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Duan HD, Li H. Consensus, controversies, and conundrums of P4-ATPases: The emerging face of eukaryotic lipid flippases. J Biol Chem 2024; 300:107387. [PMID: 38763336 PMCID: PMC11225554 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbc.2024.107387] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2024] [Revised: 05/04/2024] [Accepted: 05/07/2024] [Indexed: 05/21/2024] Open
Abstract
The cryo-EM resolution revolution has heralded a new era in our understanding of eukaryotic lipid flippases with a rapidly growing number of high-resolution structures. Flippases belong to the P4 family of ATPases (type IV P-type ATPases) that largely follow the reaction cycle proposed for the more extensively studied cation-transporting P-type ATPases. However, unlike the canonical P-type ATPases, no flippase cargos are transported in the phosphorylation half-reaction. Instead of being released into the intracellular or extracellular milieu, lipid cargos are transported to their destination at the inner leaflet of the membrane. Recent flippase structures have revealed multiple conformational states during the lipid transport cycle. Nonetheless, critical conformational states capturing the lipid cargo "in transit" are still missing. In this review, we highlight the amazing structural advances of these lipid transporters, discuss various perspectives on catalytic and regulatory mechanisms in the literature, and shed light on future directions in further deciphering the detailed molecular mechanisms of lipid flipping.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Diessel Duan
- Department of Structural Biology, Van Andel Institute, Grand Rapids, Michigan, USA.
| | - Huilin Li
- Department of Structural Biology, Van Andel Institute, Grand Rapids, Michigan, USA.
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2
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Taylor JM, Conboy JC. Sum-frequency vibrational spectroscopy, a tutorial: Applications for the study of lipid membrane structure and dynamics. Biointerphases 2024; 19:031201. [PMID: 38738942 DOI: 10.1116/6.0003594] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2024] [Accepted: 04/23/2024] [Indexed: 05/14/2024] Open
Abstract
Planar supported lipid bilayers (PSLBs) are an ideal model for the study of lipid membrane structures and dynamics when using sum-frequency vibrational spectroscopy (SFVS). In this paper, we describe the construction of asymmetric PSLBs and the basic SFVS theory needed to understand and make measurements on these membranes. Several examples are presented, including the determination of phospholipid orientation and measuring phospholipid transmembrane translocation (flip-flop).
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Affiliation(s)
- Joshua M Taylor
- Department of Chemistry, University of Utah, 315 South 1400 East RM. 2020, Salt Lake City, Utah 84112
| | - John C Conboy
- Department of Chemistry, University of Utah, 315 South 1400 East RM. 2020, Salt Lake City, Utah 84112
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3
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Clarke RJ. Electrostatic switch mechanisms of membrane protein trafficking and regulation. Biophys Rev 2023; 15:1967-1985. [PMID: 38192346 PMCID: PMC10771482 DOI: 10.1007/s12551-023-01166-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2023] [Accepted: 11/17/2023] [Indexed: 01/10/2024] Open
Abstract
Lipid-protein interactions are normally classified as either specific or general. Specific interactions refer to lipid binding to specific binding sites within a membrane protein, thereby modulating the protein's thermal stability or kinetics. General interactions refer to indirect effects whereby lipids affect membrane proteins by modulating the membrane's physical properties, e.g., its fluidity, thickness, or dipole potential. It is not widely recognized that there is a third distinct type of lipid-protein interaction. Intrinsically disordered N- or C-termini of membrane proteins can interact directly but nonspecifically with the surrounding membrane. Many peripheral membrane proteins are held to the cytoplasmic surface of the plasma membrane via a cooperative combination of two forces: hydrophobic anchoring and electrostatic attraction. An acyl chain, e.g., myristoyl, added post-translationally to one of the protein's termini inserts itself into the lipid matrix and helps hold peripheral membrane proteins onto the membrane. Electrostatic attraction occurs between positively charged basic amino acid residues (lysine and arginine) on one of the protein's terminal tails and negatively charged phospholipid head groups, such as phosphatidylserine. Phosphorylation of either serine or tyrosine residues on the terminal tails via regulatory protein kinases allows for an electrostatic switch mechanism to control trafficking of the protein. Kinase action reduces the positive charge on the protein's tail, weakening the electrostatic attraction and releasing the protein from the membrane. A similar mechanism regulates many integral membrane proteins, but here only electrostatic interactions are involved, and the electrostatic switch modulates protein activity by altering the stabilities of different protein conformational states.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ronald J. Clarke
- School of Chemistry, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2006 Australia
- The University of Sydney Nano Institute, Sydney, NSW 2006 Australia
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4
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Tamura R, Sabu Y, Mizuno T, Mizuno S, Nakano S, Suzuki M, Abukawa D, Kaji S, Azuma Y, Inui A, Okamoto T, Shimizu S, Fukuda A, Sakamoto S, Kasahara M, Takahashi S, Kusuhara H, Zen Y, Ando T, Hayashi H. Intestinal Atp8b1 dysfunction causes hepatic choline deficiency and steatohepatitis. Nat Commun 2023; 14:6763. [PMID: 37990006 PMCID: PMC10663612 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-42424-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2023] [Accepted: 10/11/2023] [Indexed: 11/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Choline is an essential nutrient, and its deficiency causes steatohepatitis. Dietary phosphatidylcholine (PC) is digested into lysoPC (LPC), glycerophosphocholine, and choline in the intestinal lumen and is the primary source of systemic choline. However, the major PC metabolites absorbed in the intestinal tract remain unidentified. ATP8B1 is a P4-ATPase phospholipid flippase expressed in the apical membrane of the epithelium. Here, we use intestinal epithelial cell (IEC)-specific Atp8b1-knockout (Atp8b1IEC-KO) mice. These mice progress to steatohepatitis by 4 weeks. Metabolomic analysis and cell-based assays show that loss of Atp8b1 in IEC causes LPC malabsorption and thereby hepatic choline deficiency. Feeding choline-supplemented diets to lactating mice achieves complete recovery from steatohepatitis in Atp8b1IEC-KO mice. Analysis of samples from pediatric patients with ATP8B1 deficiency suggests its translational potential. This study indicates that Atp8b1 regulates hepatic choline levels through intestinal LPC absorption, encouraging the evaluation of choline supplementation therapy for steatohepatitis caused by ATP8B1 dysfunction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryutaro Tamura
- Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacokinetics, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Science, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yusuke Sabu
- Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacokinetics, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Science, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Tadahaya Mizuno
- Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacokinetics, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Science, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Seiya Mizuno
- Laboratory Animal Resource Center and Trans-Border Medical Research Center, University of Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Satoshi Nakano
- Department of Pediatrics, Juntendo University Graduate School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Mitsuyoshi Suzuki
- Department of Pediatrics, Juntendo University Graduate School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Daiki Abukawa
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Miyagi Children's Hospital, Miyagi, Japan
| | - Shunsaku Kaji
- Department of Pediatrics, Tsuyama-Chuo Hospital, Okayama, Japan
| | - Yoshihiro Azuma
- Department of Pediatrics, Yamaguchi University Graduate School of Medicine, Yamaguchi, Japan
| | - Ayano Inui
- Department of Pediatric Hepatology and Gastroenterology, Saiseikai Yokohama City Eastern Hospital, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Tatsuya Okamoto
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, Kyoto University Hospital, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Seiichi Shimizu
- Organ Transplantation Center, National Center for Child Health and Development, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Akinari Fukuda
- Organ Transplantation Center, National Center for Child Health and Development, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Seisuke Sakamoto
- Organ Transplantation Center, National Center for Child Health and Development, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Mureo Kasahara
- Organ Transplantation Center, National Center for Child Health and Development, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Satoru Takahashi
- Laboratory Animal Resource Center and Trans-Border Medical Research Center, University of Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Kusuhara
- Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacokinetics, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Science, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yoh Zen
- Institute of Liver Studies, King's College Hospital & King's College London, London, UK
| | - Tomohiro Ando
- Axcelead Drug Discovery Partners, Inc., Fujisawa, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Hisamitsu Hayashi
- Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacokinetics, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Science, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan.
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5
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Lieffrig SA, Gyimesi G, Mao Y, Finnemann SC. Clearance phagocytosis by the retinal pigment epithelial during photoreceptor outer segment renewal: Molecular mechanisms and relation to retinal inflammation. Immunol Rev 2023; 319:81-99. [PMID: 37555340 PMCID: PMC10615845 DOI: 10.1111/imr.13264] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2023] [Accepted: 07/18/2023] [Indexed: 08/10/2023]
Abstract
Mammalian photoreceptor outer segment renewal is a highly coordinated process that hinges on timed cell signaling between photoreceptor neurons and the adjacent retinal pigment epithelial (RPE). It is a strictly rhythmic, synchronized process that underlies in part circadian regulation. We highlight findings from recently developed methods that quantify distinct phases of outer segment renewal in retinal tissue. At light onset, outer segments expose the conserved "eat-me" signal phosphatidylserine exclusively at their distal, most aged tip. A coordinated two-receptor efferocytosis process follows, in which ligands bridge outer segment phosphatidylserine with the RPE receptors αvβ5 integrin, inducing cytosolic signaling toward Rac1 and focal adhesion kinase/MERTK, and with MERTK directly, additionally inhibiting RhoA/ROCK and thus enabling F-actin dynamics favoring outer segment fragment engulfment. Photoreceptors and RPE persist for life with each RPE cell in the eye servicing dozens of overlying photoreceptors. Thus, RPE cells phagocytose more often and process more material than any other cell type. Mutant mice with impaired outer segment renewal largely retain functional photoreceptors and retinal integrity. However, when anti-inflammatory signaling in the RPE via MERTK or the related TYRO3 is lacking, catastrophic inflammation leads to immune cell infiltration that swiftly destroys the retina causing blindness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephanie A. Lieffrig
- Center for Cancer, Genetic Diseases and Gene Regulation, Department of Biological Sciences, Fordham University, Bronx, NY
| | - Gavin Gyimesi
- Center for Cancer, Genetic Diseases and Gene Regulation, Department of Biological Sciences, Fordham University, Bronx, NY
| | | | - Silvia C. Finnemann
- Center for Cancer, Genetic Diseases and Gene Regulation, Department of Biological Sciences, Fordham University, Bronx, NY
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Ontsouka E, Schroeder M, Albrecht C. Revisited role of the placenta in bile acid homeostasis. Front Physiol 2023; 14:1213757. [PMID: 37546542 PMCID: PMC10402276 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2023.1213757] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2023] [Accepted: 07/03/2023] [Indexed: 08/08/2023] Open
Abstract
To date, the discussion concerning bile acids (BAs) during gestation is almost exclusively linked to pregnancy complications such as intrahepatic cholestasis of pregnancy (ICP) when maternal serum BA levels reach very high concentrations (>100 μM). Generally, the placenta is believed to serve as a protective barrier avoiding exposure of the growing fetus to excessive amounts of maternal BAs that might cause detrimental effects (e.g., intrauterine growth restriction and/or increased vulnerability to metabolic diseases). However, little is known about the precise role of the placenta in BA biosynthesis, transport, and metabolism in healthy pregnancies when serum BAs are at physiological levels (i.e., low maternal and high fetal BA concentrations). It is well known that primary BAs are synthesized from cholesterol in the liver and are later modified to secondary BA species by colonic bacteria. Besides the liver, BA synthesis in extrahepatic sites such as the brain elicits neuroprotective actions through inhibition of apoptosis as well as oxidative and endoplasmic reticulum stress. Even though historically BAs were thought to be only "detergent molecules" required for intestinal absorption of dietary fats, they are nowadays acknowledged as full signaling molecules. They modulate a myriad of signaling pathways with functional consequences on essential processes such as gluconeogenesis -one of the principal energy sources of the fetus- and cellular proliferation. The current manuscript discusses the potential multipotent roles of physiologically circulating BAs on developmental processes during gestation and provides a novel perspective in terms of the importance of the placenta as a previously unknown source of BAs. Since the principle "not too much, not too little" applicable to other signaling molecules may be also true for BAs, the risks associated with fetal exposure to excessive levels of BAs are discussed.
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Kimura T, Kimura AK, Epand RM. Systematic crosstalk in plasmalogen and diacyl lipid biosynthesis for their differential yet concerted molecular functions in the cell. Prog Lipid Res 2023; 91:101234. [PMID: 37169310 DOI: 10.1016/j.plipres.2023.101234] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2023] [Revised: 04/29/2023] [Accepted: 05/05/2023] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
Plasmalogen is a major phospholipid of mammalian cell membranes. Recently it is becoming evident that the sn-1 vinyl-ether linkage in plasmalogen, contrasting to the ester linkage in the counterpart diacyl glycerophospholipid, yields differential molecular characteristics for these lipids especially related to hydrocarbon-chain order, so as to concertedly regulate biological membrane processes. A role played by NMR in gaining information in this respect, ranging from molecular to tissue levels, draws particular attention. We note here that a broad range of enzymes in de novo synthesis pathway of plasmalogen commonly constitute that of diacyl glycerophospholipid. This fact forms the basis for systematic crosstalk that not only controls a quantitative balance between these lipids, but also senses a defect causing loss of lipid in either pathway for compensation by increase of the counterpart lipid. However, this inherent counterbalancing mechanism paradoxically amplifies imbalance in differential effects of these lipids in a diseased state on membrane processes. While sharing of enzymes has been recognized, it is now possible to overview the crosstalk with growing information for specific enzymes involved. The overview provides a fundamental clue to consider cell and tissue type-dependent schemes in regulating membrane processes by plasmalogen and diacyl glycerophospholipid in health and disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomohiro Kimura
- Department of Chemistry & Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biophysics, Kansas State University, Manhattan, Kansas 66506, USA.
| | - Atsuko K Kimura
- Department of Biochemistry and Biomedical Sciences, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario L8S 4K1, Canada
| | - Richard M Epand
- Department of Biochemistry and Biomedical Sciences, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario L8S 4K1, Canada
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8
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Sakuragi T, Nagata S. Regulation of phospholipid distribution in the lipid bilayer by flippases and scramblases. Nat Rev Mol Cell Biol 2023:10.1038/s41580-023-00604-z. [PMID: 37106071 PMCID: PMC10134735 DOI: 10.1038/s41580-023-00604-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 42.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/09/2023] [Indexed: 04/29/2023]
Abstract
Cellular membranes function as permeability barriers that separate cells from the external environment or partition cells into distinct compartments. These membranes are lipid bilayers composed of glycerophospholipids, sphingolipids and cholesterol, in which proteins are embedded. Glycerophospholipids and sphingolipids freely move laterally, whereas transverse movement between lipid bilayers is limited. Phospholipids are asymmetrically distributed between membrane leaflets but change their location in biological processes, serving as signalling molecules or enzyme activators. Designated proteins - flippases and scramblases - mediate this lipid movement between the bilayers. Flippases mediate the confined localization of specific phospholipids (phosphatidylserine (PtdSer) and phosphatidylethanolamine) to the cytoplasmic leaflet. Scramblases randomly scramble phospholipids between leaflets and facilitate the exposure of PtdSer on the cell surface, which serves as an important signalling molecule and as an 'eat me' signal for phagocytes. Defects in flippases and scramblases cause various human diseases. We herein review the recent research on the structure of flippases and scramblases and their physiological roles. Although still poorly understood, we address the mechanisms by which they translocate phospholipids between lipid bilayers and how defects cause human diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takaharu Sakuragi
- Biochemistry & Immunology, WPI Immunology Frontier Research Center, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan
| | - Shigekazu Nagata
- Biochemistry & Immunology, WPI Immunology Frontier Research Center, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan.
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9
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Yu WK, Wang YC, Gao Y, Shi CH, Fan Y, Yu LL, Zhao ZC, Li SS, Xu YM, Li YS. Genetic analysis of the ATP11B gene in Chinese Han population with cerebral small vessel disease. BMC Genomics 2022; 23:822. [PMID: 36510145 PMCID: PMC9746074 DOI: 10.1186/s12864-022-09051-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2022] [Accepted: 11/25/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND A loss-of-function mutation in ATPase phospholipid transporting 11-B (putative) (ATP11B) gene causing cerebral small vessel disease (SVD) in vivo, and a single intronic nucleotide polymorphism in ATP11B: rs148771930 that was associated with white matter hyperintensities burden in European patients with SVD, was recently identified. Our results suggest that ATP11B may not play an essential role in SVD in the Chinese population. RESULTS We performed target region sequencing including ATP11B gene in 182 patients with sporadic SVD, and identified five rare variants and two novel variants of ATP11B. A case-control study was then performed in 524 patients and matched 550 controls to investigate the relationship between ATP11B and sporadic SVD in the Chinese Han population. Although none of these variants were significantly associated with SVD in our samples, it is important to mention that we identified a novel variant, p. G238W, which was predicted to be pathogenic in silico. This variant was present in our cohort of patients with an extremely low frequency and was absent in the controls. CONCLUSION Our results suggest that ATP11B may not play an essential role in SVD in the Chinese population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wen-Kai Yu
- grid.207374.50000 0001 2189 3846Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan China
| | - Yun-Chao Wang
- grid.207374.50000 0001 2189 3846Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan China
| | - Yuan Gao
- grid.207374.50000 0001 2189 3846Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan China
| | - Chang-He Shi
- grid.207374.50000 0001 2189 3846Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan China
| | - Yu Fan
- grid.207374.50000 0001 2189 3846Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan China
| | - Lu-Lu Yu
- grid.207374.50000 0001 2189 3846Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan China
| | - Zi-Chen Zhao
- grid.207374.50000 0001 2189 3846Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan China
| | - Shan-Shan Li
- grid.207374.50000 0001 2189 3846Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan China
| | - Yu-Ming Xu
- grid.207374.50000 0001 2189 3846Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan China ,National Health Commission Key Laboratory of Prevention and Treatment of Cerebrovascular Diseases, Zhengzhou, Henan China
| | - Yu-Sheng Li
- grid.207374.50000 0001 2189 3846Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan China
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Iwasaki T, Endo N, Nakayama Y, Kamei T, Shimanouchi T, Nakamura H, Hayashi K. Possible Role of Bent Structure of Methylated Lithocholic Acid on Artificial and Plasma Membranes. MEMBRANES 2022; 12:997. [PMID: 36295756 PMCID: PMC9610195 DOI: 10.3390/membranes12100997] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2022] [Revised: 10/09/2022] [Accepted: 10/12/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Bile acids form micelles that are essential for the absorption of dietary lipids. However, excessive bile acid micelles can disrupt the plasma membrane by removing phospholipids, resulting in cell death. We hypothesized that the bent geometrical structure of the steroid scaffold of bile acids decreases the lipid order (similar to unsaturated phospholipids with cis double bonds), disrupting the plasma membrane. Here, lithocholic acid (LCA), a bile acid, was methylated to prevent micellization. Methylated lithocholic acid (Me-LCA) was mixed with a thin phase-separated lipid bilayer comprising 1,2-dioleoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine (DOPC), 1,2-dipalmitoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine (DPPC), and cholesterol (Chol). Me-LCA was not localized in the DPPC-rich rigid phase but localized in the DOPC-rich fluid phase, and excess Me-LCA did not affect the phase separation. Me-LCA is distributed in the plasma and organelle membranes. However, Me-LCA with bent structure did not affect the membrane properties, membrane fluidity, and hydrophobicity of liposomes composed of DOPC, DPPC, and Chol and also did not affect the proliferation of cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomoyuki Iwasaki
- Division of Medical Research Support of the Advanced Research Support Center, Ehime University, Shitsukawa, Toon 791-0295, Ehime, Japan
| | - Nobuyuki Endo
- Department of Chemical Engineering, National Institute of Technology, Nara College, 22 Yata-cho, Yamatokoriyama 639-1080, Nara, Japan
| | - Yuta Nakayama
- Department of Chemical Engineering, National Institute of Technology, Nara College, 22 Yata-cho, Yamatokoriyama 639-1080, Nara, Japan
| | - Toshiyuki Kamei
- Department of Chemical Engineering, National Institute of Technology, Nara College, 22 Yata-cho, Yamatokoriyama 639-1080, Nara, Japan
| | - Toshinori Shimanouchi
- Graduate School of Environmental and Life Science, Okayama University, 3-1-1 Tsushimanaka, Okayama 700-8530, Okayama, Japan
| | - Hidemi Nakamura
- Department of Chemical Engineering, National Institute of Technology, Nara College, 22 Yata-cho, Yamatokoriyama 639-1080, Nara, Japan
| | - Keita Hayashi
- Department of Chemical Engineering, National Institute of Technology, Nara College, 22 Yata-cho, Yamatokoriyama 639-1080, Nara, Japan
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Shin HW, Takatsu H. Regulatory Roles of N- and C-Terminal Cytoplasmic Regions of P4-ATPases. Chem Pharm Bull (Tokyo) 2022; 70:524-532. [DOI: 10.1248/cpb.c22-00042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Hye-Won Shin
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyoto University
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12
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Yang C, Zheng B, Wang R, Chang H, Liu P, Li B, Norvienyeku J, Chen Q. A Putative P-Type ATPase Regulates the Secretion of Hydrolytic Enzymes, Phospholipid Transport, Morphogenesis, and Pathogenesis in Phytophthora capsici. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2022; 13:852500. [PMID: 35620687 PMCID: PMC9127794 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2022.852500] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2022] [Accepted: 04/11/2022] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
Phytophthora capsici is an important plant pathogenic oomycete with multiple hosts. The P4-ATPases, aminophospholipid translocases (APTs), play essential roles in the growth and pathogenesis of fungal pathogens. However, the function of P4-ATPase in P. capsici remains unclear. This study identified and characterized PcApt1, a P4-ATPase Drs2 homolog, in P. capsici. Deletion of PcAPT1 by CRISPR/Cas9 knock-out strategy impaired hyphal growth, extracellular laccase activity. Cytological analyses have shown that PcApt1 participates in phosphatidylserine (PS) transport across the plasma membrane. Also, we showed that targeted deletion of PcAPT1 triggered a significant reduction in the virulence of P. capsici. Secretome analyses have demonstrated that secretion of hydrolytic enzymes decreased considerably in the PcAPT1 gene deletion strains compared to the wild-type. Overall, our results showed that PcApt1 plays a pivotal role in promoting morphological development, phospholipid transport, secretion of hydrolytic enzymes, and the pathogenicity of the polycyclic phytopathogenic oomycete P. capsici. This study underscores the need for comprehensive evaluation of subsequent members of the P-type ATPase family to provide enhanced insights into the dynamic contributions to the pathogenesis of P. capsici and their possible deployment in the formulation of effective control strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chengdong Yang
- Key Laboratory of Green Prevention and Control of Tropical Plant Diseases and Pests, Ministry of Education, College of Plant Protection, Hainan University, Haikou, China
- Hainan Yazhou Bay Seed Laboratory, Sanya Nanfan Research Institute of Hainan University, Sanya, China
| | - Bowen Zheng
- Fujian Key Laboratory for Monitoring and Integrated Management of Crop Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Fujian Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Fuzhou, China
| | - Rongbo Wang
- Fujian Key Laboratory for Monitoring and Integrated Management of Crop Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Fujian Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Fuzhou, China
| | - Hongyang Chang
- Fujian Key Laboratory for Monitoring and Integrated Management of Crop Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Fujian Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Fuzhou, China
| | - Peiqing Liu
- Fujian Key Laboratory for Monitoring and Integrated Management of Crop Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Fujian Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Fuzhou, China
| | - Benjin Li
- Fujian Key Laboratory for Monitoring and Integrated Management of Crop Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Fujian Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Fuzhou, China
| | - Justice Norvienyeku
- Key Laboratory of Green Prevention and Control of Tropical Plant Diseases and Pests, Ministry of Education, College of Plant Protection, Hainan University, Haikou, China
- Hainan Yazhou Bay Seed Laboratory, Sanya Nanfan Research Institute of Hainan University, Sanya, China
- Justice Norvienyeku,
| | - Qinghe Chen
- Key Laboratory of Green Prevention and Control of Tropical Plant Diseases and Pests, Ministry of Education, College of Plant Protection, Hainan University, Haikou, China
- Hainan Yazhou Bay Seed Laboratory, Sanya Nanfan Research Institute of Hainan University, Sanya, China
- Fujian Key Laboratory for Monitoring and Integrated Management of Crop Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Fujian Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Fuzhou, China
- *Correspondence: Qinghe Chen,
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13
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Abstract
Rapid flip-flop of phospholipids across the two leaflets of biological membranes is crucial for many aspects of cellular life. The transport proteins that facilitate this process are classified as pump-like flippases and floppases and channel-like scramblases. Unexpectedly, Class A G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs), a large class of signaling proteins exemplified by the visual receptor rhodopsin and its apoprotein opsin, are constitutively active as scramblases in vitro. In liposomes, opsin scrambles lipids at a unitary rate of >100,000 per second. Atomistic molecular dynamics simulations of opsin in a lipid membrane reveal conformational transitions that expose a polar groove between transmembrane helices 6 and 7. This groove enables transbilayer lipid movement, conceptualized as the swiping of a credit card (lipid) through a card reader (GPCR). Conformational changes that facilitate scrambling are distinct from those associated with GPCR signaling. In this review, we discuss the physiological significance of GPCR scramblase activity and the modes of its regulation in cells. Expected final online publication date for the Annual Review of Biophysics, Volume 51 is May 2022. Please see http://www.annualreviews.org/page/journal/pubdates for revised estimates.
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Affiliation(s)
- George Khelashvili
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, New York, USA; .,Institute of Computational Biomedicine, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, New York, USA
| | - Anant K Menon
- Department of Biochemistry, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, New York, USA;
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14
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Pereira-Martins DA, Coelho-Silva JL, Domingos IF, Weinhäuser I, Franca-Neto PL, Araujo AS, Franca RF, Bezerra MA, Lucena-Araujo AR. The ratio of ATP11C/PLSCR1 mRNA transcripts has clinical significance in sickle cell anemia. Ann Hematol 2021; 101:281-287. [PMID: 34651249 DOI: 10.1007/s00277-021-04696-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2021] [Accepted: 10/10/2021] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
One of the physiologic mechanisms responsible to maintain asymmetric phospholipid distribution (in particular phosphatidylserine, PS) in human erythrocyte membranes is orchestrated by the balance between enzymes responsible for active transport of PS from the outer to the inner leaflet (ATP11C) and those whose counteracts these activities (PLSCR1). Using quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction and standard flow cytometry procedures, we hypothesized that the aberrant expression of either or both ATP11C and PLSCR1 transcripts may disrupt the PS internalization/externalization process and become clinically relevant for patients with sickle cell anemia (SCA). Overall, neither ATP11C/PLSCR1 ratio or ATP11C and PLSCR1 (if analyzed separately) had impact on risk to present acute or chronic organ damage in 178 patients with SCA. By collecting a new set of samples from SCA patients during a vaso-occlusive crisis (VOC, crisis state, 13 patients) and comparing with new samples of patients in steady state (15 patients), we noticed that patients in steady state exhibited mean values of ATP11C/PLSCR1 ratio significantly higher (mean value: 18.2, range, 0.3-53) than those who were in crisis (mean value: 3.7, range, 0.5-9) (P = 0.013). Most importantly, there was a strong inverse correlation between PS exposure and ATP11C/PLSCR1 ratio in sickle erythrocytes (Pearson correlation coefficient, r: - 0.78). Based on these findings, it is conceivable that the ATP11C/PLSCR1 ratio may switch from high to low during a VOC, although the underlying reasons require further investigations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diego A Pereira-Martins
- Department of Genetics, Federal University of Pernambuco, Av. Prof. Moraes Rego, 1235, Recife, PE, 50670-901, Brazil
- Department of Internal Medicine, Medical School of Ribeirao Preto and Centre for Cell-Based Therapy, University of São Paulo, Ribeirao Preto, SP, 14051140, Brazil
| | - Juan L Coelho-Silva
- Department of Genetics, Federal University of Pernambuco, Av. Prof. Moraes Rego, 1235, Recife, PE, 50670-901, Brazil
| | - Igor F Domingos
- Department of Genetics, Federal University of Pernambuco, Av. Prof. Moraes Rego, 1235, Recife, PE, 50670-901, Brazil
| | - Isabel Weinhäuser
- Department of Internal Medicine, Medical School of Ribeirao Preto and Centre for Cell-Based Therapy, University of São Paulo, Ribeirao Preto, SP, 14051140, Brazil
| | - Pedro L Franca-Neto
- Department of Genetics, Federal University of Pernambuco, Av. Prof. Moraes Rego, 1235, Recife, PE, 50670-901, Brazil
| | - Aderson S Araujo
- Department of Internal Medicine, Hematology and Hemotherapy Foundation of Pernambuco, Recife, PE, 52011-000, Brazil
| | - Rafael F Franca
- Department of Virology, Aggeu Magalhães Institute/Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Recife, PE, 50670-901, Brazil
| | - Marcos A Bezerra
- Department of Genetics, Federal University of Pernambuco, Av. Prof. Moraes Rego, 1235, Recife, PE, 50670-901, Brazil
| | - Antonio R Lucena-Araujo
- Department of Genetics, Federal University of Pernambuco, Av. Prof. Moraes Rego, 1235, Recife, PE, 50670-901, Brazil.
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15
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Lenoir G, D'Ambrosio JM, Dieudonné T, Čopič A. Transport Pathways That Contribute to the Cellular Distribution of Phosphatidylserine. Front Cell Dev Biol 2021; 9:737907. [PMID: 34540851 PMCID: PMC8440936 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2021.737907] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2021] [Accepted: 08/10/2021] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Phosphatidylserine (PS) is a negatively charged phospholipid that displays a highly uneven distribution within cellular membranes, essential for establishment of cell polarity and other processes. In this review, we discuss how combined action of PS biosynthesis enzymes in the endoplasmic reticulum (ER), lipid transfer proteins (LTPs) acting within membrane contact sites (MCS) between the ER and other compartments, and lipid flippases and scramblases that mediate PS flip-flop between membrane leaflets controls the cellular distribution of PS. Enrichment of PS in specific compartments, in particular in the cytosolic leaflet of the plasma membrane (PM), requires input of energy, which can be supplied in the form of ATP or by phosphoinositides. Conversely, coupling between PS synthesis or degradation, PS flip-flop and PS transfer may enable PS transfer by passive flow. Such scenario is best documented by recent work on the formation of autophagosomes. The existence of lateral PS nanodomains, which is well-documented in the case of the PM and postulated for other compartments, can change the steepness or direction of PS gradients between compartments. Improvements in cellular imaging of lipids and membranes, lipidomic analysis of complex cellular samples, reconstitution of cellular lipid transport reactions and high-resolution structural data have greatly increased our understanding of cellular PS homeostasis. Our review also highlights how budding yeast has been instrumental for our understanding of the organization and transport of PS in cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guillaume Lenoir
- Université Paris-Saclay, CEA, CNRS, Institute for Integrative Biology of the Cell, Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - Juan Martín D'Ambrosio
- Centre de Recherche en Biologie Cellulaire de Montpellier (CRBM), Université de Montpellier, CNRS, Montpellier, France
| | - Thibaud Dieudonné
- Danish Research Institute of Translational Neuroscience - DANDRITE, Nordic EMBL Partnership for Molecular Medicine, Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Alenka Čopič
- Centre de Recherche en Biologie Cellulaire de Montpellier (CRBM), Université de Montpellier, CNRS, Montpellier, France
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16
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Cardinali CAEF, Martins YA, Torrão AS. Use of Hormone Therapy in Postmenopausal Women with Alzheimer's Disease: A Systematic Review. Drugs Aging 2021; 38:769-791. [PMID: 34342862 DOI: 10.1007/s40266-021-00878-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Around two-thirds of patients with Alzheimer's disease (AD) are women, which could be related to the depletion of female sexual hormones at menopause. The replacement of these hormones with hormone therapy (HT) to possibly decrease AD risk or treat AD patients has generated conflicting results in the literature. OBJECTIVE Our aim was to systematically review the relationship between HT use in postmenopausal women with AD and the risk of developing or treating AD symptoms. DATA SOURCES The PubMed, LILACS, Scopus, Scielo, and Web of Science databases were searched from January 1994 to December 2020 using the descriptors 'Alzheimer Disease OR Alzheimer's Disease' and 'Hormone Replacement Therapy OR Estrogen Replacement Therapy'. STUDY SELECTION Observational and controlled clinical trials including postmenopausal women diagnosed with AD and evaluating HT efficacy were eligible for inclusion. DATA EXTRACTION Extracted data comprise study design, covariates, inclusion criteria for sample selection, AD diagnosis criteria, biases, HT regimen, and cognitive measurement tools used. RESULTS Overall, 25 studies were selected. Among the 14 observational studies, 8 reported an improvement in cognitive function and a decrease in AD risk, especially in younger postmenopausal women. Five observational studies did not demonstrate any association between HT and AD, and one study reported an increase in AD risk, regardless of time of HT initiation. Of the 11 controlled clinical trials included, 7 showed an amelioration in cognitive function after HT. The remaining 4 trials saw no difference between HT and control. CONCLUSION Both observational and controlled clinical trials had methodological issues and discrepancies in inclusion criteria and HT protocols. These inconsistencies made it difficult to establish an association between HT and AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Camila A E F Cardinali
- Departamento de Fisiologia e Biofisica, Universidade de Sao Paulo, Av Professor Lineu Prestes 2415, São Paulo, 05508-900, Brazil
| | - Yandara A Martins
- Departamento de Fisiologia e Biofisica, Universidade de Sao Paulo, Av Professor Lineu Prestes 2415, São Paulo, 05508-900, Brazil.
| | - Andréa S Torrão
- Departamento de Fisiologia e Biofisica, Universidade de Sao Paulo, Av Professor Lineu Prestes 2415, São Paulo, 05508-900, Brazil
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17
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AP-3-dependent targeting of flippase ATP8A1 to lamellar bodies suppresses activation of YAP in alveolar epithelial type 2 cells. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2021; 118:2025208118. [PMID: 33990468 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2025208118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Lamellar bodies (LBs) are lysosome-related organelles (LROs) of surfactant-producing alveolar type 2 (AT2) cells of the distal lung epithelium. Trafficking pathways to LBs have been understudied but are likely critical to AT2 cell homeostasis given associations between genetic defects of endosome to LRO trafficking and pulmonary fibrosis in Hermansky Pudlak syndrome (HPS). Our prior studies uncovered a role for AP-3, defective in HPS type 2, in trafficking Peroxiredoxin-6 to LBs. We now show that the P4-type ATPase ATP8A1 is sorted by AP-3 from early endosomes to LBs through recognition of a C-terminal dileucine-based signal. Disruption of the AP-3/ATP8A1 interaction causes ATP8A1 accumulation in early sorting and/or recycling endosomes, enhancing phosphatidylserine exposure on the cytosolic leaflet. This in turn promotes activation of Yes-activating protein, a transcriptional coactivator, augmenting cell migration and AT2 cell numbers. Together, these studies illuminate a mechanism whereby loss of AP-3-mediated trafficking contributes to a toxic gain-of-function that results in enhanced and sustained activation of a repair pathway associated with pulmonary fibrosis.
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18
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Đukanović N, Obradović S, Zdravković M, Đurašević S, Stojković M, Tosti T, Jasnić N, Đorđević J, Todorović Z. Lipids and Antiplatelet Therapy: Important Considerations and Future Perspectives. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:3180. [PMID: 33804754 PMCID: PMC8003871 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22063180] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2021] [Revised: 03/17/2021] [Accepted: 03/18/2021] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Lipids play an essential role in platelet functions. It is known that polyunsaturated fatty acids play a role in increasing platelet reactivity and that the prothrombotic phenotype plays a crucial role in the occurrence of major adverse cardiovascular events. The ongoing increase in cardiovascular diseases' incidence emphasizes the importance of research linking lipids and platelet function. In particular, the rebound phenomenon that accompanies discontinuation of clopidogrel in patients receiving dual antiplatelet therapy has been associated with changes in the lipid profile. Our many years of research underline the importance of reduced HDL values for the risk of such a rebound effect and the occurrence of thromboembolic events. Lipids are otherwise a heterogeneous group of molecules, and their signaling molecules are not deposited but formed "on-demand" in the cell. On the other hand, exosomes transmit lipid signals between cells, and the profile of such changes can be monitored by lipidomics. Changes in the lipid profile are organ-specific and may indicate new drug action targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nina Đukanović
- High Medical School Milutin Milanković, Crnotravska 27, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia;
| | - Slobodan Obradović
- Clinic of Emergency Medicine, Military Medical Academy, University of Defence, Crnotravska 27, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia;
- Medical Faculty of the Military Medical Academy, University of Defence, Crnotravska 27, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Marija Zdravković
- Dr Subotića 8, School of Medicine, University of Belgrade, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia; (M.Z.); (M.S.)
- Dr Žorža Matea bb, University Medical Centre “Bežanijska kosa”, 11070 Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Siniša Đurašević
- Faculty of Biology, University of Belgrade, Studentski trg 3, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia; (S.Ð.); (N.J.); (J.Ð.)
| | - Maja Stojković
- Dr Subotića 8, School of Medicine, University of Belgrade, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia; (M.Z.); (M.S.)
| | - Tomislav Tosti
- Faculty of Chemistry, University of Belgrade, Studentski trg 12-16, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia;
| | - Nebojša Jasnić
- Faculty of Biology, University of Belgrade, Studentski trg 3, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia; (S.Ð.); (N.J.); (J.Ð.)
| | - Jelena Đorđević
- Faculty of Biology, University of Belgrade, Studentski trg 3, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia; (S.Ð.); (N.J.); (J.Ð.)
| | - Zoran Todorović
- Dr Subotića 8, School of Medicine, University of Belgrade, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia; (M.Z.); (M.S.)
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19
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Sokolova D, Childs T, Hong S. Insight into the role of phosphatidylserine in complement-mediated synapse loss in Alzheimer's disease. Fac Rev 2021; 10:19. [PMID: 33718936 PMCID: PMC7946395 DOI: 10.12703/r/10-19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
The innate immune system plays an integral role in the brain. Synaptic pruning, a fundamental process in developmental circuit refinement, is partially mediated by neuroimmune signalling at the synapse. In particular, microglia, the major tissue-resident macrophages of the brain, and the classical complement cascade, an innate immune pathway that aids in the clearance of unwanted material, have been implicated in mediating synapse elimination. Emerging data suggest that improper signalling of the innate immune pathway at the synapse leads to pathological synapse loss in age-related neurodegenerative diseases, including Alzheimer's disease. Now the key questions are whether synapses are targeted by complement and, if so, which synapses are vulnerable to elimination. Here, we review recent work implicating C1q, the initiator of the classical complement cascade, and surrounding glia as mediators of synapse loss. We examine how synapses could undergo apoptosis-like pathways in the Alzheimer brain, which may lead to the externalisation of phosphatidylserine on synapses. Finally, we discuss potential roles for microglia and astrocytes in this 'synaptic apoptosis'. Critical insight into neuroimmune regulatory pathways on synapses will be key to developing effective targets against pathological synapse loss in dementia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dimitra Sokolova
- UK Dementia Research Institute, Institute of Neurology, University College London, Gower Street, London WC1E 6BT, UK
| | - Thomas Childs
- UK Dementia Research Institute, Institute of Neurology, University College London, Gower Street, London WC1E 6BT, UK
| | - Soyon Hong
- UK Dementia Research Institute, Institute of Neurology, University College London, Gower Street, London WC1E 6BT, UK
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20
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The transport mechanism of P4 ATPase lipid flippases. Biochem J 2021; 477:3769-3790. [PMID: 33045059 DOI: 10.1042/bcj20200249] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2020] [Revised: 09/02/2020] [Accepted: 09/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
P4 ATPase lipid flippases are ATP-driven transporters that translocate specific lipids from the exoplasmic to the cytosolic leaflet of biological membranes, thus establishing a lipid gradient between the two leaflets that is essential for many cellular processes. While substrate specificity, subcellular and tissue-specific expression, and physiological functions have been assigned to a number of these transporters in several organisms, the mechanism of lipid transport has been a topic of intense debate in the field. The recent publication of a series of structural models based on X-ray crystallography and cryo-EM studies has provided the first glimpse into how P4 ATPases have adapted the transport mechanism used by the cation-pumping family members to accommodate a substrate that is at least an order of magnitude larger than cations.
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21
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Hou W, Ma D, He X, Han W, Ma J, Wang H, Xu C, Xie R, Fan Q, Ye F, Hu S, Li M, Lu Y. Subnanometer-Precision Measurements of Transmembrane Motions of Biomolecules in Plasma Membranes Using Quenchers in Extracellular Environment. NANO LETTERS 2021; 21:485-491. [PMID: 33280386 DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.0c03941] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Characterization of biomolecular dynamics at cellular membranes lags far behind that in solutions because of challenges to measure transmembrane trafficking with subnanometer precision. Herein, by introducing nonfluorescent quenchers into extracellular environment of live cells, we adopted Förster resonance energy transfer from one donor to multiple quenchers to measure positional changes of biomolecules in plasma membranes. We demonstrated the method by monitoring flip-flops of individual lipids and by capturing transient states of the host defense peptide LL-37 in plasma membranes. The method was also applied to investigate the interaction of the necroptosis-associated protein MLKL with plasma membranes, showing a few distinct depths of MLKL insertion. Our method is especially powerful to quantitate the dynamics of proteins at the cytosolic leaflets of plasma membranes which are usually not accessible by conventional techniques. The method will find wide applications in the systematic analysis of fundamental cellular processes at plasma membranes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenqing Hou
- Beijing National Laboratory for Condensed Matter Physics, Institute of Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
- Songshan Lake Materials Laboratory, Dongguan, Guangdong 523808, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Dongfei Ma
- Beijing National Laboratory for Condensed Matter Physics, Institute of Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
- Songshan Lake Materials Laboratory, Dongguan, Guangdong 523808, China
| | - Xiaolong He
- Beijing National Laboratory for Condensed Matter Physics, Institute of Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
| | - Weijing Han
- Songshan Lake Materials Laboratory, Dongguan, Guangdong 523808, China
| | - Jianbing Ma
- Beijing National Laboratory for Condensed Matter Physics, Institute of Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
- Songshan Lake Materials Laboratory, Dongguan, Guangdong 523808, China
| | - Hao Wang
- Beijing National Laboratory for Condensed Matter Physics, Institute of Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
- Songshan Lake Materials Laboratory, Dongguan, Guangdong 523808, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Chunhua Xu
- Beijing National Laboratory for Condensed Matter Physics, Institute of Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
| | - Ruipei Xie
- Beijing National Laboratory for Condensed Matter Physics, Institute of Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Qihui Fan
- Beijing National Laboratory for Condensed Matter Physics, Institute of Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
| | - Fangfu Ye
- Beijing National Laboratory for Condensed Matter Physics, Institute of Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
- Songshan Lake Materials Laboratory, Dongguan, Guangdong 523808, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Shuxin Hu
- Beijing National Laboratory for Condensed Matter Physics, Institute of Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
| | - Ming Li
- Beijing National Laboratory for Condensed Matter Physics, Institute of Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
- Songshan Lake Materials Laboratory, Dongguan, Guangdong 523808, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Ying Lu
- Beijing National Laboratory for Condensed Matter Physics, Institute of Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
- Songshan Lake Materials Laboratory, Dongguan, Guangdong 523808, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
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22
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Bai L, You Q, Jain BK, Duan HD, Kovach A, Graham TR, Li H. Transport mechanism of P4 ATPase phosphatidylcholine flippases. eLife 2020; 9:62163. [PMID: 33320091 PMCID: PMC7773333 DOI: 10.7554/elife.62163] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2020] [Accepted: 12/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The P4 ATPases use ATP hydrolysis to transport large lipid substrates across lipid bilayers. The structures of the endosome- and Golgi-localized phosphatidylserine flippases—such as the yeast Drs2 and human ATP8A1—have recently been reported. However, a substrate-binding site on the cytosolic side has not been found, and the transport mechanisms of P4 ATPases with other substrates are unknown. Here, we report structures of the S. cerevisiae Dnf1–Lem3 and Dnf2–Lem3 complexes. We captured substrate phosphatidylcholine molecules on both the exoplasmic and cytosolic sides and found that they have similar structures. Unexpectedly, Lem3 contributes to substrate binding. The conformational transitions of these phosphatidylcholine transporters match those of the phosphatidylserine transporters, suggesting a conserved mechanism among P4 ATPases. Dnf1/Dnf2 have a unique P domain helix-turn-helix insertion that is important for function. Therefore, P4 ATPases may have retained an overall transport mechanism while evolving distinct features for different lipid substrates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lin Bai
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Qinglong You
- Department of Structural Biology, Van Andel Institute, Grand Rapids, United States
| | - Bhawik K Jain
- Department of Biological Sciences, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, United States
| | - H Diessel Duan
- Department of Structural Biology, Van Andel Institute, Grand Rapids, United States
| | - Amanda Kovach
- Department of Structural Biology, Van Andel Institute, Grand Rapids, United States
| | - Todd R Graham
- Department of Biological Sciences, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, United States
| | - Huilin Li
- Department of Structural Biology, Van Andel Institute, Grand Rapids, United States
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23
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Kroll T, Prescher M, Smits SHJ, Schmitt L. Structure and Function of Hepatobiliary ATP Binding Cassette Transporters. Chem Rev 2020; 121:5240-5288. [PMID: 33201677 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.0c00659] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
The liver is beyond any doubt the most important metabolic organ of the human body. This function requires an intensive crosstalk within liver cellular structures, but also with other organs. Membrane transport proteins are therefore of upmost importance as they represent the sensors and mediators that shuttle signals from outside to the inside of liver cells and/or vice versa. In this review, we summarize the known literature of liver transport proteins with a clear emphasis on functional and structural information on ATP binding cassette (ABC) transporters, which are expressed in the human liver. These primary active membrane transporters form one of the largest families of membrane proteins. In the liver, they play an essential role in for example bile formation or xenobiotic export. Our review provides a state of the art and comprehensive summary of the current knowledge of hepatobiliary ABC transporters. Clearly, our knowledge has improved with a breath-taking speed over the last few years and will expand further. Thus, this review will provide the status quo and will lay the foundation for new and exciting avenues in liver membrane transporter research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tim Kroll
- Institute of Biochemistry, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Universitätsstrasse 1, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Martin Prescher
- Institute of Biochemistry, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Universitätsstrasse 1, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Sander H J Smits
- Institute of Biochemistry, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Universitätsstrasse 1, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany.,Center for Structural Studies, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Universitätsstrasse 1, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Lutz Schmitt
- Institute of Biochemistry, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Universitätsstrasse 1, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany
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24
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Clarke R, Hossain K, Cao K. Physiological roles of transverse lipid asymmetry of animal membranes. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-BIOMEMBRANES 2020; 1862:183382. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamem.2020.183382] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2020] [Revised: 06/01/2020] [Accepted: 06/02/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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25
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Disease Mutation Study Identifies Critical Residues for Phosphatidylserine Flippase ATP11A. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2020; 2020:7342817. [PMID: 32596364 PMCID: PMC7288202 DOI: 10.1155/2020/7342817] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2020] [Accepted: 04/21/2020] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Phosphatidylserine flippase (P4-ATPase) transports PS from the outer to the inner leaflet of the lipid bilayer in the membrane to maintain PS asymmetry, which is important for biological activities of the cell. ATP11A is expressed in multiple tissues and plays a role in myotube formation. However, the detailed cellular function of ATP11A remains elusive. Mutation analysis revealed that I91, L308, and E897 residues in ATP8A2 are important for flippase activity. In order to investigate the roles of these corresponding amino acid residues in ATP11A protein, we assessed the expression and cellular localization of the respective ATP11A mutant proteins. ATP11A mainly localizes to the Golgi and plasma membrane when coexpressed with the β-subunit of the complex TMEM30A. Y300F mutation causes reduced ATP11A expression, and Y300F and D913K mutations affect correct localization of the Golgi and plasma membrane. In addition, Y300F and D913K mutations also affect PS flippase activity. Our data provides insight into important residues of ATP11A.
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26
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Nakanishi H, Irie K, Segawa K, Hasegawa K, Fujiyoshi Y, Nagata S, Abe K. Crystal structure of a human plasma membrane phospholipid flippase. J Biol Chem 2020; 295:10180-10194. [PMID: 32493773 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.ra120.014144] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2020] [Revised: 05/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
ATP11C, a member of the P4-ATPase flippase, translocates phosphatidylserine from the outer to the inner plasma membrane leaflet, and maintains the asymmetric distribution of phosphatidylserine in the living cell. We present the crystal structures of a human plasma membrane flippase, ATP11C-CDC50A complex, in a stabilized E2P conformation. The structure revealed a deep longitudinal crevice along transmembrane helices continuing from the cell surface to the phospholipid occlusion site in the middle of the membrane. We observed that the extension of the crevice on the exoplasmic side is open, and the complex is therefore in an outward-open E2P state, similar to a recently reported cryo-EM structure of yeast flippase Drs2p-Cdc50p complex. We noted extra densities, most likely bound phosphatidylserines, in the crevice and in its extension to the extracellular side. One was close to the phosphatidylserine occlusion site as previously reported for the human ATP8A1-CDC50A complex, and the other in a cavity at the surface of the exoplasmic leaflet of the bilayer. Substitutions in either of the binding sites or along the path between them impaired specific ATPase and transport activities. These results provide evidence that the observed crevice is the conduit along that phosphatidylserine traverses from the outer leaflet to its occlusion site in the membrane and suggest that the exoplasmic cavity is important for phospholipid recognition. They also yield insights into how phosphatidylserine is incorporated from the outer leaflet of the plasma membrane into the transmembrane.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hanayo Nakanishi
- Cellular and Structural Physiology Institute, Nagoya University, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Katsumasa Irie
- Cellular and Structural Physiology Institute, Nagoya University, Nagoya, Japan.,Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Nagoya University, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Katsumori Segawa
- WPI Immunology Frontier Research Center, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan
| | - Kazuya Hasegawa
- Japan Synchrotron Radiation Research Institute, 1-1-1 Kouto, Sayo, Japan
| | - Yoshinori Fujiyoshi
- TMDU Advanced Research Institute, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, 1-5-45, Yushima, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, Japan.,CeSPIA Inc, 2-1-1, Otemachi, Chiyoda, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Shigekazu Nagata
- WPI Immunology Frontier Research Center, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan
| | - Kazuhiro Abe
- Cellular and Structural Physiology Institute, Nagoya University, Nagoya, Japan .,Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Nagoya University, Nagoya, Japan
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27
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Kriegermeier A, Green R. Pediatric Cholestatic Liver Disease: Review of Bile Acid Metabolism and Discussion of Current and Emerging Therapies. Front Med (Lausanne) 2020; 7:149. [PMID: 32432119 PMCID: PMC7214672 DOI: 10.3389/fmed.2020.00149] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2019] [Accepted: 04/06/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Cholestatic liver diseases are a significant cause of morbidity and mortality and the leading indication for pediatric liver transplant. These include diseases such as biliary atresia, Alagille syndrome, progressive intrahepatic cholestasis entities, ductal plate abnormalities including Caroli syndrome and congenital hepatic fibrosis, primary sclerosing cholangitis, bile acid synthesis defects, and certain metabolic disease. Medical management of these patients typically includes supportive care for complications of chronic cholestasis including malnutrition, pruritus, and portal hypertension. However, there are limited effective interventions to prevent progressive liver damage in these diseases, leaving clinicians to ultimately rely on liver transplantation in many cases. Agents such as ursodeoxycholic acid, bile acid sequestrants, and rifampicin have been mainstays of treatment for years with the understanding that they may decrease or alter the composition of the bile acid pool, though clinical response to these medications is frequently insufficient and their effects on disease progression remain limited. Recently, animal and human studies have identified potential new therapeutic targets which may disrupt the enterohepatic circulation of bile acids, alter the expression of bile acid transporters or decrease the production of bile acids. In this article, we will review bile formation, bile acid signaling, and the relevance for current and newer therapies for pediatric cholestasis. We will also highlight further areas of potential targets for medical intervention for pediatric cholestatic liver diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alyssa Kriegermeier
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, Department of Pediatrics, Feinberg School of Medicine, Ann & Robert H. Lurie Children's Hospital of Chicago, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, United States
| | - Richard Green
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Internal Medicine, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, United States
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28
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Nagata S, Sakuragi T, Segawa K. Flippase and scramblase for phosphatidylserine exposure. Curr Opin Immunol 2020; 62:31-38. [DOI: 10.1016/j.coi.2019.11.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2019] [Accepted: 11/25/2019] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
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29
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Sapar ML, Ji H, Wang B, Poe AR, Dubey K, Ren X, Ni JQ, Han C. Phosphatidylserine Externalization Results from and Causes Neurite Degeneration in Drosophila. Cell Rep 2020; 24:2273-2286. [PMID: 30157423 PMCID: PMC6174084 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2018.07.095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2017] [Revised: 05/25/2018] [Accepted: 07/27/2018] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Phagocytic clearance of degenerating dendrites or axons is critical for maintaining tissue homeostasis and preventing neuroinflammation. Externalized phosphatidylserine (PS) has been postulated to be an ‘‘eat-me’’ signal allowing recognition of degenerating neurites by phagocytes. Here we show that in Drosophila, PS is dynamically exposed on degenerating dendrites during developmental pruning and after physical injury, but PS exposure is suppressed when dendrite degeneration is genetically blocked. Ectopic PS exposure via phospholipid flippase knockout and scramblase overexpression induced PS exposure preferentially at distal dendrites and caused distinct modes of neurite loss that differ in larval sensory dendrites and in adult olfactory axons. Surprisingly, extracellular lactadherin that lacks the integrin-interaction domain induced phagocyte-dependent degeneration of PS-exposing dendrites, revealing an unidentified bridging function that potentiates phagocytes. Our findings establish a direct causal relationship between PS exposure and neurite degeneration in vivo. Using in vivo phosphatidylserine (PS) sensors, Sapar et al. reveal dynamic patterns of PS exposure on degenerating dendrites in Drosophila. Flippase knockout and scramblase overexpression lead to ectopic PS exposure on distal dendrites and context-dependent neurite degeneration. Lactadherin potentiates phagocytes to destruct PS-exposing dendrites, independent of its integrin-interaction domain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria L Sapar
- Weill Institute for Cell and Molecular Biology, Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
| | - Hui Ji
- Weill Institute for Cell and Molecular Biology, Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
| | - Bei Wang
- Weill Institute for Cell and Molecular Biology, Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
| | - Amy R Poe
- Weill Institute for Cell and Molecular Biology, Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
| | - Kush Dubey
- Weill Institute for Cell and Molecular Biology, Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
| | - Xingjie Ren
- Gene Regulatory Lab, School of Medicine, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Jian-Quan Ni
- Gene Regulatory Lab, School of Medicine, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Chun Han
- Weill Institute for Cell and Molecular Biology, Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA.
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30
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Abstract
Tissue macrophages rapidly recognize and engulf apoptotic cells. These events require the display of so-called eat-me signals on the apoptotic cell surface, the most fundamental of which is phosphatidylserine (PtdSer). Externalization of this phospholipid is catalysed by scramblase enzymes, several of which are activated by caspase cleavage. PtdSer is detected both by macrophage receptors that bind to this phospholipid directly and by receptors that bind to a soluble bridging protein that is independently bound to PtdSer. Prominent among the latter receptors are the MER and AXL receptor tyrosine kinases. Eat-me signals also trigger macrophages to engulf virus-infected or metabolically traumatized, but still living, cells, and this 'murder by phagocytosis' may be a common phenomenon. Finally, the localized presentation of PtdSer and other eat-me signals on delimited cell surface domains may enable the phagocytic pruning of these 'locally dead' domains by macrophages, most notably by microglia of the central nervous system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Greg Lemke
- Molecular Neurobiology Laboratory, Immunobiology and Microbial Pathogenesis Laboratory, The Salk Institute for Biological Studies, La Jolla, CA, USA.
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31
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Hiraizumi M, Yamashita K, Nishizawa T, Nureki O. Cryo-EM structures capture the transport cycle of the P4-ATPase flippase. Science 2019; 365:1149-1155. [PMID: 31416931 DOI: 10.1126/science.aay3353] [Citation(s) in RCA: 106] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2019] [Accepted: 08/06/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
In eukaryotic membranes, type IV P-type adenosine triphosphatases (P4-ATPases) mediate the translocation of phospholipids from the outer to the inner leaflet and maintain lipid asymmetry, which is critical for membrane trafficking and signaling pathways. Here, we report the cryo-electron microscopy structures of six distinct intermediates of the human ATP8A1-CDC50a heterocomplex at resolutions of 2.6 to 3.3 angstroms, elucidating the lipid translocation cycle of this P4-ATPase. ATP-dependent phosphorylation induces a large rotational movement of the actuator domain around the phosphorylation site in the phosphorylation domain, accompanied by lateral shifts of the first and second transmembrane helices, thereby allowing phosphatidylserine binding. The phospholipid head group passes through the hydrophilic cleft, while the acyl chain is exposed toward the lipid environment. These findings advance our understanding of the flippase mechanism and the disease-associated mutants of P4-ATPases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masahiro Hiraizumi
- Department of Biological Sciences, Graduate School of Science, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-0033, Japan.,Discovery Technology Laboratories, Innovative Research Division, Mitsubishi Tanabe Pharma Corporation, 1000 Kamoshida, Aoba-ku, Yokohama, 227-0033, Japan
| | - Keitaro Yamashita
- Department of Biological Sciences, Graduate School of Science, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-0033, Japan.,RIKEN SPring-8 Center, 1-1-1 Kouto, Sayo-cho, Sayo-gun, Hyogo 679-5148, Japan
| | - Tomohiro Nishizawa
- Department of Biological Sciences, Graduate School of Science, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-0033, Japan.
| | - Osamu Nureki
- Department of Biological Sciences, Graduate School of Science, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-0033, Japan.
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32
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Zhang S, Liu W, Yang Y, Sun K, Li S, Xu H, Yang M, Zhang L, Zhu X. TMEM30A deficiency in endothelial cells impairs cell proliferation and angiogenesis. J Cell Sci 2019; 132:jcs.225052. [PMID: 30814335 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.225052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2018] [Accepted: 02/19/2019] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Phosphatidylserine (PS) asymmetry in the eukaryotic cell membrane is maintained by a group of proteins belonging to the P4-ATPase family, namely, PS flippases. The folding and transporting of P4-ATPases to their cellular destination requires a β-subunit member of the TMEM30 protein family. Loss of Tmem30a has been shown to cause multiple disease conditions. However, its roles in vascular development have not been elucidated. Here, we show that TMEM30A plays critical roles in retinal vascular angiogenesis, which is a fundamental process in vascular development. Our data indicate that knockdown of TMEM30A in primary human retinal endothelial cells led to reduced tube formation. In mice, endothelial cell (EC)-specific deletion of Tmem30a led to retarded retinal vascular development with a hyperpruned vascular network as well as blunted-end, aneurysm-like tip ECs with fewer filopodia at the vascular front and a reduced number of tip cells. Deletion of Tmem30a also impaired vessel barrier integrity. Mechanistically, deletion of TMEM30A caused reduced EC proliferation by inhibiting VEGF-induced signaling. Our findings reveal essential roles of TMEM30A in angiogenesis, providing a potential therapeutic target.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shanshan Zhang
- Institute of Laboratory Medicine, Sichuan Provincial Key Laboratory for Human Disease Gene Study, Sichuan Provincial People's Hospital, School of Medicine, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, Sichuan, 610054, China.,Institute of Chengdu Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chengdu, 610072, China; Chinese Academy of Sciences Sichuan Translational Medicine Hospital, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Wenjing Liu
- Institute of Laboratory Medicine, Sichuan Provincial Key Laboratory for Human Disease Gene Study, Sichuan Provincial People's Hospital, School of Medicine, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, Sichuan, 610054, China
| | - Yeming Yang
- Institute of Laboratory Medicine, Sichuan Provincial Key Laboratory for Human Disease Gene Study, Sichuan Provincial People's Hospital, School of Medicine, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, Sichuan, 610054, China
| | - Kuanxiang Sun
- Institute of Laboratory Medicine, Sichuan Provincial Key Laboratory for Human Disease Gene Study, Sichuan Provincial People's Hospital, School of Medicine, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, Sichuan, 610054, China.,Institute of Chengdu Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chengdu, 610072, China; Chinese Academy of Sciences Sichuan Translational Medicine Hospital, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Shujin Li
- Institute of Laboratory Medicine, Sichuan Provincial Key Laboratory for Human Disease Gene Study, Sichuan Provincial People's Hospital, School of Medicine, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, Sichuan, 610054, China
| | - Huijuan Xu
- Institute of Chengdu Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chengdu, 610072, China; Chinese Academy of Sciences Sichuan Translational Medicine Hospital, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Mu Yang
- Institute of Chengdu Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chengdu, 610072, China; Chinese Academy of Sciences Sichuan Translational Medicine Hospital, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Lin Zhang
- Institute of Laboratory Medicine, Sichuan Provincial Key Laboratory for Human Disease Gene Study, Sichuan Provincial People's Hospital, School of Medicine, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, Sichuan, 610054, China .,Institute of Chengdu Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chengdu, 610072, China; Chinese Academy of Sciences Sichuan Translational Medicine Hospital, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Xianjun Zhu
- Institute of Laboratory Medicine, Sichuan Provincial Key Laboratory for Human Disease Gene Study, Sichuan Provincial People's Hospital, School of Medicine, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, Sichuan, 610054, China .,Institute of Chengdu Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chengdu, 610072, China; Chinese Academy of Sciences Sichuan Translational Medicine Hospital, Chengdu, Sichuan, China.,Department of Ophthalmology, Shangqiu First People's Hospital, Shangqiu, Henan, 476000, China.,Institute of Laboratory Animal Sciences, Sichuan Academy of Medical Sciences and Sichuan Provincial People's Hospital, Chengdu, Sichuan, 610212, China
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33
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Liou AY, Molday LL, Wang J, Andersen JP, Molday RS. Identification and functional analyses of disease-associated P4-ATPase phospholipid flippase variants in red blood cells. J Biol Chem 2019; 294:6809-6821. [PMID: 30850395 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.ra118.007270] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2018] [Revised: 03/06/2019] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
ATP-dependent phospholipid flippase activity crucial for generating lipid asymmetry was first detected in red blood cell (RBC) membranes, but the P4-ATPases responsible have not been directly determined. Using affinity-based MS, we show that ATP11C is the only abundant P4-ATPase phospholipid flippase in human RBCs, whereas ATP11C and ATP8A1 are the major P4-ATPases in mouse RBCs. We also found that ATP11A and ATP11B are present at low levels. Mutations in the gene encoding ATP11C are responsible for blood and liver disorders, but the disease mechanisms are not known. Using heterologous expression, we show that the T415N substitution in the phosphorylation motif of ATP11C, responsible for congenital hemolytic anemia, reduces ATP11C expression, increases retention in the endoplasmic reticulum, and decreases ATPase activity by 61% relative to WT ATP11C. The I355K substitution in the transmembrane domain associated with cholestasis and anemia in mice was expressed at WT levels and trafficked to the plasma membrane but was devoid of activity. We conclude that the T415N variant causes significant protein misfolding, resulting in low protein expression, cellular mislocalization, and reduced functional activity. In contrast, the I355K variant folds and traffics normally but lacks key contacts required for activity. We propose that the loss in ATP11C phospholipid flippase activity coupled with phospholipid scramblase activity results in the exposure of phosphatidylserine on the surface of RBCs, decreasing RBC survival and resulting in anemia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angela Y Liou
- From the Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia V6T 1Z3, Canada and
| | - Laurie L Molday
- From the Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia V6T 1Z3, Canada and
| | - Jiao Wang
- From the Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia V6T 1Z3, Canada and
| | - Jens Peter Andersen
- Department of Biomedicine, Aarhus University, Ole Worms Allé 4, Building 1160, DK-8000 Aarhus C, Denmark
| | - Robert S Molday
- From the Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia V6T 1Z3, Canada and
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34
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Chen YZ, Klöditz K, Lee ES, Nguyen DP, Yuan Q, Johnson J, Lee-Yow Y, Hall A, Mitani S, Xia NS, Fadeel B, Xue D. Structure and function analysis of the C. elegans aminophospholipid translocase TAT-1. J Cell Sci 2019; 132:jcs.227660. [PMID: 30683797 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.227660] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2018] [Accepted: 01/21/2019] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The Caenorhabditis elegans aminophospholipid translocase TAT-1 maintains phosphatidylserine (PS) asymmetry in the plasma membrane and regulates endocytic transport. Despite these important functions, the structure-function relationship of this protein is poorly understood. Taking advantage of the tat-1 mutations identified by the C. elegans million mutation project, we investigated the effects of 16 single amino acid substitutions on the two functions of the TAT-1 protein. Two substitutions that alter a highly conserved PISL motif in the fourth transmembrane domain and a highly conserved DKTGT phosphorylation motif, respectively, disrupt both functions of TAT-1, leading to a vesicular gut defect and ectopic PS exposure on the cell surface, whereas most other substitutions across the TAT-1 protein, often predicted to be deleterious by bioinformatics programs, do not affect the functions of TAT-1. These results provide in vivo evidence for the importance of the PISL and DKTGT motifs in P4-type ATPases and improve our understanding of the structure-function relationship of TAT-1. Our study also provides an example of how the C. elegans million mutation project helps decipher the structure, functions, and mechanisms of action of important genes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu-Zen Chen
- Department of Molecular, Cellular, and Developmental Biology, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO 80309, USA
| | - Katharina Klöditz
- Division of Molecular Toxicology, Institute of Environmental Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm 17177, Sweden
| | - Eui-Seung Lee
- Department of Molecular, Cellular, and Developmental Biology, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO 80309, USA
| | - Diemmy Pham Nguyen
- Department of Molecular, Cellular, and Developmental Biology, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO 80309, USA
| | - Quan Yuan
- National Institute of Diagnostics and Vaccine Development in Infectious Diseases, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian 361005, China
| | - Jack Johnson
- Department of Molecular, Cellular, and Developmental Biology, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO 80309, USA
| | - Yannick Lee-Yow
- Department of Molecular, Cellular, and Developmental Biology, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO 80309, USA
| | - Adam Hall
- Department of Molecular, Cellular, and Developmental Biology, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO 80309, USA
| | - Shohei Mitani
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, Tokyo Women's Medical University, Tokyo 162-8666, Japan
| | - Ning-Shao Xia
- National Institute of Diagnostics and Vaccine Development in Infectious Diseases, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian 361005, China
| | - Bengt Fadeel
- Division of Molecular Toxicology, Institute of Environmental Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm 17177, Sweden
| | - Ding Xue
- Department of Molecular, Cellular, and Developmental Biology, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO 80309, USA
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35
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Shin HW, Takatsu H. Substrates of P4‐ATPases: beyond aminophospholipids (phosphatidylserine and phosphatidylethanolamine). FASEB J 2018; 33:3087-3096. [DOI: 10.1096/fj.201801873r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Hye-Won Shin
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical SciencesKyoto University Kyoto Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Takatsu
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical SciencesKyoto University Kyoto Japan
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36
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Derbyshire MC, Gohari AM, Mehrabi R, Kilaru S, Steinberg G, Ali S, Bailey A, Hammond-Kosack K, Kema GHJ, Rudd JJ. Phosphopantetheinyl transferase (Ppt)-mediated biosynthesis of lysine, but not siderophores or DHN melanin, is required for virulence of Zymoseptoria tritici on wheat. Sci Rep 2018; 8:17069. [PMID: 30459352 PMCID: PMC6244202 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-35223-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2018] [Accepted: 10/30/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Zymoseptoria tritici is the causal agent of Septoria tritici blotch (STB) disease of wheat. Z. tritici is an apoplastic fungal pathogen, which does not penetrate plant cells at any stage of infection, and has a long initial period of symptomless leaf colonisation. During this phase it is unclear to what extent the fungus can access host plant nutrients or communicate with plant cells. Several important primary and secondary metabolite pathways in fungi are regulated by the post-translational activator phosphopantetheinyl transferase (Ppt) which provides an essential co-factor for lysine biosynthesis and the activities of non-ribosomal peptide synthases (NRPS) and polyketide synthases (PKS). To investigate the relative importance of lysine biosynthesis, NRPS-based siderophore production and PKS-based DHN melanin biosynthesis, we generated deletion mutants of ZtPpt. The ∆ZtPpt strains were auxotrophic for lysine and iron, non-melanised and non-pathogenic on wheat. Deletion of the three target genes likely affected by ZtPpt loss of function (Aar- lysine; Nrps1-siderophore and Pks1- melanin), highlighted that lysine auxotrophy was the main contributing factor for loss of virulence, with no reduction caused by loss of siderophore production or melanisation. This reveals Ppt, and the lysine biosynthesis pathway, as potential targets for fungicides effective against Z. tritici.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark C Derbyshire
- BioIntercations and Crop Protection, Rothamsted Research, Harpenden, Hertfordshire, UK.,Centre for Crop and Disease Management, Curtin University, Perth, Australia
| | - Amir Mirzadi Gohari
- Department of Plant Pathology, Faculty of Agricultural Sciences and Engineering, College of Agriculture and Natural Resources, University of Tehran, Karaj, Iran.,Wageningen University and Research, Wageningen Plant Research, PO Box 16, 6700AA, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Rahim Mehrabi
- Department of Biotechnology, College of Agriculture, Isfahan University of Technology, Isfahan, 84156-83111, Iran
| | | | | | - Solaf Ali
- Technical College of Health, Sulaimani Polytechnic University, Qrga, Wrme Street, Mardin 327, Alley 76, Sulaimaniyah, Kurdistan Region of Iraq, Sulaimani Governorate, Iraq
| | - Andy Bailey
- School of Biological Sciences, Bristol University, 24 Tyndall Avenue, Bristol, UK
| | - Kim Hammond-Kosack
- BioIntercations and Crop Protection, Rothamsted Research, Harpenden, Hertfordshire, UK
| | - Gert H J Kema
- Wageningen University and Research, Wageningen Plant Research, PO Box 16, 6700AA, Wageningen, The Netherlands. .,Wageningen University and Research, Laboratory of Phytopathology, PO box 16, 6700AA, Wageningen, The Netherlands.
| | - Jason J Rudd
- BioIntercations and Crop Protection, Rothamsted Research, Harpenden, Hertfordshire, UK.
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37
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CRISPR-Cas9 ribonucleoprotein-mediated co-editing and counterselection in the rice blast fungus. Sci Rep 2018; 8:14355. [PMID: 30254203 PMCID: PMC6156577 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-32702-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 94] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2018] [Accepted: 09/12/2018] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
The rice blast fungus Magnaporthe oryzae is the most serious pathogen of cultivated rice and a significant threat to global food security. To accelerate targeted mutation and specific genome editing in this species, we have developed a rapid plasmid-free CRISPR-Cas9-based genome editing method. We show that stable expression of Cas9 is highly toxic to M. oryzae. However efficient gene editing can be achieved by transient introduction of purified Cas9 pre-complexed to RNA guides to form ribonucleoproteins (RNPs). When used in combination with oligonucleotide or PCR-generated donor DNAs, generation of strains with specific base pair edits, in-locus gene replacements, or multiple gene edits, is very rapid and straightforward. We demonstrate a co-editing strategy for the creation of single nucleotide changes at specific loci. Additionally, we report a novel counterselection strategy which allows creation of precisely edited fungal strains that contain no foreign DNA and are completely isogenic to the wild type. Together, these developments represent a scalable improvement in the precision and speed of genetic manipulation in M. oryzae and are likely to be broadly applicable to other fungal species.
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38
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Disruption of Tmem30a results in cerebellar ataxia and degeneration of Purkinje cells. Cell Death Dis 2018; 9:899. [PMID: 30185775 PMCID: PMC6125289 DOI: 10.1038/s41419-018-0938-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2018] [Revised: 07/30/2018] [Accepted: 08/02/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Phospholipids are asymmetrically distributed across mammalian plasma membrane with phosphatidylserine (PS) and phosphatidylethanolamine concentrated in the cytoplasmic leaflet of the membrane bilayer. This asymmetric distribution is dependent on a group of P4-ATPases named PS flippases. The proper transport and function of PS flippases require a β-subunit transmembrane protein 30 A (TMEM30A). Disruption of PS flippases led to several human diseases. However, the roles of TMEM30A in the central nervous system remain elusive. To investigate the role of Tmem30a in the cerebellum, we developed a Tmem30a Purkinje cell (PC)-specific knockout (KO) mouse model. The Tmem30a KO mice displayed early-onset ataxia and progressive PC death. Deficiency in Tmem30a led to an increased expression of Glial fibrillary acidic protein and astrogliosis in regions with PC loss. Elevated C/EBP homologous protein and BiP expression levels indicated the presence of endoplasmic reticulum stress in the PCs prior to visible cell loss. Terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase dUTP nick end labeling (TUNEL) analysis suggested that apoptotic cell death occurred in the cerebellum. Our data demonstrate that loss of Tmem30a in PCs results in protein folding and transport defects, a substantial decrease in dendritic spine density, increased astrogliosis and PC death. Taken together, our data demonstrate an essential role of Tmem30a in the cerebellum PCs.
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39
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Palanirajan SK, Gummadi SN. Rapid method for an enhanced recovery of biologically active human phospholipid scramblase1 from inclusion bodies. Anal Biochem 2018; 556:104-111. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ab.2018.06.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2018] [Revised: 06/28/2018] [Accepted: 06/28/2018] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
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40
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Takasugi N, Araya R, Kamikubo Y, Kaneshiro N, Imaoka R, Jin H, Kashiyama T, Hashimoto Y, Kurosawa M, Uehara T, Nukina N, Sakurai T. TMEM30A is a candidate interacting partner for the β-carboxyl-terminal fragment of amyloid-β precursor protein in endosomes. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0200988. [PMID: 30086173 PMCID: PMC6080755 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0200988] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2017] [Accepted: 07/08/2018] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Although the aggregation of amyloid-β peptide (Aβ) clearly plays a central role in the pathogenesis of Alzheimer's disease (AD), endosomal traffic dysfunction is considered to precede Aβ aggregation and trigger AD pathogenesis. A body of evidence suggests that the β-carboxyl-terminal fragment (βCTF) of amyloid-β precursor protein (APP), which is the direct precursor of Aβ, accumulates in endosomes and causes vesicular traffic impairment. However, the mechanism underlying this impairment remains unclear. Here we identified TMEM30A as a candidate partner for βCTF. TMEM30A is a subcomponent of lipid flippase that translocates phospholipids from the outer to the inner leaflet of the lipid bilayer. TMEM30A physically interacts with βCTF in endosomes and may impair vesicular traffic, leading to abnormally enlarged endosomes. APP traffic is also concomitantly impaired, resulting in the accumulation of APP-CTFs, including βCTF. In addition, we found that expressed BACE1 accumulated in enlarged endosomes and increased Aβ production. Our data suggested that TMEM30A is involved in βCTF-dependent endosome abnormalities that are related to Aβ overproduction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nobumasa Takasugi
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Pharmacology, Juntendo University Graduate School of Medicine, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, Japan
- Department of Medicinal Pharmacology, Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry, and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama University, Okayama, Japan
| | - Runa Araya
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Pharmacology, Juntendo University Graduate School of Medicine, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yuji Kamikubo
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Pharmacology, Juntendo University Graduate School of Medicine, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Nanaka Kaneshiro
- Department of Medicinal Pharmacology, Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry, and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama University, Okayama, Japan
| | - Ryosuke Imaoka
- Department of Medicinal Pharmacology, Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry, and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama University, Okayama, Japan
| | - Hao Jin
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Pharmacology, Juntendo University Graduate School of Medicine, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Taku Kashiyama
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Pharmacology, Juntendo University Graduate School of Medicine, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yoshie Hashimoto
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Pharmacology, Juntendo University Graduate School of Medicine, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Masaru Kurosawa
- Laboratory for Structural Neuropathology, RIKEN Brain Science Institute, Saitama, Japan
| | - Takashi Uehara
- Department of Medicinal Pharmacology, Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry, and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama University, Okayama, Japan
| | - Nobuyuki Nukina
- Laboratory for Structural Neuropathology, RIKEN Brain Science Institute, Saitama, Japan
- Laboratory of Structural Neuropathology, Doshisha University Graduate School of Brain Science, Kyoto, Japan
- Department of Neuroscience for Neurodegenerative Disorders, Juntendo University Graduate School of Medicine, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Takashi Sakurai
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Pharmacology, Juntendo University Graduate School of Medicine, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, Japan
- Laboratory for Structural Neuropathology, RIKEN Brain Science Institute, Saitama, Japan
- * E-mail:
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41
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Rajani RM, Quick S, Ruigrok SR, Graham D, Harris SE, Verhaaren BFJ, Fornage M, Seshadri S, Atanur SS, Dominiczak AF, Smith C, Wardlaw JM, Williams A. Reversal of endothelial dysfunction reduces white matter vulnerability in cerebral small vessel disease in rats. Sci Transl Med 2018; 10:10/448/eaam9507. [DOI: 10.1126/scitranslmed.aam9507] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2017] [Revised: 01/31/2018] [Accepted: 06/08/2018] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
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42
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Li J, Dawson PA. Animal models to study bile acid metabolism. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Basis Dis 2018; 1865:895-911. [PMID: 29782919 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbadis.2018.05.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 129] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2018] [Revised: 05/11/2018] [Accepted: 05/14/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
The use of animal models, particularly genetically modified mice, continues to play a critical role in studying the relationship between bile acid metabolism and human liver disease. Over the past 20 years, these studies have been instrumental in elucidating the major pathways responsible for bile acid biosynthesis and enterohepatic cycling, and the molecular mechanisms regulating those pathways. This work also revealed bile acid differences between species, particularly in the composition, physicochemical properties, and signaling potential of the bile acid pool. These species differences may limit the ability to translate findings regarding bile acid-related disease processes from mice to humans. In this review, we focus primarily on mouse models and also briefly discuss dietary or surgical models commonly used to study the basic mechanisms underlying bile acid metabolism. Important phenotypic species differences in bile acid metabolism between mice and humans are highlighted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianing Li
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Nutrition, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322, United States
| | - Paul A Dawson
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Nutrition, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322, United States.
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43
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Abstract
Membrane biology seeks to understand how lipids and proteins within bilayers assemble into large structures such as organelles and the plasma membranes. Historically, lipids were thought to merely provide structural support for bilayer formation and membrane protein function. Research has now revealed that phospholipid metabolism regulates nearly all cellular processes. Sophisticated techniques helped identify >10,000 lipid species suggesting that lipids support many biological processes. Here, we highlight the synthesis of the most abundant glycerophospholipid classes and their distribution in organelles. We review vesicular and nonvesicular transport pathways shuttling lipids between organelles and discuss lipid regulators of membrane trafficking and second messengers in eukaryotic cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanbo Yang
- From the Keenan Research Centre for Biomedical Science, St. Michael's Hospital, Toronto, Ontario M5B 1W8.,the Department of Biochemistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5S 1A8, and
| | - Minhyoung Lee
- From the Keenan Research Centre for Biomedical Science, St. Michael's Hospital, Toronto, Ontario M5B 1W8.,the Department of Biochemistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5S 1A8, and
| | - Gregory D Fairn
- From the Keenan Research Centre for Biomedical Science, St. Michael's Hospital, Toronto, Ontario M5B 1W8, .,the Department of Biochemistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5S 1A8, and.,the Department of Surgery, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5T 1P5, Canada
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44
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Rybczynska AA, Boersma HH, de Jong S, Gietema JA, Noordzij W, Dierckx RAJO, Elsinga PH, van Waarde A. Avenues to molecular imaging of dying cells: Focus on cancer. Med Res Rev 2018. [PMID: 29528513 PMCID: PMC6220832 DOI: 10.1002/med.21495] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Successful treatment of cancer patients requires balancing of the dose, timing, and type of therapeutic regimen. Detection of increased cell death may serve as a predictor of the eventual therapeutic success. Imaging of cell death may thus lead to early identification of treatment responders and nonresponders, and to “patient‐tailored therapy.” Cell death in organs and tissues of the human body can be visualized, using positron emission tomography or single‐photon emission computed tomography, although unsolved problems remain concerning target selection, tracer pharmacokinetics, target‐to‐nontarget ratio, and spatial and temporal resolution of the scans. Phosphatidylserine exposure by dying cells has been the most extensively studied imaging target. However, visualization of this process with radiolabeled Annexin A5 has not become routine in the clinical setting. Classification of death modes is no longer based only on cell morphology but also on biochemistry, and apoptosis is no longer found to be the preponderant mechanism of cell death after antitumor therapy, as was earlier believed. These conceptual changes have affected radiochemical efforts. Novel probes targeting changes in membrane permeability, cytoplasmic pH, mitochondrial membrane potential, or caspase activation have recently been explored. In this review, we discuss molecular changes in tumors which can be targeted to visualize cell death and we propose promising biomarkers for future exploration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna A Rybczynska
- Molecular Imaging Center, Department of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands.,Department of Genetics, University of Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - Hendrikus H Boersma
- Molecular Imaging Center, Department of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands.,Department of Clinical Pharmacy & Pharmacology, University of Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - Steven de Jong
- Department of Medical Oncology, University of Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - Jourik A Gietema
- Department of Medical Oncology, University of Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - Walter Noordzij
- Molecular Imaging Center, Department of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - Rudi A J O Dierckx
- Molecular Imaging Center, Department of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands.,Department of Nuclear Medicine, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Philip H Elsinga
- Molecular Imaging Center, Department of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - Aren van Waarde
- Molecular Imaging Center, Department of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands
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45
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Zhang L, Yang Y, Li S, Zhang S, Zhu X, Tai Z, Yang M, Liu Y, Guo X, Chen B, Jiang Z, Lu F, Zhu X. Loss of Tmem30a leads to photoreceptor degeneration. Sci Rep 2017; 7:9296. [PMID: 28839191 PMCID: PMC5571223 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-09506-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2017] [Accepted: 07/26/2017] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Phosphatidylserine (PS) is asymmetrically distributed between the outer and inner leaflets of the plasma membrane in eukaryotic cells. PS asymmetry on the plasma membrane depends on the activities of P4-ATPases, and disruption of PS distribution can lead to various disease conditions. Folding and transporting of P4-ATPases to their cellular destination requires the β subunit TMEM30A proteins. However, the in vivo functions of Tmem30a remain unknown. To this end, we generated retinal-specific Tmem30a-knockout mice to investigate its roles in vivo for the first time. Our data demonstrated that loss of Tmem30a in mouse cone cells leads to mislocalization of cone opsin, loss of photopic electroretinogram (ERG) responses and loss of cone cells. Mechanistically, Tmem30a-mutant mouse embryonic fibroblasts (MEFs) exhibited diminished PS flippase activity and increased exposure of PS on the cell surface. The broad loss of Tmem30a in adult mice led to a reduced scotopic photoresponse, mislocalization of ATP8A2 to the inner segment and cell body, and increased apoptosis in the retina. Our data demonstrated novel essential roles of Tmem30a in the retina.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lin Zhang
- Sichuan Provincial Key Laboratory for Human Disease Gene Study and School of Medicine, Hospital of the University of Electronic Science and Technology of China and Sichuan Provincial People's Hospital, Chengdu, Sichuan, 610072, China.,Department of Laboratory Medicine, Sichuan Academy of Medical Sciences and Sichuan Provincial People's Hospital, Chengdu, Sichuan, 610072, China
| | - Yeming Yang
- Sichuan Provincial Key Laboratory for Human Disease Gene Study and School of Medicine, Hospital of the University of Electronic Science and Technology of China and Sichuan Provincial People's Hospital, Chengdu, Sichuan, 610072, China.,Department of Laboratory Medicine, Sichuan Academy of Medical Sciences and Sichuan Provincial People's Hospital, Chengdu, Sichuan, 610072, China
| | - Shujin Li
- Sichuan Provincial Key Laboratory for Human Disease Gene Study and School of Medicine, Hospital of the University of Electronic Science and Technology of China and Sichuan Provincial People's Hospital, Chengdu, Sichuan, 610072, China.,Chengdu Institute of Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences Sichuan Translational Medicine Research Hospital, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Shanshan Zhang
- Sichuan Provincial Key Laboratory for Human Disease Gene Study and School of Medicine, Hospital of the University of Electronic Science and Technology of China and Sichuan Provincial People's Hospital, Chengdu, Sichuan, 610072, China
| | - Xiong Zhu
- Sichuan Provincial Key Laboratory for Human Disease Gene Study and School of Medicine, Hospital of the University of Electronic Science and Technology of China and Sichuan Provincial People's Hospital, Chengdu, Sichuan, 610072, China
| | - Zhengfu Tai
- Sichuan Provincial Key Laboratory for Human Disease Gene Study and School of Medicine, Hospital of the University of Electronic Science and Technology of China and Sichuan Provincial People's Hospital, Chengdu, Sichuan, 610072, China.,Chengdu Institute of Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences Sichuan Translational Medicine Research Hospital, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Mu Yang
- Sichuan Provincial Key Laboratory for Human Disease Gene Study and School of Medicine, Hospital of the University of Electronic Science and Technology of China and Sichuan Provincial People's Hospital, Chengdu, Sichuan, 610072, China.,Chengdu Institute of Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences Sichuan Translational Medicine Research Hospital, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Yuqing Liu
- Sichuan Provincial Key Laboratory for Human Disease Gene Study and School of Medicine, Hospital of the University of Electronic Science and Technology of China and Sichuan Provincial People's Hospital, Chengdu, Sichuan, 610072, China.,Department of Laboratory Medicine, Sichuan Academy of Medical Sciences and Sichuan Provincial People's Hospital, Chengdu, Sichuan, 610072, China
| | - Xinzheng Guo
- Department of Ophthalmology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Bo Chen
- Department of Ophthalmology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Zhilin Jiang
- Sichuan Provincial Key Laboratory for Human Disease Gene Study and School of Medicine, Hospital of the University of Electronic Science and Technology of China and Sichuan Provincial People's Hospital, Chengdu, Sichuan, 610072, China
| | - Fang Lu
- Sichuan Provincial Key Laboratory for Human Disease Gene Study and School of Medicine, Hospital of the University of Electronic Science and Technology of China and Sichuan Provincial People's Hospital, Chengdu, Sichuan, 610072, China. .,Department of Laboratory Medicine, Sichuan Academy of Medical Sciences and Sichuan Provincial People's Hospital, Chengdu, Sichuan, 610072, China.
| | - Xianjun Zhu
- Sichuan Provincial Key Laboratory for Human Disease Gene Study and School of Medicine, Hospital of the University of Electronic Science and Technology of China and Sichuan Provincial People's Hospital, Chengdu, Sichuan, 610072, China. .,Department of Laboratory Medicine, Sichuan Academy of Medical Sciences and Sichuan Provincial People's Hospital, Chengdu, Sichuan, 610072, China. .,Institute of Laboratory Animal Sciences, Sichuan Academy of Medical Sciences and Sichuan Provincial People's Hospital, Chengdu, Sichuan, China. .,Chengdu Institute of Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences Sichuan Translational Medicine Research Hospital, Chengdu, Sichuan, China.
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46
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Sivagnanam U, Palanirajan SK, Gummadi SN. The role of human phospholipid scramblases in apoptosis: An overview. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-MOLECULAR CELL RESEARCH 2017; 1864:2261-2271. [PMID: 28844836 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamcr.2017.08.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2017] [Revised: 08/03/2017] [Accepted: 08/10/2017] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Human phospholipid scramblases (hPLSCRs) are a family of four homologous single pass transmembrane proteins (hPLSCR1-4) initially identified as the proteins responsible for Ca2+ mediated bidirectional phospholipid translocation in plasma membrane. Though in-vitro assays had provided evidence, the role of hPLSCRs in phospholipid translocation is still debated. Recent reports revealed a new class of proteins, TMEM16 and Xkr8 to exhibit scramblase activity challenging the function of hPLSCRs. Apart from phospholipid scrambling, numerous reports have emphasized the multifunctional roles of hPLSCRs in key cellular processes including tumorigenesis, antiviral defense, protein and DNA interactions, transcriptional regulation and apoptosis. In this review, the role of hPLSCRs in mediating cell death through phosphatidylserine exposure, interaction with death receptors, cardiolipin exposure, heavy metal and radiation induced apoptosis and pathological apoptosis followed by their involvement in cancer cells are discussed. This review aims to connect the multifunctional characteristics of hPLSCRs to their decisive involvement in apoptotic pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ulaganathan Sivagnanam
- Applied and Industrial Microbiology Laboratory, Department of Biotechnology, Bhupat and Jyoti Mehta School of Biosciences, Indian Institute of Technology Madras, Chennai 600 036, India
| | - Santosh Kumar Palanirajan
- Applied and Industrial Microbiology Laboratory, Department of Biotechnology, Bhupat and Jyoti Mehta School of Biosciences, Indian Institute of Technology Madras, Chennai 600 036, India
| | - Sathyanarayana N Gummadi
- Applied and Industrial Microbiology Laboratory, Department of Biotechnology, Bhupat and Jyoti Mehta School of Biosciences, Indian Institute of Technology Madras, Chennai 600 036, India.
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47
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Sanz-Fernández M, Rodríguez-Serrano M, Sevilla-Perea A, Pena L, Mingorance MD, Sandalio LM, Romero-Puertas MC. Screening Arabidopsis mutants in genes useful for phytoremediation. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2017; 335:143-151. [PMID: 28441590 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2017.04.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2017] [Revised: 03/21/2017] [Accepted: 04/05/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Emissions of heavy metals have risen over the past 200 years and significantly exceed those from natural sources. Phytoremediation strategies may be able to recover soil productivity in self-sustaining ecosystems; however, our knowledge of the molecular mechanisms involved in plant heavy-metal perception and signalling is scarce. The aim of this study was to assemble a "molecular tool box" of genes useful for phytoremediation. To identify mutants with different heavy-metal-tolerance, we first selected a medium from mixtures containing three metals based on their presence in two Spanish mining areas and then screened about 7000 lines of Arabidopsis T-DNA mutants and found 74 lines more resistant and 56 more susceptible than the wild type (WT). Classification of the genes showed that they were mainly linked to transport, protein modification and signalling, with RNA metabolism being the most representative category in the resistant phenotypes and protein metabolism in the sensitive ones. We have characterized one resistant mutant, Athpp9 and one sensitive, Atala4. These mutants showed differences in growth and metal translocation. Additionally, we found that these mutants keep their phenotype in amended former soils, suggesting that these genes may be useful for phytoremediation and the recovery of contaminated soils.
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Affiliation(s)
- María Sanz-Fernández
- Department of Biochemistry, Cell and Molecular Biology of Plants, EEZ, CSIC, Granada, Spain
| | | | | | - Liliana Pena
- Department of Biological Chemistry, University of Buenos Aires and IQUIFIB, CONICET, Argentina
| | | | - Luisa M Sandalio
- Department of Biochemistry, Cell and Molecular Biology of Plants, EEZ, CSIC, Granada, Spain
| | - María C Romero-Puertas
- Department of Biochemistry, Cell and Molecular Biology of Plants, EEZ, CSIC, Granada, Spain.
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48
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Kilaru S, Schuster M, Ma W, Steinberg G. Fluorescent markers of various organelles in the wheat pathogen Zymoseptoria tritici. Fungal Genet Biol 2017; 105:16-27. [PMID: 28579390 PMCID: PMC5536155 DOI: 10.1016/j.fgb.2017.05.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2017] [Revised: 05/05/2017] [Accepted: 05/06/2017] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
17 vectors are described that allow labelling of 7 subcellular structures. The fluorescent markers target the plasma membrane, endoplasmic reticulum, nucleus. Markers also target the actin cytoskeleton, peroxisomes and autophagosomes. These markers complete are toolkit of fluorescent reporters. Reporters allow cell biological studies in the Septoria tritici blotch fungus.
Development of novel strategies to control fungal plant pathogens requires understanding of their cellular organisation and biology. Live cell imaging of fluorescent organelle markers has provided valuable insight into various aspects of their cell biology, including invasion strategies in plant pathogenic fungi. Here, we introduce a set of 17 vectors that encode fluorescent markers to visualize the plasma membrane, endoplasmic reticulum (ER), chromosomes, the actin cytoskeleton, peroxisomes and autophagosomes in the wheat pathogen Zymoseptoria tritici. We fused either enhanced green-fluorescent protein (eGFP) or a codon-optimised version of GFP (ZtGFP) to homologues of a plasma membrane-located Sso1-like syntaxin, an ER signalling and retention peptide, a histone H1 homologue, the LifeAct actin-binding peptide, a mitochondrial acetyl-CoA dehydrogenase, a peroxisomal import signal and a homologue of the ubiquitin-like autophagosomal protein Atg8. We expressed these markers in wildtype strain IPO323 and confirmed the specificity of these markers by counterstaining or physiological experiments. This new set of molecular tools will help understanding the cell biology of the wheat pathogen Z. tritici.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Kilaru
- School of Biosciences, University of Exeter, Exeter EX4 4QD, UK
| | - M Schuster
- School of Biosciences, University of Exeter, Exeter EX4 4QD, UK
| | - W Ma
- School of Biosciences, University of Exeter, Exeter EX4 4QD, UK
| | - G Steinberg
- School of Biosciences, University of Exeter, Exeter EX4 4QD, UK; University of Utrecht, Department of Biology, Padualaan 8, 3584 CH Utrecht, The Netherlands.
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49
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Azouaoui H, Montigny C, Dieudonné T, Champeil P, Jacquot A, Vázquez-Ibar JL, Le Maréchal P, Ulstrup J, Ash MR, Lyons JA, Nissen P, Lenoir G. High phosphatidylinositol 4-phosphate (PI4P)-dependent ATPase activity for the Drs2p-Cdc50p flippase after removal of its N- and C-terminal extensions. J Biol Chem 2017; 292:7954-7970. [PMID: 28302728 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m116.751487] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2016] [Revised: 03/10/2017] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
P4-ATPases, also known as phospholipid flippases, are responsible for creating and maintaining transbilayer lipid asymmetry in eukaryotic cell membranes. Here, we use limited proteolysis to investigate the role of the N and C termini in ATP hydrolysis and auto-inhibition of the yeast flippase Drs2p-Cdc50p. We show that limited proteolysis of the detergent-solubilized and purified yeast flippase may result in more than 1 order of magnitude increase of its ATPase activity, which remains dependent on phosphatidylinositol 4-phosphate (PI4P), a regulator of this lipid flippase, and specific to a phosphatidylserine substrate. Using thrombin as the protease, Cdc50p remains intact and in complex with Drs2p, which is cleaved at two positions, namely after Arg104 and after Arg 1290, resulting in a homogeneous sample lacking 104 and 65 residues from its N and C termini, respectively. Removal of the 1291-1302-amino acid region of the C-terminal extension is critical for relieving the auto-inhibition of full-length Drs2p, whereas the 1-104 N-terminal residues have an additional but more modest significance for activity. The present results therefore reveal that trimming off appropriate regions of the terminal extensions of Drs2p can greatly increase its ATPase activity in the presence of PI4P and demonstrate that relief of such auto-inhibition remains compatible with subsequent regulation by PI4P. These experiments suggest that activation of the Drs2p-Cdc50p flippase follows a multistep mechanism, with preliminary release of a number of constraints, possibly through the binding of regulatory proteins in the trans-Golgi network, followed by full activation by PI4P.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hassina Azouaoui
- From the Institute for Integrative Biology of the Cell (I2BC), CEA, CNRS, Université Paris-Sud, Université Paris-Saclay, F-91198, Gif-sur-Yvette Cedex, France
| | - Cédric Montigny
- From the Institute for Integrative Biology of the Cell (I2BC), CEA, CNRS, Université Paris-Sud, Université Paris-Saclay, F-91198, Gif-sur-Yvette Cedex, France
| | - Thibaud Dieudonné
- From the Institute for Integrative Biology of the Cell (I2BC), CEA, CNRS, Université Paris-Sud, Université Paris-Saclay, F-91198, Gif-sur-Yvette Cedex, France
| | - Philippe Champeil
- From the Institute for Integrative Biology of the Cell (I2BC), CEA, CNRS, Université Paris-Sud, Université Paris-Saclay, F-91198, Gif-sur-Yvette Cedex, France
| | - Aurore Jacquot
- From the Institute for Integrative Biology of the Cell (I2BC), CEA, CNRS, Université Paris-Sud, Université Paris-Saclay, F-91198, Gif-sur-Yvette Cedex, France
| | - José Luis Vázquez-Ibar
- From the Institute for Integrative Biology of the Cell (I2BC), CEA, CNRS, Université Paris-Sud, Université Paris-Saclay, F-91198, Gif-sur-Yvette Cedex, France
| | - Pierre Le Maréchal
- the Neuro-PSI-UMR CNRS 9197, Bâtiment 430, Université Paris-Sud, Université Paris-Saclay, 91405 Orsay Cedex, France, and
| | - Jakob Ulstrup
- the DANDRITE, Nordic-EMBL Partnership for Molecular Medicine, and PUMPkin, Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Danish National Research Foundation, Aarhus University, Gustav Wieds Vej 10C, 8000 Aarhus C, Denmark
| | - Miriam-Rose Ash
- the DANDRITE, Nordic-EMBL Partnership for Molecular Medicine, and PUMPkin, Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Danish National Research Foundation, Aarhus University, Gustav Wieds Vej 10C, 8000 Aarhus C, Denmark
| | - Joseph A Lyons
- the DANDRITE, Nordic-EMBL Partnership for Molecular Medicine, and PUMPkin, Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Danish National Research Foundation, Aarhus University, Gustav Wieds Vej 10C, 8000 Aarhus C, Denmark
| | - Poul Nissen
- the DANDRITE, Nordic-EMBL Partnership for Molecular Medicine, and PUMPkin, Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Danish National Research Foundation, Aarhus University, Gustav Wieds Vej 10C, 8000 Aarhus C, Denmark
| | - Guillaume Lenoir
- From the Institute for Integrative Biology of the Cell (I2BC), CEA, CNRS, Université Paris-Sud, Université Paris-Saclay, F-91198, Gif-sur-Yvette Cedex, France,
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50
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Doll S, Conrad M. Iron and ferroptosis: A still ill-defined liaison. IUBMB Life 2017; 69:423-434. [PMID: 28276141 DOI: 10.1002/iub.1616] [Citation(s) in RCA: 301] [Impact Index Per Article: 43.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2017] [Accepted: 02/13/2017] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Ferroptosis is a recently described form of regulated necrotic cell death, which appears to contribute to a number of diseases, such as tissue ischemia/reperfusion injury, acute renal failure, and neurodegeneration. A hallmark of ferroptosis is iron-dependent lipid peroxidation, which can be inhibited by the key ferroptosis regulator glutathione peroxidase 4(Gpx4), radical trapping antioxidants and ferroptosis-specific inhibitors, such as ferrostatins and liproxstatins, as well as iron chelation. Although great strides have been made towards a better understanding of the proximate signals of distinctive lipid peroxides in ferroptosis, still little is known about the mechanistic implication of iron in the ferroptotic process. Hence, this review aims at summarizing recent advances in our understanding to what is known about enzymatic and nonenzymatic routes of lipid peroxidation, the involvement of iron in this process and the identification of novel players in ferroptotic cell death. Additionally, we review early works carried out long time before the term "ferroptosis" was actually introduced but which were instrumental in a better understanding of the role of ferroptosis in physiological and pathophysiological contexts. © 2017 IUBMB Life, 69(6):423-434, 2017.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sebastian Doll
- Helmholtz Zentrum München, Institute of Developmental Genetics, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Marcus Conrad
- Helmholtz Zentrum München, Institute of Developmental Genetics, Neuherberg, Germany
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