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Gaglia JL, Daley HL, Bryant NK, Ritz J, Dong T, Skyler JS, Jiang H. Novel Autologous Dendritic Cell Therapy AVT001 for Type 1 Diabetes. NEJM EVIDENCE 2024; 3:EVIDoa2300238. [PMID: 38916421 DOI: 10.1056/evidoa2300238] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/26/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND CD8+ T regulatory (Treg) cells that recognize the nonclassical class 1b molecule Qa-1/human leukocyte antigen E (Q/E CD8+ Treg cells) are important in maintaining self-tolerance. We sought to investigate the role that these T cells play in type 1 diabetes (T1D) pathogenesis and whether an intervention targeting this mechanism may delay T1D progression. METHODS We conducted a phase 1/2, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial of the autologous dendritic cell therapy AVT001 that included participants at least 16 years of age, within 1 year of T1D diagnosis, and with ex vivo evidence of a defect in Q/E CD8+ Treg function. Patients were randomly assigned in a 2:1 ratio to AVT001 or placebo, which was administered in three monthly intravenous infusions. The primary end point was safety; efficacy end points included changes from baseline in C-peptide area under the curve (AUC) during a 4-hour mixed meal, hemoglobin A1c (HbA1c), and insulin dose. RESULTS Sixteen patients received AVT001, and nine received placebo. Similar rates and severity of adverse events were observed in both groups. None of the patients in the AVT001 group had serious adverse events through visit day 360. Compared with placebo, treatment with ATV001 was associated with less decline from baseline log-transformed C-peptide AUC (nmol/l), with the treatment effect between AVT001 and placebo at day 150 of 0.09 (95% confidence interval [CI], 0.03 to 0.15) and at day 360 of 0.10 (95% CI, 0.04 to 0.15). No clear differences in change in HbA1c and insulin dose from baseline were observed between groups. Estimated treatment effects of AVT001 versus placebo at day 360 were -0.17% (95% CI, -0.60 to 0.26%) for HbA1c and -0.06 U/kg/day (95% CI, -0.14 to 0.02) for daily insulin dose. CONCLUSIONS In this phase 1/2 trial, AVT001 did not result in dose-limiting adverse events. Potential signals of efficacy observed here warrant further evaluation in a fully powered trial. (Funded by Avotres Inc. and the Division of Diabetes, Endocrinology, and Metabolic Diseases; ClinicalTrials.gov number, NCT03895996.).
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Affiliation(s)
- Jason L Gaglia
- Joslin Diabetes Center, Boston
- Harvard Medical School, Boston
| | - Heather L Daley
- Connell and O'Reilly Families Cell Manipulation Core Facility, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston
| | | | - Jerome Ritz
- Harvard Medical School, Boston
- Connell and O'Reilly Families Cell Manipulation Core Facility, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston
| | | | - Jay S Skyler
- Diabetes Research Institute, University of Miami, Miami
- Department of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami
| | - Hong Jiang
- Avotres Inc., Cedar Knolls, NJ
- Clinical Immunology in Medicine, College of P&S, Department of Medicine, Columbia University, New York
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2
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Carriero F, Rubino V, Leone S, Montanaro R, Brancaleone V, Ruggiero G, Terrazzano G. Regulatory T R3-56 Cells in the Complex Panorama of Immune Activation and Regulation. Cells 2023; 12:2841. [PMID: 38132162 PMCID: PMC10742044 DOI: 10.3390/cells12242841] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2023] [Revised: 12/11/2023] [Accepted: 12/13/2023] [Indexed: 12/23/2023] Open
Abstract
The interplay between immune activation and immune regulation is a fundamental aspect of the functional harmony of the immune system. This delicate balance is essential to triggering correct and effective immune responses against pathogens while preventing excessive inflammation and the immunopathogenic mechanisms of autoimmunity. The knowledge of all the mechanisms involved in immune regulation is not yet definitive, and, probably, the overall picture is much broader than what has been described in the scientific literature so far. Given the plasticity of the immune system and the diversity of organisms, it is highly probable that numerous other cells and molecules are still to be ascribed to the immune regulation process. Here, we report a general overview of how immune activation and regulation interact, based on the involvement of molecules and cells specifically dedicated to these processes. In addition, we discuss the role of TR3-56 lymphocytes as a new cellular candidate in the immune regulation landscape.
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Affiliation(s)
- Flavia Carriero
- Department of Sciences, University of Basilicata, 85100 Potenza, Italy; (F.C.); (R.M.); (V.B.)
| | - Valentina Rubino
- Department of Translational Medicine, University of Naples Federico II, 80131 Naples, Italy; (V.R.); (G.R.)
| | - Stefania Leone
- Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplantation Unit, Azienda Ospedaliera A. Cardarelli, 80131 Naples, Italy;
| | - Rosangela Montanaro
- Department of Sciences, University of Basilicata, 85100 Potenza, Italy; (F.C.); (R.M.); (V.B.)
| | - Vincenzo Brancaleone
- Department of Sciences, University of Basilicata, 85100 Potenza, Italy; (F.C.); (R.M.); (V.B.)
| | - Giuseppina Ruggiero
- Department of Translational Medicine, University of Naples Federico II, 80131 Naples, Italy; (V.R.); (G.R.)
| | - Giuseppe Terrazzano
- Department of Sciences, University of Basilicata, 85100 Potenza, Italy; (F.C.); (R.M.); (V.B.)
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3
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Koh CH, Lee S, Kwak M, Kim BS, Chung Y. CD8 T-cell subsets: heterogeneity, functions, and therapeutic potential. Exp Mol Med 2023; 55:2287-2299. [PMID: 37907738 PMCID: PMC10689838 DOI: 10.1038/s12276-023-01105-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2023] [Revised: 08/11/2023] [Accepted: 08/12/2023] [Indexed: 11/02/2023] Open
Abstract
CD8 T cells play crucial roles in immune surveillance and defense against infections and cancer. After encountering antigenic stimulation, naïve CD8 T cells differentiate and acquire effector functions, enabling them to eliminate infected or malignant cells. Traditionally, cytotoxic T cells, characterized by their ability to produce effector cytokines and release cytotoxic granules to directly kill target cells, have been recognized as the constituents of the predominant effector T-cell subset. However, emerging evidence suggests distinct subsets of effector CD8 T cells that each exhibit unique effector functions and therapeutic potential. This review highlights recent advancements in our understanding of CD8 T-cell subsets and the contributions of these cells to various disease pathologies. Understanding the diverse roles and functions of effector CD8 T-cell subsets is crucial to discern the complex dynamics of immune responses in different disease settings. Furthermore, the development of immunotherapeutic approaches that specifically target and regulate the function of distinct CD8 T-cell subsets holds great promise for precision medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Choong-Hyun Koh
- Laboratory of Immune Regulation, Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Suyoung Lee
- Laboratory of Immune Regulation, Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea
- BK21 Plus Program, College of Pharmacy, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Minkyeong Kwak
- Laboratory of Immune Regulation, Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea
- BK21 Plus Program, College of Pharmacy, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Byung-Seok Kim
- Division of Life Sciences, College of Life Science and Bioengineering, Incheon National University, Incheon, 22012, Republic of Korea
| | - Yeonseok Chung
- Laboratory of Immune Regulation, Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea.
- BK21 Plus Program, College of Pharmacy, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea.
- Wide River Institute of Immunology, Seoul National University, Hongcheon, Gangwon, 25159, Republic of Korea.
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4
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Mora-Bitria L, Asquith B. Innate receptors modulating adaptive T cell responses: KIR-HLA interactions and T cell-mediated control of chronic viral infections. Immunogenetics 2023; 75:269-282. [PMID: 36719466 PMCID: PMC9887252 DOI: 10.1007/s00251-023-01293-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2022] [Accepted: 01/02/2023] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
Killer-cell immunoglobulin-like receptors (KIRs) are mainly expressed on natural killer (NK) cells and are key regulators of innate immune responses. NK cells are the first responders in the face of infection and help promote placentation during pregnancy; the importance of KIRs in these NK-mediated processes is well-established. However, mounting evidence suggests that KIRs also have a prominent and long-lasting effect on the adaptive immune system. Here, we review the evidence for the impact of KIRs on T cell responses with a focus on the clinical significance of this interaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Mora-Bitria
- Department of Infectious Disease, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Becca Asquith
- Department of Infectious Disease, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, London, UK.
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5
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Astarita JL, Dominguez CX, Tan C, Guillen J, Pauli ML, Labastida R, Valle J, Kleinschek M, Lyons J, Zarrin AA. Treg specialization and functions beyond immune suppression. Clin Exp Immunol 2023; 211:176-183. [PMID: 36571811 PMCID: PMC10019124 DOI: 10.1093/cei/uxac123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2022] [Revised: 11/25/2022] [Accepted: 12/23/2022] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
The actions of the immune system are finely tuned, involving complex communication and coordination between diverse immune and non-immune cells across the tissues of the body. A healthy immune system requires a precise balance between immunity and tolerance. Regulatory T cells (Tregs) have long been appreciated as one of the master regulators of this balance; their importance is underscored by the autoimmunity that develops in mice and humans when Tregs are missing or dysfunctional. In addition to the immunoregulatory roles of Tregs in suppressing autoimmunity and inflammation via control of adaptive and innate immune responses, several non-immune modulatory functions of Tregs have been identified in recent years. In this review, we have highlighted the growing literature on the action of Tregs in metabolism, stem cell maintenance, tissue repair, and angiogenesis. Alongside Tregs' immune suppressive role, these non-suppressive activities comprise a key function of Tregs in regulating health and disease. As Tregs receive increasing attention as therapeutic targets, understanding their non-canonical functions may become an important feature of Treg-directed interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Corey Tan
- TRex Biosciences, South San Francisco, CA, USA
| | | | | | | | - Jose Valle
- TRex Biosciences, South San Francisco, CA, USA
| | | | - Jesse Lyons
- TRex Biosciences, South San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Ali A Zarrin
- Correspondence: TRexBio, fourth floor, 681 Gateway Blvd., South San Francisco, CA 94080, USA.
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6
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Saratov GA, Vladimirov VI, Novoselov AL, Ziganshin RH, Chen G, Baymukhametov TN, Konevega AL, Belogurov AA, Kudriaeva AA. Myelin Basic Protein Fragmentation by Engineered Human Proteasomes with Different Catalytic Phenotypes Revealed Direct Peptide Ligands of MS-Associated and Protective HLA Class I Molecules. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24032091. [PMID: 36768413 PMCID: PMC9917034 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24032091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2022] [Revised: 01/17/2023] [Accepted: 01/17/2023] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Proteasomes exist in mammalian cells in multiple combinatorial variants due to the diverse regulatory particles and exchange of catalytic subunits. Here, using biotin carboxyl carrier domain of transcarboxylase from Propionibacterium shermanii fused with different proteasome subunits of catalytic and regulatory particles, we report comprehensive characterization of highly homogenous one-step purified human constitutive and immune 20S and 26S/30S proteasomes. Hydrolysis of a multiple sclerosis (MS) autoantigen, myelin basic protein (MBP), by engineered human proteasomes with different catalytic phenotypes, revealed that peptides which may be directly loaded on the HLA class I molecules are produced mainly by immunoproteasomes. We detected at least five MBP immunodominant core regions, namely, LPRHRDTGIL, SLPQKSHGR, QDENPVVHFF, KGRGLSLSRF and GYGGRASDY. All peptides, except QDENPVVHFF, which originates from the encephalitogenic MBP part, were associated with HLA I alleles considered to increase MS risk. Prediction of the affinity of HLA class I to this peptide demonstrated that MS-protective HLA-A*44 and -B*35 molecules are high-affinity binders, whereas MS-associated HLA-A*23, -A*24, -A*26 and -B*51 molecules tend to have moderate to low affinity. The HLA-A*44 molecules may bind QDENPVVHFF and its deamidated form in several registers with unprecedently high affinity, probably linking its distinct protective phenotype with thymic depletion of the repertoire of autoreactive cytotoxic T cells or induction of CD8+ regulatory T cells, specific to the encephalitogenic MBP peptide.
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Affiliation(s)
- George A. Saratov
- Shemyakin and Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, 117997 Moscow, Russia
- Phystech School of Biological and Medical Physics, Moscow Institute of Physics and Technology (National Research University), 141701 Dolgoprudny, Russia
| | - Vasiliy I. Vladimirov
- Shemyakin and Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, 117997 Moscow, Russia
| | - Alexey L. Novoselov
- Shemyakin and Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, 117997 Moscow, Russia
| | - Rustam H. Ziganshin
- Shemyakin and Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, 117997 Moscow, Russia
| | - Guo Chen
- School of Biopharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 211198, China
| | | | - Andrey L. Konevega
- National Research Center, “Kurchatov Institute”, 123182 Moscow, Russia
- Institute of Biomedical Systems and Biotechnologies, Peter the Great St. Petersburg Polytechnic University, 195251 St. Petersburg, Russia
- Petersburg Nuclear Physics Institute Named by B.P. Konstantinov of National Research Centre, Kurchatov Institute, 188300 Gatchina, Russia
| | - Alexey A. Belogurov
- Shemyakin and Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, 117997 Moscow, Russia
- Department of Biological Chemistry, Ministry of Health of Russian Federation, Evdokimov Moscow State University of Medicine and Dentistry, 127473 Moscow, Russia
- Correspondence: (A.A.B.J.); (A.A.K.); Tel.: +7-495-3352288 (A.A.B.J. & A.A.K.)
| | - Anna A. Kudriaeva
- Shemyakin and Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, 117997 Moscow, Russia
- Correspondence: (A.A.B.J.); (A.A.K.); Tel.: +7-495-3352288 (A.A.B.J. & A.A.K.)
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7
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Attfield KE, Jensen LT, Kaufmann M, Friese MA, Fugger L. The immunology of multiple sclerosis. Nat Rev Immunol 2022; 22:734-750. [PMID: 35508809 DOI: 10.1038/s41577-022-00718-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 95] [Impact Index Per Article: 47.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/30/2022] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Our incomplete understanding of the causes and pathways involved in the onset and progression of multiple sclerosis (MS) limits our ability to effectively treat this complex neurological disease. Recent studies explore the role of immune cells at different stages of MS and how they interact with cells of the central nervous system (CNS). The findings presented here begin to question the exclusivity of an antigen-specific cause and highlight how seemingly distinct immune cell types can share common functions that drive disease. Innovative techniques further expose new disease-associated immune cell populations and reinforce how environmental context is critical to their phenotype and subsequent role in disease. Importantly, the differentiation of immune cells into a pathogenic state is potentially reversible through therapeutic manipulation. As such, understanding the mechanisms that provide plasticity to causal cell types is likely key to uncoupling these disease processes and may identify novel therapeutic targets that replace the need for cell ablation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kathrine E Attfield
- Oxford Centre for Neuroinflammation, Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Oxford University Hospitals, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Lise Torp Jensen
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Max Kaufmann
- Institut für Neuroimmunologie und Multiple Sklerose, Zentrum für Molekulare Neurobiologie Hamburg, Universitätsklinikum Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Manuel A Friese
- Institut für Neuroimmunologie und Multiple Sklerose, Zentrum für Molekulare Neurobiologie Hamburg, Universitätsklinikum Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Lars Fugger
- Oxford Centre for Neuroinflammation, Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Oxford University Hospitals, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK.
- MRC Human Immunology Unit, Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK.
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8
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Li J, Zaslavsky M, Su Y, Guo J, Sikora MJ, van Unen V, Christophersen A, Chiou SH, Chen L, Li J, Ji X, Wilhelmy J, McSween AM, Palanski BA, Mallajosyula VVA, Bracey NA, Dhondalay GKR, Bhamidipati K, Pai J, Kipp LB, Dunn JE, Hauser SL, Oksenberg JR, Satpathy AT, Robinson WH, Dekker CL, Steinmetz LM, Khosla C, Utz PJ, Sollid LM, Chien YH, Heath JR, Fernandez-Becker NQ, Nadeau KC, Saligrama N, Davis MM. KIR +CD8 + T cells suppress pathogenic T cells and are active in autoimmune diseases and COVID-19. Science 2022; 376:eabi9591. [PMID: 35258337 PMCID: PMC8995031 DOI: 10.1126/science.abi9591] [Citation(s) in RCA: 108] [Impact Index Per Article: 54.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2021] [Revised: 10/12/2021] [Accepted: 03/01/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
In this work, we find that CD8+ T cells expressing inhibitory killer cell immunoglobulin-like receptors (KIRs) are the human equivalent of Ly49+CD8+ regulatory T cells in mice and are increased in the blood and inflamed tissues of patients with a variety of autoimmune diseases. Moreover, these CD8+ T cells efficiently eliminated pathogenic gliadin-specific CD4+ T cells from the leukocytes of celiac disease patients in vitro. We also find elevated levels of KIR+CD8+ T cells, but not CD4+ regulatory T cells, in COVID-19 patients, correlating with disease severity and vasculitis. Selective ablation of Ly49+CD8+ T cells in virus-infected mice led to autoimmunity after infection. Our results indicate that in both species, these regulatory CD8+ T cells act specifically to suppress pathogenic T cells in autoimmune and infectious diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Li
- Institute of Immunity, Transplantation and Infection, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Maxim Zaslavsky
- Program in Computer Science, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Yapeng Su
- Institute for Systems Biology, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Jing Guo
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Michael J. Sikora
- Department of Genetics, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Vincent van Unen
- Institute of Immunity, Transplantation and Infection, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Asbjørn Christophersen
- K.G. Jebsen Coeliac Disease Research Centre, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
- Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
- Department of Immunology, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Shin-Heng Chiou
- Institute of Immunity, Transplantation and Infection, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Liang Chen
- Institute of Immunity, Transplantation and Infection, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Jiefu Li
- The Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Xuhuai Ji
- Human Immune Monitoring Center, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Julie Wilhelmy
- Institute of Immunity, Transplantation and Infection, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Alana M. McSween
- Institute of Immunity, Transplantation and Infection, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | | | | | - Nathan A. Bracey
- Institute of Immunity, Transplantation and Infection, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Gopal Krishna R. Dhondalay
- Sean N. Parker Center for Allergy and Asthma Research, Department of Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Kartik Bhamidipati
- Program in Immunology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Joy Pai
- Program in Immunology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Lucas B. Kipp
- Division of Neuroimmunology, Department of Neurology and Neurological Sciences, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Jeffrey E. Dunn
- Division of Neuroimmunology, Department of Neurology and Neurological Sciences, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Stephen L. Hauser
- Department of Neurology and UCSF Weill Institute for Neurosciences, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Jorge R. Oksenberg
- Department of Neurology and UCSF Weill Institute for Neurosciences, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Ansuman T. Satpathy
- Department of Pathology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - William H. Robinson
- VA Palo Alto Health Care System, Palo Alto, CA, USA
- Division of Immunology and Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Cornelia L. Dekker
- Department of Pediatrics, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Lars M. Steinmetz
- Department of Genetics, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
- Stanford Genome Technology Center, Stanford University, Palo Alto, CA, USA
- European Molecular Biology Laboratory (EMBL), Genome Biology Unit, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Chaitan Khosla
- Department of Chemistry, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
- Stanford ChEM-H, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Paul J. Utz
- Institute of Immunity, Transplantation and Infection, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
- Division of Immunology and Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Ludvig M. Sollid
- K.G. Jebsen Coeliac Disease Research Centre, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
- Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
- Department of Immunology, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
- Department of Immunology, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | - Yueh-Hsiu Chien
- Institute of Immunity, Transplantation and Infection, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - James R. Heath
- Institute for Systems Biology, Seattle, WA, USA
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | | | - Kari C. Nadeau
- Institute of Immunity, Transplantation and Infection, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
- Sean N. Parker Center for Allergy and Asthma Research, Department of Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Naresha Saligrama
- Institute of Immunity, Transplantation and Infection, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Mark M. Davis
- Institute of Immunity, Transplantation and Infection, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
- The Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
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9
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Bolivar-Wagers S, Larson JH, Jin S, Blazar BR. Cytolytic CD4 + and CD8 + Regulatory T-Cells and Implications for Developing Immunotherapies to Combat Graft-Versus-Host Disease. Front Immunol 2022; 13:864748. [PMID: 35493508 PMCID: PMC9040077 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.864748] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2022] [Accepted: 03/16/2022] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Regulatory T-cells (Treg) are critical for the maintenance of immune homeostasis and tolerance induction. While the immunosuppressive mechanisms of Treg have been extensively investigated for decades, the mechanisms responsible for Treg cytotoxicity and their therapeutic potential in regulating immune responses have been incompletely explored and exploited. Conventional cytotoxic T effector cells (Teffs) are known to be important for adaptive immune responses, particularly in the settings of viral infections and cancer. CD4+ and CD8+ Treg subsets may also share similar cytotoxic properties with conventional Teffs. Cytotoxic effector Treg (cyTreg) are a heterogeneous population in the periphery that retain the capacity to suppress T-cell proliferation and activation, induce cellular apoptosis, and migrate to tissues to ensure immune homeostasis. The latter can occur through several cytolytic mechanisms, including the Granzyme/Perforin and Fas/FasL signaling pathways. This review focuses on the current knowledge and recent advances in our understanding of cyTreg and their potential application in the treatment of human disease, particularly Graft-versus-Host Disease (GVHD).
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Bruce R. Blazar
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Blood & Marrow Transplant & Cellular Therapy, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, United States
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10
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Li J, Zaslavsky M, Su Y, Sikora MJ, van Unen V, Christophersen A, Chiou SH, Chen L, Li J, Ji X, Wilhelmy J, McSween AM, Palanski BA, Aditya Mallajosyula VV, Dhondalay GKR, Bhamidipati K, Pai J, Kipp LB, Dunn JE, Hauser SL, Oksenberg JR, Satpathy AT, Robinson WH, Steinmetz LM, Khosla C, Utz PJ, Sollid LM, Heath JR, Fernandez-Becker NQ, Nadeau KC, Saligrama N, Davis MM. Human KIR + CD8 + T cells target pathogenic T cells in Celiac disease and are active in autoimmune diseases and COVID-19. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2021:2021.12.23.473930. [PMID: 34981055 PMCID: PMC8722592 DOI: 10.1101/2021.12.23.473930] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
UNLABELLED Previous reports show that Ly49 + CD8 + T cells can suppress autoimmunity in mouse models of autoimmune diseases. Here we find a markedly increased frequency of CD8 + T cells expressing inhibitory Killer cell Immunoglobulin like Receptors (KIR), the human equivalent of the Ly49 family, in the blood and inflamed tissues of various autoimmune diseases. Moreover, KIR + CD8 + T cells can efficiently eliminate pathogenic gliadin-specific CD4 + T cells from Celiac disease (CeD) patients' leukocytes in vitro . Furthermore, we observe elevated levels of KIR + CD8 + T cells, but not CD4 + regulatory T cells, in COVID-19 and influenza-infected patients, and this correlates with disease severity and vasculitis in COVID-19. Expanded KIR + CD8 + T cells from these different diseases display shared phenotypes and similar T cell receptor sequences. These results characterize a regulatory CD8 + T cell subset in humans, broadly active in both autoimmune and infectious diseases, which we hypothesize functions to control self-reactive or otherwise pathogenic T cells. ONE-SENTENCE SUMMARY Here we identified KIR + CD8 + T cells as a regulatory CD8 + T cell subset in humans that suppresses self-reactive or otherwise pathogenic CD4 + T cells.
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11
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Mishra S, Srinivasan S, Ma C, Zhang N. CD8 + Regulatory T Cell - A Mystery to Be Revealed. Front Immunol 2021; 12:708874. [PMID: 34484208 PMCID: PMC8416339 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.708874] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2021] [Accepted: 08/04/2021] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Regulatory T cells (Treg) are essential to maintain immune homeostasis and prevent autoimmune disorders. While the function and molecular regulation of Foxp3+CD4+ Tregs are well established, much of CD8+ Treg biology remains to be revealed. Here, we will review the heterogenous subsets of CD8+ T cells have been named "CD8+ Treg" and mainly focus on CD122hiLy49+CD8+ Tregs present in naïve mice. CD122hiLy49+CD8+ Tregs, which depends on transcription factor Helios and homeostatic cytokine IL-15, have been established as a non-redundant regulator of germinal center (GC) reaction. Recently, we have demonstrated that TGF-β (Transforming growth factor-β) and transcription factor Eomes (Eomesodermin) are essential for the function and homeostasis of CD8+ Tregs. In addition, we will discuss several open questions regarding the differentiation, function and true identity of CD8+ Tregs as well as a brief comparison between two regulatory T cell subsets critical to control GC reaction, namely CD4+ TFR (follicular regulatory T cells) and CD8+ Tregs.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Nu Zhang
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Molecular Genetics, The Joe R. and Teresa Lozano Long School of Medicine, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, United States
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12
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Otsuka S, Melis N, Gaida MM, Dutta D, Weigert R, Ashwell JD. Calcineurin inhibitors suppress acute graft-versus-host disease via NFAT-independent inhibition of T cell receptor signaling. J Clin Invest 2021; 131:147683. [PMID: 33822776 DOI: 10.1172/jci147683] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2021] [Accepted: 03/31/2021] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Inhibitors of calcineurin phosphatase activity (CNIs) such as cyclosporin A (CsA) are widely used to treat tissue transplant rejection and acute graft-versus-host disease (aGVHD), for which inhibition of gene expression dependent on nuclear factor of activated T cells (NFAT) is the mechanistic paradigm. We recently reported that CNIs inhibit TCR-proximal signaling by preventing calcineurin-mediated dephosphorylation of LckS59, an inhibitory modification, raising the possibility of another mechanism by which CNIs suppress immune responses. Here we used T cells from mice that express LckS59A, which cannot accept a phosphate at residue 59, to initiate aGVHD. Although CsA inhibited NFAT-dependent gene upregulation in allo-aggressive T cells expressing either LckWT or LckS59A, it was ineffective in treating disease when the T cells expressed LckS59A. Two important NFAT-independent T cell functions were found to be CsA-resistant in LckS59A T cells: upregulation of the cytolytic protein perforin in tissue-infiltrating CD8+ T cells and antigen-specific T/DC adhesion and clustering in lymph nodes. These results demonstrate that effective treatment of aGVHD by CsA requires NFAT-independent inhibition of TCR signaling. Given that NFATs are widely expressed and off-target effects are a major limitation in CNI use, it is possible that targeting TCR-associated calcineurin directly may provide effective therapies with less toxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Nicolas Melis
- Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Biology, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Matthias M Gaida
- Institute of Pathology, University Medical Center Mainz, Mainz, Germany
| | | | - Roberto Weigert
- Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Biology, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
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13
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Mockus TE, Munie A, Atkinson JR, Segal BM. Encephalitogenic and Regulatory CD8 T Cells in Multiple Sclerosis and Its Animal Models. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2021; 206:3-10. [PMID: 33443060 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.2000797] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2020] [Accepted: 08/14/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Multiple sclerosis (MS), a neuroinflammatory disease that affects millions worldwide, is widely thought to be autoimmune in etiology. Historically, research into MS pathogenesis has focused on autoreactive CD4 T cells because of their critical role in the animal model, experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis, and the association between MS susceptibility and single-nucleotide polymorphisms in the MHC class II region. However, recent studies have revealed prominent clonal expansions of CD8 T cells within the CNS during MS. In this paper, we review the literature on CD8 T cells in MS, with an emphasis on their potential effector and regulatory properties. We discuss the impact of disease modifying therapies, currently prescribed to reduce MS relapse rates, on CD8 T cell frequency and function. A deeper understanding of the role of CD8 T cells in MS may lead to the development of more effective and selective immunomodulatory drugs for particular subsets of patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Taryn E Mockus
- Department of Neurology, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, OH 43210
| | - Ashley Munie
- Department of Neurology, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, OH 43210.,Graduate Program in Immunology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI 48109; and
| | - Jeffrey R Atkinson
- Department of Neurology, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, OH 43210
| | - Benjamin M Segal
- Department of Neurology, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, OH 43210; .,Neuroscience Research Institute, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210
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14
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Xu Z, Lin CC, Ho S, Vlad G, Suciu-Foca N. Suppression of Experimental Autoimmune Encephalomyelitis by ILT3.Fc. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2020; 206:554-565. [PMID: 33361206 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.2000265] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2020] [Accepted: 11/25/2020] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a chronic autoimmune disease of the CNS that is characterized by demyelination, axonal loss, gliosis, and inflammation. The murine model of MS is the experimental autoimmune encephalopathy (EAE) induced by immunization of mice with myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein (MOG)35-55 Ig-like transcript 3 (ILT3) is an inhibitory cell surface receptor expressed by tolerogenic human dendritic cells. In this study, we show that the recombinant human ILT3.Fc protein binds to murine immune cells and inhibits the release of proinflammatory cytokines that cause the neuroinflammatory process that result in paralysis. Administration of ILT3.Fc prevents the rapid evolution of the disease in C57BL/6 mice and is associated with a profound reduction of proliferation of MOG35-55-specific Th1 and Th17 cells. Inhibition of IFN-γ and IL-17A in mice treated with ILT3.Fc is associated with delayed time of onset of the disease and its evolution to a peak clinical score. Neuropathological analysis shows a reduction in inflammatory infiltrates and demyelinated areas in the brains and spinal cords of treated mice. These results indicate that inhibition of Th1 and Th17 development provides effective suppression of EAE and suggests the feasibility of a clinical approach based on the use of ILT3.Fc for treatment of MS. Furthermore, our results open the way to further studies on the effect of the human ILT3.Fc protein in murine experimental models of autoimmunity and cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zheng Xu
- Division of Immunogenetics and Cellular Immunology, Department of Pathology and Cell Biology, Columbia University, New York, NY 10032; and
| | - Chun-Chieh Lin
- Department of Pathology and Cell Biology, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY 10032
| | - Sophey Ho
- Division of Immunogenetics and Cellular Immunology, Department of Pathology and Cell Biology, Columbia University, New York, NY 10032; and
| | - George Vlad
- Division of Immunogenetics and Cellular Immunology, Department of Pathology and Cell Biology, Columbia University, New York, NY 10032; and
| | - Nicole Suciu-Foca
- Division of Immunogenetics and Cellular Immunology, Department of Pathology and Cell Biology, Columbia University, New York, NY 10032; and
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15
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Rodríguez-Lorenzo S, Konings J, van der Pol S, Kamermans A, Amor S, van Horssen J, Witte ME, Kooij G, de Vries HE. Inflammation of the choroid plexus in progressive multiple sclerosis: accumulation of granulocytes and T cells. Acta Neuropathol Commun 2020; 8:9. [PMID: 32014066 PMCID: PMC6998074 DOI: 10.1186/s40478-020-0885-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2019] [Accepted: 01/24/2020] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
The choroid plexus (CP) is strategically located between the peripheral blood and the cerebrospinal fluid, and is involved in the regulation of central nervous system (CNS) homeostasis. In multiple sclerosis (MS), demyelination and inflammation occur in the CNS. While experimental animal models of MS pointed to the CP as a key route for immune cell invasion of the CNS, little is known about the distribution of immune cells in the human CP during progressive phases of MS. Here, we use immunohistochemistry and confocal microscopy to explore the main immune cell populations in the CP of progressive MS patients and non-neuroinflammatory controls, in terms of abundance and location within the distinct CP compartments. We show for the first time that the CP stromal density of granulocytes and CD8+ T cells is higher in progressive MS patients compared to controls. In line with previous studies, the CP of both controls and progressive MS patients contains relatively high numbers of macrophages and dendritic cells. Moreover, we found virtually no B cells or plasma cells in the CP. MHCII+ antigen-presenting cells were often found in close proximity to T cells, suggesting constitutive CNS immune monitoring functions of the CP. Together, our data highlights the role of the CP in immune homeostasis and indicates the occurrence of mild inflammatory processes in the CP of progressive MS patients. However, our findings suggest that the CP is only marginally involved in immune cell migration into the CNS in chronic MS.
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16
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Fousteri G, Kuka M. The elusive identity of CXCR5 + CD8 T cells in viral infection and autoimmunity: Cytotoxic, regulatory, or helper cells? Mol Immunol 2020; 119:101-105. [PMID: 32007752 DOI: 10.1016/j.molimm.2020.01.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2019] [Revised: 12/05/2019] [Accepted: 01/11/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Our knowledge on the development and functions of CXCR5+ CD8 T cells is rudimentary when confronted to other extensively studied CD8 T cell subsets. A decade ago, it became apparent that CD8 T cells possess two additional and rather unexpected functional properties other than cytotoxicity, one involving what is known as B cell helper activity and the other involving suppression of self-reactive responses generally known as T cell regulation. Although these adaptive responses are well-known functions of CD4 T cells, they remain poorly understood in CD8 T cells. Thus far, three subsets of CXCR5+ CD8 T cells have been identified. The first subset of CXCR5+ CD8 T cells is present in chronic viral infections and is referred to as progenitors of exhausted T cells showing heightened proliferative and cytotoxic properties as compared to CXCR5- CD8 T cells. The second subset of CXCR5+ CD8 T cells functions as regulatory T cells that inhibit CD4 T follicular helper (Tfh) humoral responses and the development of autoantibodies. The third subset of CXCR5+ CD8 T cells was identified in mice with mutations in immunoregulatory genes (i.e. FOXP3 and IL-2-deficient mice) and involves CD8 T cells with Tfh-like properties that promote humoral autoimmunity through interaction with B cells. This review summarizes the phenotype, function, and differentiation of CXCR5+ CD8 T cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Georgia Fousteri
- Diabetes Research Institute (DRI), IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy.
| | - Mirela Kuka
- Division of Immunology, Transplantation and Infectious Diseases, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy; Vita-Salute San Raffaele University, Milan, Italy.
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17
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Sheng H, Marrero I, Maricic I, Fanchiang SS, Zhang S, Sant'Angelo DB, Kumar V. Distinct PLZF +CD8αα + Unconventional T Cells Enriched in Liver Use a Cytotoxic Mechanism to Limit Autoimmunity. JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY (BALTIMORE, MD. : 1950) 2019; 203:2150-2162. [PMID: 31554695 PMCID: PMC6783388 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1900832] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2019] [Accepted: 08/21/2019] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
Hepatic immune system is uniquely challenged to mount a controlled effector response to pathogens while maintaining tolerance to diet and microbial Ags. We have identified a novel population of innate-like, unconventional CD8αα+TCRαβ+ T cells in naive mice and in human peripheral blood, called CD8αα Tunc, capable of controlling effector T cell responses. They are NK1.1+ (CD161+ in human), express NK-inhibitory receptors, and express the promyelocytic leukemia zinc finger (PLZF) transcription factor that distinguishes them from conventional CD8+ T cells. These cells display a cytotoxic phenotype and use a perforin-dependent mechanism to control Ag-induced or T cell-mediated autoimmune diseases. CD8αα Tunc are dependent upon IL-15/IL-2Rβ signaling and PLZF for their development and/or survival. They are Foxp3-negative and their regulatory activity is associated with a functionally distinct Qa-1b-dependent population coexpressing CD11c and CD244. A polyclonal TCR repertoire, an activated/memory phenotype, and the presence of CD8αα Tunc in NKT- and in MAIT-deficient as well as in germ-free mice indicates that these cells recognize diverse self-protein Ags. Our studies reveal a distinct population of unconventional CD8+ T cells within the natural immune repertoire capable of controlling autoimmunity and also providing a new target for therapeutic intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huiming Sheng
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093
- Torrey Pines Institute for Molecular Studies, San Diego, CA 92121; and
| | - Idania Marrero
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093
- Torrey Pines Institute for Molecular Studies, San Diego, CA 92121; and
| | - Igor Maricic
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093
- Torrey Pines Institute for Molecular Studies, San Diego, CA 92121; and
| | - Shaohsuan S Fanchiang
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093
- Torrey Pines Institute for Molecular Studies, San Diego, CA 92121; and
| | - Sai Zhang
- Rutgers University, New Brunswick, NJ 08901
| | | | - Vipin Kumar
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093;
- Torrey Pines Institute for Molecular Studies, San Diego, CA 92121; and
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18
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Zhao H, Feng R, Peng A, Li G, Zhou L. The expanding family of noncanonical regulatory cell subsets. J Leukoc Biol 2019; 106:369-383. [DOI: 10.1002/jlb.6ru0918-353rrrr] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2018] [Revised: 03/13/2019] [Accepted: 03/20/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Hai Zhao
- Department of NeurosurgeryWest China HospitalSichuan University Chengdu China
| | - Ridong Feng
- Department of NeurosurgeryWest China HospitalSichuan University Chengdu China
| | - Aijun Peng
- Department of NeurosurgeryWest China HospitalSichuan University Chengdu China
| | - Gaowei Li
- Department of NeurosurgeryWest China HospitalSichuan University Chengdu China
| | - Liangxue Zhou
- Department of NeurosurgeryWest China HospitalSichuan University Chengdu China
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19
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Zahran AM, Nafady-Hego H, Mansor SG, Abbas WA, Abdel-Malek MO, Mekky MA, Hetta HF. Increased frequency and FOXP3 expression of human CD8 +CD25 High+ T lymphocytes and its relation to CD4 regulatory T cells in patients with hepatocellular carcinoma. Hum Immunol 2019; 80:510-516. [PMID: 30904437 DOI: 10.1016/j.humimm.2019.03.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2018] [Revised: 03/11/2019] [Accepted: 03/19/2019] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
The mechanism of action of CD8+CD25High+FOXP3+ T cells in hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) has not been fully understood. Herein, the role of CD8+CD25High+FOXP3+ T cells in HCC was compared with that of CD4+CD25High+FOXP3+ regulatory T cells (conventional Tregs). Thirty-five patients with HCC and twenty age and sex-matched healthy adults (controls) were enrolled. The percentage of CD8+CD25High+FOXP3+ T cells and conventional Tregs in peripheral blood was measured by flow cytometry. Our results revealed that the percentage of peripheral CD8+CD25High+FOXP3+ T cells in HCC patients was significantly higher than controls (P = 0.005). The conventional Tregs showed the same trend with a higher level in HCC than controls (P < 0.0001). FOXP3 expression of CD8+CD25High+ T cells is higher than that of CD8+CD25low+ and CD8+CD25Negative T cells. The percentage of CD8+CD25High+FOXP3+ T cells positively correlated with that of conventional Tregs in HCC patients but not in controls. The higher alpha-fetoprotein positively correlated with the higher CD8+CD25High+FOXP3+ T cells and conventional Tregs (R2 = 0.481, P < 0.0001 and R2 = 0.249, P = 0.001, respectively). The frequency of both CD8+CD25High+FOXP3+ T cells and conventional Tregs was significantly increased in HCC with multiple lesions compared with those with one or two lesions. In conclusion: CD8+CD25High+FOXP3+ T cells similar to conventional Tregs might be used as biomarkers of HCC progression. Therapy targeting the peripherally expanded CD8+CD25High+FOXP3+ T cells may provide a novel perspective for HCC treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Asmaa M Zahran
- Department of Clinical Pathology, South Egypt Cancer Institute, Assiut, Egypt
| | - Hanaa Nafady-Hego
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Assiut University, Egypt.
| | - Shima G Mansor
- Department of Clinical Pathology, South Egypt Cancer Institute, Assiut, Egypt
| | - Wael A Abbas
- Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Assiut University, Egypt
| | - Mohamed O Abdel-Malek
- Department of Tropical Medicine and Gastroenterology, Assiut University Hospital, Assiut, Egypt
| | - Mohamed A Mekky
- Department of Tropical Medicine and Gastroenterology, Assiut University Hospital, Assiut, Egypt
| | - Helal F Hetta
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Assiut University, Egypt; Department of Internal Medicine, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH, USA
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20
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Vecellio M, Cohen CJ, Roberts AR, Wordsworth PB, Kenna TJ. RUNX3 and T-Bet in Immunopathogenesis of Ankylosing Spondylitis-Novel Targets for Therapy? Front Immunol 2019; 9:3132. [PMID: 30687330 PMCID: PMC6335330 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.03132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2018] [Accepted: 12/18/2018] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Susceptibility to ankylosing spondylitis (AS) is polygenic with more than 100 genes identified to date. These include HLA-B27 and the aminopeptidases (ERAP1, ERAP2, and LNPEPS), which are involved in antigen processing and presentation to T-cells, and several genes (IL23R, IL6R, STAT3, JAK2, IL1R1/2, IL12B, and IL7R) involved in IL23 driven pathways of inflammation. AS is also strongly associated with polymorphisms in two transcription factors, RUNX3 and T-bet (encoded by TBX21), which are important in T-cell development and function. The influence of these genes on the pathogenesis of AS and their potential for identifying drug targets is discussed here.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matteo Vecellio
- Nuffield Department of Orthopaedics, Rheumatology and Musculoskeletal Sciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom.,Oxford Musculoskeletal Biomedical Research Unit, National Institute for Health Research, Oxford, United Kingdom.,Oxford Comprehensive Biomedical Research Centre, Botnar Research Centre, National Institute for Health Research, Nuffield Orthopaedic Centre, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Carla J Cohen
- Nuffield Department of Orthopaedics, Rheumatology and Musculoskeletal Sciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom.,Oxford Musculoskeletal Biomedical Research Unit, National Institute for Health Research, Oxford, United Kingdom.,Oxford Comprehensive Biomedical Research Centre, Botnar Research Centre, National Institute for Health Research, Nuffield Orthopaedic Centre, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Amity R Roberts
- Dunn School of Pathology, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Paul B Wordsworth
- Nuffield Department of Orthopaedics, Rheumatology and Musculoskeletal Sciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom.,Oxford Musculoskeletal Biomedical Research Unit, National Institute for Health Research, Oxford, United Kingdom.,Oxford Comprehensive Biomedical Research Centre, Botnar Research Centre, National Institute for Health Research, Nuffield Orthopaedic Centre, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Tony J Kenna
- Translational Research Institute, Princess Alexandra Hospital, Brisbane, QLD, Australia.,Faculty of Health, Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
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21
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Abstract
Regulatory T cells are central mediators of immune regulation and play an essential role in the maintenance of immune homeostasis in the steady state and under pathophysiological conditions. Disruption of CD8 Treg-dependent recognition of Qa-1-restricted self-antigens can result in dysregulated immune responses, tissue damage, autoimmune disease and cancer. Recent progress in studies on regulatory T cells of the CD8 lineage has provided new biological insight into this specialized regulatory T cell subpopulation. Identification of the Helios transcription factor as an essential control element for the differentiation and function of CD8 regulatory T cells has led to a better understanding of the unique genetic program of these cells. Recent analyses of T-cell receptor usage and antigen recognition by Qa-1-restricted CD8 Treg have provided additional insight into the unusual biological function of this regulatory CD8 lineage. Here we summarize recent advances in our understanding of CD8 regulatory T cells with emphasis on lineage commitment, differentiation and stability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hidetoshi Nakagawa
- Department of Cancer Immunology and Virology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA, United States; Department of Immunology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Lei Wang
- Department of Cancer Immunology and Virology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA, United States; Department of Immunology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Harvey Cantor
- Department of Cancer Immunology and Virology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA, United States; Department of Immunology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States.
| | - Hye-Jung Kim
- Department of Cancer Immunology and Virology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA, United States; Department of Immunology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
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22
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Yin B, Zeng Y, Wu T, Yu S, Xu J, Liu S, Diao L, Zhao Z, Liang D, Li Y. Functional properties of peripheral CD8+ T cells in patients with repeated implantation failure. Am J Reprod Immunol 2017; 78. [PMID: 28508475 DOI: 10.1111/aji.12704] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2017] [Accepted: 04/14/2017] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Biao Yin
- The State Key Laboratory of Medical Genetics of China; Central South University; Changsha China
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory for Reproductive Immunology of Peri-implantation; Shenzhen Zhongshan Institute for Reproduction and Genetics; Fertility Center; Shenzhen Zhongshan Urology Hospital; Shenzhen China
| | - Yong Zeng
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory for Reproductive Immunology of Peri-implantation; Shenzhen Zhongshan Institute for Reproduction and Genetics; Fertility Center; Shenzhen Zhongshan Urology Hospital; Shenzhen China
| | - Tonghua Wu
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory for Reproductive Immunology of Peri-implantation; Shenzhen Zhongshan Institute for Reproduction and Genetics; Fertility Center; Shenzhen Zhongshan Urology Hospital; Shenzhen China
| | - Shuyi Yu
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory for Reproductive Immunology of Peri-implantation; Shenzhen Zhongshan Institute for Reproduction and Genetics; Fertility Center; Shenzhen Zhongshan Urology Hospital; Shenzhen China
| | - Jian Xu
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory for Reproductive Immunology of Peri-implantation; Shenzhen Zhongshan Institute for Reproduction and Genetics; Fertility Center; Shenzhen Zhongshan Urology Hospital; Shenzhen China
| | - Su Liu
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory for Reproductive Immunology of Peri-implantation; Shenzhen Zhongshan Institute for Reproduction and Genetics; Fertility Center; Shenzhen Zhongshan Urology Hospital; Shenzhen China
| | - Lianghui Diao
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory for Reproductive Immunology of Peri-implantation; Shenzhen Zhongshan Institute for Reproduction and Genetics; Fertility Center; Shenzhen Zhongshan Urology Hospital; Shenzhen China
| | - Zhenfu Zhao
- School of Medicine; Shenzhen University; Shenzhen Guangdong China
| | - Desheng Liang
- The State Key Laboratory of Medical Genetics of China; Central South University; Changsha China
| | - Yuye Li
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory for Reproductive Immunology of Peri-implantation; Shenzhen Zhongshan Institute for Reproduction and Genetics; Fertility Center; Shenzhen Zhongshan Urology Hospital; Shenzhen China
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23
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T Cell Repertoire Diversity Is Decreased in Type 1 Diabetes Patients. GENOMICS PROTEOMICS & BIOINFORMATICS 2016; 14:338-348. [PMID: 28024918 PMCID: PMC5200939 DOI: 10.1016/j.gpb.2016.10.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2016] [Revised: 10/13/2016] [Accepted: 10/25/2016] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
Type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1D) is an immune-mediated disease. The autoreactive T cells in T1D patients attack and destroy their own pancreatic cells. In order to systematically investigate the potential autoreactive T cell receptors (TCRs), we used a high-throughput immune repertoire sequencing technique to profile the spectrum of TCRs in individual T1D patients and controls. We sequenced the T cell repertoire of nine T1D patients, four type 2 diabetes (T2D) patients, and six nondiabetic controls. The diversity of the T cell repertoire in T1D patients was significantly decreased in comparison with T2D patients (P=7.0E-08 for CD4+ T cells, P=1.4E-04 for CD8+ T cells) and nondiabetic controls (P=2.7E-09 for CD4+ T cells, P=7.6E-06 for CD8+ T cells). Moreover, T1D patients had significantly more highly-expanded T cell clones than T2D patients (P=5.2E-06 for CD4+ T cells, P=1.9E-07 for CD8+ T cells) and nondiabetic controls (P=1.7E-07 for CD4+ T cells, P=3.3E-03 for CD8+ T cells). Furthermore, we identified a group of highly-expanded T cell receptor clones that are shared by more than two T1D patients. Although further validation in larger cohorts is needed, our data suggest that T cell receptor diversity measurements may become a valuable tool in investigating diabetes, such as using the diversity as an index to distinguish different types of diabetes.
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24
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Wang X, Zhang J, Baylink DJ, Li CH, Watts DM, Xu Y, Qin X, Walter MH, Tang X. Targeting Non-classical Myelin Epitopes to Treat Experimental Autoimmune Encephalomyelitis. Sci Rep 2016; 6:36064. [PMID: 27796368 PMCID: PMC5086895 DOI: 10.1038/srep36064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2016] [Accepted: 10/10/2016] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Qa-1 epitopes, the peptides that bind to non-classical major histocompatibility complex Ib Qa-1 molecules and are recognized by Qa-1-restricted CD8+ regulatory T (Treg) cells, have been identified in pathogenic autoimmune cells that attack myelin sheath in experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE, an animal model for multiple sclerosis [MS]). Additionally, immunization with such epitopes ameliorates the EAE. However, identification of such epitopes requires knowledge of the pathogenic autoimmune cells which are largely unknown in MS patients. Hence, we asked whether the CD8+ Treg cells could directly target the myelin sheath to ameliorate EAE. To address this question, we analyzed Qa-1 epitopes in myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein (MOG that is a protein in myelin sheath). Here, we report identification of a MOG-specific Qa-1 epitope. Immunization with this epitope suppressed ongoing EAE, which was abrogated by CD8+ T cell depletion. Additionally, the epitope immunization activated the epitope-specific CD8+ T cells which specifically accumulated in the CNS-draining cervical lymph nodes. Finally, CD8+ T cells primed by the epitope immunization transferred EAE suppression. Hence, this study reveals a novel regulatory mechanism mediated by the CD8+ Treg cells. We propose that immunization with myelin-specific HLA-E epitopes (human homologues of Qa-1 epitopes) is a promising therapy for MS.
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MESH Headings
- Amino Acid Sequence
- Animals
- CD8-Positive T-Lymphocytes/immunology
- CD8-Positive T-Lymphocytes/metabolism
- Cell Line
- Dendritic Cells/cytology
- Dendritic Cells/immunology
- Disease Models, Animal
- Encephalomyelitis, Autoimmune, Experimental/immunology
- Encephalomyelitis, Autoimmune, Experimental/pathology
- Encephalomyelitis, Autoimmune, Experimental/therapy
- Epitopes/chemistry
- Epitopes/immunology
- Epitopes/therapeutic use
- Female
- Histocompatibility Antigens Class I/chemistry
- Histocompatibility Antigens Class I/immunology
- Histocompatibility Antigens Class I/metabolism
- Humans
- Lymph Nodes/cytology
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- Myelin-Oligodendrocyte Glycoprotein/chemistry
- Myelin-Oligodendrocyte Glycoprotein/metabolism
- Protein Binding
- T-Lymphocytes, Regulatory/immunology
- T-Lymphocytes, Regulatory/metabolism
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaohua Wang
- Department of Medicine, Division of Regenerative Medicine, Loma Linda University, Loma Linda, California, USA
- Division of Infectious Disease, Jinan Infectious Disease Hospital, Shandong University, 22029 Jing-Shi Road, Jinan, 250021, P.R. China
| | - Jintao Zhang
- Department of Medicine, Division of Regenerative Medicine, Loma Linda University, Loma Linda, California, USA
- Institute of Medical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Henan, China
| | - David J. Baylink
- Department of Medicine, Division of Regenerative Medicine, Loma Linda University, Loma Linda, California, USA
| | - Chih-Huang Li
- Department of Medicine, Division of Regenerative Medicine, Loma Linda University, Loma Linda, California, USA
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Chang-Gung Memorial Hospital, Linkou Medical Center, Taoyuan, Taiwan
- Graduate Institute of Clinical Medical Sciences, School of Medicine, Chang-Gung university, Taoyuan, Taiwan
| | - Douglas M. Watts
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Texas at El Paso, El Paso, TX, USA
| | - Yi Xu
- Department of Medicine, Division of Regenerative Medicine, Loma Linda University, Loma Linda, California, USA
| | - Xuezhong Qin
- Department of Medicine, Division of Regenerative Medicine, Loma Linda University, Loma Linda, California, USA
- Musculoskeletal Disease Center, Jerry L. Pettis Memorial Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Loma Linda, California, USA
| | - Michael H. Walter
- Department of Medicine, Division of Regenerative Medicine, Loma Linda University, Loma Linda, California, USA
| | - Xiaolei Tang
- Department of Medicine, Division of Regenerative Medicine, Loma Linda University, Loma Linda, California, USA
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25
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Nardo G, Trolese MC, de Vito G, Cecchi R, Riva N, Dina G, Heath PR, Quattrini A, Shaw PJ, Piazza V, Bendotti C. Immune response in peripheral axons delays disease progression in SOD1 G93A mice. J Neuroinflammation 2016; 13:261. [PMID: 27717377 PMCID: PMC5055725 DOI: 10.1186/s12974-016-0732-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2016] [Accepted: 09/23/2016] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Increasing evidence suggests that the immune system has a beneficial role in the progression of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) although the mechanism remains unclear. Recently, we demonstrated that motor neurons (MNs) of C57SOD1G93A mice with slow disease progression activate molecules classically involved in the cross-talk with the immune system. This happens a lot less in 129SvSOD1G93A mice which, while expressing the same amount of transgene, had faster disease progression and earlier axonal damage. The present study investigated whether and how the immune response is involved in the preservation of motor axons in the mouse model of familial ALS with a more benign disease course. Methods First, the extent of axonal damage, Schwann cell proliferation, and neuromuscular junction (NMJ) denervation were compared between the two ALS mouse models at the disease onset. Then, we compared the expression levels of different immune molecules, the morphology of myelin sheaths, and the presence of blood-derived immune cell infiltrates in the sciatic nerve of the two SOD1G93A mouse strains using immunohistochemical, immunoblot, quantitative reverse transcription PCR, and rotating-polarization Coherent Anti-Stokes Raman Scattering techniques. Results Muscle denervation, axonal dysregulation, and myelin disruption together with reduced Schwann cell proliferation are prominent in 129SvSOD1G93A compared to C57SOD1G93A mice at the disease onset, and this correlates with a faster disease progression in the first strain. On the contrary, a striking increase of immune molecules such as CCL2, MHCI, and C3 was seen in sciatic nerves of slow progressor C57SOD1G93A mice and this was accompanied by heavy infiltration of CD8+ T lymphocytes and macrophages. These phenomena were not detectable in the peripheral nervous system of fast-progressing mice. Conclusions These data show for the first time that damaged MNs in SOD1-related ALS actively recruit immune cells in the peripheral nervous system to delay muscle denervation and prolong the lifespan. On the contrary, the lack of this response has a negative impact on the disease course. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12974-016-0732-2) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giovanni Nardo
- Laboratory of Molecular Neurobiology, Department of Neuroscience, IRCCS - Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche Mario Negri, Via La Masa 19, 20156, Milan, Italy.
| | - Maria Chiara Trolese
- Laboratory of Molecular Neurobiology, Department of Neuroscience, IRCCS - Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche Mario Negri, Via La Masa 19, 20156, Milan, Italy
| | - Giuseppe de Vito
- NEST, Scuola Normale Superiore, Piazza San Silvestro 12, I-56127, Pisa, Italy.,Center for Nanotechnology Innovation @NEST, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Piazza San Silvestro 12, I-56127, Pisa, Italy
| | - Roberta Cecchi
- NEST, Scuola Normale Superiore, Piazza San Silvestro 12, I-56127, Pisa, Italy
| | - Nilo Riva
- Neuropathology Unit, Department of Neurology, INSPE, San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Dibit II, Via Olgettina 48, 20132, Milan, Italy
| | - Giorgia Dina
- Neuropathology Unit, Department of Neurology, INSPE, San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Dibit II, Via Olgettina 48, 20132, Milan, Italy
| | - Paul R Heath
- Department of Neuroscience, Academic Neurology Unit, Faculty of Medicine, Dentistry and Health, Sheffield Institute for Translational Neuroscience, University of Sheffield, 385 Glossop Road, Sheffield, S10 2HQ, UK
| | - Angelo Quattrini
- Neuropathology Unit, Department of Neurology, INSPE, San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Dibit II, Via Olgettina 48, 20132, Milan, Italy
| | - Pamela J Shaw
- Department of Neuroscience, Academic Neurology Unit, Faculty of Medicine, Dentistry and Health, Sheffield Institute for Translational Neuroscience, University of Sheffield, 385 Glossop Road, Sheffield, S10 2HQ, UK
| | - Vincenzo Piazza
- Center for Nanotechnology Innovation @NEST, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Piazza San Silvestro 12, I-56127, Pisa, Italy
| | - Caterina Bendotti
- Laboratory of Molecular Neurobiology, Department of Neuroscience, IRCCS - Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche Mario Negri, Via La Masa 19, 20156, Milan, Italy.
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26
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Joosten SA, Sullivan LC, Ottenhoff THM. Characteristics of HLA-E Restricted T-Cell Responses and Their Role in Infectious Diseases. J Immunol Res 2016; 2016:2695396. [PMID: 27699181 PMCID: PMC5028793 DOI: 10.1155/2016/2695396] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2016] [Revised: 06/28/2016] [Accepted: 07/10/2016] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Human HLA-E can, in addition to self-antigens, also present pathogen-derived sequences, which elicit specific T-cell responses. T-cells recognize their antigen presented by HLA-E highly specifically and have unique functional and phenotypical properties. Pathogen specific HLA-E restricted CD8+ T-cells are an interesting new player in the field of immunology. Future work should address their exact roles and relative contributions in the immune response against infectious diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simone A. Joosten
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Leiden University Medical Center, 2333 ZA Leiden, Netherlands
| | - Lucy C. Sullivan
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The University of Melbourne, Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Melbourne, VIC 3010, Australia
| | - Tom H. M. Ottenhoff
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Leiden University Medical Center, 2333 ZA Leiden, Netherlands
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27
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Thomé R, de Carvalho AC, Alves da Costa T, Ishikawa LLW, Fraga-Silva TFDC, Sartori A, de Oliveira ALR, Verinaud L. Artesunate Ameliorates Experimental Autoimmune Encephalomyelitis by Inhibiting Leukocyte Migration to the Central Nervous System. CNS Neurosci Ther 2016; 22:707-14. [PMID: 27165523 DOI: 10.1111/cns.12561] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2016] [Revised: 04/14/2016] [Accepted: 04/17/2016] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS Experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) is T-cell-dependent disease of the central nervous system (CNS) of mice. This model resembles multiple sclerosis (MS) in many aspects. Therapies that focus in the modulation of the immune response and cellular infiltration in the CNS present best effects in the clinics. Artesunate (Art) is a semi-synthetic sesquiterpene derivative from artemisinin and has been shown to reduce the clinical signs of autoimmune disease models through mechanisms not yet understood. In this study, we aimed to evaluate whether administration of Art would ameliorate EAE. METHODS AND RESULTS C57BL6 mice were immunized with MOG35-55 peptide to induce EAE. At the same time, Art treatment started (3 mg/kg/day via i.p.) for five consecutive days. We found that Art treatment reduced the clinical signs of EAE and that correlated with a reduced infiltration of cells in the CNS. Disease amelioration did not correlate with immunomodulation as recall responses, leukocyte subpopulations, and gene expression analysis were similar among treated and untreated mice. Ultimately, further analysis provided data indicating that a possible mechanism of action for Art is dependent on the cellular migration to the CNS. CONCLUSIONS Artesunate reduces the severity of EAE by inhibiting migration of pathogenic T cells to the CNS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rodolfo Thomé
- Department of Structural and Functional Biology, Institute of Biology, University of Campinas, Campinas, Brazil
| | - Ana Carolina de Carvalho
- Department of Structural and Functional Biology, Institute of Biology, University of Campinas, Campinas, Brazil
| | - Thiago Alves da Costa
- Department of Structural and Functional Biology, Institute of Biology, University of Campinas, Campinas, Brazil
| | - Larissa Lumi Watanabe Ishikawa
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, Institute of Biosciences of Botucatu, São Paulo State University, Botucatu, Brazil
| | | | - Alexandrina Sartori
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, Institute of Biosciences of Botucatu, São Paulo State University, Botucatu, Brazil
| | | | - Liana Verinaud
- Department of Structural and Functional Biology, Institute of Biology, University of Campinas, Campinas, Brazil
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28
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K33-linked polyubiquitination of Zap70 by Nrdp1 controls CD8(+) T cell activation. Nat Immunol 2015; 16:1253-62. [PMID: 26390156 DOI: 10.1038/ni.3258] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2015] [Accepted: 07/30/2015] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The key molecular mechanisms that control signaling via T cell antigen receptors (TCRs) remain to be fully elucidated. Here we found that Nrdp1, a ring finger-type E3 ligase, mediated Lys33 (K33)-linked polyubiquitination of the signaling kinase Zap70 and promoted the dephosphorylation of Zap70 by the acidic phosphatase-like proteins Sts1 and Sts2 and thereby terminated early TCR signaling in CD8(+) T cells. Nrdp1 deficiency significantly promoted the activation of naive CD8(+) T cells but not that of naive CD4(+) T cells after engagement of the TCR. Nrdp1 interacted with Zap70 and with Sts1 and Sts2 and connected K33 linkage of Zap70 to Sts1- and Sts2-mediated dephosphorylation. Our study suggests that Nrdp1 terminates early TCR signaling by inactivating Zap70 and provides new mechanistic insights into the non-proteolytic regulation of TCR signaling by E3 ligases.
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29
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Abstract
The last twelve years have witnessed the development of new therapies for relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis that demonstrate increased efficacy relative to previous therapies. Many of these new drugs target the inflammatory phase of disease by manipulating different aspects of the immune system. While these new treatments are promising, the development of therapies for patients with progressive multiple sclerosis remains a significant challenge. We discuss the distinct mechanisms that may contribute to these two types of multiple sclerosis and the implications of these differences in the development of new therapeutic targets for this debilitating disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Catriona A Wagner
- Department of Immunology, University of Washigton, Seattle, WA, 98109-8509, USA
| | - Joan M Goverman
- Department of Immunology, University of Washigton, Seattle, WA, 98109-8509, USA
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30
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Huseby ES, Kamimura D, Arima Y, Parello CS, Sasaki K, Murakami M. Role of T cell-glial cell interactions in creating and amplifying central nervous system inflammation and multiple sclerosis disease symptoms. Front Cell Neurosci 2015; 9:295. [PMID: 26300731 PMCID: PMC4525059 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2015.00295] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2015] [Accepted: 07/17/2015] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Multiple Sclerosis (MS) is an inflammatory disease of the Central Nervous System (CNS) that causes the demyelination of nerve cells and destroys oligodendrocytes, neurons and axons. Historically, MS has been thought of as a T cell-mediated autoimmune disease of CNS white matter. However, recent studies have identified gray matter lesions in MS patients, suggesting that CNS antigens other than myelin proteins may be involved during the MS disease process. We have recently found that T cells targeting astrocyte-specific antigens can drive unique aspects of inflammatory CNS autoimmunity, including the targeting of gray matter and white matter of the brain and inducing heterogeneous clinical disease courses. In addition to being a target of T cells, astrocytes play a critical role in propagating the inflammatory response within the CNS induced NF-κB signaling. Here, we will discuss the pathophysiology of CNS inflammation mediated by T cell—glial cell interactions and its contributions to CNS autoimmunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric S Huseby
- Department of Pathology, University of Massachusetts Medical School Worcester, MA, USA
| | - Daisuke Kamimura
- Division of Molecular Neuroimmunology, Institute for Genetic Medicine and Graduate School of Medicine, Hokkaido University Sapporo, Japan
| | - Yasunobu Arima
- Division of Molecular Neuroimmunology, Institute for Genetic Medicine and Graduate School of Medicine, Hokkaido University Sapporo, Japan
| | - Caitlin S Parello
- Department of Pathology, University of Massachusetts Medical School Worcester, MA, USA
| | - Katsuhiro Sasaki
- Department of Pathology, University of Massachusetts Medical School Worcester, MA, USA
| | - Masaaki Murakami
- Division of Molecular Neuroimmunology, Institute for Genetic Medicine and Graduate School of Medicine, Hokkaido University Sapporo, Japan
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31
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Abstract
Type 1 narcolepsy is a sleep disorder characterized by excessive daytime sleepiness with unintentional sleep attacks and cataplexy. The disorder is caused by a loss of hypocretinergic neurons in the brain. The specific loss of these neurons in narcolepsy is thought to result from an autoimmune attack, and this is supported by evidence of both environmental and genetic factors pointing toward an involvement of the immune system. However, definitive proof of an autoimmune etiology is still missing. Several different immune-mediated disorders targeting neurons are known, and many of these are believed to be caused by autoreactive CD8(+) T cells. In this paper, we review the current knowledge on CD8(+) T cell-mediated neuronal damage on the basis of our understanding of other autoimmune disorders and experimental studies. We identify major histocompatibility complex class I presentation of autoantigens on neurons as a possible mechanism in the development of the disease, and propose T cell-mediated pathogenesis, with cytotoxic CD8(+) T cells targeting the hypocretinergic neurons, as a central element.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matilda Degn
- Department of Diagnostics, Molecular Sleep Laboratory, Rigshospitalet Glostrup, Glostrup, Denmark
| | - Birgitte Rahbek Kornum
- Department of Diagnostics, Molecular Sleep Laboratory, Rigshospitalet Glostrup, Glostrup, Denmark.,Department of Neurophysiology, Danish Center for Sleep Medicine, Rigshospitalet Glostrup, Glostrup, Denmark
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32
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Churlaud G, Pitoiset F, Jebbawi F, Lorenzon R, Bellier B, Rosenzwajg M, Klatzmann D. Human and Mouse CD8(+)CD25(+)FOXP3(+) Regulatory T Cells at Steady State and during Interleukin-2 Therapy. Front Immunol 2015; 6:171. [PMID: 25926835 PMCID: PMC4397865 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2015.00171] [Citation(s) in RCA: 137] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2014] [Accepted: 03/27/2015] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
In addition to CD4+ regulatory T cells (Tregs), CD8+ suppressor T cells are emerging as an important subset of regulatory T cells. Diverse populations of CD8+ T cells with suppressive activities have been described. Among them, a small population of CD8+CD25+FOXP3+ T cells is found both in mice and humans. In contrast to thymic-derived CD4+CD25+FOXP3+ Tregs, their origin and their role in the pathophysiology of autoimmune diseases (AIDs) are less understood. We report here the number, phenotype, and function of CD8+ Tregs cells in mice and humans, at the steady state and in response to low-dose interleukin-2 (IL-2). CD8+ Tregs represent approximately 0.4 and 0.1% of peripheral blood T cells in healthy humans and mice, respectively. In mice, their frequencies are quite similar in lymph nodes (LNs) and the spleen, but two to threefold higher in Peyer patches and mesenteric LNs. CD8+ Tregs express low levels of CD127. CD8+ Tregs express more activation or proliferation markers such as CTLA-4, ICOS, and Ki-67 than other CD8+ T cells. In vitro, they suppress effector T cell proliferation as well as or even better than CD4+ Tregs. Owing to constitutive expression of CD25, CD8+ Tregs are 20- to 40-fold more sensitive to in vitro IL-2 stimulation than CD8+ effector T cells, but 2–4 times less than CD4+ Tregs. Nevertheless, low-dose IL-2 dramatically expands and activates CD8+ Tregs even more than CD4+ Tregs, in mice and humans. Further studies are warranted to fully appreciate the clinical relevance of CD8+ Tregs in AIDs and the efficacy of IL-2 treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guillaume Churlaud
- Department of Inflammation-Immunopathology-Biotherapy (I2B), Clinical Investigation Center for Biotherapies (CIC-BTi), Hôpital Pitié-Salpêtrière, Assistance Publique Hôpitaux de Paris (AP-HP) , Paris , France ; UMRS 959, Immunology-Immunopathology-Immunotherapy (I3), Sorbonne Université, Université Pierre-et-Marie-Curie, Institut national de la santé et de la recherche médicale (INSERM) , Paris , France ; FRE 3632, Immunology-Immunopathology-Immunotherapy (I3), Centre national de la recherche scientifique (CNRS) , Paris , France
| | - Fabien Pitoiset
- Department of Inflammation-Immunopathology-Biotherapy (I2B), Clinical Investigation Center for Biotherapies (CIC-BTi), Hôpital Pitié-Salpêtrière, Assistance Publique Hôpitaux de Paris (AP-HP) , Paris , France ; UMRS 959, Immunology-Immunopathology-Immunotherapy (I3), Sorbonne Université, Université Pierre-et-Marie-Curie, Institut national de la santé et de la recherche médicale (INSERM) , Paris , France ; FRE 3632, Immunology-Immunopathology-Immunotherapy (I3), Centre national de la recherche scientifique (CNRS) , Paris , France
| | - Fadi Jebbawi
- UMRS 959, Immunology-Immunopathology-Immunotherapy (I3), Sorbonne Université, Université Pierre-et-Marie-Curie, Institut national de la santé et de la recherche médicale (INSERM) , Paris , France ; FRE 3632, Immunology-Immunopathology-Immunotherapy (I3), Centre national de la recherche scientifique (CNRS) , Paris , France
| | - Roberta Lorenzon
- Department of Inflammation-Immunopathology-Biotherapy (I2B), Clinical Investigation Center for Biotherapies (CIC-BTi), Hôpital Pitié-Salpêtrière, Assistance Publique Hôpitaux de Paris (AP-HP) , Paris , France ; UMRS 959, Immunology-Immunopathology-Immunotherapy (I3), Sorbonne Université, Université Pierre-et-Marie-Curie, Institut national de la santé et de la recherche médicale (INSERM) , Paris , France ; FRE 3632, Immunology-Immunopathology-Immunotherapy (I3), Centre national de la recherche scientifique (CNRS) , Paris , France
| | - Bertrand Bellier
- UMRS 959, Immunology-Immunopathology-Immunotherapy (I3), Sorbonne Université, Université Pierre-et-Marie-Curie, Institut national de la santé et de la recherche médicale (INSERM) , Paris , France ; FRE 3632, Immunology-Immunopathology-Immunotherapy (I3), Centre national de la recherche scientifique (CNRS) , Paris , France
| | - Michelle Rosenzwajg
- Department of Inflammation-Immunopathology-Biotherapy (I2B), Clinical Investigation Center for Biotherapies (CIC-BTi), Hôpital Pitié-Salpêtrière, Assistance Publique Hôpitaux de Paris (AP-HP) , Paris , France ; UMRS 959, Immunology-Immunopathology-Immunotherapy (I3), Sorbonne Université, Université Pierre-et-Marie-Curie, Institut national de la santé et de la recherche médicale (INSERM) , Paris , France ; FRE 3632, Immunology-Immunopathology-Immunotherapy (I3), Centre national de la recherche scientifique (CNRS) , Paris , France
| | - David Klatzmann
- Department of Inflammation-Immunopathology-Biotherapy (I2B), Clinical Investigation Center for Biotherapies (CIC-BTi), Hôpital Pitié-Salpêtrière, Assistance Publique Hôpitaux de Paris (AP-HP) , Paris , France ; UMRS 959, Immunology-Immunopathology-Immunotherapy (I3), Sorbonne Université, Université Pierre-et-Marie-Curie, Institut national de la santé et de la recherche médicale (INSERM) , Paris , France ; FRE 3632, Immunology-Immunopathology-Immunotherapy (I3), Centre national de la recherche scientifique (CNRS) , Paris , France
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Abstract
The role of CD8+ T cells in the process of autoimmune pathology has been both understudied and controversial. Multiple sclerosis (MS) is an inflammatory, demyelinating disorder of the central nervous system (CNS) with underlying T cell-mediated immunopathology. CD8+ T cells are the predominant T cells in human MS lesions, showing oligoclonal expansion at the site of pathology. It is still unclear whether these cells represent pathogenic immune responses or disease-regulating elements. Through studies in human MS and its animal model, experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE), we have discovered two novel CD8+ T cell populations that play an essential immunoregulatory role in disease: (1) MHC class Ia-restricted neuroantigen-specific "autoregulatory" CD8+ T cells and (2) glatiramer acetate (GA/Copaxone(®)) therapy-induced Qa-1/HLA-E-restricted GA-specific CD8+ T cells. These CD8+ Tregs suppress proliferation of pathogenic CD4+ CD25- T cells when stimulated by their cognate antigens. Similarly, CD8+ Tregs significantly suppress EAE when transferred either pre-disease induction or during peak disease. The mechanism of disease inhibition depends, at least in part, on an antigen-specific, contact-dependent process and works through modulation of CD4+ T cell responses as well as antigen-presenting cells through a combination of cytotoxicity and cytokine-mediated modulation. This review provides an overview of our understanding of CD8+ T cells in immune-mediated disease, focusing particularly on our findings regarding regulatory CD8+ T cells both in MS and in EAE. Clinical relevance of these novel CD8-regulatory populations is discussed, providing insights into a potentially intriguing, novel therapeutic strategy for these diseases.
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34
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The contribution of immune and glial cell types in experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis and multiple sclerosis. Mult Scler Int 2014; 2014:285245. [PMID: 25374694 PMCID: PMC4211315 DOI: 10.1155/2014/285245] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2014] [Revised: 09/27/2014] [Accepted: 09/27/2014] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a chronic inflammatory disease of the central nervous system characterised by widespread areas of focal demyelination. Its aetiology and pathogenesis remain unclear despite substantial insights gained through studies of animal models, most notably experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE). MS is widely believed to be immune-mediated and pathologically attributable to myelin-specific autoreactive CD4+ T cells. In recent years, MS research has expanded beyond its focus on CD4+ T cells to recognise the contributions of multiple immune and glial cell types to the development, progression, and amelioration of the disease. This review summarises evidence of T and B lymphocyte, natural killer cell, macrophage/microglial, astrocytic, and oligodendroglial involvement in both EAE and MS and the intercommunication and influence of each cell subset in the inflammatory process. Despite important advances in the understanding of the involvement of these cell types in MS, many questions still remain regarding the various subsets within each cell population and their exact contribution to different stages of the disease.
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35
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Kashi VP, Ortega SB, Karandikar NJ. Neuroantigen-specific autoregulatory CD8+ T cells inhibit autoimmune demyelination through modulation of dendritic cell function. PLoS One 2014; 9:e105763. [PMID: 25144738 PMCID: PMC4140828 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0105763] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2014] [Accepted: 07/24/2014] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) is a well-established murine model of multiple sclerosis, an immune-mediated demyelinating disorder of the central nervous system (CNS). We have previously shown that CNS-specific CD8+ T cells (CNS-CD8+) ameliorate EAE, at least in part through modulation of CNS-specific CD4+ T cell responses. In this study, we show that CNS-CD8+ also modulate the function of CD11c+ dendritic cells (DC), but not other APCs such as CD11b+ monocytes or B220+ B cells. DC from mice receiving either myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein-specific CD8+ (MOG-CD8+) or proteolipid protein-specific CD8+ (PLP-CD8+) T cells were rendered inefficient in priming T cell responses from naïve CD4+ T cells (OT-II) or supporting recall responses from CNS-specific CD4+ T cells. CNS-CD8+ did not alter DC subset distribution or MHC class II and CD86 expression, suggesting that DC maturation was not affected. However, the cytokine profile of DC from CNS-CD8+ recipients showed lower IL-12 and higher IL-10 production. These functions were not modulated in the absence of immunization with CD8-cognate antigen, suggesting an antigen-specific mechanism likely requiring CNS-CD8-DC interaction. Interestingly, blockade of IL-10 in vitro rescued CD4+ proliferation and in vivo expression of IL-10 was necessary for the suppression of EAE by MOG-CD8+. These studies demonstrate a complex interplay between CNS-specific CD8+ T cells, DC and pathogenic CD4+ T cells, with important implications for therapeutic interventions in this disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Venkatesh P. Kashi
- Department of Pathology, The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas, United States of America
| | - Sterling B. Ortega
- Department of Pathology, The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas, United States of America
| | - Nitin J. Karandikar
- Department of Pathology, The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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Cunnusamy K, Baughman EJ, Franco J, Ortega SB, Sinha S, Chaudhary P, Greenberg BM, Frohman EM, Karandikar NJ. Disease exacerbation of multiple sclerosis is characterized by loss of terminally differentiated autoregulatory CD8+ T cells. Clin Immunol 2014; 152:115-26. [PMID: 24657764 DOI: 10.1016/j.clim.2014.03.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2013] [Revised: 03/11/2014] [Accepted: 03/12/2014] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Multiple sclerosis (MS) is an inflammatory, demyelinating disease of the central nervous system (CNS). Although its etiology remains unknown, pathogenic T cells are thought to underlie MS immune pathology. We recently showed that MS patients harbor CNS-specific CD8+ Tregs that are deficient during disease relapse. We now demonstrate that CNS-specific CD8+ Tregs were cytolytic and could eliminate pathogenic CD4+ T cells. These CD8+ Tregs were present primarily in terminally differentiated (CD27-, CD45RO-) subset and their suppression was IFNγ, perforin and granzyme B-dependent. Interestingly, MS patients with acute relapse displayed a significant loss in terminally differentiated CD8+ T cells, with a concurrent loss in expression of perforin and granzyme B. Pre-treatment of exacerbation-derived CD8+ T cells with IL-12 significantly restored suppressive capability of these cells through upregulation of granzyme B. Our studies uncover immune-suppressive mechanisms of CNS-specific CD8+ Tregs, and may contribute to design of novel immune therapies for MS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Khrishen Cunnusamy
- Department of Pathology, UT Southwestern Medical Center, 6000 Harry Hines Blvd., Dallas, TX 75390-9072, USA
| | - Ethan J Baughman
- Department of Pathology, UT Southwestern Medical Center, 6000 Harry Hines Blvd., Dallas, TX 75390-9072, USA
| | - Jorge Franco
- Department of Pathology, UT Southwestern Medical Center, 6000 Harry Hines Blvd., Dallas, TX 75390-9072, USA
| | - Sterling B Ortega
- Department of Pathology, UT Southwestern Medical Center, 6000 Harry Hines Blvd., Dallas, TX 75390-9072, USA
| | - Sushmita Sinha
- Department of Pathology, University of Iowa, 200 Hawkins Dr., Iowa City, IA 52242, USA
| | - Parul Chaudhary
- Department of Neurology, UT Southwestern Medical Center, 6000 Harry Hines Blvd., Dallas, TX 75390-9072, USA
| | - Benjamin M Greenberg
- Department of Neurology, UT Southwestern Medical Center, 6000 Harry Hines Blvd., Dallas, TX 75390-9072, USA
| | - Elliot M Frohman
- Department of Neurology, UT Southwestern Medical Center, 6000 Harry Hines Blvd., Dallas, TX 75390-9072, USA
| | - Nitin J Karandikar
- Department of Pathology, University of Iowa, 200 Hawkins Dr., Iowa City, IA 52242, USA.
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Sasaki K, Bean A, Shah S, Schutten E, Huseby PG, Peters B, Shen ZT, Vanguri V, Liggitt D, Huseby ES. Relapsing-remitting central nervous system autoimmunity mediated by GFAP-specific CD8 T cells. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2014; 192:3029-42. [PMID: 24591371 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1302911] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Multiple sclerosis (MS) is an inflammatory disease of the CNS that causes the demyelination of nerve cells and destroys oligodendrocytes, neurons, and axons. Historically, MS has been thought to be a CD4 T cell-mediated autoimmune disease of CNS white matter. However, recent studies identified CD8 T cell infiltrates and gray matter lesions in MS patients. These findings suggest that CD8 T cells and CNS Ags other than myelin proteins may be involved during the MS disease process. In this article, we show that CD8 T cells reactive to glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP), a protein expressed in astrocytes, can avoid tolerance mechanisms and, depending upon the T cell-triggering event, drive unique aspects of inflammatory CNS autoimmunity. In GFAP-specific CD8 TCR-transgenic (BG1) mice, tissue resident memory-like CD8 T cells spontaneously infiltrate the gray matter and white matter of the CNS, resulting in a relapsing-remitting CNS autoimmunity. The frequency, severity, and remissions from spontaneous disease are controlled by the presence of polyclonal B cells. In contrast, a viral trigger induces GFAP-specific CD8 T effector cells to exclusively target the meninges and vascular/perivascular space of the gray and white matter of the brain, causing a rapid, acute CNS disease. These findings demonstrate that the type of CD8 T cell-triggering event can determine the presentation of distinct CNS autoimmune disease pathologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katsuhiro Sasaki
- Department of Pathology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA 01655
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38
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The experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) model of MS: utility for understanding disease pathophysiology and treatment. HANDBOOK OF CLINICAL NEUROLOGY 2014; 122:173-89. [PMID: 24507518 DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-444-52001-2.00008-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 298] [Impact Index Per Article: 29.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
While no single model can exactly recapitulate all aspects of multiple sclerosis (MS), animal models are essential in understanding the induction and pathogenesis of the disease and to develop therapeutic strategies that limit disease progression and eventually lead to effective treatments for the human disease. Several different models of MS exist, but by far the best understood and most commonly used is the rodent model of experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE). This model is typically induced by either active immunization with myelin-derived proteins or peptides in adjuvant or by passive transfer of activated myelin-specific CD4+ T lymphocytes. Mouse models are most frequently used because of the inbred genotype of laboratory mice, their rapid breeding capacity, the ease of genetic manipulation, and availability of transgenic and knockout mice to facilitate mechanistic studies. Although not all therapeutic strategies for MS have been developed in EAE, all of the current US Food and Drug Administration (FDA)-approved immunomodulatory drugs are effective to some degree in treating EAE, a strong indicator that EAE is an extremely useful model to study potential treatments for MS. Several therapies, such as glatiramer acetate (GA: Copaxone), and natalizumab (Tysabri), were tested first in the mouse model of EAE and then went on to clinical trials. Here we discuss the usefulness of the EAE model in understanding basic disease pathophysiology and developing treatments for MS as well as the potential drawbacks of this model.
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Read M, Andrews PS, Timmis J, Williams RA, Greaves RB, Sheng H, Coles M, Kumar V. Determining disease intervention strategies using spatially resolved simulations. PLoS One 2013; 8:e80506. [PMID: 24244694 PMCID: PMC3828403 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0080506] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2013] [Accepted: 10/02/2013] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Predicting efficacy and optimal drug delivery strategies for small molecule and biological therapeutics is challenging due to the complex interactions between diverse cell types in different tissues that determine disease outcome. Here we present a new methodology to simulate inflammatory disease manifestation and test potential intervention strategies in silico using agent-based computational models. Simulations created using this methodology have explicit spatial and temporal representations, and capture the heterogeneous and stochastic cellular behaviours that lead to emergence of pathology or disease resolution. To demonstrate this methodology we have simulated the prototypic murine T cell-mediated autoimmune disease experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis, a mouse model of multiple sclerosis. In the simulation immune cell dynamics, neuronal damage and tissue specific pathology emerge, closely resembling behaviour found in the murine model. Using the calibrated simulation we have analysed how changes in the timing and efficacy of T cell receptor signalling inhibition leads to either disease exacerbation or resolution. The technology described is a powerful new method to understand cellular behaviours in complex inflammatory disease, permits rational design of drug interventional strategies and has provided new insights into the role of TCR signalling in autoimmune disease progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark Read
- Department of Electronics, the University of York, York, United Kingdom
- * E-mail:
| | - Paul S. Andrews
- Department of Computer Science, the University of York, York, United Kingdom
| | - Jon Timmis
- Department of Electronics, the University of York, York, United Kingdom
- Department of Computer Science, the University of York, York, United Kingdom
| | - Richard A. Williams
- Department of Computer Science, the University of York, York, United Kingdom
| | - Richard B. Greaves
- Centre for Immunology and Infection, Department of Biology and HYMS, University of York, York, United Kingdom
| | - Huiming Sheng
- Torrey Pines Institute for Molecular Studies, San Diego, California, United States of America
| | - Mark Coles
- Centre for Immunology and Infection, Department of Biology and HYMS, University of York, York, United Kingdom
| | - Vipin Kumar
- Torrey Pines Institute for Molecular Studies, San Diego, California, United States of America
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Leuenberger T, Paterka M, Reuter E, Herz J, Niesner RA, Radbruch H, Bopp T, Zipp F, Siffrin V. The role of CD8+ T cells and their local interaction with CD4+ T cells in myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein35-55-induced experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2013; 191:4960-8. [PMID: 24123686 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1300822] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
T cells have an essential role in the induction of multiple sclerosis and its animal model experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE). Although for CD4(+) T cells it is well established that they contribute to the disease, less is known about the role of CD8(+) T cells. Our aim was to determine the individual contribution of CD4(+) and CD8(+) T cells in myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein (MOG)35-55-induced EAE. We investigated MOG35-55-activated CD8(+) T cells to clarify their potential to induce or attenuate EAE. We monitored the behavior of CD8(+) T cells and their interaction with CD4(+) T cells directly at the site of inflammation in the CNS using intravital imaging of the brainstem of EAE-affected living anesthetized mice. We found that mice without CD4(+) T cells did not develop relevant clinical signs of disease, although CD8(+) T cells were present in the CNS of these mice. These CD8(+) T cells displayed reduced motility compared with those in the presence of CD4(+) T cells. In mice that harbored CD4(+) and CD8(+) T cells, we saw a similar extent of clinical signs of EAE as in mice with only CD4(+) T cells. Furthermore, the dynamic motility and viability of CD4(+) T cells were not disturbed by CD8(+) T cells in the lesions of these mice. Therefore, we conclude that in MOG35-55-induced EAE, CD8(+) T cell accumulation in the CNS represents instead an epiphenomenon with no impact on clinical disease or on the effects of CD4(+) T cells, the latter being the true inducers of the disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tina Leuenberger
- Department of Neurology, Focus Program Translational Neurosciences, Rhine Main Neuroscience Network, Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, 55131 Mainz, Germany
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Abstract
INTRODUCTION CD8(+) T cells were originally considered to exert a suppressive role in demyelinating disease because of bias toward the CD4(+) T cell-mediated experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis, the most common multiple sclerosis (MS) model. However, recent studies of human MS lesion samples and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) provided compelling evidence about the pathogenic role of CD8(+) T cells. In this article, we discuss the theoretical roles of different CD8(+) T-cell subsets in MS. AREAS COVERED A revised focus from CD4(+) to CD8(+) T cell-mediated demyelinating disease is summarized. Clonal expansion of CD8(+) T cells in MS lesions and in vitro evidence that CD8(+) T cells injure every central nervous system (CNS) cell type and transect axons are discussed. The role of CD8(+) T cells in two animal models of MS and of regulatory, interleukin (IL)-17-secreting CD8(+) T cells is reviewed. Lastly, an overview about the pathogenic and/or beneficial role of various CD8(+) T-cell subsets is offered. EXPERT OPINION Growing evidence supports the pathogenic role of CD8(+) T cells. Clonally expanded CD8(+) T cells within MS lesions may damage the nervous system. Revealing the specific antigen is critical to design novel efficient treatments with minimal adverse effects. Increasing evidence exists for the role of regulatory, IL-17-secreting CD8(+) T cells in MS.
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42
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CD8+ T cell help is required for efficient induction of EAE in Lewis rats. J Neuroimmunol 2013; 260:17-27. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jneuroim.2013.04.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2013] [Accepted: 04/11/2013] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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43
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Ortega SB, Kashi VP, Tyler AF, Cunnusamy K, Mendoza JP, Karandikar NJ. The disease-ameliorating function of autoregulatory CD8 T cells is mediated by targeting of encephalitogenic CD4 T cells in experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2013; 191:117-26. [PMID: 23733879 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1300452] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Multiple sclerosis (MS) is an immune-mediated demyelinating disease of the CNS, and CD8 T cells are the predominant T cell population in MS lesions. Given that transfer of CNS-specific CD8 T cells results in an attenuated clinical demyelinating disease in C57BL/6 mice with immunization-induced experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE), we investigated the cellular targets and mechanisms of autoreactive regulatory CD8 T cells. In this study we report that myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein peptide (MOG35-55)-induced CD8 T cells could also attenuate adoptively transferred, CD4 T cell-mediated EAE. Whereas CD8(-/-) mice exhibited more severe EAE associated with increased autoreactivity and inflammatory cytokine production by myelin-specific CD4 T cells, this was reversed by adoptive transfer of MOG-specific CD8 T cells. These autoregulatory CD8 T cells required in vivo MHC class Ia (K(b)D(b)) presentation. Interestingly, MOG-specific CD8 T cells could also suppress adoptively induced disease using wild-type MOG35-55-specific CD4 T cells transferred into K(b)D(b-/-) recipient mice, suggesting direct targeting of encephalitogenic CD4 T cells. In vivo trafficking analysis revealed that autoregulatory CD8 T cells are dependent on neuroinflammation for CNS infiltration, and their suppression/cytotoxicity of MOG-specific CD4 T cells is observed both in the periphery and in the CNS. These studies provide important insights into the mechanism of disease suppression mediated by autoreactive CD8 T cells in EAE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sterling B Ortega
- Department of Pathology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas TX 75390, USA
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44
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Simmons SB, Pierson ER, Lee SY, Goverman JM. Modeling the heterogeneity of multiple sclerosis in animals. Trends Immunol 2013; 34:410-22. [PMID: 23707039 DOI: 10.1016/j.it.2013.04.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 131] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2013] [Revised: 04/09/2013] [Accepted: 04/18/2013] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Multiple sclerosis (MS) is an inflammatory, demyelinating disease of the central nervous system (CNS) manifested with varying clinical course, pathology, and inflammatory patterns. There are multiple animal models that reflect different aspects of this heterogeneity. Collectively, these models reveal a balance between pathogenic and regulatory CD4(+) T cells, CD8(+) T cells, and B cells that influences the incidence, timing, and severity of CNS autoimmunity. In this review we discuss experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) models that have been used to study the pathogenic and regulatory roles of these immune cells; models that recapitulate different aspects of the disease seen in patients with MS, and questions remaining for future studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah B Simmons
- Department of Immunology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
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45
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McPherson RC, Anderton SM. Adaptive immune responses in CNS autoimmune disease: mechanisms and therapeutic opportunities. J Neuroimmune Pharmacol 2013; 8:774-90. [PMID: 23568718 DOI: 10.1007/s11481-013-9453-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2012] [Accepted: 03/13/2013] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
The processes underlying autoimmune CNS inflammation are complex, but key roles for autoimmune lymphocytes seem inevitable, based on clinical investigations in multiple sclerosis (MS) and related diseases such as neuromyelitis optica, together with the known pathogenic activity of T cells in experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) models. Despite intense investigation, the details of etiopathology in these diseases have been elusive. Here we describe recent advances in the rodent models that begin to allow a map of pathogenic and protective immunity to be drawn. This map might illuminate previous successful and unsuccessful therapeutic strategies targeting particular pathways, whilst also providing better opportunities for the future, leading to tailored intervention based on understanding the quality of each individual's autoimmune response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rhoanne C McPherson
- Centre for Inflammation Research and Centre for Multiple Sclerosis Research, Queen's Medical Research Institute, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH16 4TJ, UK
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46
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Attfield KE, Fugger L. TCR transgenic mice that shed light on immune and environmental regulators in multiple sclerosis. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2013; 190:3015-7. [PMID: 23526826 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1300427] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Kathrine E Attfield
- Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Oxford, John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford OX3 9DS, United Kingdom
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47
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Hu D, Weiner HL, Ritz J. Identification of cytolytic CD161- CD56+ regulatory CD8 T cells in human peripheral blood. PLoS One 2013; 8:e59545. [PMID: 23527216 PMCID: PMC3602421 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0059545] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2012] [Accepted: 02/19/2013] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
We previously developed methods for establishing CD8 regulatory T cell (Treg) clones from normal human peripheral blood and demonstrated that these clones were capable of killing T cell receptor (TCR)-activated autologous CD4 T cells. Based on phenotypic and functional characterization of the CD8 Treg clones, we have identified a corresponding population of endogenous CD8 Treg in normal human peripheral blood. These cells appear morphologically as large lymphocytes with abundant cytoplasm and have the following unique phenotype: CD3+CD8+CD161−CD56+. The majority of CD8 Treg express CD45RA and CD62L with low or negative expression of CD45RO, CD25, CD27, CD28 and CCR7. The expression of CD94 and NKG2a on CD8 Treg was elevated compared to conventional CD8 T cells. Following in vitro activation, this T cell subset is capable of killing TCR-activated CD4 T cells. These studies identify an endogenous CD8 Treg population in humans and it will now be possible to characterize these cells in a variety of clinical conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dan Hu
- Center for Neurologic Diseases, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Division of Hematologic Malignancies, Cancer Vaccine Center, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Howard L. Weiner
- Center for Neurologic Diseases, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Jerome Ritz
- Division of Hematologic Malignancies, Cancer Vaccine Center, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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48
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Barnaba V, Schinzari V. Induction, control, and plasticity of Treg cells: The immune regulatory network revised? Eur J Immunol 2013; 43:318-22. [DOI: 10.1002/eji.201243265] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2012] [Revised: 12/17/2012] [Accepted: 01/11/2013] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Vincenzo Barnaba
- Dipartimento di Medicina Interna e Specialità Mediche; Sapienza Università di Roma; Rome Italy
- Istituto Pasteur - Fondazione Cenci Bolognetti; Rome Italy
| | - Valeria Schinzari
- Dipartimento di Medicina Interna e Specialità Mediche; Sapienza Università di Roma; Rome Italy
- Istituto Pasteur - Fondazione Cenci Bolognetti; Rome Italy
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49
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Carvalheiro H, da Silva JAP, Souto-Carneiro MM. Potential roles for CD8+ T cells in rheumatoid arthritis. Autoimmun Rev 2013; 12:401-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.autrev.2012.07.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2012] [Accepted: 07/18/2012] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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50
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Huber M, Heink S, Pagenstecher A, Reinhard K, Ritter J, Visekruna A, Guralnik A, Bollig N, Jeltsch K, Heinemann C, Wittmann E, Buch T, Prazeres da Costa O, Brüstle A, Brenner D, Mak TW, Mittrücker HW, Tackenberg B, Kamradt T, Lohoff M. IL-17A secretion by CD8+ T cells supports Th17-mediated autoimmune encephalomyelitis. J Clin Invest 2012; 123:247-60. [PMID: 23221338 DOI: 10.1172/jci63681] [Citation(s) in RCA: 185] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2012] [Accepted: 10/04/2012] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
IL-17-producing CD8+ T (Tc17) cells are detectible in multiple sclerosis (MS) lesions; however, their contribution to the disease is unknown. To identify functions of Tc17 cells, we induced EAE, a murine model of MS, in mice lacking IFN regulatory factor 4 (IRF4). IRF4-deficient mice failed to generate Tc17 and Th17 cells and were resistant to EAE. After adoptive transfer of WT CD8+ T cells and subsequent immunization for EAE induction in these mice, the CD8+ T cells developed a Tc17 phenotype in the periphery but could not infiltrate the CNS. Similarly, transfer of small numbers of WT CD4+ T cells alone did not evoke EAE, but when transferred together with CD8+ T cells, IL-17-producing CD4+ (Th17) T cells accumulated in the CNS and mice developed severe disease. Th17 accumulation and development of EAE required IL-17A production by CD8+ T cells, suggesting that Tc17 cells are required to promote CD4+ T cell-mediated induction of EAE. Accordingly, patients with early-stage MS harbored a greater number of Tc17 cells in the cerebrospinal fluid than in peripheral blood. Our results reveal that Tc17 cells contribute to the initiation of CNS autoimmunity in mice and humans by supporting Th17 cell pathogenicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Magdalena Huber
- Institute for Medical Microbiology and Hygiene, University of Marburg, Marburg, Germany.
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