Rebound Phenomenon Following Denosumab Discontinuation. Curr Osteoporos Rep 2022; 20:505-515. [PMID: 36201122 PMCID: PMC9718877 DOI: 10.1007/s11914-022-00756-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/19/2022] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Inhibition of receptor activator of nuclear factor kappa-B ligand (RANKL) with denosumab is an effective treatment in a number of conditions including osteoporosis where suppression of bone resorption is desired. However, denosumab discontinuation is associated with rebound increase in bone resorption and subsequent loss in bone mass and a rapid return to baseline fracture risk. We review recent data on the rebound increase in bone resorption following denosumab discontinuation and the potential mechanisms behind this phenomenon. RECENT FINDINGS Osteoclasts have been considered to be highly specialised cells that undergo apoptosis after fulfilling their function of bone resorption. However, recent studies suggest that osteoclasts are longer lived cells which migrate through vasculature and are capable of undergoing fission into a novel cell type (the osteomorph) and re-fusion in a process termed osteoclast recycling. The life cycle of the osteoclast is more complex than previously appreciated. Osteoclast recycling provides a novel mechanistic framework to examine changes in osteoclast biology in response to treatment of bone diseases and provides an exciting new avenue towards personalised medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Albert S Kim
- Bone Biology Program, Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Sydney, Australia
- Faculty of Medicine UNSW Sydney, St Vincent's Clinical School, Kensington, NSW, Australia
- Department of Diabetes and Endocrinology, Westmead Hospital, Westmead, NSW, Australia
| | - Christian M Girgis
- Department of Diabetes and Endocrinology, Westmead Hospital, Westmead, NSW, Australia
- Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
- The Westmead Institute for Medical Research, Westmead, NSW, Australia
| | - Michelle M McDonald
- Bone Biology Program, Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Sydney, Australia.
- Faculty of Medicine UNSW Sydney, St Vincent's Clinical School, Kensington, NSW, Australia.
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Capo V, Abinun M, Villa A. Osteoclast rich osteopetrosis due to defects in the TCIRG1 gene. Bone 2022; 165:116519. [PMID: 35981697 DOI: 10.1016/j.bone.2022.116519] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2022] [Revised: 08/10/2022] [Accepted: 08/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Discovery that mutations in TCIRG1 (also known as Atp6i) gene are responsible for most instances of autosomal recessive osteopetrosis (ARO) heralded a new era for comprehension and treatment of this phenotypically heterogeneous rare bone disease. TCIRG1 encodes the a3 subunit, an essential isoform of the vacuolar ATPase proton pump involved in acidification of the osteoclast resorption lacuna and in secretory lysosome trafficking. TCIRG1 defects lead to inefficient bone resorption by nonfunctional osteoclasts seen in abundance on bone marrow biopsy, delineating this ARO as 'osteoclast-rich'. Presentation is usually in early childhood and features of extramedullary haematopoiesis (hepatosplenomegaly, anaemia, thrombocytopenia) due to bone marrow fibrosis, and cranial nerve impingement (blindness in particular). Impaired dietary calcium uptake due to high pH causes the co-occurrence of rickets, described as "osteopetrorickets". Osteoclast dysfunction leads to early death if untreated, and allogeneic haematopoietic stem cell transplantation is currently the treatment of choice. Studies of patients as well as of mouse models carrying spontaneous (the oc/oc mouse) or targeted disruption of Atp6i (TCIRG1) gene have been instrumental providing insight into disease pathogenesis and development of novel cellular therapies that exploit gene correction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valentina Capo
- San Raffaele Telethon Institute for Gene Therapy (SR-Tiget), IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy; Institute of Genetic and Biomedical Research, Milan Unit, National Research Council, Milan, Italy
| | - Mario Abinun
- Children's Haematopoietic Stem Cell Transplantation Unit, Great North Children's Hospital, Newcastle upon Tyne Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK; Translational and Clinical Research Institute, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
| | - Anna Villa
- San Raffaele Telethon Institute for Gene Therapy (SR-Tiget), IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy; Institute of Genetic and Biomedical Research, Milan Unit, National Research Council, Milan, Italy.
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Fang X, Hu JF, Hu QY, Li H, Sun ZJ, Xu Z, Zhang L. ROS-responsive resveratrol-loaded cyclodextrin nanomicelles reduce inflammatory osteolysis. Colloids Surf B Biointerfaces 2022; 219:112819. [PMID: 36137333 DOI: 10.1016/j.colsurfb.2022.112819] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2022] [Revised: 08/24/2022] [Accepted: 08/29/2022] [Indexed: 10/31/2022]
Abstract
Bone loss in inflammatory disorders such as osteomyelitis, septic arthritis, and periodontitis is caused by excessive osteoclastic activity. Meanwhile, reactive oxygen species (ROS) have been identified as contributors to osteoclast differentiation, and the application of ROS scavengers has emerged as a promising strategy to protect against bone loss. Recently, resveratrol (RSV), a polyphenolic phytoalexin, has been demonstrated to inhibit osteoclastogenesis by scavenging ROS; however, the application of RSV as an antioxidant is limited by its low water solubility, structural instability, and short elimination half-life. In this study, we developed a PEGylated cyclodextrin (CD)-based nanoplatform (PCP) for local delivery of RSV as nanomicelles (RSV-NMs). In addition, polymer functionalization with phenylboronic acid ester in RSV-NMs successfully achieved ROS-responsive release of RSV. The RSV-NMs in a well-dispersed state possessed good biocompatibility as well as improved solubility and stability compared with RSV compound. In vitro, RSV-NMs significantly inhibited the formation of tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase (TRAP)-positive multinuclear cells and suppressed F-actin (filamentous actin) ring formation. Additionally, the mRNA expressions of osteoclastic marker genes, including matrix metalloprotein-9 (MMP-9), nuclear factor of activated T cells 1 (NFATc1), TRAP, and cathepsin K, were consequently downregulated in the presence of RSV-NMs. In vivo, RSV-NMs provided protection against LPS-induced bone destruction, as evidenced by a decreased number of osteoclasts, increased bone density, and reduced area of bone resorption. Taken together, these results indicate that our ROS-responsive RSV-NMs can be employed as a potential therapeutic agent for the treatment of inflammatory osteolysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaolin Fang
- The State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Basic Science of Stomatology (Hubei-MOST) & Key Laboratory of Oral Biomedicine of Ministry of Education, School & Hospital of Stomatology, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430079, China
| | - Jun-Feng Hu
- School of Materials and Energy & Chongqing Engineering Research Center for Micro-Nano Biomedical Materials and Devices, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China
| | - Qing-Yun Hu
- The State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Basic Science of Stomatology (Hubei-MOST) & Key Laboratory of Oral Biomedicine of Ministry of Education, School & Hospital of Stomatology, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430079, China
| | - Han Li
- The State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Basic Science of Stomatology (Hubei-MOST) & Key Laboratory of Oral Biomedicine of Ministry of Education, School & Hospital of Stomatology, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430079, China
| | - Zhi-Jun Sun
- The State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Basic Science of Stomatology (Hubei-MOST) & Key Laboratory of Oral Biomedicine of Ministry of Education, School & Hospital of Stomatology, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430079, China
| | - Zhigang Xu
- School of Materials and Energy & Chongqing Engineering Research Center for Micro-Nano Biomedical Materials and Devices, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China.
| | - Lu Zhang
- The State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Basic Science of Stomatology (Hubei-MOST) & Key Laboratory of Oral Biomedicine of Ministry of Education, School & Hospital of Stomatology, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430079, China.
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12
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Nakanishi-Matsui M, Matsumoto N. V-ATPase a3 Subunit in Secretory Lysosome Trafficking in Osteoclasts. Biol Pharm Bull 2022; 45:1426-1431. [PMID: 36184499 DOI: 10.1248/bpb.b22-00371] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Vacuolar-type ATPase (V-ATPase) shares its structure and rotational catalysis with F-type ATPase (F-ATPase, ATP synthase). However, unlike subunits of F-ATPase, those of V-ATPase have tissue- and/or organelle-specific isoforms. Structural diversity of V-ATPase generated by different combinations of subunit isoforms enables it to play diverse physiological roles in mammalian cells. Among these various roles, this review focuses on the functions of lysosome-specific V-ATPase in bone resorption by osteoclasts. Lysosomes remain in the cytoplasm in most cell types, but in osteoclasts, secretory lysosomes move toward and fuse with the plasma membrane to secrete lysosomal enzymes, which is essential for bone resorption. Through this process, lysosomal V-ATPase harboring the a3 isoform of the a subunit is relocated to the plasma membrane, where it transports protons from the cytosol to the cell exterior to generate the acidic extracellular conditions required for secreted lysosomal enzymes. In addition to this role as a proton pump, we recently found that the lysosomal a3 subunit of V-ATPase is essential for anterograde trafficking of secretory lysosomes. Specifically, a3 interacts with Rab7, a member of the Rab guanosine 5'-triphosphatase (GTPase) family that regulates organelle trafficking, and recruits it to the lysosomal membrane. These findings revealed the multifunctionality of lysosomal V-ATPase in osteoclasts; V-ATPase is responsible not only for the formation of the acidic environment by transporting protons, but also for intracellular trafficking of secretory lysosomes by recruiting organelle trafficking factors. Herein, we summarize the molecular mechanism underlying secretory lysosome trafficking in osteoclasts, and discuss the possible regulatory role of V-ATPase in organelle trafficking.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Naomi Matsumoto
- Division of Biochemistry, School of Pharmacy, Iwate Medical University
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13
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Kushwaha P, Alekos NS, Kim SP, Li Z, Wolfgang MJ, Riddle RC. Mitochondrial fatty acid β-oxidation is important for normal osteoclast formation in growing female mice. Front Physiol 2022; 13:997358. [PMID: 36187756 PMCID: PMC9515402 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2022.997358] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2022] [Accepted: 08/22/2022] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Skeletal remodeling is an energy demanding process that is linked to nutrient availability and the levels of metabolic hormones. While recent studies have examined the metabolic requirements of bone formation by osteoblasts, much less is known about the energetic requirements of bone resorption by osteoclasts. The abundance of mitochondria in mature osteoclasts suggests that the production of an acidified micro-environment conducive to the ionization of hydroxyapatite, secretion of matrix-degrading enzymes, and motility during resorption requires significant energetic capacity. To investigate the contribution of mitochondrial long chain fatty acid β-oxidation to osteoclast development, we disrupted the expression of carnitine palmitoyltransferase-2 (Cpt2) in myeloid-lineage cells. Fatty acid oxidation increases dramatically in bone marrow cultures stimulated with RANKL and M-CSF and microCT analysis revealed that the genetic inhibition of long chain fatty acid oxidation in osteoclasts significantly increases trabecular bone volume in female mice secondary to reduced osteoclast numbers. In line with these data, osteoclast precursors isolated from Cpt2 mutants exhibit reduced capacity to form large-multinucleated osteoclasts, which was not rescued by exogenous glucose or pyruvate, and signs of an energetic stress response. Together, our data demonstrate that mitochondrial long chain fatty acid oxidation by the osteoclast is required for normal bone resorption as its inhibition produces an intrinsic defect in osteoclast formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Priyanka Kushwaha
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - Nathalie S. Alekos
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - Soohyun P. Kim
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - Zhu Li
- Department of Orthopaedics, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - Michael J. Wolfgang
- Department of Biological Chemistry, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - Ryan C. Riddle
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States,Department of Orthopaedics, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States,Baltimore Veterans Administration Medical Center, Baltimore, MD, United States,*Correspondence: Ryan C. Riddle,
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14
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Could BMPs Therapy Be Improved if BMPs Were Used in Composition Acting during Bone Formation in Endochondral Ossification? Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms231810327. [PMID: 36142232 PMCID: PMC9499665 DOI: 10.3390/ijms231810327] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2022] [Revised: 09/01/2022] [Accepted: 09/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
The discovery of bone morphogenetic proteins (BMPs) inspired hope for the successful treatment of bone disorders, but side effects worsening the clinical effects were eventually observed. BMPs exert a synergistic effect, stimulating osteogenesis; however, predicting the best composition of growth factors for use in humans is difficult. Chondrocytes present within the growth plate produce growth factors stored in calcified cartilage adhering to metaphysis. These factors stimulate initial bone formation in metaphysis. We have previously determined the growth factors present in bovine calcified cartilage and produced by rat epiphyseal chondrocytes. The results suggest that growth factors stimulating physiological ossification are species dependent. The collection of human calcified cartilage for growth factors determination does not appear feasible, but chondrocytes for mRNA determination could be obtained. Their collection from young recipients, in view of the Academy of Medical Royal Colleges Recommendation, would be ethical. The authors of this review do not have facilities to conduct such a study and can only appeal to competent institutions to undertake the task. The results could help to formulate a better recipe for the stimulation of bone formation and improve clinical results.
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15
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Omi M, Mishina Y. Roles of osteoclasts in alveolar bone remodeling. Genesis 2022; 60:e23490. [PMID: 35757898 PMCID: PMC9786271 DOI: 10.1002/dvg.23490] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2022] [Revised: 05/25/2022] [Accepted: 06/09/2022] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Osteoclasts are large multinucleated cells from hematopoietic origin and are responsible for bone resorption. A balance between osteoclastic bone resorption and osteoblastic bone formation is critical to maintain bone homeostasis. The alveolar bone, also called the alveolar process, is the part of the jawbone that holds the teeth and supports oral functions. It differs from other skeletal bones in several aspects: its embryonic cellular origin, the form of ossification, and the presence of teeth and periodontal tissues; hence, understanding the unique characteristic of the alveolar bone remodeling is important to maintain oral homeostasis. Excessive osteoclastic bone resorption is one of the prominent features of bone diseases in the jaw such as periodontitis. Therefore, inhibiting osteoclast formation and bone resorptive process has been the target of therapeutic intervention. Understanding the mechanisms of osteoclastic bone resorption is critical for the effective treatment of bone diseases in the jaw. In this review, we discuss basic principles of alveolar bone remodeling with a specific focus on the osteoclastic bone resorptive process and its unique functions in the alveolar bone. Lastly, we provide perspectives on osteoclast-targeted therapies and regenerative approaches associated with bone diseases in the jaw.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maiko Omi
- Department of Biologic and Materials Sciences & ProsthodonticsUniversity of Michigan School of DentistryAnn ArborMichiganUSA
| | - Yuji Mishina
- Department of Biologic and Materials Sciences & ProsthodonticsUniversity of Michigan School of DentistryAnn ArborMichiganUSA
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16
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Dow JAT, Simons M, Romero MF. Drosophila melanogaster: a simple genetic model of kidney structure, function and disease. Nat Rev Nephrol 2022; 18:417-434. [PMID: 35411063 DOI: 10.1038/s41581-022-00561-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/07/2022] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Although the genetic basis of many kidney diseases is being rapidly elucidated, their experimental study remains problematic owing to the lack of suitable models. The fruitfly Drosophila melanogaster provides a rapid, ethical and cost-effective model system of the kidney. The unique advantages of D. melanogaster include ease and low cost of maintenance, comprehensive availability of genetic mutants and powerful transgenic technologies, and less onerous regulation, as compared with mammalian systems. Renal and excretory functions in D. melanogaster reside in three main tissues - the transporting renal (Malpighian) tubules, the reabsorptive hindgut and the endocytic nephrocytes. Tubules contain multiple cell types and regions and generate a primary urine by transcellular transport rather than filtration, which is then subjected to selective reabsorption in the hindgut. By contrast, the nephrocytes are specialized for uptake of macromolecules and equipped with a filtering slit diaphragm resembling that of podocytes. Many genes with key roles in the human kidney have D. melanogaster orthologues that are enriched and functionally relevant in fly renal tissues. This similarity has allowed investigations of epithelial transport, kidney stone formation and podocyte and proximal tubule function. Furthermore, a range of unique quantitative phenotypes are available to measure function in both wild type and disease-modelling flies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julian A T Dow
- Institute of Molecular, Cell and Systems Biology, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK.
| | - Matias Simons
- INSERM UMR1163, Laboratory of Epithelial Biology and Disease, Imagine Institute, Université de Paris, Hôpital Necker-Enfants Malades, Paris, France
- Institute of Human Genetics, University Hospital Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Michael F Romero
- Department of Physiology and Biomedical Engineering, Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine and Science, Rochester, MN, USA
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17
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Heo SC, You JC, Jung S, Kim YN, Shin SH, Lee JY, Kim HJ. Pim-2 regulates bone resorptive activity of osteoclasts via V-ATPase a3 isoform expression in periodontal disease. J Cell Physiol 2022; 237:3381-3393. [PMID: 35696529 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.30814] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2022] [Revised: 05/08/2022] [Accepted: 05/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Cytoplasmic serine/threonine Pim kinases have emerged as important modulators of immune regulation and oncology. However, their regulatory roles in bone remodeling remain obscure. Here, we aimed to determine the roles of Pim kinases in periodontal disease (PD), focusing on the regulation of osteoclastogenesis and bone resorptive activity. We investigated Pim kinases expression in PD by analyzing data from the online Gene Expression Omnibus database and using ligature-induced periodontitis mouse model. The expression of Pim kinases during receptor activator of nuclear factor kB ligand (RANKL)-induced osteoclastogenesis was assessed in mouse bone marrow-derived macrophages (BMMs) using reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction. Osteoclast differentiation and bone resorption activity were respectively verified by tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase staining and dentin disc-based bone resorption assays. We silenced and overexpressed Pim-2 using small interfering RNA (siRNA) and retroviral vector, respectively, to investigate the molecular mechanisms underlying Pim-2 regulation in RANKL-induced osteoclastogenesis and bone resorption activity. Upregulated expression of Pim-2 was observed in both patients with PD and periodontitis-affected mouse gingival tissues. siRNA-mediated silencing of Pim-2 in BMMs diminished RANKL-induced resorptive activity without affecting osteoclastogenesis. Moreover, RANKL-triggered stimulation of a3 isoform, which is a subunit of vacuolar-type ATPase, was selectively attenuated in BMMs on silencing Pim-2. The overexpression of Pim-2 with a retroviral vector stimulated the a3 subunit, thus inducing bone resorption activity. Taken together, these results suggest that Pim-2 acts as a major modulator of osteoclastic activity by regulating a3 isoform expression in PD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Soon C Heo
- Department of Oral Physiology, Periodontal Diseases Signaling Network Research Center, Dental and Life Science Institute, Pusan National University, School of Dentistry, Yangsan, South Korea
| | - Jae C You
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Dental Research Institute and Dental and Life Science Institute, Pusan National University, School of Dentistry, Yangsan, South Korea
| | - Suhan Jung
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, BK21 Program and Dental Research Institute, Seoul National University, School of Dentistry, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Yu N Kim
- Department of Oral Physiology, Periodontal Diseases Signaling Network Research Center, Dental and Life Science Institute, Pusan National University, School of Dentistry, Yangsan, South Korea
| | - Sang-Hun Shin
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Dental Research Institute and Dental and Life Science Institute, Pusan National University, School of Dentistry, Yangsan, South Korea
| | - Jae-Yeol Lee
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Dental Research Institute and Dental and Life Science Institute, Pusan National University, School of Dentistry, Yangsan, South Korea
| | - Hyung J Kim
- Department of Oral Physiology, Periodontal Diseases Signaling Network Research Center, Dental and Life Science Institute, Pusan National University, School of Dentistry, Yangsan, South Korea
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18
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Matsubara T, Yasuda K, Mizuta K, Kawaue H, Kokabu S. Tyrosine Kinase Src Is a Regulatory Factor of Bone Homeostasis. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23105508. [PMID: 35628319 PMCID: PMC9146043 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23105508] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2022] [Revised: 05/10/2022] [Accepted: 05/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Osteoclasts, which resorb the bone, and osteoblasts, which form the bone, are the key cells regulating bone homeostasis. Osteoporosis and other metabolic bone diseases occur when osteoclast-mediated bone resorption is increased and bone formation by osteoblasts is decreased. Analyses of tyrosine kinase Src-knockout mice revealed that Src is essential for bone resorption by osteoclasts and suppresses bone formation by osteoblasts. Src-knockout mice exhibit osteopetrosis. Therefore, Src is a potential target for osteoporosis therapy. However, Src is ubiquitously expressed in many tissues and is involved in various biological processes, such as cell proliferation, growth, and migration. Thus, it is challenging to develop effective osteoporosis therapies targeting Src. To solve this problem, it is necessary to understand the molecular mechanism of Src function in the bone. Src expression and catalytic activity are maintained at high levels in osteoclasts. The high activity of Src is essential for the attachment of osteoclasts to the bone matrix and to resorb the bone by regulating actin-related molecules. Src also inhibits the activity of Runx2, a master regulator of osteoblast differentiation, suppressing bone formation in osteoblasts. In this paper, we introduce the molecular mechanisms of Src in osteoclasts and osteoblasts to explore its potential for bone metabolic disease therapy.
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19
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Russo S, Scotto di Carlo F, Gianfrancesco F. The Osteoclast Traces the Route to Bone Tumors and Metastases. Front Cell Dev Biol 2022; 10:886305. [PMID: 35646939 PMCID: PMC9139841 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2022.886305] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2022] [Accepted: 03/24/2022] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Osteoclasts are highly specialized cells of the bone, with a unique apparatus responsible for resorption in the process of bone remodeling. They are derived from differentiation and fusion of hematopoietic precursors, committed to form mature osteoclasts in response to finely regulated stimuli produced by bone marrow-derived cells belonging to the stromal lineage. Despite a highly specific function confined to bone degradation, emerging evidence supports their relevant implication in bone tumors and metastases. In this review, we summarize the physiological role of osteoclasts and then focus our attention on their involvement in skeletal tumors, both primary and metastatic. We highlight how osteoclast-mediated bone erosion confers increased aggressiveness to primary tumors, even those with benign features. We also outline how breast and pancreas cancer cells promote osteoclastogenesis to fuel their metastatic process to the bone. Furthermore, we emphasize the role of osteoclasts in reactivating dormant cancer cells within the bone marrow niches for manifestation of overt metastases, even decades after homing of latent disseminated cells. Finally, we point out the importance of counteracting tumor progression and dissemination through pharmacological treatments based on a better understanding of molecular mechanisms underlying osteoclast lytic activity and their recruitment from cancer cells.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Fernando Gianfrancesco
- Institute of Genetics and Biophysics “Adriano Buzzati-Traverso”, National Research Council of Italy, Naples, Italy
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20
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Li M, Jiang Y, Hou Q, Zhao Y, Zhong L, Fu X. Potential pre-activation strategies for improving therapeutic efficacy of mesenchymal stem cells: current status and future prospects. Stem Cell Res Ther 2022; 13:146. [PMID: 35379361 PMCID: PMC8981790 DOI: 10.1186/s13287-022-02822-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2021] [Accepted: 03/20/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Mesenchymal stem cell (MSC)-based therapy has been considered as a promising approach targeting a variety of intractable diseases due to remarkable multiple effect of MSCs, such as multilineage differentiation, immunomodulatory property, and pro-regenerative capacity. However, poor engraftment, low survival rate of transplanted MSC, and impaired donor-MSC potency under host age/disease result in unsatisfactory therapeutic outcomes. Enhancement strategies, including genetic manipulation, pre-activation, and modification of culture method, have been investigated to generate highly functional MSC, and approaches for MSC pre-activation are highlighted. In this review, we summarized the current approaches of MSC pre-activation and further classified, analysed the scientific principles and main characteristics of these manipulations, and described the pros and cons of individual pre-activation strategies. We also discuss the specialized tactics to solve the challenges in this promising field so that it improves MSC therapeutic functions to serve patients better.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meirong Li
- Research Center for Tissue Repair and Regeneration Affiliated to the Medical Innovation Research Division and 4th Medical Center, PLA General Hospital and PLA Medical College, Beijing, China. .,PLA Key Laboratory of Tissue Repair and Regenerative Medicine and Beijing Key Research Laboratory of Skin Injury, Repair and Regeneration, Beijing, China. .,Research Unit of Trauma Care, Tissue Repair and Regeneration, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences 2019RU051, Beijing, China.
| | - Yufeng Jiang
- Wound Repairing Department, PLA Strategic Support Force Characteristic Medical Center, Beijing, 100101, China
| | - Qian Hou
- Research Center for Tissue Repair and Regeneration Affiliated to the Medical Innovation Research Division and 4th Medical Center, PLA General Hospital and PLA Medical College, Beijing, China.,PLA Key Laboratory of Tissue Repair and Regenerative Medicine and Beijing Key Research Laboratory of Skin Injury, Repair and Regeneration, Beijing, China.,Research Unit of Trauma Care, Tissue Repair and Regeneration, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences 2019RU051, Beijing, China
| | - Yali Zhao
- Central Laboratory, Trauma Treatment Center, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Hainan Hospital, Sanya, China
| | - Lingzhi Zhong
- Research Center for Tissue Repair and Regeneration Affiliated to the Medical Innovation Research Division and 4th Medical Center, PLA General Hospital and PLA Medical College, Beijing, China.,PLA Key Laboratory of Tissue Repair and Regenerative Medicine and Beijing Key Research Laboratory of Skin Injury, Repair and Regeneration, Beijing, China.,Research Unit of Trauma Care, Tissue Repair and Regeneration, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences 2019RU051, Beijing, China
| | - Xiaobing Fu
- Research Center for Tissue Repair and Regeneration Affiliated to the Medical Innovation Research Division and 4th Medical Center, PLA General Hospital and PLA Medical College, Beijing, China. .,PLA Key Laboratory of Tissue Repair and Regenerative Medicine and Beijing Key Research Laboratory of Skin Injury, Repair and Regeneration, Beijing, China. .,Research Unit of Trauma Care, Tissue Repair and Regeneration, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences 2019RU051, Beijing, China.
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21
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Wang G, Ma C, Chen K, Wang Z, Qiu H, Chen D, He J, Zhang C, Guo D, Lai B, Zhang S, Huang L, Yang F, Yuan J, Chen L, He W, Xu J. Cycloastragenol Attenuates Osteoclastogenesis and Bone Loss by Targeting RANKL-Induced Nrf2/Keap1/ARE, NF-κB, Calcium, and NFATc1 Pathways. Front Pharmacol 2022; 12:810322. [PMID: 35126144 PMCID: PMC8812338 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2021.810322] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2021] [Accepted: 12/20/2021] [Indexed: 10/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Osteoporosis, which typically affects postmenopausal women, is an osteolytic disease due to over-activation of osteoclasts. However, current drugs targeting osteoclast inhibition face various side effects, making natural compounds with great interest as alternative treatment options. Cycloastragenol (CAG) is a triterpenoid with multiple biological activities. Previously, CAG's activity against aging-related osteoporosis was reported, but the mechanisms of actions for the activities were not understood. This study demonstrated that CAG dose-dependently inhibited osteoclast formation in receptor activator of nuclear factor-κB ligand (RANKL)-stimulated bone marrow macrophage (BMMs). Mechanism studies showed that CAG inhibited NF-κB, calcium, and nuclear factor of activated T cells 1 (NFATc1) pathways. Additionally, CAG also promoted the nuclear factor-erythroid 2-related factor 2 (Nrf2)/Kelch-like ECH-associated protein 1 (Keap1)/anti-oxidative response element (ARE) pathway that scavenges reactive oxygen species (ROS). Furthermore, CAG was also found to prevent bone loss of postmenopausal osteoporosis (PMO) in a preclinical model of ovariectomized (OVX) mice. Collectively, our research confirms that CAG inhibits the formation and function of osteoclasts by regulating RANKL-induced intracellular signaling pathways, which may represent a promising alternative for the therapy of osteoclast-related disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gang Wang
- First Affiliated Hospital, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangdong, China
- School of Biomedical Sciences, The University of WA, Perth, WA, Australia
- Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangdong, China
| | - Chao Ma
- Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangdong, China
| | - Kai Chen
- School of Biomedical Sciences, The University of WA, Perth, WA, Australia
| | - Ziyi Wang
- School of Biomedical Sciences, The University of WA, Perth, WA, Australia
| | - Heng Qiu
- School of Biomedical Sciences, The University of WA, Perth, WA, Australia
| | - Delong Chen
- School of Biomedical Sciences, The University of WA, Perth, WA, Australia
- Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangdong, China
| | - Jianbo He
- School of Biomedical Sciences, The University of WA, Perth, WA, Australia
- Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangdong, China
| | - Cheng Zhang
- Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangdong, China
| | - Ding Guo
- Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangdong, China
| | - Boyong Lai
- Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangdong, China
| | | | - Linfeng Huang
- Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangdong, China
| | - Fan Yang
- Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangdong, China
| | - Jinbo Yuan
- School of Biomedical Sciences, The University of WA, Perth, WA, Australia
| | - Leilei Chen
- Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangdong, China
- Third Affiliated Hospital, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangdong, China
| | - Wei He
- Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangdong, China
- Third Affiliated Hospital, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangdong, China
| | - Jiake Xu
- School of Biomedical Sciences, The University of WA, Perth, WA, Australia
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22
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Trivedi T, Pagnotti GM, Guise TA, Mohammad KS. The Role of TGF-β in Bone Metastases. Biomolecules 2021; 11:1643. [PMID: 34827641 PMCID: PMC8615596 DOI: 10.3390/biom11111643] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2021] [Revised: 10/29/2021] [Accepted: 10/29/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Complications associated with advanced cancer are a major clinical challenge and, if associated with bone metastases, worsen the prognosis and compromise the survival of the patients. Breast and prostate cancer cells exhibit a high propensity to metastasize to bone. The bone microenvironment is unique, providing fertile soil for cancer cell propagation, while mineralized bone matrices store potent growth factors and cytokines. Biologically active transforming growth factor β (TGF-β), one of the most abundant growth factors, is released following tumor-induced osteoclastic bone resorption. TGF-β promotes tumor cell secretion of factors that accelerate bone loss and fuel tumor cells to colonize. Thus, TGF-β is critical for driving the feed-forward vicious cycle of tumor growth in bone. Further, TGF-β promotes epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT), increasing cell invasiveness, angiogenesis, and metastatic progression. Emerging evidence shows TGF-β suppresses immune responses, enabling opportunistic cancer cells to escape immune checkpoints and promote bone metastases. Blocking TGF-β signaling pathways could disrupt the vicious cycle, revert EMT, and enhance immune response. However, TGF-β's dual role as both tumor suppressor and enhancer presents a significant challenge in developing therapeutics that target TGF-β signaling. This review presents TGF-β's role in cancer progression and bone metastases, while highlighting current perspectives on the therapeutic potential of targeting TGF-β pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Trupti Trivedi
- Department of Endocrine Neoplasia and Hormonal Disorders, Division of Internal Medicine, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA; (T.T.); (G.M.P.); (T.A.G.)
| | - Gabriel M. Pagnotti
- Department of Endocrine Neoplasia and Hormonal Disorders, Division of Internal Medicine, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA; (T.T.); (G.M.P.); (T.A.G.)
| | - Theresa A. Guise
- Department of Endocrine Neoplasia and Hormonal Disorders, Division of Internal Medicine, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA; (T.T.); (G.M.P.); (T.A.G.)
| | - Khalid S. Mohammad
- Department of Endocrine Neoplasia and Hormonal Disorders, Division of Internal Medicine, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA; (T.T.); (G.M.P.); (T.A.G.)
- College of Medicine, Alfaisal University, Riyadh 11533, Saudi Arabia
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23
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Jin W, Lin X, Pan H, Zhao C, Qiu P, Zhao R, Hu Z, Zhou Y, Wu H, Chen X, Ouyang H, Xie Z, Tang R. Engineered osteoclasts as living treatment materials for heterotopic ossification therapy. Nat Commun 2021; 12:6327. [PMID: 34732696 PMCID: PMC8566554 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-021-26593-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2020] [Accepted: 10/14/2021] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Osteoclasts (OCs), the only cells capable of remodeling bone, can demineralize calcium minerals biologically. Naive OCs have limitations for the removal of ectopic calcification, such as in heterotopic ossification (HO), due to their restricted activity, migration and poor adhesion to sites of ectopic calcification. HO is the formation of pathological mature bone within extraskeletal soft tissues, and there are currently no reliable methods for removing these unexpected calcified plaques. In the present study, we develop a chemical approach to modify OCs with tetracycline (TC) to produce engineered OCs (TC-OCs) with an enhanced capacity for targeting and adhering to ectopic calcified tissue due to a broad affinity for calcium minerals. Unlike naive OCs, TC-OCs are able to effectively remove HO both in vitro and in vivo. This achievement indicates that HO can be reversed using modified OCs and holds promise for engineering cells as "living treatment agents" for cell therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenjing Jin
- Department of Chemistry, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310027, China
- Stomatology Hospital, School of Stomatology, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases of Zhejiang Province, Key Laboratory of Oral Biomedical Research of Zhejiang Province, Cancer Center of Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310006, China
| | - Xianfeng Lin
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, Medical College of Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310016, China
- Key Laboratory of Musculoskeletal System Degeneration and Regeneration Translational Research of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310016, China
| | - Haihua Pan
- Qiushi Academy for Advanced Studies, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310027, China
| | - Chenchen Zhao
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, Medical College of Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310016, China
- Key Laboratory of Musculoskeletal System Degeneration and Regeneration Translational Research of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310016, China
| | - Pengcheng Qiu
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, Medical College of Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310016, China
- Key Laboratory of Musculoskeletal System Degeneration and Regeneration Translational Research of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310016, China
| | - Ruibo Zhao
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310018, China
| | - Zihe Hu
- Stomatology Hospital, School of Stomatology, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases of Zhejiang Province, Key Laboratory of Oral Biomedical Research of Zhejiang Province, Cancer Center of Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310006, China
| | - Yanyan Zhou
- Stomatology Hospital, School of Stomatology, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases of Zhejiang Province, Key Laboratory of Oral Biomedical Research of Zhejiang Province, Cancer Center of Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310006, China
| | - Haiyan Wu
- Stomatology Hospital, School of Stomatology, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases of Zhejiang Province, Key Laboratory of Oral Biomedical Research of Zhejiang Province, Cancer Center of Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310006, China
| | - Xiao Chen
- Key Laboratory of Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine of Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
- Dr. Li Dak Sum & Yip Yio Chin Center for Stem Cells and Regenerative Medicine, and Department of Orthopedic Surgery of the Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Hongwei Ouyang
- Key Laboratory of Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine of Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
- Dr. Li Dak Sum & Yip Yio Chin Center for Stem Cells and Regenerative Medicine, and Department of Orthopedic Surgery of the Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Zhijian Xie
- Stomatology Hospital, School of Stomatology, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases of Zhejiang Province, Key Laboratory of Oral Biomedical Research of Zhejiang Province, Cancer Center of Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310006, China.
| | - Ruikang Tang
- Department of Chemistry, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310027, China.
- Qiushi Academy for Advanced Studies, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310027, China.
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24
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Karanth DS, Martin ML, Holliday LS. Plasma Membrane Receptors Involved in the Binding and Response of Osteoclasts to Noncellular Components of the Bone. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms221810097. [PMID: 34576260 PMCID: PMC8466431 DOI: 10.3390/ijms221810097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2021] [Revised: 09/13/2021] [Accepted: 09/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Osteoclasts differentiate from hematopoietic cells and resorb the bone in response to various signals, some of which are received directly from noncellular elements of the bone. In vitro, adherence to the bone triggers the reduction of cell–cell fusion events between osteoclasts and the activation of osteoclasts to form unusual dynamic cytoskeletal and membrane structures that are required for degrading the bone. Integrins on the surface of osteoclasts are known to receive regulatory signals from the bone matrix. Regulation of the availability of these signals is accomplished by enzymatic alterations of the bone matrix by protease activity and phosphorylation/dephosphorylation events. Other membrane receptors are present in osteoclasts and may interact with as yet unidentified signals in the bone. Bone mineral has been shown to have regulatory effects on osteoclasts, and osteoclast activity is also directly modulated by mechanical stress. As understanding of how osteoclasts and other bone cells interact with the bone has emerged, increasingly sophisticated efforts have been made to create bone biomimetics that reproduce both the structural properties of the bone and the bone’s ability to regulate osteoclasts and other bone cells. A more complete understanding of the interactions between osteoclasts and the bone may lead to new strategies for the treatment of bone diseases and the production of bone biomimetics to repair defects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Divakar S. Karanth
- Department of Orthodontics, College of Dentistry, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA; (D.S.K.); (M.L.M.)
| | - Macey L. Martin
- Department of Orthodontics, College of Dentistry, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA; (D.S.K.); (M.L.M.)
| | - Lexie S. Holliday
- Department of Orthodontics, College of Dentistry, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA; (D.S.K.); (M.L.M.)
- Department of Anatomy & Cell Biology, College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA
- Correspondence:
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25
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Kazakova G, Safronova T, Golubchikov D, Shevtsova O, Rau JV. Resorbable Mg 2+-Containing Phosphates for Bone Tissue Repair. MATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2021; 14:4857. [PMID: 34500951 PMCID: PMC8432688 DOI: 10.3390/ma14174857] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2021] [Revised: 08/24/2021] [Accepted: 08/24/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Materials based on Mg2+-containing phosphates are gaining great relevance in the field of bone tissue repair via regenerative medicine methods. Magnesium ions, together with condensed phosphate ions, play substantial roles in the process of bone remodeling, affecting the early stage of bone regeneration through active participation in the process of osteosynthesis. In this paper we provide a comprehensive overview of the usage of biomaterials based on magnesium phosphate and magnesium calcium phosphate in bone reconstruction. We consider the role of magnesium ions in angiogenesis, which is an important process associated with osteogenesis. Finally, we summarize the biological properties of calcium magnesium phosphates for regeneration of bone.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gilyana Kazakova
- Department of Materials Science, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Laboratory Building B, 1-73 Leninskiye Gory, Moscow 119991, Russia;
- Department of Chemistry, Lomonosov Moscow State University, GSP-1, 1-3 Leninskiye Gory, Moscow 119991, Russia;
| | - Tatiana Safronova
- Department of Materials Science, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Laboratory Building B, 1-73 Leninskiye Gory, Moscow 119991, Russia;
- Department of Chemistry, Lomonosov Moscow State University, GSP-1, 1-3 Leninskiye Gory, Moscow 119991, Russia;
| | - Daniil Golubchikov
- Department of Materials Science, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Laboratory Building B, 1-73 Leninskiye Gory, Moscow 119991, Russia;
| | - Olga Shevtsova
- Department of Chemistry, Lomonosov Moscow State University, GSP-1, 1-3 Leninskiye Gory, Moscow 119991, Russia;
| | - Julietta V. Rau
- Istituto di Struttura della Materia (ISM-CNR), Via del Fosso del Cavaliere 100, 00133 Roma, Italy;
- Department of Analytical, Physical and Colloid Chemistry, Institute of Pharmacy, Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, Trubetskaya 8, Build. 2, Moscow 119991, Russia
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26
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Insights into the Cellular and Molecular Mechanisms That Govern the Fracture-Healing Process: A Narrative Review. J Clin Med 2021; 10:jcm10163554. [PMID: 34441849 PMCID: PMC8397080 DOI: 10.3390/jcm10163554] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2021] [Revised: 08/07/2021] [Accepted: 08/10/2021] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Fracture-healing is a complex multi-stage process that usually progresses flawlessly, resulting in restoration of bone architecture and function. Regrettably, however, a considerable number of fractures fail to heal, resulting in delayed unions or non-unions. This may significantly impact several aspects of a patient’s life. Not surprisingly, in the past few years, a substantial amount of research and number of clinical studies have been designed, aiming at shedding light into the cellular and molecular mechanisms that regulate fracture-healing. Herein, we present the current knowledge on the pathobiology of the fracture-healing process. In addition, the role of skeletal cells and the impact of marrow adipose tissue on bone repair is discussed. Unveiling the pathogenetic mechanisms that govern the fracture-healing process may lead to the development of novel, smarter, and more effective therapeutic strategies for the treatment of fractures, especially of those with large bone defects.
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27
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Oot RA, Yao Y, Manolson MF, Wilkens S. Purification of active human vacuolar H +-ATPase in native lipid-containing nanodiscs. J Biol Chem 2021; 297:100964. [PMID: 34270960 PMCID: PMC8353480 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbc.2021.100964] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2021] [Revised: 07/07/2021] [Accepted: 07/12/2021] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Vacuolar H+-ATPases (V-ATPases) are large, multisubunit proton pumps that acidify the lumen of organelles in virtually every eukaryotic cell and in specialized acid-secreting animal cells, the enzyme pumps protons into the extracellular space. In higher organisms, most of the subunits are expressed as multiple isoforms, with some enriched in specific compartments or tissues and others expressed ubiquitously. In mammals, subunit a is expressed as four isoforms (a1-4) that target the enzyme to distinct biological membranes. Mutations in a isoforms are known to give rise to tissue-specific disease, and some a isoforms are upregulated and mislocalized to the plasma membrane in invasive cancers. However, isoform complexity and low abundance greatly complicate purification of active human V-ATPase, a prerequisite for developing isoform-specific therapeutics. Here, we report the purification of an active human V-ATPase in native lipid nanodiscs from a cell line stably expressing affinity-tagged a isoform 4 (a4). We find that exogenous expression of this single subunit in HEK293F cells permits assembly of a functional V-ATPase by incorporation of endogenous subunits. The ATPase activity of the preparation is >95% sensitive to concanamycin A, indicating that the lipid nanodisc-reconstituted enzyme is functionally coupled. Moreover, this strategy permits purification of the enzyme's isolated membrane subcomplex together with biosynthetic assembly factors coiled-coil domain-containing protein 115, transmembrane protein 199, and vacuolar H+-ATPase assembly integral membrane protein 21. Our work thus lays the groundwork for biochemical characterization of active human V-ATPase in an a subunit isoform-specific manner and establishes a platform for the study of the assembly and regulation of the human holoenzyme.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca A Oot
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, SUNY Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, New York, USA
| | - Yeqi Yao
- Faculty of Dentistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Morris F Manolson
- Faculty of Dentistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Stephan Wilkens
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, SUNY Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, New York, USA.
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28
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Di Pompo G, Cortini M, Baldini N, Avnet S. Acid Microenvironment in Bone Sarcomas. Cancers (Basel) 2021; 13:cancers13153848. [PMID: 34359749 PMCID: PMC8345667 DOI: 10.3390/cancers13153848] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2021] [Revised: 07/24/2021] [Accepted: 07/28/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Although rare, malignant bone sarcomas have devastating clinical implications for the health and survival of young adults and children. To date, efforts to identify the molecular drivers and targets have focused on cancer cells or on the interplay between cancer cells and stromal cells in the tumour microenvironment. On the contrary, in the current literature, the role of the chemical-physical conditions of the tumour microenvironment that may be implicated in sarcoma aggressiveness and progression are poorly reported and discussed. Among these, extracellular acidosis is a well-recognized hallmark of bone sarcomas and promotes cancer growth and dissemination but data presented on this topic are fragmented. Hence, we intended to provide a general and comprehensive overview of the causes and implications of acidosis in bone sarcoma. Abstract In bone sarcomas, extracellular proton accumulation is an intrinsic driver of malignancy. Extracellular acidosis increases stemness, invasion, angiogenesis, metastasis, and resistance to therapy of cancer cells. It reprograms tumour-associated stroma into a protumour phenotype through the release of inflammatory cytokines. It affects bone homeostasis, as extracellular proton accumulation is perceived by acid-sensing ion channels located at the cell membrane of normal bone cells. In bone, acidosis results from the altered glycolytic metabolism of bone cancer cells and the resorption activity of tumour-induced osteoclasts that share the same ecosystem. Proton extrusion activity is mediated by extruders and transporters located at the cell membrane of normal and transformed cells, including vacuolar ATPase and carbonic anhydrase IX, or by the release of highly acidic lysosomes by exocytosis. To date, a number of investigations have focused on the effects of acidosis and its inhibition in bone sarcomas, including studies evaluating the use of photodynamic therapy. In this review, we will discuss the current status of all findings on extracellular acidosis in bone sarcomas, with a specific focus on the characteristics of the bone microenvironment and the acid-targeting therapeutic approaches that are currently being evaluated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gemma Di Pompo
- Biomedical Science and Technologies Lab, IRCCS Istituto Ortopedico Rizzoli, 40136 Bologna, Italy; (G.D.P.); (M.C.); (N.B.)
| | - Margherita Cortini
- Biomedical Science and Technologies Lab, IRCCS Istituto Ortopedico Rizzoli, 40136 Bologna, Italy; (G.D.P.); (M.C.); (N.B.)
| | - Nicola Baldini
- Biomedical Science and Technologies Lab, IRCCS Istituto Ortopedico Rizzoli, 40136 Bologna, Italy; (G.D.P.); (M.C.); (N.B.)
- Department of Biomedical and Neuromotor Sciences, University of Bologna, 40126 Bologna, Italy
| | - Sofia Avnet
- Department of Biomedical and Neuromotor Sciences, University of Bologna, 40126 Bologna, Italy
- Correspondence:
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29
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Robinson LJ, Soboloff J, Tourkova IL, Larrouture QC, Witt MR, Gross S, Hooper R, Samakai E, Worley PF, Barnett JB, Blair HC. The function of the calcium channel Orai1 in osteoclast development. FASEB J 2021; 35:e21653. [PMID: 34009685 DOI: 10.1096/fj.202001921rr] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2020] [Revised: 04/22/2021] [Accepted: 04/26/2021] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
To determine the intrinsic role of Orai1 in osteoclast development, Orai1-floxed mice were bred with LysMcre mice to delete Orai1 from the myeloid lineage. PCR, in situ labelling and Western analysis showed Orai1 deletion in myeloid-lineage cells, including osteoclasts, as expected. Surprisingly, bone resorption was maintained in vivo, despite loss of multinucleated osteoclasts; instead, a large number of mononuclear cells bearing tartrate resistant acid phosphatase were observed on cell surfaces. An in vitro resorption assay confirmed that RANKL-treated Orai1 null cells, also TRAP-positive but mononuclear, degraded matrix, albeit at a reduced rate compared to wild type osteoclasts. This shows that mononuclear osteoclasts can degrade bone, albeit less efficiently. Further unexpected findings included that Orai1fl/fl -LysMcre vertebrae showed slightly reduced bone density in 16-week-old mice, despite Orai1 deletion only in myeloid cells; however, this mild difference resolved with age. In summary, in vitro analysis showed a severe defect in osteoclast multinucleation in Orai1 negative mononuclear cells, consistent with prior studies using less targeted strategies, but with evidence of resorption in vivo and unexpected secondary effects on bone formation leaving bone mass largely unaffected.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisa J Robinson
- Department of Pathology, Anatomy and Laboratory Medicine, West Virginia University School of Medicine, Morgantown, WV, USA.,Department of Microbiology, Immunology & Cell Biology, West Virginia University Cancer Institute, West Virginia University School of Medicine, Morgantown, WV, USA
| | - Jonathan Soboloff
- Fels Cancer Institute for Personalized Medicine, Department of Medical Genetics & Molecular Biochemistry, Lewis Katz School of Medicine at Temple University, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Irina L Tourkova
- Department of Pathology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA.,Department of Cell Biology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA.,Pittsburgh VA Medical Center, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Quitterie C Larrouture
- Department of Pathology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA.,Department of Cell Biology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA.,Pittsburgh VA Medical Center, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Michelle R Witt
- Department of Pathology, Anatomy and Laboratory Medicine, West Virginia University School of Medicine, Morgantown, WV, USA.,Department of Microbiology, Immunology & Cell Biology, West Virginia University Cancer Institute, West Virginia University School of Medicine, Morgantown, WV, USA
| | - Scott Gross
- Fels Cancer Institute for Personalized Medicine, Department of Medical Genetics & Molecular Biochemistry, Lewis Katz School of Medicine at Temple University, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Robert Hooper
- Fels Cancer Institute for Personalized Medicine, Department of Medical Genetics & Molecular Biochemistry, Lewis Katz School of Medicine at Temple University, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Elsie Samakai
- Fels Cancer Institute for Personalized Medicine, Department of Medical Genetics & Molecular Biochemistry, Lewis Katz School of Medicine at Temple University, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Paul F Worley
- Solomon H. Snyder Department of Neuroscience, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - John B Barnett
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology & Cell Biology, West Virginia University Cancer Institute, West Virginia University School of Medicine, Morgantown, WV, USA
| | - Harry C Blair
- Department of Pathology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA.,Department of Cell Biology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA.,Pittsburgh VA Medical Center, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
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30
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Dellago B, Ricke A, Geyer T, Liska R, Baudis S. Photopolymerizable precursors for degradable biomaterials based on acetal moieties. Eur Polym J 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.eurpolymj.2021.110536] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
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31
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Chu A, Zirngibl RA, Manolson MF. The V-ATPase a3 Subunit: Structure, Function and Therapeutic Potential of an Essential Biomolecule in Osteoclastic Bone Resorption. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22136934. [PMID: 34203247 PMCID: PMC8269383 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22136934] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2021] [Revised: 06/18/2021] [Accepted: 06/21/2021] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
This review focuses on one of the 16 proteins composing the V-ATPase complex responsible for resorbing bone: the a3 subunit. The rationale for focusing on this biomolecule is that mutations in this one protein account for over 50% of osteopetrosis cases, highlighting its critical role in bone physiology. Despite its essential role in bone remodeling and its involvement in bone diseases, little is known about the way in which this subunit is targeted and regulated within osteoclasts. To this end, this review is broadened to include the three other mammalian paralogues (a1, a2 and a4) and the two yeast orthologs (Vph1p and Stv1p). By examining the literature on all of the paralogues/orthologs of the V-ATPase a subunit, we hope to provide insight into the molecular mechanisms and future research directions specific to a3. This review starts with an overview on bone, highlighting the role of V-ATPases in osteoclastic bone resorption. We then cover V-ATPases in other location/functions, highlighting the roles which the four mammalian a subunit paralogues might play in differential targeting and/or regulation. We review the ways in which the energy of ATP hydrolysis is converted into proton translocation, and go in depth into the diverse role of the a subunit, not only in proton translocation but also in lipid binding, cell signaling and human diseases. Finally, the therapeutic implication of targeting a3 specifically for bone diseases and cancer is discussed, with concluding remarks on future directions.
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32
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Zhao X, Patil S, Xu F, Lin X, Qian A. Role of Biomolecules in Osteoclasts and Their Therapeutic Potential for Osteoporosis. Biomolecules 2021; 11:747. [PMID: 34067783 PMCID: PMC8156890 DOI: 10.3390/biom11050747] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2021] [Revised: 05/12/2021] [Accepted: 05/13/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Osteoclasts (OCs) are important cells that are involved in the regulation of bone metabolism and are mainly responsible for coordinating bone resorption with bone formation to regulate bone remodeling. The imbalance between bone resorption and formation significantly affects bone metabolism. When the activity of osteoclasts exceeds the osteoblasts, it results in a condition called osteoporosis, which is characterized by reduced bone microarchitecture, decreased bone mass, and increased occurrences of fracture. Molecules, including transcription factors, proteins, hormones, nucleic acids, such as non-coding RNAs, play an important role in osteoclast proliferation, differentiation, and function. In this review, we have highlighted the role of these molecules in osteoclasts regulation and osteoporosis. The developed therapeutics targeting these molecules for the treatment of osteoporosis in recent years have also been discussed with challenges faced in clinical application.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Zhao
- School of Pharmacy, Shaanxi Institute of International Trade & Commerce, Xi’an 712046, China;
| | - Suryaji Patil
- Xi’an Key Laboratory of Special Medicine and Health Engineering, Key Lab for Space Biosciences and Biotechnology, Research Center for Special Medicine and Health Systems Engineering, NPU-UAB Joint Laboratory for Bone Metabolism, School of Life Sciences, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi’an 710072, China; (S.P.); (F.X.); (X.L.)
| | - Fang Xu
- Xi’an Key Laboratory of Special Medicine and Health Engineering, Key Lab for Space Biosciences and Biotechnology, Research Center for Special Medicine and Health Systems Engineering, NPU-UAB Joint Laboratory for Bone Metabolism, School of Life Sciences, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi’an 710072, China; (S.P.); (F.X.); (X.L.)
| | - Xiao Lin
- Xi’an Key Laboratory of Special Medicine and Health Engineering, Key Lab for Space Biosciences and Biotechnology, Research Center for Special Medicine and Health Systems Engineering, NPU-UAB Joint Laboratory for Bone Metabolism, School of Life Sciences, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi’an 710072, China; (S.P.); (F.X.); (X.L.)
| | - Airong Qian
- Xi’an Key Laboratory of Special Medicine and Health Engineering, Key Lab for Space Biosciences and Biotechnology, Research Center for Special Medicine and Health Systems Engineering, NPU-UAB Joint Laboratory for Bone Metabolism, School of Life Sciences, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi’an 710072, China; (S.P.); (F.X.); (X.L.)
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33
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Kespohl B, Schumertl T, Bertrand J, Lokau J, Garbers C. The cytokine interleukin-11 crucially links bone formation, remodeling and resorption. Cytokine Growth Factor Rev 2021; 60:18-27. [PMID: 33940443 DOI: 10.1016/j.cytogfr.2021.04.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2021] [Revised: 04/21/2021] [Accepted: 04/21/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Bone development is a complex process that requires the activity of several different signaling pathways and cell types. It involves the coordinated action of osteoclasts (cells that are capable of resorbing bone), osteoblasts (cells that are able to form bone), osteocytes (cells that form a syncytial network within the bone), skeletal muscle cells and the bone marrow. In recent years, the cytokine interleukin-11 (IL-11), a member of the IL-6 family of cytokines, has emerged as an important regulatory protein for bone formation, remodeling and resorption. Furthermore, coding missense mutations in the IL11RA gene, which encodes the IL-11 receptor (IL-11R), have recently been linked to craniosynostosis, a human disease in which the sutures that line the head bones close prematurely. This review summarizes current knowledge about IL-11 and highlights its role in bone development and homeostasis. It further discusses the specificity and redundancy provided by the other members of the IL-6 cytokine family and how they facilitate signaling and cross-talk between skeletal muscle cells, bone cells and the bone marrow. We describe their actions in physiological and in pathological states and discuss how this knowledge could be translated into therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Birte Kespohl
- Department of Pathology, Otto-von-Guericke-University Magdeburg, Medical Faculty, Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Tim Schumertl
- Department of Pathology, Otto-von-Guericke-University Magdeburg, Medical Faculty, Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Jessica Bertrand
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Otto-von-Guericke-University Magdeburg, Medical Faculty, Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Juliane Lokau
- Department of Pathology, Otto-von-Guericke-University Magdeburg, Medical Faculty, Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Christoph Garbers
- Department of Pathology, Otto-von-Guericke-University Magdeburg, Medical Faculty, Magdeburg, Germany.
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34
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Ewanchuk BW, Arnold CR, Balce DR, Premnath P, Orsetti TL, Warren AL, Olsen A, Krawetz RJ, Yates RM. A non-immunological role for γ-interferon-inducible lysosomal thiol reductase (GILT) in osteoclastic bone resorption. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2021; 7:7/17/eabd3684. [PMID: 33893096 PMCID: PMC8064644 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.abd3684] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2020] [Accepted: 03/05/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
The extracellular bone resorbing lacuna of the osteoclast shares many characteristics with the degradative lysosome of antigen-presenting cells. γ-Interferon-inducible lysosomal thiol reductase (GILT) enhances antigen processing within lysosomes through direct reduction of antigen disulfides and maintenance of cysteine protease activity. In this study, we found the osteoclastogenic cytokine RANKL drove expression of GILT in osteoclast precursors in a STAT1-dependent manner, resulting in high levels of GILT in mature osteoclasts, which could be further augmented by γ-interferon. GILT colocalized with the collagen-degrading cysteine protease, cathepsin K, suggesting a role for GILT inside the osteoclastic resorption lacuna. GILT-deficient osteoclasts had reduced bone-resorbing capacity, resulting in impaired bone turnover and an osteopetrotic phenotype in GILT-deficient mice. We demonstrated that GILT could directly reduce the noncollagenous bone matrix protein SPARC, and additionally, enhance collagen degradation by cathepsin K. Together, this work describes a previously unidentified, non-immunological role for GILT in osteoclast-mediated bone resorption.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin W Ewanchuk
- Calvin, Phoebe and Joan Snyder Institute for Chronic Diseases, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB T2N 4N1, Canada
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB T2N 4N1, Canada
| | - Corey R Arnold
- Calvin, Phoebe and Joan Snyder Institute for Chronic Diseases, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB T2N 4N1, Canada
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB T2N 4N1, Canada
| | - Dale R Balce
- Department of Comparative Biology and Experimental Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB T2N 4N1, Canada
| | - Priyatha Premnath
- Department of Cell Biology and Anatomy, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB T2N 4N1, Canada
| | - Tanis L Orsetti
- Calvin, Phoebe and Joan Snyder Institute for Chronic Diseases, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB T2N 4N1, Canada
| | - Amy L Warren
- Department of Veterinary Clinical and Diagnostic Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB T2N 4N1, Canada
| | - Alexandra Olsen
- Department of Cell Biology and Anatomy, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB T2N 4N1, Canada
| | - Roman J Krawetz
- Department of Cell Biology and Anatomy, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB T2N 4N1, Canada
| | - Robin M Yates
- Calvin, Phoebe and Joan Snyder Institute for Chronic Diseases, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB T2N 4N1, Canada.
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB T2N 4N1, Canada
- Department of Comparative Biology and Experimental Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB T2N 4N1, Canada
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35
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Galler KM, Grätz EM, Widbiller M, Buchalla W, Knüttel H. Pathophysiological mechanisms of root resorption after dental trauma: a systematic scoping review. BMC Oral Health 2021; 21:163. [PMID: 33771147 PMCID: PMC7995728 DOI: 10.1186/s12903-021-01510-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2020] [Accepted: 03/11/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The objective of this scoping review was to systematically explore the current knowledge of cellular and molecular processes that drive and control trauma-associated root resorption, to identify research gaps and to provide a basis for improved prevention and therapy. Methods Four major bibliographic databases were searched according to the research question up to February 2021 and supplemented manually. Reports on physiologic, histologic, anatomic and clinical aspects of root resorption following dental trauma were included. Duplicates were removed, the collected material was screened by title/abstract and assessed for eligibility based on the full text. Relevant aspects were extracted, organized and summarized. Results 846 papers were identified as relevant for a qualitative summary. Consideration of pathophysiological mechanisms concerning trauma-related root resorption in the literature is sparse. Whereas some forms of resorption have been explored thoroughly, the etiology of others, particularly invasive cervical resorption, is still under debate, resulting in inadequate diagnostics and heterogeneous clinical recommendations. Effective therapies for progressive replacement resorptions have not been established. Whereas the discovery of the RANKL/RANK/OPG system is essential to our understanding of resorptive processes, many questions regarding the functional regulation of osteo-/odontoclasts remain unanswered. Conclusions This scoping review provides an overview of existing evidence, but also identifies knowledge gaps that need to be addressed by continued laboratory and clinical research. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12903-021-01510-6.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kerstin M Galler
- Department of Conservative Dentistry and Periodontology, University Hospital Regensburg, Franz-Josef-Strauß Allee 11, 93053, Regensburg, Germany.
| | - Eva-Maria Grätz
- Department of Conservative Dentistry and Periodontology, University Hospital Regensburg, Franz-Josef-Strauß Allee 11, 93053, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Matthias Widbiller
- Department of Conservative Dentistry and Periodontology, University Hospital Regensburg, Franz-Josef-Strauß Allee 11, 93053, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Wolfgang Buchalla
- Department of Conservative Dentistry and Periodontology, University Hospital Regensburg, Franz-Josef-Strauß Allee 11, 93053, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Helge Knüttel
- University Library, University of Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
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Moscatelli I, Almarza E, Schambach A, Ricks D, Schulz A, Herzog CD, Henriksen K, Askmyr M, Schwartz JD, Richter J. Gene therapy for infantile malignant osteopetrosis: review of pre-clinical research and proof-of-concept for phenotypic reversal. MOLECULAR THERAPY-METHODS & CLINICAL DEVELOPMENT 2021; 20:389-397. [PMID: 33575431 PMCID: PMC7848732 DOI: 10.1016/j.omtm.2020.12.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Infantile malignant osteopetrosis is a devastating disorder of early childhood that is frequently fatal and for which there are only limited therapeutic options. Gene therapy utilizing autologous hematopoietic stem and progenitor cells represents a potentially advantageous therapeutic alternative for this multisystemic disease. Gene therapy can be performed relatively rapidly following diagnosis, will not result in graft versus host disease, and may also have potential for reduced incidences of other transplant-related complications. In this review, we have summarized the past sixteen years of research aimed at developing a gene therapy for infantile malignant osteopetrosis; these efforts have culminated in the first clinical trial employing lentiviral-mediated delivery of TCIRG1 in autologous hematopoietic stem and progenitor cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ilana Moscatelli
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Gene Therapy, Lund Strategic Center for Stem Cell Biology, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | | | - Axel Schambach
- Institute of Experimental Hematology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany.,Division of Hematology/Oncology, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - David Ricks
- Rocket Pharmaceuticals, Inc., New York, NY, USA
| | - Ansgar Schulz
- Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, University Medical Center Ulm, Germany
| | | | | | - Maria Askmyr
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Gene Therapy, Lund Strategic Center for Stem Cell Biology, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | | | - Johan Richter
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Gene Therapy, Lund Strategic Center for Stem Cell Biology, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
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Santana N, Mehazabin S, Sangeetha K, Kumari M. Osteodystrophies of jaws. J Oral Maxillofac Pathol 2021; 24:405. [PMID: 33456267 PMCID: PMC7802870 DOI: 10.4103/jomfp.jomfp_225_19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2019] [Revised: 01/21/2020] [Accepted: 03/05/2020] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Bone is a dense, semi rigid, porous, calcified connective tissue forming the major portion of the skeleton of most vertebrates. It consists of a dense organic matrix and an inorganic mineral component. Bone remodelling is a complex process by which old bone is continuously replaced by new tissue, which requires interaction between different cell phenotypes and is regulated by a variety of biochemical and mechanical factors. In a homeostatic equilibrium, the process of resorption and formation are balanced so that old bone is continuously replaced by new tissue and it adapts to mechanical load and strain. Several local and systematic factors which cause disturbances in bone resorption and deposition leads to abnormal or defective development of bone commonly termed as osteodystrophy - A defective ossification of bone usually is associated with disturbed calcium and phosphorus metabolism. The better understanding of molecular cellular biology and pathogenic mechanism aids to define the abnormalities in osteoblastic and osteoclastic lineages and to develop new therapeutic approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- N Santana
- Department of Oral Medicine and Maxillofacial Radiology, Ragas Dental College and Hospital, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - S Mehazabin
- Department of Oral Medicine and Maxillofacial Radiology, Ragas Dental College and Hospital, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - K Sangeetha
- Department of Oral Medicine and Maxillofacial Radiology, Ragas Dental College and Hospital, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - M Kumari
- Department of Oral Medicine and Maxillofacial Radiology, Ragas Dental College and Hospital, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India
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Korkmaz Y, Puladi B, Galler K, Kämmerer PW, Schröder A, Gölz L, Sparwasser T, Bloch W, Friebe A, Deschner J. Inflammation in the Human Periodontium Induces Downregulation of the α 1- and β 1-Subunits of the sGC in Cementoclasts. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22020539. [PMID: 33430449 PMCID: PMC7827426 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22020539] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2020] [Revised: 12/30/2020] [Accepted: 01/05/2021] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Nitric oxide (NO) binds to soluble guanylyl cyclase (sGC), activates it in a reduced oxidized heme iron state, and generates cyclic Guanosine Monophosphate (cGMP), which results in vasodilatation and inhibition of osteoclast activity. In inflammation, sGC is oxidized and becomes insensitive to NO. NO- and heme-independent activation of sGC requires protein expression of the α1- and β1-subunits. Inflammation of the periodontium induces the resorption of cementum by cementoclasts and the resorption of the alveolar bone by osteoclasts, which can lead to tooth loss. As the presence of sGC in cementoclasts is unknown, we investigated the α1- and β1-subunits of sGC in cementoclasts of healthy and inflamed human periodontium using double immunostaining for CD68 and cathepsin K and compared the findings with those of osteoclasts from the same sections. In comparison to cementoclasts in the healthy periodontium, cementoclasts under inflammatory conditions showed a decreased staining intensity for both α1- and β1-subunits of sGC, indicating reduced protein expression of these subunits. Therefore, pharmacological activation of sGC in inflamed periodontal tissues in an NO- and heme-independent manner could be considered as a new treatment strategy to inhibit cementum resorption.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yüksel Korkmaz
- Department of Periodontology and Operative Dentistry, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, 55131 Mainz, Germany;
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +49-6131-17-7247
| | - Behrus Puladi
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, University Hospital RWTH Aachen, RWTH Aachen University, 52074 Aachen, Germany;
| | - Kerstin Galler
- Department of Conservative Dentistry and Periodontology, University Hospital Regensburg, 93042 Regensburg, Germany;
| | - Peer W. Kämmerer
- Department of Oral- and Maxillofacial and Plastic Surgery, University Medical Center Mainz, 55131 Mainz, Germany;
| | - Agnes Schröder
- Department of Orthodontics, University Hospital Regensburg, 93053 Regensburg, Germany;
| | - Lina Gölz
- Department of Orthodontics and Orofacial Orthopedics, University Hospital of Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander University Erlangen-Nuernberg, 91054 Erlangen, Germany;
| | - Tim Sparwasser
- Institute of Medical Microbiology and Hygiene, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg-University Mainz, 55131 Mainz, Germany;
| | - Wilhelm Bloch
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Sport Medicine, Institute of Cardiovascular Research and Sport Medicine, German Sport University Cologne, 50933 Cologne, Germany;
| | - Andreas Friebe
- Institute of Physiology, University of Würzburg, 97070 Würzburg, Germany;
| | - James Deschner
- Department of Periodontology and Operative Dentistry, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, 55131 Mainz, Germany;
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Li X, Xu J, Dai B, Wang X, Guo Q, Qin L. Targeting autophagy in osteoporosis: From pathophysiology to potential therapy. Ageing Res Rev 2020; 62:101098. [PMID: 32535273 DOI: 10.1016/j.arr.2020.101098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2020] [Revised: 05/26/2020] [Accepted: 06/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Osteoporosis is a highly prevalent disorder characterized by the loss of bone mass and microarchitecture deterioration of bone tissue, attributed to various factors, including menopause (primary), aging (primary) and adverse effects of relevant medications (secondary). In recent decades, knowledge regarding the etiological mechanisms underpinning osteoporosis emphasizes that bone cellular homeostasis, including the maintenance of cell functions, differentiation, and the response to stress, is tightly regulated by autophagy, which is a cell survival mechanism for eliminating and recycling damaged proteins and organelles. With the important roles in the maintenance of cellular homeostasis and organ function, autophagy has emerged as a potential target for the prevention and treatment of osteoporosis. In this review, we update and discuss the pathophysiology of autophagy in normal bone cell life cycle and metabolism. Then, the alternations of autophagy in primary and secondary osteoporosis, and the accompanied pathological process are discussed. Finally, we discuss current strategies, limitations, and challenges involved in targeting relevant pathways and propose strategies by which such hurdles may be circumvented in the future for their translation into clinical validations and applications for the prevention and treatment of osteoporosis.
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40
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Lai M, Yan X, Shen K, Tang Q, Fang X, Zhang C, Zhu Z, Hou Y. The effect of calcitonin gene-related peptide functionalized TiO2 nanotubes on osteoblast and osteoclast differentiation in vitro. Colloids Surf A Physicochem Eng Asp 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.colsurfa.2020.124899] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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41
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Isoliquiritigenin Derivatives Inhibit RANKL-Induced Osteoclastogenesis by Regulating p38 and NF-κB Activation in RAW 264.7 Cells. Molecules 2020; 25:molecules25173908. [PMID: 32867185 PMCID: PMC7504656 DOI: 10.3390/molecules25173908] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2020] [Revised: 08/24/2020] [Accepted: 08/25/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Bone diseases may not be imminently life-threatening or a leading cause of death such as heart diseases or cancers. However, as aging population grows in almost every part of the world, they surely impose significant socioeconomic burden on the society, not to mention the patients and their families. Osteoporosis is the most common type of bone disease, which frequently develops in seniors, especially in postmenopausal women. Although currently several anti-osteoclastic drugs designed to suppress excessive osteoclast activation, a major cause of osteoporosis, are commercially available, accompanying adverse effects ranging from mild to severe have been reported as well. Natural products have become increasingly popular because of their effectiveness with fewer side effects. Isoliquiritigenin (ILG), a natural flavonoid from licorice, has been reported to suppress osteoclast differentiation and activation. In the present study, newly synthesized ILG derivatives were screened for their anti-osteoporotic activity as more potent substitute candidates to ILG. Out of the 12 ILG derivatives tested, two compounds demonstrated significantly improved bone loss in vitro by inhibiting both osteoclastogenesis and osteoclast activity. The results of the present study indicate that these compounds may serve as a potential drug for osteoporosis and warrant further studies to evaluate their in vivo efficacy.
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Hermyt M, Janiszewska K, Rupik W. Squamate egg tooth development revisited using three-dimensional reconstructions of brown anole (Anolis sagrei, Squamata, Dactyloidae) dentition. J Anat 2020; 236:1004-1020. [PMID: 32056203 PMCID: PMC7219623 DOI: 10.1111/joa.13166] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2019] [Revised: 01/17/2020] [Accepted: 01/20/2020] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
The egg tooth is a hatching adaptation, characteristic of all squamates. In brown anole embryos, the first tooth that starts differentiating is the egg tooth. It develops from a single tooth germ and, similar to the regular dentition of all the other vertebrates, the differentiating egg tooth of the brown anole passes through classic morphological and developmental stages named according to the shape of the dental epithelium: epithelial thickening, dental lamina, tooth bud, cap and bell stages. The differentiating egg tooth consists of three parts: the enamel organ, hard tissues and dental pulp. Shortly before hatching, the egg tooth connects with the premaxilla. Attachment tissue of the egg tooth does not undergo mineralization, which makes it different from the other teeth of most squamates. After hatching, odontoclasts are involved in resorption of the egg tooth's remains. This study shows that the brown anole egg tooth does not completely conform to previous reports describing iguanomorph egg teeth and reveals a need to investigate its development in the context of squamate phylogeny.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mateusz Hermyt
- Faculty of Natural SciencesInstitute of Biology, Biotechnology and Environmental ProtectionUniversity of Silesia in KatowiceKatowicePoland
| | | | - Weronika Rupik
- Faculty of Natural SciencesInstitute of Biology, Biotechnology and Environmental ProtectionUniversity of Silesia in KatowiceKatowicePoland
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Abstract
Skeletal involvement is a frequent and troublesome complication in advanced cancers. In the process of tumor cells homing to the skeleton to form bone metastases (BM), different mechanisms allow tumor cells to interact with cells of the bone microenvironment and seed in the bone tissue. Among these, tumor acidosis has been directly associated with tumor invasion and aggressiveness in several types of cancer although it has been less explored in the context of BM. In bone, the association of local acidosis and cancer invasiveness is even more important for tumor expansion since the extracellular matrix is formed by both organic and hard inorganic matrices and bone cells are used to sense protons and adapt or react to a low pH to maintain tissue homeostasis. In the BM microenvironment, increased concentration of protons may derive not only from glycolytic tumor cells but also from tumor-induced osteoclasts, the bone-resorbing cells, and may influence the progression or symptoms of BM in many different ways, by directly enhancing cancer cell motility and aggressiveness, or by modulating the functions of bone cells versus a pro-tumorigenic phenotype, or by inducing bone pain. In this review, we will describe and discuss the cause of acidosis in BM, its role in BM microenvironment, and which are the final effectors that may be targeted to treat metastatic patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sofia Avnet
- Orthopaedic Pathophysiology and Regenerative Unit, IRCCS Istituto Ortopedico Rizzoli, Bologna, Italy.
| | - Gemma Di Pompo
- Orthopaedic Pathophysiology and Regenerative Unit, IRCCS Istituto Ortopedico Rizzoli, Bologna, Italy
| | - Silvia Lemma
- Orthopaedic Pathophysiology and Regenerative Unit, IRCCS Istituto Ortopedico Rizzoli, Bologna, Italy
| | - Nicola Baldini
- Orthopaedic Pathophysiology and Regenerative Unit, IRCCS Istituto Ortopedico Rizzoli, Bologna, Italy
- Department of Biomedical and Neuromotor Sciences, University of Bologna, 40123, Bologna, Italy
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Hardy E, Fernandez-Patron C. Destroy to Rebuild: The Connection Between Bone Tissue Remodeling and Matrix Metalloproteinases. Front Physiol 2020; 11:47. [PMID: 32116759 PMCID: PMC7013034 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2020.00047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2019] [Accepted: 01/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Bone is a dynamic organ that undergoes constant remodeling, an energetically costly process by which old bone is replaced and localized bone defects are repaired to renew the skeleton over time, thereby maintaining skeletal health. This review provides a general overview of bone’s main players (bone lining cells, osteocytes, osteoclasts, reversal cells, and osteoblasts) that participate in bone remodeling. Placing emphasis on the family of extracellular matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs), we describe how: (i) Convergence of multiple protease families (including MMPs and cysteine proteinases) ensures complexity and robustness of the bone remodeling process, (ii) Enzymatic activity of MMPs affects bone physiology at the molecular and cellular levels and (iii) Either overexpression or deficiency/insufficiency of individual MMPs impairs healthy bone remodeling and systemic metabolism. Today, it is generally accepted that proteolytic activity is required for the degradation of bone tissue in osteoarthritis and osteoporosis. However, it is increasingly evident that inactivating mutations in MMP genes can also lead to bone pathology including osteolysis and metabolic abnormalities such as delayed growth. We argue that there remains a need to rethink the role played by proteases in bone physiology and pathology.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Carlos Fernandez-Patron
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine & Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
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Sieberath A, Della Bella E, Ferreira AM, Gentile P, Eglin D, Dalgarno K. A Comparison of Osteoblast and Osteoclast In Vitro Co-Culture Models and Their Translation for Preclinical Drug Testing Applications. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:E912. [PMID: 32019244 PMCID: PMC7037207 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21030912] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2019] [Revised: 01/10/2020] [Accepted: 01/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
As the population of western societies on average ages, the number of people affected by bone remodeling-associated diseases such as osteoporosis continues to increase. The development of new therapeutics is hampered by the high failure rates of drug candidates during clinical testing, which is in part due to the poor predictive character of animal models during preclinical drug testing. Co-culture models of osteoblasts and osteoclasts offer an alternative to animal testing and are considered to have the potential to improve drug development processes in the future. However, a robust, scalable, and reproducible 3D model combining osteoblasts and osteoclasts for preclinical drug testing purposes has not been developed to date. Here we review various types of osteoblast-osteoclast co-culture models and outline the remaining obstacles that must be overcome for their successful translation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander Sieberath
- School of Engineering, Newcastle University, Newcastle-Upon-Tyne NE1 7RU, UK; (A.S.); (A.M.F.); (P.G.)
| | - Elena Della Bella
- AO Research Institute Davos, Clavadelerstrasse 8, 7270 Davos, Switzerland; (E.D.B.); (D.E.)
| | - Ana Marina Ferreira
- School of Engineering, Newcastle University, Newcastle-Upon-Tyne NE1 7RU, UK; (A.S.); (A.M.F.); (P.G.)
| | - Piergiorgio Gentile
- School of Engineering, Newcastle University, Newcastle-Upon-Tyne NE1 7RU, UK; (A.S.); (A.M.F.); (P.G.)
| | - David Eglin
- AO Research Institute Davos, Clavadelerstrasse 8, 7270 Davos, Switzerland; (E.D.B.); (D.E.)
| | - Kenny Dalgarno
- School of Engineering, Newcastle University, Newcastle-Upon-Tyne NE1 7RU, UK; (A.S.); (A.M.F.); (P.G.)
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Omi M, Mishina Y. Role of osteoclasts in oral homeostasis and jawbone diseases. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2020; 18:14-27. [PMID: 34220275 DOI: 10.1002/osi2.1078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
The jawbone is a unique structure as it serves multiple functions in mastication. Given the fact that the jawbone is remodeled faster than other skeletal bones, bone cells in the jawbone may respond differently to local and systemic cues to regulate bone remodeling and adaptation. Osteoclasts are bone cells responsible for removing old bone, playing an essential role in bone remodeling. Although bone resorption by osteoclasts is required for dental tissue development, homeostasis and repair, excessive osteoclast activity is associated with oral skeletal diseases such as periodontitis. In addition, antiresorptive medications used to prevent bone homeostasis of tumors can cause osteonecrosis of the jaws that is a major concern to the dentist. Therefore, understanding of the role of osteoclasts in oral homeostasis under physiological and pathological conditions leads to better targeted therapeutic options for skeletal diseases to maintain patients' oral health. Here, we highlight the unique features of the jawbone compared to the long bone and the involvement of osteoclasts in the jawbone-specific diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maiko Omi
- Department of Biologic and Materials Sciences & Prosthodontics, University of Michigan School of Dentistry, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Yuji Mishina
- Department of Biologic and Materials Sciences & Prosthodontics, University of Michigan School of Dentistry, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
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HASEGAWA T, ISHII M. Visualizing bone tissue in homeostatic and pathological conditions. PROCEEDINGS OF THE JAPAN ACADEMY. SERIES B, PHYSICAL AND BIOLOGICAL SCIENCES 2020; 96:43-49. [PMID: 32037368 PMCID: PMC7030973 DOI: 10.2183/pjab.96.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2019] [Accepted: 11/18/2019] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
The human body is comprised of hundreds of bones, which are constantly regenerated through the interactions of two cell types: osteoblasts and osteoclasts. Given the difficulty of analyzing their intravital dynamics, we have developed a system for intravital imaging of the bone marrow cavity using two-photon microscopy, to visualize the dynamic behaviors of living bone cells without sectioning. Combined with the newly developed chemical fluorescent probes to detect localized acidification caused by osteoclasts, we identified two distinct functional states of mature osteoclasts, i.e., "bone-resorptive" and "non-resorptive". Here, we focus on the dynamics and functions of bone cells within the bone marrow cavity and discuss how this novel approach has been applied to evaluate the mechanisms of action of drugs currently in clinical use. We further introduce our recent study that identified arthritis-associated osteoclastogenic macrophages in inflamed synovium and revealed their differentiation trajectory into the pathological osteoclasts, which together represent to a new paradigm in bone research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tetsuo HASEGAWA
- Department of Immunology and Cell Biology, Graduate School of Medicine and Frontier Biosciences, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka, Japan
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Internal Medicine, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Masaru ISHII
- Department of Immunology and Cell Biology, Graduate School of Medicine and Frontier Biosciences, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka, Japan
- WPI-Immunology Frontier Research Center, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka, Japan
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Holliday LS, de Faria LP, Rody WJ. Actin and Actin-Associated Proteins in Extracellular Vesicles Shed by Osteoclasts. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 21:ijms21010158. [PMID: 31881680 PMCID: PMC6981389 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21010158] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2019] [Revised: 12/16/2019] [Accepted: 12/16/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are shed by all eukaryotic cells and have emerged as important intercellular regulators. EVs released by osteoclasts were recently identified as important coupling factors in bone remodeling. They are shed as osteoclasts resorb bone and stimulate osteoblasts to form bone to replace the bone resorbed. We reported the proteomic content of osteoclast EVs with data from two-dimensional, high resolution liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry. In this article, we examine in detail the actin and actin-associated proteins found in osteoclast EVs. Like EVs from other cell types, actin and various actin-associated proteins were abundant. These include components of the polymerization machinery, myosin mechanoenzymes, proteins that stabilize or depolymerize microfilaments, and actin-associated proteins that are involved in regulating integrins. The selective incorporation of actin-associated proteins into osteoclast EVs suggests that they have roles in the formation of EVs and/or the regulatory signaling functions of the EVs. Regulating integrins so that they bind extracellular matrix tightly, in order to attach EVs to the extracellular matrix at specific locations in organs and tissues, is one potential active role for actin-associated proteins in EVs.
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Affiliation(s)
- L. Shannon Holliday
- Department of Orthodontics, College of Dentistry, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA
- Correspondence:
| | - Lorraine Perciliano de Faria
- Department of Biomaterials and Oral Biology, School of Dentistry, University of São Paulo, São Paulo 01000, Brazil;
| | - Wellington J. Rody
- Department of Orthodontics and Pediatric Dentistry, Stony Brook University School of Dental Medicine, Stony Brook, NY 11794, USA;
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Sanyanga TA, Nizami B, Bishop ÖT. Mechanism of Action of Non-Synonymous Single Nucleotide Variations Associated with α-Carbonic Anhydrase II Deficiency. Molecules 2019; 24:E3987. [PMID: 31690045 PMCID: PMC6864701 DOI: 10.3390/molecules24213987] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2019] [Revised: 10/18/2019] [Accepted: 10/24/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Human carbonic anhydrase II (CA-II) is a Zinc (Zn 2 + ) metalloenzyme responsible for maintenance of acid-base balance within the body through the reversible hydration of CO 2 to produce protons (H + ) and bicarbonate (BCT). Due to its importance, alterations to the amino acid sequence of the protein as a result of single nucleotide variations (nsSNVs) have detrimental effects on homeostasis. Six pathogenic CA-II nsSNVs, K18E, K18Q, H107Y, P236H, P236R and N252D were identified, and variant protein models calculated using homology modeling. The effect of each nsSNV was analyzed using motif analysis, molecular dynamics (MD) simulations, principal component (PCA) and dynamic residue network (DRN) analysis. Motif analysis identified 11 functionally important motifs in CA-II. RMSD data indicated subtle SNV effects, while PCA analysis revealed that the presence of BCT results in greater conformational sampling and free energy in proteins. DRN analysis showed variant allosteric effects, and the average betweenness centrality (BC) calculations identified Glu117 as the most important residue for communication in CA-II. The presence of BCT was associated with a reduction to Glu117 usage in all variants, suggesting implications for Zn 2 + dissociation from the CA-II active site. In addition, reductions to Glu117 usage are associated with increases in the usage of the primary and secondary Zn 2 + ligands; His94, His96, His119 and Asn243 highlighting potential compensatory mechanisms to maintain Zn 2 + within the active site. Compared to traditional MD simulation investigation, DRN analysis provided greater insights into SNV mechanism of action, indicating its importance for the study of missense mutation effects in proteins and, in broader terms, precision medicine related research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Taremekedzwa Allan Sanyanga
- Research Unit in Bioinformatics (RUBi), Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, Rhodes University, Grahamstown 6140, South Africa.
| | - Bilal Nizami
- Research Unit in Bioinformatics (RUBi), Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, Rhodes University, Grahamstown 6140, South Africa.
- Institute of Materials and Environmental Chemistry, Research Centre for Natural Sciences of the Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Magyar tudósok körútja 2, 1117 Budapest, Hungary.
| | - Özlem Tastan Bishop
- Research Unit in Bioinformatics (RUBi), Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, Rhodes University, Grahamstown 6140, South Africa.
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Liu K, Liu Y, Xu Y, Nandakumar KS, Tan H, He C, Dang W, Lin J, Zhou C. Asperosaponin VI protects against bone destructions in collagen induced arthritis by inhibiting osteoclastogenesis. PHYTOMEDICINE : INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PHYTOTHERAPY AND PHYTOPHARMACOLOGY 2019; 63:153006. [PMID: 31299594 DOI: 10.1016/j.phymed.2019.153006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2019] [Revised: 06/13/2019] [Accepted: 06/29/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Bone destructive diseases like rheumatoid arthritis (RA), osteoporosis and bone metastatic tumors are mainly mediated by over-activated osteoclasts. Asperosaponin VI (AVI), isolated from the rhizome of Dipsacus asper, belongs to triterpenoid saponins. It has multiple physiological activities but its effects on RA, especially on osteoclast differentiation and activation are still unclear. PURPOSE Explore the protective role of AVI on collagen induced arthritis (CIA) in vivo and RANKL induced osteoclastogenesis in vitro. METHODS The effects of AVI on cell viability and RANKL-induced osteoclastogenesis, actin ring formation, bone resorption activity as well as on osteoclast specific gene and protein expression were tested using bone marrow derived monocytes (BMMs). Paws from CIA mice were used for micro-CT, HE and TRAP staining, real-time PCR and western blot. Sera were used for cytokine analysis by ELISA. The signaling pathways were detected using western blot, real-time PCR and immunofluorescence assay. RESULTS AVI significantly inhibited RANKL-induced osteoclast formation and bone resorption activity by suppressing the formation of actin ring. It also inhibited the expression of various osteoclatogenesis marker genes and signaling pathways. AVI protected arthritis in vivo by suppressing inflammation and bone loss. CONCLUSION AVI exerts its anti-osteoclastogenic activity both in vitro and in vivo by inhibiting RANKL-induced osteoclast differentiation and function. Thus, our studies demonstrate a potential therapeutic role for AVI in preventing or inhibiting RANKL-mediated osteolytic bone diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaifei Liu
- SMU-KI United Medical Inflammatory Center, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of New Drug Screening, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China; Department of Pharmacy, Jingzhou Central Hospital, Jingzhou, Hubei 434020, China
| | - Ying Liu
- School of Pharmacy, Xinhua College of Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510520, China
| | - Yanting Xu
- SMU-KI United Medical Inflammatory Center, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of New Drug Screening, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China
| | - Kutty Selva Nandakumar
- SMU-KI United Medical Inflammatory Center, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of New Drug Screening, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China
| | - Huijing Tan
- SMU-KI United Medical Inflammatory Center, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of New Drug Screening, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China
| | - Chonghua He
- SMU-KI United Medical Inflammatory Center, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of New Drug Screening, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China
| | - Wenzhen Dang
- SMU-KI United Medical Inflammatory Center, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of New Drug Screening, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China
| | - Jiahe Lin
- SMU-KI United Medical Inflammatory Center, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of New Drug Screening, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China
| | - Chun Zhou
- SMU-KI United Medical Inflammatory Center, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of New Drug Screening, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China.
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