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Moradifar P, Liu Y, Shi J, Siukola Thurston ML, Utzat H, van Driel TB, Lindenberg AM, Dionne JA. Accelerating Quantum Materials Development with Advances in Transmission Electron Microscopy. Chem Rev 2023. [PMID: 37979189 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.2c00917] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2023]
Abstract
Quantum materials are driving a technology revolution in sensing, communication, and computing, while simultaneously testing many core theories of the past century. Materials such as topological insulators, complex oxides, superconductors, quantum dots, color center-hosting semiconductors, and other types of strongly correlated materials can exhibit exotic properties such as edge conductivity, multiferroicity, magnetoresistance, superconductivity, single photon emission, and optical-spin locking. These emergent properties arise and depend strongly on the material's detailed atomic-scale structure, including atomic defects, dopants, and lattice stacking. In this review, we describe how progress in the field of electron microscopy (EM), including in situ and in operando EM, can accelerate advances in quantum materials and quantum excitations. We begin by describing fundamental EM principles and operation modes. We then discuss various EM methods such as (i) EM spectroscopies, including electron energy loss spectroscopy (EELS), cathodoluminescence (CL), and electron energy gain spectroscopy (EEGS); (ii) four-dimensional scanning transmission electron microscopy (4D-STEM); (iii) dynamic and ultrafast EM (UEM); (iv) complementary ultrafast spectroscopies (UED, XFEL); and (v) atomic electron tomography (AET). We describe how these methods could inform structure-function relations in quantum materials down to the picometer scale and femtosecond time resolution, and how they enable precision positioning of atomic defects and high-resolution manipulation of quantum materials. For each method, we also describe existing limitations to solve open quantum mechanical questions, and how they might be addressed to accelerate progress. Among numerous notable results, our review highlights how EM is enabling identification of the 3D structure of quantum defects; measuring reversible and metastable dynamics of quantum excitations; mapping exciton states and single photon emission; measuring nanoscale thermal transport and coupled excitation dynamics; and measuring the internal electric field and charge density distribution of quantum heterointerfaces- all at the quantum materials' intrinsic atomic and near atomic-length scale. We conclude by describing open challenges for the future, including achieving stable sample holders for ultralow temperature (below 10K) atomic-scale spatial resolution, stable spectrometers that enable meV energy resolution, and high-resolution, dynamic mapping of magnetic and spin fields. With atomic manipulation and ultrafast characterization enabled by EM, quantum materials will be poised to integrate into many of the sustainable and energy-efficient technologies needed for the 21st century.
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Affiliation(s)
- Parivash Moradifar
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, United States
| | - Yin Liu
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, United States
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina 27695, United States
| | - Jiaojian Shi
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, United States
- SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, 2575 Sand Hill Road MS69, Menlo Park, California 94025, United States
| | | | - Hendrik Utzat
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, United States
- Department of Chemistry, University of California Berkeley, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Tim B van Driel
- Linac Coherent Light Source, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, 2575 Sand Hill Road, Menlo Park, California 94025, United States
| | - Aaron M Lindenberg
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, United States
- SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, 2575 Sand Hill Road MS69, Menlo Park, California 94025, United States
| | - Jennifer A Dionne
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, United States
- Department of Radiology, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, United States
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2
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Abstract
Towards the next generation of compact plasma-based accelerators, useful in several fields, such as basic research, medicine and industrial applications, a great effort is required to control the plasma creation, the necessity of producing a time-jitter free channel, and its stability namely uniformity and reproducibility. In this Letter, we describe an experimental campaign adopting a gas-filled discharge-capillary where the plasma and its generation are stabilized by triggering its ignition with an external laser pulse or an innovative technique based on the primary dark current (DC) in the accelerating structure of a linear accelerator (LINAC). The results show an efficient stabilization of the discharge pulse and plasma density with both pre-ionizing methods turning the plasma device into a symmetrical stable accelerating environment, especially when the external voltage is lowered near the breakdown value of the gas. The development of tens of centimeter long capillaries is enabled and, in turn, longer acceleration lengths can be adopted in a wide range of plasma-based acceleration experiments.
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3
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Lv QZ, Raicher E, Keitel CH, Hatsagortsyan KZ. High-Brilliance Ultranarrow-Band X Rays via Electron Radiation in Colliding Laser Pulses. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2022; 128:024801. [PMID: 35089763 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.128.024801] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2021] [Revised: 12/08/2021] [Accepted: 12/17/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
A setup of a unique x-ray source is put forward employing a relativistic electron beam interacting with two counterpropagating laser pulses in the nonlinear few-photon regime. In contrast to Compton scattering sources, the envisaged x-ray source exhibits an extremely narrow relative bandwidth of the order of 10^{-4}, comparable with an x-ray free-electron laser. The brilliance of the x rays can be an order of magnitude higher than that of a state-of-the-art Compton source. By tuning the laser intensities and the electron energy, one can realize either a single peak or a comblike x-ray source of around keV energy. The laser intensity and the electron energy in the suggested setup are rather moderate, rendering this scheme compact and tabletop size, as opposed to x-ray free-electron laser and synchrotron infrastructures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Q Z Lv
- Max-Planck-Institut für Kernphysik, Saupfercheckweg 1, 69117 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - E Raicher
- Soreq Nuclear Research Center, 81800 Yavne, Israel
| | - C H Keitel
- Max-Planck-Institut für Kernphysik, Saupfercheckweg 1, 69117 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - K Z Hatsagortsyan
- Max-Planck-Institut für Kernphysik, Saupfercheckweg 1, 69117 Heidelberg, Germany
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4
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Huang J, Günther B, Achterhold K, Cui YT, Gleich B, Dierolf M, Pfeiffer F. Energy-Dispersive X-ray Absorption Spectroscopy with an Inverse Compton Source. Sci Rep 2020; 10:8772. [PMID: 32472032 PMCID: PMC7260230 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-65225-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2019] [Accepted: 04/23/2020] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Novel compact x-ray sources based on inverse Compton scattering can generate brilliant hard x-rays in a laboratory setting. Their collimated intense beams with tunable well-defined x-ray energies make them well suited for x-ray spectroscopy techniques, which are typically carried out at large facilities. Here, we demonstrate a first x-ray absorption spectroscopy proof-of-principle experiment using an inverse Compton x-ray source with a flux of >1010 photons/s in <5% bandwidth. We measured x-ray absorption near edge structure and extended x-ray absorption fine structure at the silver K-edge (~25.5 keV) for a series of silver samples. We propose an energy-dispersive geometry specifically adapted to the x-ray beam properties of inverse Compton x-ray sources together with a fast concentration correction method that corrects sample inhomogeneities very effectively. The combination of our setup with the inverse Compton source generates x-ray absorption spectra with high energy resolution in exposure times down to one minute. Our results unravel the great benefit of inverse Compton scattering sources for x-ray absorption techniques in a laboratory environment, especially in the hard x-ray regime, which allows to probe absorption edges of high Z materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juanjuan Huang
- Department of Physics, Technical University of Munich, James-Franck-Straße 1, 85748, Garching, Germany. .,Munich School of BioEngineering, Technical University of Munich, Boltzmannstraße 11, 85748, Garching, Germany.
| | - Benedikt Günther
- Department of Physics, Technical University of Munich, James-Franck-Straße 1, 85748, Garching, Germany.,Munich School of BioEngineering, Technical University of Munich, Boltzmannstraße 11, 85748, Garching, Germany
| | - Klaus Achterhold
- Department of Physics, Technical University of Munich, James-Franck-Straße 1, 85748, Garching, Germany.,Munich School of BioEngineering, Technical University of Munich, Boltzmannstraße 11, 85748, Garching, Germany
| | - Yi-Tao Cui
- Japan Synchrotron Radiation Research Institute, 1-1-1 Kouto, Sayo-gun, Hyogo, 679-5198, Japan
| | - Bernhard Gleich
- Munich School of BioEngineering, Technical University of Munich, Boltzmannstraße 11, 85748, Garching, Germany
| | - Martin Dierolf
- Department of Physics, Technical University of Munich, James-Franck-Straße 1, 85748, Garching, Germany. .,Munich School of BioEngineering, Technical University of Munich, Boltzmannstraße 11, 85748, Garching, Germany.
| | - Franz Pfeiffer
- Department of Physics, Technical University of Munich, James-Franck-Straße 1, 85748, Garching, Germany.,Munich School of BioEngineering, Technical University of Munich, Boltzmannstraße 11, 85748, Garching, Germany.,Department of Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology, Klinikum Rechts der Isar, Technical University of Munich, 81675, Munich, Germany
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5
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Shpakov V, Anania MP, Bellaveglia M, Biagioni A, Bisesto F, Cardelli F, Cesarini M, Chiadroni E, Cianchi A, Costa G, Croia M, Del Dotto A, Di Giovenale D, Diomede M, Ferrario M, Filippi F, Giribono A, Lollo V, Marongiu M, Martinelli V, Mostacci A, Piersanti L, Di Pirro G, Pompili R, Romeo S, Scifo J, Vaccarezza C, Villa F, Zigler A. Longitudinal Phase-Space Manipulation with Beam-Driven Plasma Wakefields. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2019; 122:114801. [PMID: 30951354 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.122.114801] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
The development of compact accelerator facilities providing high-brightness beams is one of the most challenging tasks in the field of next-generation compact and cost affordable particle accelerators, to be used in many fields for industrial, medical, and research applications. The ability to shape the beam longitudinal phase space, in particular, plays a key role in achieving high-peak brightness. Here we present a new approach that allows us to tune the longitudinal phase space of a high-brightness beam by means of plasma wakefields. The electron beam passing through the plasma drives large wakefields that are used to manipulate the time-energy correlation of particles along the beam itself. We experimentally demonstrate that such a solution is highly tunable by simply adjusting the density of the plasma and can be used to imprint or remove any correlation onto the beam. This is a fundamental requirement when dealing with largely time-energy correlated beams coming from future plasma accelerators.
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Affiliation(s)
- V Shpakov
- Laboratori Nazionali di Frascati, Via Enrico Fermi 40, 00044 Frascati, Italy
| | - M P Anania
- Laboratori Nazionali di Frascati, Via Enrico Fermi 40, 00044 Frascati, Italy
| | - M Bellaveglia
- Laboratori Nazionali di Frascati, Via Enrico Fermi 40, 00044 Frascati, Italy
| | - A Biagioni
- Laboratori Nazionali di Frascati, Via Enrico Fermi 40, 00044 Frascati, Italy
| | - F Bisesto
- Laboratori Nazionali di Frascati, Via Enrico Fermi 40, 00044 Frascati, Italy
| | - F Cardelli
- Laboratori Nazionali di Frascati, Via Enrico Fermi 40, 00044 Frascati, Italy
| | - M Cesarini
- Laboratori Nazionali di Frascati, Via Enrico Fermi 40, 00044 Frascati, Italy
| | - E Chiadroni
- Laboratori Nazionali di Frascati, Via Enrico Fermi 40, 00044 Frascati, Italy
| | - A Cianchi
- University of Rome Tor Vergata and INFN, Via Ricerca Scientifica 1, 00133 Rome, Italy
| | - G Costa
- Laboratori Nazionali di Frascati, Via Enrico Fermi 40, 00044 Frascati, Italy
| | - M Croia
- Laboratori Nazionali di Frascati, Via Enrico Fermi 40, 00044 Frascati, Italy
| | - A Del Dotto
- Laboratori Nazionali di Frascati, Via Enrico Fermi 40, 00044 Frascati, Italy
| | - D Di Giovenale
- Laboratori Nazionali di Frascati, Via Enrico Fermi 40, 00044 Frascati, Italy
| | - M Diomede
- Sapienza University, Piazzale Aldo Moro 5, 00185 Rome, Italy
| | - M Ferrario
- Laboratori Nazionali di Frascati, Via Enrico Fermi 40, 00044 Frascati, Italy
| | - F Filippi
- Laboratori Nazionali di Frascati, Via Enrico Fermi 40, 00044 Frascati, Italy
| | - A Giribono
- Laboratori Nazionali di Frascati, Via Enrico Fermi 40, 00044 Frascati, Italy
| | - V Lollo
- Laboratori Nazionali di Frascati, Via Enrico Fermi 40, 00044 Frascati, Italy
| | - M Marongiu
- Sapienza University, Piazzale Aldo Moro 5, 00185 Rome, Italy
| | - V Martinelli
- Laboratori Nazionali di Frascati, Via Enrico Fermi 40, 00044 Frascati, Italy
| | - A Mostacci
- Sapienza University, Piazzale Aldo Moro 5, 00185 Rome, Italy
| | - L Piersanti
- Laboratori Nazionali di Frascati, Via Enrico Fermi 40, 00044 Frascati, Italy
| | - G Di Pirro
- Laboratori Nazionali di Frascati, Via Enrico Fermi 40, 00044 Frascati, Italy
| | - R Pompili
- Laboratori Nazionali di Frascati, Via Enrico Fermi 40, 00044 Frascati, Italy
| | - S Romeo
- Laboratori Nazionali di Frascati, Via Enrico Fermi 40, 00044 Frascati, Italy
| | - J Scifo
- Laboratori Nazionali di Frascati, Via Enrico Fermi 40, 00044 Frascati, Italy
| | - C Vaccarezza
- Laboratori Nazionali di Frascati, Via Enrico Fermi 40, 00044 Frascati, Italy
| | - F Villa
- Laboratori Nazionali di Frascati, Via Enrico Fermi 40, 00044 Frascati, Italy
| | - A Zigler
- Laboratori Nazionali di Frascati, Via Enrico Fermi 40, 00044 Frascati, Italy
- Racah Institute of Physics, Hebrew University, 91904 Jerusalem, Israel
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6
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Chi Z, Du Y, Yan L, Wang D, Zhang H, Huang W, Tang C. Experimental feasibility of dual-energy computed tomography based on the Thomson scattering X-ray source. JOURNAL OF SYNCHROTRON RADIATION 2018; 25:1797-1802. [PMID: 30407192 DOI: 10.1107/s1600577518012663] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2018] [Accepted: 09/06/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Unlike large-scale and expensive synchrotron radiation facilities, the Thomson scattering X-ray source can provide quasi-monochromatic, energy-tunable and high-brightness X-ray pulses with a small footprint and moderate cost, making it an excellent candidate for dual-energy and multi-energy imaging at laboratories and hospitals. Here, the first feasibility study on dual-energy computed tomography (CT) based on this type of light source is reported, and the effective atomic number and electron-density distribution of a standard phantom consisting of polytetrafluoroethylene, water and aluminium is derived. The experiment was carried out at the Tsinghua Thomson scattering X-ray source with peak energies of 29 keV and 68 keV. Both the reconstructed effective atomic numbers and the retrieved electron densities of the three materials were compared with their theoretical values. It was found that these values were in agreement by 0.68% and 2.60% on average for effective atomic number and electron density, respectively. These results have verified the feasibility of dual-energy CT based on the Thomson scattering X-ray source and will further expand the scope of X-ray imaging using this type of light source.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhijun Chi
- Department of Engineering Physics, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, People's Republic of China
| | - Yingchao Du
- Department of Engineering Physics, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, People's Republic of China
| | - Lixin Yan
- Department of Engineering Physics, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, People's Republic of China
| | - Dong Wang
- Department of Engineering Physics, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, People's Republic of China
| | - Hongze Zhang
- Department of Engineering Physics, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, People's Republic of China
| | - Wenhui Huang
- Department of Engineering Physics, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, People's Republic of China
| | - Chuanxiang Tang
- Department of Engineering Physics, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, People's Republic of China
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7
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Pompili R, Anania MP, Bellaveglia M, Biagioni A, Bini S, Bisesto F, Brentegani E, Cardelli F, Castorina G, Chiadroni E, Cianchi A, Coiro O, Costa G, Croia M, Di Giovenale D, Ferrario M, Filippi F, Giribono A, Lollo V, Marocchino A, Marongiu M, Martinelli V, Mostacci A, Pellegrini D, Piersanti L, Di Pirro G, Romeo S, Rossi AR, Scifo J, Shpakov V, Stella A, Vaccarezza C, Villa F, Zigler A. Focusing of High-Brightness Electron Beams with Active-Plasma Lenses. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2018; 121:174801. [PMID: 30411933 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.121.174801] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Plasma-based technology promises a tremendous reduction in size of accelerators used for research, medical, and industrial applications, making it possible to develop tabletop machines accessible for a broader scientific community. By overcoming current limits of conventional accelerators and pushing particles to larger and larger energies, the availability of strong and tunable focusing optics is mandatory also because plasma-accelerated beams usually have large angular divergences. In this regard, active-plasma lenses represent a compact and affordable tool to generate radially symmetric magnetic fields several orders of magnitude larger than conventional quadrupoles and solenoids. However, it has been recently proved that the focusing can be highly nonlinear and induce a dramatic emittance growth. Here, we present experimental results showing how these nonlinearities can be minimized and lensing improved. These achievements represent a major breakthrough toward the miniaturization of next-generation focusing devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Pompili
- Laboratori Nazionali di Frascati, Via Enrico Fermi 40, 00044 Frascati, Italy
| | - M P Anania
- Laboratori Nazionali di Frascati, Via Enrico Fermi 40, 00044 Frascati, Italy
| | - M Bellaveglia
- Laboratori Nazionali di Frascati, Via Enrico Fermi 40, 00044 Frascati, Italy
| | - A Biagioni
- Laboratori Nazionali di Frascati, Via Enrico Fermi 40, 00044 Frascati, Italy
| | - S Bini
- Laboratori Nazionali di Frascati, Via Enrico Fermi 40, 00044 Frascati, Italy
| | - F Bisesto
- Laboratori Nazionali di Frascati, Via Enrico Fermi 40, 00044 Frascati, Italy
| | - E Brentegani
- Laboratori Nazionali di Frascati, Via Enrico Fermi 40, 00044 Frascati, Italy
| | - F Cardelli
- Laboratori Nazionali di Frascati, Via Enrico Fermi 40, 00044 Frascati, Italy
| | - G Castorina
- Sapienza University, Piazzale Aldo Moro 5, 00185 Rome, Italy
| | - E Chiadroni
- Laboratori Nazionali di Frascati, Via Enrico Fermi 40, 00044 Frascati, Italy
| | - A Cianchi
- University or Rome Tor Vergata and INFN, Via Ricerca Scientifica 1, 00133 Rome, Italy
| | - O Coiro
- Laboratori Nazionali di Frascati, Via Enrico Fermi 40, 00044 Frascati, Italy
| | - G Costa
- Laboratori Nazionali di Frascati, Via Enrico Fermi 40, 00044 Frascati, Italy
| | - M Croia
- Laboratori Nazionali di Frascati, Via Enrico Fermi 40, 00044 Frascati, Italy
| | - D Di Giovenale
- Laboratori Nazionali di Frascati, Via Enrico Fermi 40, 00044 Frascati, Italy
| | - M Ferrario
- Laboratori Nazionali di Frascati, Via Enrico Fermi 40, 00044 Frascati, Italy
| | - F Filippi
- Laboratori Nazionali di Frascati, Via Enrico Fermi 40, 00044 Frascati, Italy
| | - A Giribono
- Laboratori Nazionali di Frascati, Via Enrico Fermi 40, 00044 Frascati, Italy
| | - V Lollo
- Laboratori Nazionali di Frascati, Via Enrico Fermi 40, 00044 Frascati, Italy
| | - A Marocchino
- Laboratori Nazionali di Frascati, Via Enrico Fermi 40, 00044 Frascati, Italy
| | - M Marongiu
- Sapienza University, Piazzale Aldo Moro 5, 00185 Rome, Italy
| | - V Martinelli
- Laboratori Nazionali di Frascati, Via Enrico Fermi 40, 00044 Frascati, Italy
| | - A Mostacci
- Sapienza University, Piazzale Aldo Moro 5, 00185 Rome, Italy
| | - D Pellegrini
- Laboratori Nazionali di Frascati, Via Enrico Fermi 40, 00044 Frascati, Italy
| | - L Piersanti
- Laboratori Nazionali di Frascati, Via Enrico Fermi 40, 00044 Frascati, Italy
| | - G Di Pirro
- Laboratori Nazionali di Frascati, Via Enrico Fermi 40, 00044 Frascati, Italy
| | - S Romeo
- Laboratori Nazionali di Frascati, Via Enrico Fermi 40, 00044 Frascati, Italy
| | - A R Rossi
- INFN Milano, via Celoria 16, 20133 Milan, Italy
| | - J Scifo
- Laboratori Nazionali di Frascati, Via Enrico Fermi 40, 00044 Frascati, Italy
| | - V Shpakov
- Laboratori Nazionali di Frascati, Via Enrico Fermi 40, 00044 Frascati, Italy
| | - A Stella
- Laboratori Nazionali di Frascati, Via Enrico Fermi 40, 00044 Frascati, Italy
| | - C Vaccarezza
- Laboratori Nazionali di Frascati, Via Enrico Fermi 40, 00044 Frascati, Italy
| | - F Villa
- Laboratori Nazionali di Frascati, Via Enrico Fermi 40, 00044 Frascati, Italy
| | - A Zigler
- Laboratori Nazionali di Frascati, Via Enrico Fermi 40, 00044 Frascati, Italy
- Racah Institute of Physics, Hebrew University, 91904 Jerusalem, Israel
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8
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Pompili R, Anania MP, Chiadroni E, Cianchi A, Ferrario M, Lollo V, Notargiacomo A, Picardi L, Ronsivalle C, Rosenzweig JB, Shpakov V, Vannozzi A. Compact and tunable focusing device for plasma wakefield acceleration. THE REVIEW OF SCIENTIFIC INSTRUMENTS 2018; 89:033302. [PMID: 29604793 DOI: 10.1063/1.5006134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Plasma wakefield acceleration, either driven by ultra-short laser pulses or electron bunches, represents one of the most promising techniques able to overcome the limits of conventional RF technology and allows the development of compact accelerators. In the particle beam-driven scenario, ultra-short bunches with tiny spot sizes are required to enhance the accelerating gradient and preserve the emittance and energy spread of the accelerated bunch. To achieve such tight transverse beam sizes, a focusing system with short focal length is mandatory. Here we discuss the development of a compact and tunable system consisting of three small-bore permanent-magnet quadrupoles with 520 T/m field gradient. The device has been designed in view of the plasma acceleration experiments planned at the SPARC_LAB test-facility. Being the field gradient fixed, the focusing is adjusted by tuning the relative position of the three magnets with nanometer resolution. Details about its magnetic design, beam-dynamics simulations, and preliminary results are examined in the paper.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Pompili
- Laboratori Nazionali di Frascati, Via Enrico Fermi 40, 00044 Frascati, Italy
| | - M P Anania
- Laboratori Nazionali di Frascati, Via Enrico Fermi 40, 00044 Frascati, Italy
| | - E Chiadroni
- Laboratori Nazionali di Frascati, Via Enrico Fermi 40, 00044 Frascati, Italy
| | - A Cianchi
- University of Rome Tor Vergata and INFN, 00133 Rome, Italy
| | - M Ferrario
- Laboratori Nazionali di Frascati, Via Enrico Fermi 40, 00044 Frascati, Italy
| | - V Lollo
- Laboratori Nazionali di Frascati, Via Enrico Fermi 40, 00044 Frascati, Italy
| | - A Notargiacomo
- Institute for Photonics and Nanotechnology-CNR, 00156 Rome, Italy
| | - L Picardi
- ENEA, Via Enrico Fermi, 00044 Frascati, Rome, Italy
| | - C Ronsivalle
- ENEA, Via Enrico Fermi, 00044 Frascati, Rome, Italy
| | - J B Rosenzweig
- UCLA Department of Physics and Astronomy, 405 Hilgard Avenue, Los Angeles, California 90095, USA
| | - V Shpakov
- Laboratori Nazionali di Frascati, Via Enrico Fermi 40, 00044 Frascati, Italy
| | - A Vannozzi
- Laboratori Nazionali di Frascati, Via Enrico Fermi 40, 00044 Frascati, Italy
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9
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Making spectral shape measurements in inverse Compton scattering a tool for advanced diagnostic applications. Sci Rep 2018; 8:1398. [PMID: 29362472 PMCID: PMC5780516 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-19546-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2017] [Accepted: 12/29/2017] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Interaction of relativistic electron beams with high power lasers can both serve as a secondary light source and as a novel diagnostic tool for various beam parameters. For both applications, it is important to understand the dynamics of the inverse Compton scattering mechanism and the dependence of the scattered light’s spectral properties on the interacting laser and electron beam parameters. Measurements are easily misinterpreted due to the complex interplay of the interaction parameters. Here we report the potential of inverse Compton scattering as an advanced diagnostic tool by investigating two of the most influential interaction parameters, namely the laser intensity and the electron beam emittance. Established scaling laws for the spectral bandwidth and redshift of the mean scattered photon energy are refined. This allows for a quantitatively well matching prediction of the spectral shape. Driving the interaction to a nonlinear regime, we spectrally resolve the rise of higher harmonic radiation with increasing laser intensity. Unprecedented agreement with 3D radiation simulations is found, showing the good control and characterization of the interaction. The findings advance the interpretation of inverse Compton scattering measurements into a diagnostic tool for electron beams from laser plasma acceleration.
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10
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Lin Z, Du Y, Yang J, Xu Y, Yan L, Huang W, Tang C, Huang G, Du Q, Doolittle L, Wilcox R, Byrd J. Development of sub-100 femtosecond timing and synchronization system. THE REVIEW OF SCIENTIFIC INSTRUMENTS 2018; 89:014701. [PMID: 29390653 DOI: 10.1063/1.5001768] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
The precise timing and synchronization system is an essential part for the ultra-fast electron and X-ray sources based on the photocathode injector where strict synchronization among RF, laser, and beams are required. In this paper, we present an integrated sub-100 femtosecond timing and synchronization system developed and demonstrated recently in Tsinghua University based on the collaboration with Lawrence Berkeley National Lab. The timing and synchronization system includes the fiber-based CW carrier phase reference distribution system for delivering stabilized RF phase reference to multiple receiver clients, the Low Level RF (LLRF) control system to monitor and generate the phase and amplitude controllable pulse RF signal, and the laser-RF synchronization system for high precision synchronization between optical and RF signals. Each subsystem is characterized by its blocking structure and is also expansible. A novel asymmetric calibration sideband signal method was proposed for eliminating the non-linear distortion in the optical synchronization process. According to offline and online tests, the system can deliver a stable signal to each client and suppress the drift and jitter of the RF signal for the accelerator and the laser oscillator to less than 100 fs RMS (∼0.1° in 2856 MHz frequency). Moreover, a demo system with a LLRF client and a laser-RF synchronization client is deployed and operated successfully at the Tsinghua Thomson scattering X-ray source. The beam-based jitter measurement experiments have been conducted to evaluate the overall performance of the system, and the jitter sources are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhenyang Lin
- Department of Engineering Physics, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Yingchao Du
- Department of Engineering Physics, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Jin Yang
- Department of Engineering Physics, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Yilun Xu
- Department of Engineering Physics, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Lixin Yan
- Department of Engineering Physics, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Wenhui Huang
- Department of Engineering Physics, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Chuanxiang Tang
- Department of Engineering Physics, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Gang Huang
- Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
| | - Qiang Du
- Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
| | | | - Russell Wilcox
- Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
| | - John Byrd
- Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
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11
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Single-shot structural analysis by high-energy X-ray diffraction using an ultrashort all-optical source. Sci Rep 2017; 7:16603. [PMID: 29192189 PMCID: PMC5709386 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-16477-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2017] [Accepted: 11/13/2017] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
High-energy X-rays (HEX-rays) with photon energies on order of 100 keV have attractive characteristics, such as comparably low absorption, high spatial resolution and the ability to access inner-shell states of heavy atoms. These properties are advantageous for many applications ranging from studies of bulk materials to the investigation of materials in extreme conditions. Ultrafast X-ray diffraction allows the direct imaging of atomic dynamics simultaneously on its natural time and length scale. However, using HEX-rays for ultrafast studies has been limited due to the lack of sources that can generate pulses of sufficiently short (femtosecond) duration in this wavelength range. Here we show single-crystal diffraction using ultrashort ~90 keV HEX-ray pulses generated by an all-optical source based on inverse Compton scattering. We also demonstrate a method for measuring the crystal lattice spacing in a single shot that contains only ~105 photons in a spectral bandwidth of ~50% full width at half maximum (FWHM). Our approach allows us to obtain structural information from the full X-ray spectrum. As target we use a cylindrically bent Ge crystal in Laue transmission geometry. This experiment constitutes a first step towards measurements of ultrafast atomic dynamics using femtosecond HEX-ray pulses.
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12
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Vadilonga S, Zizak I, Roshchupkin D, Petsiuk A, Dolbnya I, Sawhney K, Erko A. Pulse picker for synchrotron radiation driven by a surface acoustic wave. OPTICS LETTERS 2017; 42:1915-1918. [PMID: 28504758 DOI: 10.1364/ol.42.001915] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2017] [Accepted: 04/12/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
A functional test for a pulse picker for synchrotron radiation was performed at Diamond Light Source. The purpose of a pulse picker is to select which pulse from the synchrotron hybrid-mode bunch pattern reaches the experiment. In the present work, the Bragg reflection on a Si/B4C multilayer was modified using surface acoustic wave (SAW) trains. Diffraction on the SAW alters the direction of the x rays and it can be used to modulate the intensity of the x rays that reach the experimental chamber. Using electronic modulation of the SAW amplitude, it is possible to obtain different scattering conditions for different x-ray pulses. To isolate the single bunch, the state of the SAW must be changed in the short time gap between the pulses. To achieve the necessary time resolution, the measurements have been performed in conical diffraction geometry. The achieved time resolution was 120 ns.
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13
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Chi Z, Yan L, Zhang Z, Zhou Z, Zheng L, Wang D, Tian Q, Wang W, Nie Z, Zhang J, Du Y, Hua J, Shi J, Pai C, Lu W, Huang W, Chen H, Tang C. Diffraction based method to reconstruct the spectrum of the Thomson scattering x-ray source. THE REVIEW OF SCIENTIFIC INSTRUMENTS 2017; 88:045110. [PMID: 28456250 DOI: 10.1063/1.4981131] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
As Thomson scattering x-ray sources based on the collision of intense laser and relativistic electrons have drawn much attention in various scientific fields, there is an increasing demand for the effective methods to reconstruct the spectrum information of the ultra-short and high-intensity x-ray pulses. In this paper, a precise spectrum measurement method for the Thomson scattering x-ray sources was proposed with the diffraction of a Highly Oriented Pyrolytic Graphite (HOPG) crystal and was demonstrated at the Tsinghua Thomson scattering X-ray source. The x-ray pulse is diffracted by a 15 mm (L) ×15 mm (H)× 1 mm (D) HOPG crystal with 1° mosaic spread. By analyzing the diffraction pattern, both x-ray peak energies and energy spectral bandwidths at different polar angles can be reconstructed, which agree well with the theoretical value and simulation. The higher integral reflectivity of the HOPG crystal makes this method possible for single-shot measurement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhijun Chi
- Accelerator Laboratory, Department of Engineering Physics, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China and Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory of Particle and Radiation Imaging, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Lixin Yan
- Accelerator Laboratory, Department of Engineering Physics, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China and Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory of Particle and Radiation Imaging, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Zhen Zhang
- Accelerator Laboratory, Department of Engineering Physics, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China and Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory of Particle and Radiation Imaging, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Zheng Zhou
- Accelerator Laboratory, Department of Engineering Physics, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China and Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory of Particle and Radiation Imaging, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Lianmin Zheng
- Accelerator Laboratory, Department of Engineering Physics, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China and Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory of Particle and Radiation Imaging, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Dong Wang
- Accelerator Laboratory, Department of Engineering Physics, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China and Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory of Particle and Radiation Imaging, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Qili Tian
- Accelerator Laboratory, Department of Engineering Physics, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China and Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory of Particle and Radiation Imaging, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Wei Wang
- Accelerator Laboratory, Department of Engineering Physics, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China and Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory of Particle and Radiation Imaging, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Zan Nie
- Accelerator Laboratory, Department of Engineering Physics, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China and Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory of Particle and Radiation Imaging, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Jie Zhang
- Accelerator Laboratory, Department of Engineering Physics, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China and Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory of Particle and Radiation Imaging, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Yingchao Du
- Accelerator Laboratory, Department of Engineering Physics, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China and Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory of Particle and Radiation Imaging, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Jianfei Hua
- Accelerator Laboratory, Department of Engineering Physics, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China and Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory of Particle and Radiation Imaging, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Jiaru Shi
- Accelerator Laboratory, Department of Engineering Physics, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China and Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory of Particle and Radiation Imaging, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Chihao Pai
- Accelerator Laboratory, Department of Engineering Physics, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China and Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory of Particle and Radiation Imaging, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Wei Lu
- Accelerator Laboratory, Department of Engineering Physics, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China and Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory of Particle and Radiation Imaging, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Wenhui Huang
- Accelerator Laboratory, Department of Engineering Physics, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China and Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory of Particle and Radiation Imaging, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Huaibi Chen
- Accelerator Laboratory, Department of Engineering Physics, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China and Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory of Particle and Radiation Imaging, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Chuanxiang Tang
- Accelerator Laboratory, Department of Engineering Physics, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China and Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory of Particle and Radiation Imaging, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
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14
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Chang HX, Qiao B, Huang TW, Xu Z, Zhou CT, Gu YQ, Yan XQ, Zepf M, He XT. Brilliant petawatt gamma-ray pulse generation in quantum electrodynamic laser-plasma interaction. Sci Rep 2017; 7:45031. [PMID: 28338010 PMCID: PMC5364473 DOI: 10.1038/srep45031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2016] [Accepted: 02/20/2017] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
We show a new resonance acceleration scheme for generating ultradense relativistic electron bunches in helical motions and hence emitting brilliant vortical γ-ray pulses in the quantum electrodynamic (QED) regime of circularly-polarized (CP) laser-plasma interactions. Here the combined effects of the radiation reaction recoil force and the self-generated magnetic fields result in not only trapping of a great amount of electrons in laser-produced plasma channel, but also significant broadening of the resonance bandwidth between laser frequency and that of electron betatron oscillation in the channel, which eventually leads to formation of the ultradense electron bunch under resonant helical motion in CP laser fields. Three-dimensional PIC simulations show that a brilliant γ-ray pulse with unprecedented power of 6.7 PW and peak brightness of 1025 photons/s/mm2/mrad2/0.1% BW (at 15 MeV) is emitted at laser intensity of 1.9 × 1023 W/cm2.
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Affiliation(s)
- H X Chang
- Center for Applied Physics and Technology, HEDPS, State Key Laboratory of Nuclear Physics and Technology, and School of Physics, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China
| | - B Qiao
- Center for Applied Physics and Technology, HEDPS, State Key Laboratory of Nuclear Physics and Technology, and School of Physics, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China.,Collaborative Innovation Center of IFSA (CICIFSA), Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
| | - T W Huang
- Center for Applied Physics and Technology, HEDPS, State Key Laboratory of Nuclear Physics and Technology, and School of Physics, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China
| | - Z Xu
- Center for Applied Physics and Technology, HEDPS, State Key Laboratory of Nuclear Physics and Technology, and School of Physics, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China
| | - C T Zhou
- Center for Applied Physics and Technology, HEDPS, State Key Laboratory of Nuclear Physics and Technology, and School of Physics, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China.,Institute of Applied Physics and Computational Mathematics, Beijing 100094, China
| | - Y Q Gu
- Science and Technology on Plasma Physics Laboratory, Mianyang 621900, China
| | - X Q Yan
- Center for Applied Physics and Technology, HEDPS, State Key Laboratory of Nuclear Physics and Technology, and School of Physics, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China
| | - M Zepf
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Queen's University Belfast, Belfast BT7 1NN, United Kingdom
| | - X T He
- Center for Applied Physics and Technology, HEDPS, State Key Laboratory of Nuclear Physics and Technology, and School of Physics, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China.,Collaborative Innovation Center of IFSA (CICIFSA), Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China.,Institute of Applied Physics and Computational Mathematics, Beijing 100094, China
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15
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Thompson DJ, Murphy D, Speirs RW, van Bijnen RMW, McCulloch AJ, Scholten RE, Sparkes BM. Suppression of Emittance Growth Using a Shaped Cold Atom Electron and Ion Source. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2016; 117:193202. [PMID: 27858456 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.117.193202] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2016] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
We demonstrate precise control of charged particle bunch shape with a cold atom electron and ion source to create bunches with linear and, therefore, reversible Coulomb expansion. Using ultracold charged particles enables detailed observation of space-charge effects without loss of information from thermal diffusion, unambiguously demonstrating that shaping in three dimensions can result in a marked reduction of Coulomb-driven emittance growth. We show that the emittance growth suppression is accompanied by an increase in bunch focusability and brightness, improvements necessary for the development of sources capable of coherent single-shot ultrafast electron diffraction of noncrystalline objects, with applications ranging from femtosecond chemistry to materials science and rational drug design.
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Affiliation(s)
- D J Thompson
- School of Physics, The University of Melbourne, Victoria 3010, Australia
| | - D Murphy
- School of Physics, The University of Melbourne, Victoria 3010, Australia
| | - R W Speirs
- School of Physics, The University of Melbourne, Victoria 3010, Australia
| | - R M W van Bijnen
- Eindhoven University of Technology, P.O. Box 513, 5600 MB Eindhoven, The Netherlands
| | - A J McCulloch
- School of Physics, The University of Melbourne, Victoria 3010, Australia
| | - R E Scholten
- School of Physics, The University of Melbourne, Victoria 3010, Australia
| | - B M Sparkes
- School of Physics, The University of Melbourne, Victoria 3010, Australia
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16
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Quan R, Zhai Y, Wang M, Hou F, Wang S, Xiang X, Liu T, Zhang S, Dong R. Demonstration of quantum synchronization based on second-order quantum coherence of entangled photons. Sci Rep 2016; 6:30453. [PMID: 27452276 PMCID: PMC4958996 DOI: 10.1038/srep30453] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2015] [Accepted: 07/04/2016] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Based on the second-order quantum interference between frequency entangled photons that are generated by parametric down conversion, a quantum strategic algorithm for synchronizing two spatially separated clocks has been recently presented. In the reference frame of a Hong-Ou-Mandel (HOM) interferometer, photon correlations are used to define simultaneous events. Once the HOM interferometer is balanced by use of an adjustable optical delay in one arm, arrival times of simulta- neously generated photons are recorded by each clock. The clock offset is determined by correlation measurement of the recorded arrival times. Utilizing this algorithm, we demonstrate a proof-of-principle experiment for synchronizing two clocks separated by 4 km fiber link. A minimum timing stability of 0.44 ps at averaging time of 16000 s is achieved with an absolute time accuracy of 73.2 ps. The timing stability is verified to be limited by the correlation measurement device and ideally can be better than 10 fs. Such results shine a light to the application of quantum clock synchronization in the real high-accuracy timing system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Runai Quan
- Key Laboratory of Time and Frequency Primary Standards, National Time Service Center, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xi'an, 710600, China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Yiwei Zhai
- Key Laboratory of Time and Frequency Primary Standards, National Time Service Center, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xi'an, 710600, China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Mengmeng Wang
- Key Laboratory of Time and Frequency Primary Standards, National Time Service Center, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xi'an, 710600, China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Feiyan Hou
- Key Laboratory of Time and Frequency Primary Standards, National Time Service Center, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xi'an, 710600, China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Shaofeng Wang
- Key Laboratory of Time and Frequency Primary Standards, National Time Service Center, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xi'an, 710600, China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Xiao Xiang
- Key Laboratory of Time and Frequency Primary Standards, National Time Service Center, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xi'an, 710600, China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Tao Liu
- Key Laboratory of Time and Frequency Primary Standards, National Time Service Center, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xi'an, 710600, China
| | - Shougang Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Time and Frequency Primary Standards, National Time Service Center, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xi'an, 710600, China
| | - Ruifang Dong
- Key Laboratory of Time and Frequency Primary Standards, National Time Service Center, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xi'an, 710600, China
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17
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Stepanov AG, Hauri CP. Short X-ray pulses from third-generation light sources. JOURNAL OF SYNCHROTRON RADIATION 2016; 23:141-151. [PMID: 26698056 DOI: 10.1107/s1600577515019281] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2015] [Accepted: 10/12/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
High-brightness X-ray radiation produced by third-generation synchrotron light sources (TGLS) has been used for numerous time-resolved investigations in many different scientific fields. The typical time duration of X-ray pulses delivered by these large-scale machines is about 50-100 ps. A growing number of time-resolved studies would benefit from X-ray pulses with two or three orders of magnitude shorter duration. Here, techniques explored in the past for shorter X-ray pulse emission at TGLS are reviewed and the perspective towards the realisation of picosecond and sub-picosecond X-ray pulses are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- A G Stepanov
- Paul Scherrer Institute, 5232 Villigen, Switzerland
| | - C P Hauri
- Paul Scherrer Institute, 5232 Villigen, Switzerland
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18
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Li JX, Hatsagortsyan KZ, Galow BJ, Keitel CH. Attosecond Gamma-Ray Pulses via Nonlinear Compton Scattering in the Radiation-Dominated Regime. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2015; 115:204801. [PMID: 26613446 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.115.204801] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
The feasibility of the generation of bright ultrashort gamma-ray pulses is demonstrated in the interaction of a relativistic electron bunch with a counterpropagating tightly focused superstrong laser beam in the radiation-dominated regime. The Compton scattering spectra of gamma radiation are investigated using a semiclassical description for the electron dynamics in the laser field and a quantum electrodynamical description for the photon emission. We demonstrate the feasibility of ultrashort gamma-ray bursts of hundreds of attoseconds and of dozens of megaelectronvolt photon energies in the near-backwards direction of the initial electron motion. The tightly focused laser field structure and the radiation reaction are shown to be responsible for such short gamma-ray bursts, which are independent of the durations of the electron bunch and of the laser pulse. The results are measurable with the laser technology available in the near future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jian-Xing Li
- Max-Planck-Institut für Kernphysik, Saupfercheckweg 1, 69117 Heidelberg, Germany
| | | | - Benjamin J Galow
- Max-Planck-Institut für Kernphysik, Saupfercheckweg 1, 69117 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Christoph H Keitel
- Max-Planck-Institut für Kernphysik, Saupfercheckweg 1, 69117 Heidelberg, Germany
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19
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Yakovlev VS, Stockman MI, Krausz F, Baum P. Atomic-scale diffractive imaging of sub-cycle electron dynamics in condensed matter. Sci Rep 2015; 5:14581. [PMID: 26412407 PMCID: PMC4585944 DOI: 10.1038/srep14581] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2015] [Accepted: 09/04/2015] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
For interaction of light with condensed-matter systems, we show with simulations that ultrafast electron and X-ray diffraction can provide a time-dependent record of charge-density maps with sub-cycle and atomic-scale resolutions. Using graphene as an example material, we predict that diffraction can reveal localised atomic-scale origins of optical and electronic phenomena. In particular, we point out nontrivial relations between microscopic electric current and density in undoped graphene.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vladislav S. Yakovlev
- Center for Nano-Optics and Department of Physics and Astronomy, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA 30303, USA
- Max-Planck-Institut für Quantenoptik, Hans-Kopfermann-Str. 1 85748 Garching, Germany
| | - Mark I. Stockman
- Center for Nano-Optics and Department of Physics and Astronomy, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA 30303, USA
| | - Ferenc Krausz
- Max-Planck-Institut für Quantenoptik, Hans-Kopfermann-Str. 1 85748 Garching, Germany
- Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Fakultät für Physik, Am Coulombwall 1, 85748 Garching, Germany
| | - Peter Baum
- Max-Planck-Institut für Quantenoptik, Hans-Kopfermann-Str. 1 85748 Garching, Germany
- Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Fakultät für Physik, Am Coulombwall 1, 85748 Garching, Germany
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20
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Faenov AY, Colgan J, Hansen SB, Zhidkov A, Pikuz TA, Nishiuchi M, Pikuz SA, Skobelev IY, Abdallah J, Sakaki H, Sagisaka A, Pirozhkov AS, Ogura K, Fukuda Y, Kanasaki M, Hasegawa N, Nishikino M, Kando M, Watanabe Y, Kawachi T, Masuda S, Hosokai T, Kodama R, Kondo K. Nonlinear increase of X-ray intensities from thin foils irradiated with a 200 TW femtosecond laser. Sci Rep 2015; 5:13436. [PMID: 26330230 PMCID: PMC4557088 DOI: 10.1038/srep13436] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2015] [Accepted: 07/27/2015] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
We report, for the first time, that the energy of femtosecond optical laser pulses, E, with relativistic intensities I > 10(21) W/cm(2) is efficiently converted to X-ray radiation, which is emitted by "hot" electron component in collision-less processes and heats the solid density plasma periphery. As shown by direct high-resolution spectroscopic measurements X-ray radiation from plasma periphery exhibits unusual non-linear growth ~E(4-5) of its power. The non-linear power growth occurs far earlier than the known regime when the radiation reaction dominates particle motion (RDR). Nevertheless, the radiation is shown to dominate the kinetics of the plasma periphery, changing in this regime (now labeled RDKR) the physical picture of the laser plasma interaction. Although in the experiments reported here we demonstrated by observation of KK hollow ions that X-ray intensities in the keV range exceeds ~10(17) W/cm(2), there is no theoretical limit of the radiation power. Therefore, such powerful X-ray sources can produce and probe exotic material states with high densities and multiple inner-shell electron excitations even for higher Z elements. Femtosecond laser-produced plasmas may thus provide unique ultra-bright X-ray sources, for future studies of matter in extreme conditions, material science studies, and radiography of biological systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Ya Faenov
- Institute for Academic Initiatives, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka, 565-0871, Japan.,Joint Institute for High Temperatures, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow 125412, Russia
| | - J Colgan
- Theoretical Division, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, NM 87545, USA
| | - S B Hansen
- Sandia National Laboratories, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87123, USA
| | - A Zhidkov
- PPC and Graduate School of Engineering, Osaka University, 2-1, Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - T A Pikuz
- Joint Institute for High Temperatures, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow 125412, Russia.,PPC and Graduate School of Engineering, Osaka University, 2-1, Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - M Nishiuchi
- Quantum Beam Science Directorate, Japan Atomic Energy Agency, Kizugawa, Kyoto, Japan
| | - S A Pikuz
- Joint Institute for High Temperatures, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow 125412, Russia.,National Research Nuclear University (MEPhI), Moscow 115409, Russia
| | - I Yu Skobelev
- Joint Institute for High Temperatures, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow 125412, Russia.,National Research Nuclear University (MEPhI), Moscow 115409, Russia
| | - J Abdallah
- Theoretical Division, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, NM 87545, USA
| | - H Sakaki
- Quantum Beam Science Directorate, Japan Atomic Energy Agency, Kizugawa, Kyoto, Japan
| | - A Sagisaka
- Quantum Beam Science Directorate, Japan Atomic Energy Agency, Kizugawa, Kyoto, Japan
| | - A S Pirozhkov
- Quantum Beam Science Directorate, Japan Atomic Energy Agency, Kizugawa, Kyoto, Japan
| | - K Ogura
- Quantum Beam Science Directorate, Japan Atomic Energy Agency, Kizugawa, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Y Fukuda
- Quantum Beam Science Directorate, Japan Atomic Energy Agency, Kizugawa, Kyoto, Japan
| | - M Kanasaki
- Quantum Beam Science Directorate, Japan Atomic Energy Agency, Kizugawa, Kyoto, Japan
| | - N Hasegawa
- Quantum Beam Science Directorate, Japan Atomic Energy Agency, Kizugawa, Kyoto, Japan
| | - M Nishikino
- Quantum Beam Science Directorate, Japan Atomic Energy Agency, Kizugawa, Kyoto, Japan
| | - M Kando
- Quantum Beam Science Directorate, Japan Atomic Energy Agency, Kizugawa, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Y Watanabe
- Interdisciplinary Graduate School of Engineering Sciences, Kyushu University, Japan
| | - T Kawachi
- Quantum Beam Science Directorate, Japan Atomic Energy Agency, Kizugawa, Kyoto, Japan
| | - S Masuda
- PPC and Graduate School of Engineering, Osaka University, 2-1, Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - T Hosokai
- PPC and Graduate School of Engineering, Osaka University, 2-1, Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - R Kodama
- Institute for Academic Initiatives, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka, 565-0871, Japan.,PPC and Graduate School of Engineering, Osaka University, 2-1, Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - K Kondo
- Quantum Beam Science Directorate, Japan Atomic Energy Agency, Kizugawa, Kyoto, Japan
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21
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Luo W, Yu TP, Chen M, Song YM, Zhu ZC, Ma YY, Zhuo HB. Generation of bright attosecond x-ray pulse trains via Thomson scattering from laser-plasma accelerators. OPTICS EXPRESS 2014; 22:32098-32106. [PMID: 25607175 DOI: 10.1364/oe.22.032098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Generation of attosecond x-ray pulse attracts more and more attention within the advanced light source user community due to its potentially wide applications. Here we propose an all-optical scheme to generate bright, attosecond hard x-ray pulse trains by Thomson backscattering of similarly structured electron beams produced in a vacuum channel by a tightly focused laser pulse. Design parameters for a proof-of-concept experiment are presented and demonstrated by using a particle-in-cell code and a four-dimensional laser-Compton scattering simulation code to model both the laser-based electron acceleration and Thomson scattering processes. Trains of 200 attosecond duration hard x-ray pulses holding stable longitudinal spacing with photon energies approaching 50 keV and maximum achievable peak brightness up to 1020 photons/s/mm2/mrad2/0.1%BW for each micro-bunch are observed. The suggested physical scheme for attosecond x-ray pulse trains generation may directly access the fastest time scales relevant to electron dynamics in atoms, molecules and materials.
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22
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Elsaesser T, Woerner M. Perspective: structural dynamics in condensed matter mapped by femtosecond x-ray diffraction. J Chem Phys 2014; 140:020901. [PMID: 24437858 DOI: 10.1063/1.4855115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Ultrashort soft and hard x-ray pulses are sensitive probes of structural dynamics on the picometer length and femtosecond time scales of electronic and atomic motions. Recent progress in generating such pulses has initiated new directions of condensed matter research, exploiting a variety of x-ray absorption, scattering, and diffraction methods to probe photoinduced structural dynamics. Atomic motion, changes of local structure and long-range order, as well as correlated electron motion and charge transfer have been resolved in space and time, providing a most direct access to the physical mechanisms and interactions driving reversible and irreversible changes of structure. This perspective combines an overview of recent advances in femtosecond x-ray diffraction with a discussion on ongoing and future developments.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Elsaesser
- Max-Born-Institut für Nichtlineare Optik und Kurzzeitspektroskopie, 12489 Berlin, Germany
| | - M Woerner
- Max-Born-Institut für Nichtlineare Optik und Kurzzeitspektroskopie, 12489 Berlin, Germany
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23
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Holldack K, Bahrdt J, Balzer A, Bovensiepen U, Brzhezinskaya M, Erko A, Eschenlohr A, Follath R, Firsov A, Frentrup W, Le Guyader L, Kachel T, Kuske P, Mitzner R, Müller R, Pontius N, Quast T, Radu I, Schmidt JS, Schüssler-Langeheine C, Sperling M, Stamm C, Trabant C, Föhlisch A. FemtoSpeX: a versatile optical pump-soft X-ray probe facility with 100 fs X-ray pulses of variable polarization. JOURNAL OF SYNCHROTRON RADIATION 2014; 21:1090-1104. [PMID: 25177998 DOI: 10.1107/s1600577514012247] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2014] [Accepted: 05/27/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Here the major upgrades of the femtoslicing facility at BESSY II (Khan et al., 2006) are reviewed, giving a tutorial on how elliptical-polarized ultrashort soft X-ray pulses from electron storage rings are generated at high repetition rates. Employing a 6 kHz femtosecond-laser system consisting of two amplifiers that are seeded by one Ti:Sa oscillator, the total average flux of photons of 100 fs duration (FWHM) has been increased by a factor of 120 to up to 10(6) photons s(-1) (0.1% bandwidth)(-1) on the sample in the range from 250 to 1400 eV. Thanks to a new beamline design, a factor of 20 enhanced flux and improvements of the stability together with the top-up mode of the accelerator have been achieved. The previously unavoidable problem of increased picosecond-background at higher repetition rates, caused by `halo' photons, has also been solved by hopping between different `camshaft' bunches in a dedicated fill pattern (`3+1 camshaft fill') of the storage ring. In addition to an increased X-ray performance at variable (linear and elliptical) polarization, the sample excitation in pump-probe experiments has been considerably extended using an optical parametric amplifier that supports the range from the near-UV to the far-IR regime. Dedicated endstations covering ultrafast magnetism experiments based on time-resolved X-ray circular dichroism have been either upgraded or, in the case of time-resolved resonant soft X-ray diffraction and reflection, newly constructed and adapted to femtoslicing requirements. Experiments at low temperatures down to 6 K and magnetic fields up to 0.5 T are supported. The FemtoSpeX facility is now operated as a 24 h user facility enabling a new class of experiments in ultrafast magnetism and in the field of transient phenomena and phase transitions in solids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karsten Holldack
- Helmholtz-Zentrum Berlin für Materialien und Energie, Albert-Einstein-Strasse 15, Berlin 12489, Germany
| | - Johannes Bahrdt
- Helmholtz-Zentrum Berlin für Materialien und Energie, Albert-Einstein-Strasse 15, Berlin 12489, Germany
| | - Andreas Balzer
- Helmholtz-Zentrum Berlin für Materialien und Energie, Albert-Einstein-Strasse 15, Berlin 12489, Germany
| | - Uwe Bovensiepen
- Fakultät für Physik, Universität Duisburg-Essen, Lotharstrasse 1, Duisburg 47048, Germany
| | - Maria Brzhezinskaya
- Helmholtz-Zentrum Berlin für Materialien und Energie, Albert-Einstein-Strasse 15, Berlin 12489, Germany
| | - Alexei Erko
- Helmholtz-Zentrum Berlin für Materialien und Energie, Albert-Einstein-Strasse 15, Berlin 12489, Germany
| | - Andrea Eschenlohr
- Fakultät für Physik, Universität Duisburg-Essen, Lotharstrasse 1, Duisburg 47048, Germany
| | - Rolf Follath
- Helmholtz-Zentrum Berlin für Materialien und Energie, Albert-Einstein-Strasse 15, Berlin 12489, Germany
| | - Alexander Firsov
- Helmholtz-Zentrum Berlin für Materialien und Energie, Albert-Einstein-Strasse 15, Berlin 12489, Germany
| | - Winfried Frentrup
- Helmholtz-Zentrum Berlin für Materialien und Energie, Albert-Einstein-Strasse 15, Berlin 12489, Germany
| | - Loïc Le Guyader
- Helmholtz-Zentrum Berlin für Materialien und Energie, Albert-Einstein-Strasse 15, Berlin 12489, Germany
| | - Torsten Kachel
- Helmholtz-Zentrum Berlin für Materialien und Energie, Albert-Einstein-Strasse 15, Berlin 12489, Germany
| | - Peter Kuske
- Helmholtz-Zentrum Berlin für Materialien und Energie, Albert-Einstein-Strasse 15, Berlin 12489, Germany
| | - Rolf Mitzner
- Helmholtz-Zentrum Berlin für Materialien und Energie, Albert-Einstein-Strasse 15, Berlin 12489, Germany
| | - Roland Müller
- Helmholtz-Zentrum Berlin für Materialien und Energie, Albert-Einstein-Strasse 15, Berlin 12489, Germany
| | - Niko Pontius
- Helmholtz-Zentrum Berlin für Materialien und Energie, Albert-Einstein-Strasse 15, Berlin 12489, Germany
| | - Torsten Quast
- Helmholtz-Zentrum Berlin für Materialien und Energie, Albert-Einstein-Strasse 15, Berlin 12489, Germany
| | - Ilie Radu
- Helmholtz-Zentrum Berlin für Materialien und Energie, Albert-Einstein-Strasse 15, Berlin 12489, Germany
| | - Jan Simon Schmidt
- Helmholtz-Zentrum Berlin für Materialien und Energie, Albert-Einstein-Strasse 15, Berlin 12489, Germany
| | | | - Mike Sperling
- Helmholtz-Zentrum Berlin für Materialien und Energie, Albert-Einstein-Strasse 15, Berlin 12489, Germany
| | - Christian Stamm
- Helmholtz-Zentrum Berlin für Materialien und Energie, Albert-Einstein-Strasse 15, Berlin 12489, Germany
| | - Christoph Trabant
- Helmholtz-Zentrum Berlin für Materialien und Energie, Albert-Einstein-Strasse 15, Berlin 12489, Germany
| | - Alexander Föhlisch
- Helmholtz-Zentrum Berlin für Materialien und Energie, Albert-Einstein-Strasse 15, Berlin 12489, Germany
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24
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Zhang T, Feng C, Deng H, Wang D, Dai Z, Zhao Z. Compensating the electron beam energy spread by the natural transverse gradient of laser undulator in all-optical x-ray light sources. OPTICS EXPRESS 2014; 22:13880-13888. [PMID: 24921579 DOI: 10.1364/oe.22.013880] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
All-optical ideas provide a potential to dramatically cut off the size and cost of x-ray light sources to the university-laboratory scale, with the combination of the laser-plasma accelerator and the laser undulator. However, the large longitudinal energy spread of the electron beam from laser-plasma accelerator may hinder the way to high brightness of these all-optical light sources. In this paper, the beam energy spread effect is proposed to be significantly compensated by the natural transverse gradient of a laser undulator when properly transverse-dispersing the electron beam. Theoretical analysis and numerical simulations on conventional laser-Compton scattering sources and high-gain all-optical x-ray free-electron lasers with the electron beams from laser-plasma accelerators are presented.
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25
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Concurrence of monoenergetic electron beams and bright X-rays from an evolving laser-plasma bubble. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2014; 111:5825-30. [PMID: 24711405 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1404336111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Desktop laser plasma acceleration has proven to be able to generate gigaelectronvolt-level quasi-monoenergetic electron beams. Moreover, such electron beams can oscillate transversely (wiggling motion) in the laser-produced plasma bubble/channel and emit collimated ultrashort X-ray flashes known as betatron radiation with photon energy ranging from kiloelectronvolts to megaelectronvolts. This implies that usually one cannot obtain bright betatron X-rays and high-quality electron beams with low emittance and small energy spread simultaneously in the same accelerating wave bucket. Here, we report the first (to our knowledge) experimental observation of two distinct electron bunches in a single laser shot, one featured with quasi-monoenergetic spectrum and another with continuous spectrum along with large emittance. The latter is able to generate high-flux betatron X-rays. Such is observed only when the laser self-guiding is extended over 4 mm at a fixed plasma density (4 × 10(18) cm(-3)). Numerical simulation reveals that two bunches of electrons are injected at different stages due to the bubble evolution. The first bunch is injected at the beginning to form a stable quasi-monoenergetic electron beam, whereas the second one is injected later due to the oscillation of the bubble size as a result of the change of the laser spot size during the propagation. Due to the inherent temporal synchronization, this unique electron-photon source can be ideal for pump-probe applications with femtosecond time resolution.
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26
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Bright betatron X-ray radiation from a laser-driven-clustering gas target. Sci Rep 2013; 3:1912. [PMID: 23715033 PMCID: PMC3665959 DOI: 10.1038/srep01912] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2012] [Accepted: 05/09/2013] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Hard X-ray sources from femtosecond (fs) laser-produced plasmas, including the betatron X-rays from laser wakefield-accelerated electrons, have compact sizes, fs pulse duration and fs pump-probe capability, making it promising for wide use in material and biological sciences. Currently the main problem with such betatron X-ray sources is the limited average flux even with ultra-intense laser pulses. Here, we report ultra-bright betatron X-rays can be generated using a clustering gas jet target irradiated with a small size laser, where a ten-fold enhancement of the X-ray yield is achieved compared to the results obtained using a gas target. We suggest the increased X-ray photon is due to the existence of clusters in the gas, which results in increased total electron charge trapped for acceleration and larger wiggling amplitudes during the acceleration. This observation opens a route to produce high betatron average flux using small but high repetition rate laser facilities for applications.
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27
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Jochmann A, Irman A, Bussmann M, Couperus JP, Cowan TE, Debus AD, Kuntzsch M, Ledingham KWD, Lehnert U, Sauerbrey R, Schlenvoigt HP, Seipt D, Stöhlker T, Thorn DB, Trotsenko S, Wagner A, Schramm U. High resolution energy-angle correlation measurement of hard x rays from laser-Thomson backscattering. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2013; 111:114803. [PMID: 24074095 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.111.114803] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Thomson backscattering of intense laser pulses from relativistic electrons not only allows for the generation of bright x-ray pulses but also for the investigation of the complex particle dynamics at the interaction point. For this purpose a complete spectral characterization of a Thomson source powered by a compact linear electron accelerator is performed with unprecedented angular and energy resolution. A rigorous statistical analysis comparing experimental data to 3D simulations enables, e.g., the extraction of the angular distribution of electrons with 1.5% accuracy and, in total, provides predictive capability for the future high brightness hard x-ray source PHOENIX (photon electron collider for narrow bandwidth intense x rays) and potential gamma-ray sources.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Jochmann
- Institute of Radiation Physics, Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden - Rossendorf, Bautzner Landstrasse 400, 01328 Dresden, Germany and Technische Universität Dresden, 01062 Dresden, Germany
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28
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Brzhezinskaya M, Firsov A, Holldack K, Kachel T, Mitzner R, Pontius N, Schmidt JS, Sperling M, Stamm C, Föhlisch A, Erko A. A novel monochromator for experiments with ultrashort X-ray pulses. JOURNAL OF SYNCHROTRON RADIATION 2013; 20:522-530. [PMID: 23765293 DOI: 10.1107/s0909049513008613] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2013] [Accepted: 03/28/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Aiming at advancing storage-ring-based ultrafast X-ray science, over the past few years many upgrades have been undertaken to continue improving beamline performance and photon flux at the Femtoslicing facility at BESSY II. In this article the particular design upgrade of one of the key optical components, the zone-plate monochromator (ZPM) beamline, is reported. The beamline is devoted to optical pump/soft X-ray probe applications with 100 fs (FWHM) X-ray pulses in the soft X-ray range at variable polarization. A novel approach consisting of an array of nine off-axis reflection zone plates is used for a gapless coverage of the spectral range between 410 and 1333 eV at a designed resolution of E/ΔE = 500 and a pulse elongation of only 30 fs. With the upgrade of the ZPM the following was achieved: a smaller focus, an improved spectral resolution and bandwidth as well as excellent long-term stability. The beamline will enable a new class of ultrafast applications with variable optical excitation wavelength and variable polarization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Brzhezinskaya
- Institute for Nanometer Optics and Technology, Helmholtz-Zentrum Berlin für Materialien und Energie, Albert-Einstein-Strasse 15, Berlin 12489, Germany
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29
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Yamazaki M, Kasai Y, Oishi K, Nakazawa H, Takahashi M. Development of an (e,2e) electron momentum spectroscopy apparatus using an ultrashort pulsed electron gun. THE REVIEW OF SCIENTIFIC INSTRUMENTS 2013; 84:063105. [PMID: 23822331 DOI: 10.1063/1.4809792] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
An (e,2e) apparatus for electron momentum spectroscopy (EMS) has been developed, which employs an ultrashort-pulsed incident electron beam with a repetition rate of 5 kHz and a pulse duration in the order of a picosecond. Its instrumental design and technical details are reported, involving demonstration of a new method for finding time-zero. Furthermore, EMS data for the neutral Ne atom in the ground state measured by using the pulsed electron beam are presented to illustrate the potential abilities of the apparatus for ultrafast molecular dynamics, such as by combining EMS with the pump-and-probe technique.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Yamazaki
- Institute of Multidisciplinary Research for Advanced Materials, Tohoku University, Sendai 980-8577, Japan
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30
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Du Y, Yan L, Hua J, Du Q, Zhang Z, Li R, Qian H, Huang W, Chen H, Tang C. Generation of first hard X-ray pulse at Tsinghua Thomson Scattering X-ray Source. THE REVIEW OF SCIENTIFIC INSTRUMENTS 2013; 84:053301. [PMID: 23742539 DOI: 10.1063/1.4803671] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Tsinghua Thomson Scattering X-ray Source (TTX) is the first-of-its-kind dedicated hard X-ray source in China based on the Thomson scattering between a terawatt ultrashort laser and relativistic electron beams. In this paper, we report the experimental generation and characterization of the first hard X-ray pulses (51.7 keV) via head-on collision of an 800 nm laser and 46.7 MeV electron beams. The measured yield is 1.0 × 10(6) per pulse with an electron bunch charge of 200 pC and laser pulse energy of 300 mJ. The angular intensity distribution and energy spectra of the X-ray pulse are measured with an electron-multiplying charge-coupled device using a CsI scintillator and silicon attenuators. These measurements agree well with theoretical and simulation predictions. An imaging test using the X-ray pulse at the TTX is also presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yingchao Du
- Accelerator Laboratory, Department of Engineering Physics, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China.
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31
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Relativistic electron mirrors from nanoscale foils for coherent frequency upshift to the extreme ultraviolet. Nat Commun 2013; 4:1763. [PMID: 23612304 PMCID: PMC3644103 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms2775] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2012] [Accepted: 03/21/2013] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Reflecting light from a mirror moving close to the speed of light has been envisioned as a route towards producing bright X-ray pulses since Einstein’s seminal work on special relativity. For an ideal relativistic mirror, the peak power of the reflected radiation can substantially exceed that of the incident radiation due to the increase in photon energy and accompanying temporal compression. Here we demonstrate for the first time that dense relativistic electron mirrors can be created from the interaction of a high-intensity laser pulse with a freestanding, nanometre-scale thin foil. The mirror structures are shown to shift the frequency of a counter-propagating laser pulse coherently from the infrared to the extreme ultraviolet with an efficiency >104 times higher than in the case of incoherent scattering. Our results elucidate the reflection process of laser-generated electron mirrors and give clear guidance for future developments of a relativistic mirror structure. By reflecting light from a relativistically moving mirror, its frequency can be changed, which could create X-rays from visible light. Kiefer et al. make such a mirror from relativistic electrons formed by an intense laser striking a nanofoil, and shift a laser pulse from the infrared to the extreme ultraviolet.
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32
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Chang C, Tang C, Wu J. High-gain Thompson-scattering x-ray free-electron laser by time-synchronic laterally tilted optical wave. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2013; 110:064802. [PMID: 23432256 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.110.064802] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2012] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
A novel approach to generating coherent x rays with 10(9)-10(10) photons and femtoseconds duration per laser pulse is proposed. This high intensity x-ray source is realized first by the pulse front tilt of a lateral fed laser to extend the electron-laser synchronic interaction time by several orders, which accomplishes the high-gain free-electron-laser-type exponential growth process and coherent emission with highly microbunched electron beam. Second, two methods are presented to enhance the effective optical undulator strength parameter. One is to invoke lenses to focus two counterpropagating lasers that are at normal incidence to the electron beam as a transverse standing wave; the other is to invent a periodic microstructure that can significantly enhance the center electromagnetic field realized by a resonant standing wave and the quadrupole waveguides. The energy coupling efficiency between the electron beam and laser is therefore greatly improved to generate the high brightness x rays, which is demonstrated by analytical and simulation results.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chao Chang
- SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94309, USA
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33
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Pirozhkov AS, Kando M, Esirkepov TZ, Gallegos P, Ahmed H, Ragozin EN, Faenov AY, Pikuz TA, Kawachi T, Sagisaka A, Koga JK, Coury M, Green J, Foster P, Brenner C, Dromey B, Symes DR, Mori M, Kawase K, Kameshima T, Fukuda Y, Chen L, Daito I, Ogura K, Hayashi Y, Kotaki H, Kiriyama H, Okada H, Nishimori N, Imazono T, Kondo K, Kimura T, Tajima T, Daido H, Rajeev P, McKenna P, Borghesi M, Neely D, Kato Y, Bulanov SV. Soft-x-ray harmonic comb from relativistic electron spikes. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2012; 108:135004. [PMID: 22540709 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.108.135004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2011] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
We demonstrate a new high-order harmonic generation mechanism reaching the "water window" spectral region in experiments with multiterawatt femtosecond lasers irradiating gas jets. A few hundred harmonic orders are resolved, giving μJ/sr pulses. Harmonics are collectively emitted by an oscillating electron spike formed at the joint of the boundaries of a cavity and bow wave created by a relativistically self-focusing laser in underdense plasma. The spike sharpness and stability are explained by catastrophe theory. The mechanism is corroborated by particle-in-cell simulations.
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Affiliation(s)
- A S Pirozhkov
- Advanced Beam Technology Division, JAEA, 8-1-7 Umemidai, Kizugawa, Kyoto 619-0215, Japan
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34
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Johnson SL, Beaud P, Vorobeva E, Milne CJ, Murray ÉD, Fahy S, Ingold G. Non-equilibrium phonon dynamics studied by grazing-incidence femtosecond X-ray crystallography. Acta Crystallogr A 2010; 66:157-67. [DOI: 10.1107/s0108767309053859] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2009] [Accepted: 12/14/2009] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
The timescales for structural changes in a single crystal of bismuth after excitation with an intense near-infrared laser pulse are studied with femtosecond pump-probe X-ray diffraction. Changes in the intensity and reciprocal-lattice vector of several reflections give quantitative information on the structure factor and lattice strain as a function of time, with a resolution of 200 fs. The results indicate that the majority of excess carrier energy that remains near the surface is transferred to vibrational modes on a timescale of about 10 ps, and that the resultant increase in the variance of the atomic positions at these times is consistent with the overall magnitude of lattice strain that develops.
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35
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Albert F, Anderson SG, Anderson GA, Betts SM, Gibson DJ, Hagmann CA, Hall J, Johnson MS, Messerly MJ, Semenov VA, Shverdin MY, Tremaine AM, Hartemann FV, Siders CW, McNabb DP, Barty CPJ. Isotope-specific detection of low-density materials with laser-based monoenergetic gamma-rays. OPTICS LETTERS 2010; 35:354-356. [PMID: 20125719 DOI: 10.1364/ol.35.000354] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
What we believe to be the first demonstration of isotope-specific detection of a low-Z and low density object shielded by a high-Z and high-density material using monoenergetic gamma rays is reported. The isotope-specific detection of LiH shielded by Pb and Al is accomplished using the nuclear resonance fluorescence line of L7i at 478 keV. Resonant photons are produced via laser-based Compton scattering. The detection techniques are general, and the confidence level obtained is shown to be superior to that yielded by conventional x-ray and gamma-ray techniques in these situations.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Albert
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, 7000 East Avenue, Livermore, California 94550, USA.
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36
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37
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Luo W, Xu W, Pan QY, Cai XZ, Chen JG, Chen YZ, Fan GT, Fan GW, Guo W, Li YJ, Liu WH, Lin GQ, Ma YG, Shen WQ, Shi XC, Xu BJ, Xu JQ, Xu Y, Zhang HO, Yan Z, Yang LF, Zhao MH. A laser-Compton scattering prototype experiment at 100 MeV linac of Shanghai Institute of Applied Physics. THE REVIEW OF SCIENTIFIC INSTRUMENTS 2010; 81:013304. [PMID: 20113090 DOI: 10.1063/1.3282445] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
As a prototype of the Shanghai Laser Electron Gamma Source in the Shanghai Synchrotron Radiation Facility, an x-ray source based on laser-Compton scattering (LCS) has been installed at the terminal of the 100 MeV linac of the Shanghai Institute of Applied Physics. LCS x-rays are generated by interactions between Q-switched Nd:yttrium aluminum garnet laser pulses [with wavelength of 1064 nm and pulse width of 21 ns (full width at half maximum)] and electron bunches [with energy of 108 MeV and pulse width of 0.95 ns (rms)] at an angle of 42 degrees between laser and electron beam. In order to measure the energy spectrum of LCS x-rays, a Si(Li) detector along the electron beam line axis is positioned at 9.8 m away from a LCS chamber. After background subtraction, the LCS x-ray spectrum with the peak energy of 29.1+/-4.4|(stat)+/-2.1|(syst) keV and the peak width (rms) of 7.8+/-2.8|(stat)+/-0.4|(syst) keV is observed. Normally the 100 MeV linac operates with the electron macropulse charge of 1.0 nC/pulse, and the electron and laser collision repetition rate of 20 Hz. Therefore, the total LCS x-ray flux of (5.2+/-2.0) x 10(2) Hz can be achieved.
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Affiliation(s)
- W Luo
- Shanghai Institute of Applied Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201800, People's Republic of China
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38
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Sakaue K, Washio M, Araki S, Fukuda M, Higashi Y, Honda Y, Omori T, Taniguchi T, Terunuma N, Urakawa J, Sasao N. Observation of pulsed x-ray trains produced by laser-electron Compton scatterings. THE REVIEW OF SCIENTIFIC INSTRUMENTS 2009; 80:123304. [PMID: 20059137 DOI: 10.1063/1.3272789] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
X-ray generation based on laser-electron Compton scattering is one attractive method to achieve a compact laboratory-sized high-brightness x-ray source. We have designed, built, and tested such a source; it combines a 50 MeV multibunch electron linac with a mode-locked 1064 nm laser stored and amplified in a Fabry-Perot optical cavity. We directly observed trains of pulsed x rays using a microchannel plate detector; the resultant yield was found to be 1.2x10(5) Hz in good agreement with prediction. We believe that the result has demonstrated good feasibility of linac-based compact x-ray sources via laser-electron Compton scatterings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kazuyuki Sakaue
- Research Institute for Science and Engineering, Waseda University, 3-4-1 Okubo, Shinjuku, Tokyo 169-8555, Japan.
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39
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Siria A, Dhez O, Schwartz W, Torricelli G, Comin F, Chevrier J. A MEMS-based high frequency x-ray chopper. NANOTECHNOLOGY 2009; 20:175501. [PMID: 19420591 DOI: 10.1088/0957-4484/20/17/175501] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Time-resolved x-ray experiments require intensity modulation at high frequencies (advanced rotating choppers have nowadays reached the kHz range). We here demonstrate that a silicon microlever oscillating at 13 kHz with nanometric amplitude can be used as a high frequency x-ray chopper. We claim that using micro-and nanoelectromechanical systems (MEMS and NEMS), it will be possible to achieve higher frequencies in excess of hundreds of megahertz. Working at such a frequency can open a wealth of possibilities in chemistry, biology and physics time-resolved experiments.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Siria
- Institut Néel, CNRS-Université Joseph Fourier Grenoble, Grenoble Cedex 9, France
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40
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Li Y, Gu X, Yan M, Wu E, Zeng H. Square nanosecond mode-locked Er-fiber laser synchronized to a picosecond Yb-fiber laser. OPTICS EXPRESS 2009; 17:4526-4532. [PMID: 19293881 DOI: 10.1364/oe.17.004526] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
A mode-locked Er-doped fiber laser was triggered to synchronize with a separate ultrashort picosecond Yb-doped fiber laser by cross phase modulation. Square nanosecond pulses were generated in the long-cavity Er-fiber laser by the peak intensity clamp effect while the synchronization maintained. At the maximum pump power of 450 mW, a synchronous laser pulse duration of 5.5 ns has been achieved. This synchronous nanosecond and picosecond system has shown a large length mismatch tolerance of 2.6 mm and can work stably for days.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yao Li
- State Key Laboratory of Precision Spectroscopy, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200062, China
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41
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Recent progress of a soft X-ray generation system based on inverse Compton scattering at Waseda University. Radiat Phys Chem Oxf Engl 1993 2008. [DOI: 10.1016/j.radphyschem.2008.05.039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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42
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Kawase K, Kando M, Hayakawa T, Daito I, Kondo S, Homma T, Kameshima T, Kotaki H, Chen LM, Fukuda Y, Faenov A, Shizuma T, Fujiwara M, Bulanov SV, Kimura T, Tajima T. Sub-MeV tunably polarized X-ray production with laser Thomson backscattering. THE REVIEW OF SCIENTIFIC INSTRUMENTS 2008; 79:053302. [PMID: 18513062 DOI: 10.1063/1.2931010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Reported in this article is the generation of unique polarized x-rays in the sub-MeV region by means of the Thomson backscattering of the Nd:YAG laser photon with a wavelength of 1064 nm on the 150 MeV electron from the microtron accelerator. The maximum energy of the x-ray photons is estimated to be about 400 keV. The total energy of the backscattered x-ray pulse is measured with an imaging plate and a LYSO scintillator. The angular divergence of the x-rays is also measured by using the imaging plate. We confirm that the x-ray beam is polarized according to the laser polarization direction with the Compton scattering method. In addition, we demonstrate the imaging of the object shielded by lead with the generated x-rays.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Kawase
- Kansai Photon Science Institute, Japan Atomic Energy Agency, 8-1 Umemidai, Kizugawa, Kyoto 619-0215, Japan
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43
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Chapman HN, Hau-Riege SP, Bogan MJ, Bajt S, Barty A, Boutet S, Marchesini S, Frank M, Woods BW, Benner WH, London RA, Rohner U, Szöke A, Spiller E, Möller T, Bostedt C, Shapiro DA, Kuhlmann M, Treusch R, Plönjes E, Burmeister F, Bergh M, Caleman C, Huldt G, Seibert MM, Hajdu J. Femtosecond time-delay X-ray holography. Nature 2007; 448:676-9. [PMID: 17687320 DOI: 10.1038/nature06049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 205] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2007] [Accepted: 06/22/2007] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Extremely intense and ultrafast X-ray pulses from free-electron lasers offer unique opportunities to study fundamental aspects of complex transient phenomena in materials. Ultrafast time-resolved methods usually require highly synchronized pulses to initiate a transition and then probe it after a precisely defined time delay. In the X-ray regime, these methods are challenging because they require complex optical systems and diagnostics. Here we propose and apply a simple holographic measurement scheme, inspired by Newton's 'dusty mirror' experiment, to monitor the X-ray-induced explosion of microscopic objects. The sample is placed near an X-ray mirror; after the pulse traverses the sample, triggering the reaction, it is reflected back onto the sample by the mirror to probe this reaction. The delay is encoded in the resulting diffraction pattern to an accuracy of one femtosecond, and the structural change is holographically recorded with high resolution. We apply the technique to monitor the dynamics of polystyrene spheres in intense free-electron-laser pulses, and observe an explosion occurring well after the initial pulse. Our results support the notion that X-ray flash imaging can be used to achieve high resolution, beyond radiation damage limits for biological samples. With upcoming ultrafast X-ray sources we will be able to explore the three-dimensional dynamics of materials at the timescale of atomic motion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Henry N Chapman
- University of California, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, 7000 East Avenue, Livermore, California 94550, USA
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44
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Foreman SM, Holman KW, Hudson DD, Jones DJ, Ye J. Remote transfer of ultrastable frequency references via fiber networks. THE REVIEW OF SCIENTIFIC INSTRUMENTS 2007; 78:021101. [PMID: 17578096 DOI: 10.1063/1.2437069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
Three distinct techniques exist for distributing an ultrastable frequency reference over optical fibers. For the distribution of a microwave frequency reference, an amplitude-modulated continuous wave (cw) laser can be used. Over kilometer-scale lengths this approach provides an instability at 1 s of approximately 3 x 10(-14) without stabilization of the fiber-induced noise and approximately 1 x 10(-14) with active noise cancellation. An optical frequency reference can be transferred by directly transmitting a stabilized cw laser over fiber and then disseminated to other optical and microwave regions using an optical frequency comb. This provides an instability at 1 s of 2 x 10(-14) without active noise cancellation and 3 x 10(-15) with active noise cancellation [Recent results reduce the instability at 1 s to 6 x 10(-18).] Finally, microwave and optical frequency references can be simultaneously transmitted using an optical frequency comb, and we expect the optical transfer to be similar in performance to the cw optical frequency transfer. The instability at 1 s for transfer of a microwave frequency reference with the comb is approximately 3 x 10(-14) without active noise cancellation and <7 x 10(-15) with active stabilization. The comb can also distribute a microwave frequency reference with root-mean-square timing jitter below 16 fs integrated over the Nyquist bandwidth of the pulse train (approximately 50 MHz) when high-bandwidth active noise cancellation is employed, which is important for remote synchronization applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seth M Foreman
- JILA, National Institute of Standards and Technology and University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado 80309, USA.
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45
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Shah RC, Albert F, Ta Phuoc K, Shevchenko O, Boschetto D, Pukhov A, Kiselev S, Burgy F, Rousseau JP, Rousse A. Coherence-based transverse measurement of synchrotron x-ray radiation from relativistic laser-plasma interaction and laser-accelerated electrons. PHYSICAL REVIEW. E, STATISTICAL, NONLINEAR, AND SOFT MATTER PHYSICS 2006; 74:045401. [PMID: 17155123 DOI: 10.1103/physreve.74.045401] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2006] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
We observe Fresnel edge diffraction of the x-ray beam generated by the relativistic interaction of a high-intensity laser pulse with He gas. The observed diffraction at center energy 4.5 keV agrees with Gaussian incoherent source profile of full-width-half-maximum (FWHM) < 8 microm. Analysis indicates this corresponds to an upper limit on the transverse profile of laser-accelerated electrons within the plasma in agreement with three-dimensional, particle-in-cell results (FWHM = 4 microm).
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Affiliation(s)
- R C Shah
- Laboratoire d'Optique Appliquée, ENSTA, CNRS UMR7639, Ecole Polytechnique, Chemin de la Hunière, 91761 Palaiseau, France.
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46
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Bargheer M, Zhavoronkov N, Woerner M, Elsaesser T. Recent Progress in Ultrafast X-ray Diffraction. Chemphyschem 2006; 7:783-92. [PMID: 16596604 DOI: 10.1002/cphc.200500591] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
X-ray diffraction with femtosecond time-resolution represents a direct probe of ultrafast structural changes in condensed matter. The generation of ultrashort X-ray pulses in laser-driven plasma and/or accelerator-based sources has made substantial progress, and has allowed for studies of transient structures with an unprecedented accuracy. Herein, recent work on transient crystalline structures is reviewed, with the focus on laser-based experiments.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Bargheer
- Max-Born-Institut für Nichtlineare Optik und Kurzzeitspektroskopie, 12489 Berlin, Germany.
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47
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Babzien M, Ben-Zvi I, Kusche K, Pavlishin IV, Pogorelsky IV, Siddons DP, Yakimenko V, Cline D, Zhou F, Hirose T, Kamiya Y, Kumita T, Omori T, Urakawa J, Yokoya K. Observation of the second harmonic in Thomson scattering from relativistic electrons. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2006; 96:054802. [PMID: 16486939 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.96.054802] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2005] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
A free relativistic electron in an electromagnetic field is a pure case of a light-matter interaction. In the laboratory environment, this interaction can be realized by colliding laser pulses with electron beams produced from particle accelerators. The process of single photon absorption and reemission by the electron, so-called linear Thomson scattering, results in radiation that is Doppler shifted into the x-ray and gamma-ray regions. At elevated laser intensity, nonlinear effects should come into play when the transverse motion of the electrons induced by the laser beam is relativistic. In the present experiment, we achieved this condition and characterized the second harmonic of Thomson x-ray scattering using the counterpropagation of a 60 MeV electron beam and a subterawatt CO2 laser beam.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcus Babzien
- Brookhaven National Laboratory, Upton, New York 11973, USA
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48
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Schwoerer H, Liesfeld B, Schlenvoigt HP, Amthor KU, Sauerbrey R. Thomson-backscattered x rays from laser-accelerated electrons. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2006; 96:014802. [PMID: 16486464 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.96.014802] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2005] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
We present the first observation of Thomson-backscattered light from laser-accelerated electrons. In a compact, all-optical setup, the "photon collider," a high-intensity laser pulse is focused into a pulsed He gas jet and accelerates electrons to relativistic energies. A counterpropagating laser probe pulse is scattered from these high-energy electrons, and the backscattered x-ray photons are spectrally analyzed. This experiment demonstrates a novel source of directed ultrashort x-ray pulses and additionally allows for time-resolved spectroscopy of the laser acceleration of electrons.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Schwoerer
- Institut für Optik und Quantenelektronik, Friedrich-Schiller-Universität, Max-Wien-Platz 1, 07743 Jena, Germany
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49
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Claessens BJ, van der Geer SB, Taban G, Vredenbregt EJD, Luiten OJ. Ultracold electron source. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2005; 95:164801. [PMID: 16241809 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.95.164801] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2004] [Revised: 07/05/2005] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
We propose a technique for producing electron bunches that has the potential for advancing the state-of-the-art in brightness of pulsed electron sources by orders of magnitude. In addition, this method leads to femtosecond bunch lengths without the use of ultrafast lasers or magnetic compression. The electron source we propose is an ultracold plasma with electron temperatures down to 10 K, which can be fashioned from a cloud of laser-cooled atoms by photoionization just above threshold. Here we present results of simulations in a realistic setting, showing that an ultracold plasma has an enormous potential as a bright electron source.
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Affiliation(s)
- B J Claessens
- Department of Applied Physics, Center for Plasma Physics and Radiation Technology, Eindhoven University of Technology, The Netherlands
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50
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Cavalleri A, Rini M, Chong HHW, Fourmaux S, Glover TE, Heimann PA, Kieffer JC, Schoenlein RW. Band-selective measurements of electron dynamics in VO2 using femtosecond near-edge x-ray absorption. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2005; 95:067405. [PMID: 16090991 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.95.067405] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2005] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
We report on the first demonstration of femtosecond x-ray absorption spectroscopy, made uniquely possible by the use of broadly tunable bending-magnet radiation from "laser-sliced" electron bunches within a synchrotron storage ring. We measure the femtosecond electronic rearrangements that occur during the photoinduced insulator-metal phase transition in VO2. Symmetry- and element-specific x-ray absorption from V2p and O1s core levels (near 500 eV) separately measures the filling dynamics of differently hybridized V3d-O2p electronic bands near the Fermi level.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Cavalleri
- Materials Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California, USA.
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