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Wang F, Liu Z, Yang J, Sun F, Cheng P, Pan Y, Cheng Y, Tan W, Huang D, Zhang J, Li J, Zhang W, Yang J. The neural compensation phenomenon in schizophrenia with mild attention deficits during working memory task. Asian J Psychiatr 2024; 97:104077. [PMID: 38781692 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajp.2024.104077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2024] [Revised: 04/27/2024] [Accepted: 05/13/2024] [Indexed: 05/25/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Working memory (WM) and attention are essential cognitive processes, and their interplay is critical for efficient information processing. Schizophrenia often exhibits deficits in both WM and attention, contributing to function impairments. This study aims to investigate the neural mechanisms underlying the relationship between WM impairments and attention deficits in schizophrenia. METHODS We assessed the functional-MRI scans of the 184 schizophrenias with different attention deficits (mild=133; severe=51) and 146 controls during an N-back WM task. We explored their whole-brain functional connectome profile by adopting the voxel-wise degree centrality (DC). Linear analysis was conducted to explore the associations among attention deficit severity, altered DC, and WM performance in patients. RESULTS We observed that all patients showed decreased DC in the pre-supplementary area (pre-SMA), and posterior cerebellum compared to the controls, and schizophrenia patients with mild attention deficits showed decreased DC in the supramarginal gyrus, insula, and precuneus compared with the other 2 groups. DC values of the detected brain regions displayed U-shaped or inverted U-shaped curves, rather than a linear pattern, in response to increasing attention deficits. The linear analysis indicated that altered DC of the pre-SMA can modulate the relationship between attention deficits and WM performance. CONCLUSION The U-shaped or inverted U-shaped pattern in response to increasing attention deficits may reflect a compensation mechanism in schizophrenia with mild attention deficits. This notion is also supported by the linear analysis that schizophrenia patients with mild attention deficits can improve their WM performance by increasing the DC value of the pre-SMA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Feiwen Wang
- Department of Psychiatry, and National Clinical Research Center for Mental Disorders, The Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410011, China
| | - Zhening Liu
- Department of Psychiatry, and National Clinical Research Center for Mental Disorders, The Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410011, China
| | - Jun Yang
- Department of Psychiatry, and National Clinical Research Center for Mental Disorders, The Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410011, China
| | - Fuping Sun
- Department of Psychiatry, and National Clinical Research Center for Mental Disorders, The Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410011, China
| | - Peng Cheng
- Department of Psychiatry, and National Clinical Research Center for Mental Disorders, The Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410011, China
| | - Yunzhi Pan
- Department of Psychiatry, and National Clinical Research Center for Mental Disorders, The Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410011, China
| | - Yixin Cheng
- Department of Psychiatry, and National Clinical Research Center for Mental Disorders, The Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410011, China
| | - Wenjian Tan
- Department of Psychiatry, and National Clinical Research Center for Mental Disorders, The Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410011, China
| | - Danqing Huang
- Department of Psychiatry, and National Clinical Research Center for Mental Disorders, The Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410011, China
| | - Jiamei Zhang
- Department of Psychiatry, and National Clinical Research Center for Mental Disorders, The Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410011, China
| | - Jinyue Li
- Department of Psychiatry, and National Clinical Research Center for Mental Disorders, The Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410011, China
| | - Wen Zhang
- Department of Psychiatry, and National Clinical Research Center for Mental Disorders, The Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410011, China
| | - Jie Yang
- Department of Psychiatry, and National Clinical Research Center for Mental Disorders, The Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410011, China.
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Pickford J, Iosif CI, Bashir ZI, Apps R. Inhibiting cholinergic signalling in the cerebellar interpositus nucleus impairs motor behaviour. Eur J Neurosci 2024; 59:2208-2224. [PMID: 37455360 DOI: 10.1111/ejn.16066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2022] [Revised: 05/10/2023] [Accepted: 06/04/2023] [Indexed: 07/18/2023]
Abstract
The role of neuromodulators in the cerebellum is not well understood. In particular, the behavioural significance of the cholinergic system in the cerebellum is unknown. To investigate the importance of cerebellar cholinergic signalling in behaviour, we infused acetylcholine receptor antagonists, scopolamine and mecamylamine, bilaterally into the rat cerebellum (centred on interpositus nucleus) and observed the motor effects through a battery of behavioural tests. These tests included unrewarded behaviour during open field exploration and a horizontal ladder walking task and reward-based beam walking and pellet reaching tasks. Infusion of a mix of the antagonists did not impair motor learning in the horizontal ladder walking or the reaching task but reduced spontaneous movement during open field exploration, impaired coordination during beam walking and ladder walking, led to fewer reaches in the pellet reaching task, slowed goal-directed reaching behaviour and reduced reward pellet consumption in a free access to food task. Infusion of the muscarinic antagonist scopolamine on its own resulted in deficits in motor performance and a reduction in the number of reward pellets consumed in the free access to food task. By contrast, infusion of the nicotinic antagonist mecamylamine on its own had no significant effect on any task, except beam walking traversal time, which was reduced. Together, these data suggest that acetylcholine in the cerebellar interpositus nucleus is important for the execution and coordination of voluntary movements mainly via muscarinic receptor signalling, especially in relation to reward-related behaviour.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jasmine Pickford
- School of Physiology, Pharmacology and Neuroscience, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
| | - Cristiana I Iosif
- School of Physiology, Pharmacology and Neuroscience, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
| | - Zafar I Bashir
- School of Physiology, Pharmacology and Neuroscience, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
| | - Richard Apps
- School of Physiology, Pharmacology and Neuroscience, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
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Zhang XY, Wu WX, Shen LP, Ji MJ, Zhao PF, Yu L, Yin J, Xie ST, Xie YY, Zhang YX, Li HZ, Zhang QP, Yan C, Wang F, De Zeeuw CI, Wang JJ, Zhu JN. A role for the cerebellum in motor-triggered alleviation of anxiety. Neuron 2024; 112:1165-1181.e8. [PMID: 38301648 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuron.2024.01.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2022] [Revised: 03/16/2023] [Accepted: 01/05/2024] [Indexed: 02/03/2024]
Abstract
Physical exercise is known to reduce anxiety, but the underlying brain mechanisms remain unclear. Here, we explore a hypothalamo-cerebello-amygdalar circuit that may mediate motor-dependent alleviation of anxiety. This three-neuron loop, in which the cerebellar dentate nucleus takes center stage, bridges the motor system with the emotional system. Subjecting animals to a constant rotarod engages glutamatergic cerebellar dentate neurons that drive PKCδ+ amygdalar neurons to elicit an anxiolytic effect. Moreover, challenging animals on an accelerated rather than a constant rotarod engages hypothalamic neurons that provide a superimposed anxiolytic effect via an orexinergic projection to the dentate neurons that activate the amygdala. Our findings reveal a cerebello-limbic pathway that may contribute to motor-triggered alleviation of anxiety and that may be optimally exploited during challenging physical exercise.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao-Yang Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, National Resource Center for Mutant Mice, Department of Anesthesiology, Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital, and Department of Physiology, School of Life Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China; Institute for Brain Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Wen-Xia Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, National Resource Center for Mutant Mice, Department of Anesthesiology, Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital, and Department of Physiology, School of Life Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Li-Ping Shen
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, National Resource Center for Mutant Mice, Department of Anesthesiology, Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital, and Department of Physiology, School of Life Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China; Department of Neurosurgery, Jiangnan University Medical Center, Wuxi 214002, China
| | - Miao-Jin Ji
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, National Resource Center for Mutant Mice, Department of Anesthesiology, Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital, and Department of Physiology, School of Life Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China; NMPA Key Laboratory for Research and Evaluation of Narcotic and Psychotropic Drugs, School of Anesthesiology, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou 221004, China
| | - Peng-Fei Zhao
- Early Intervention Unit, Department of Psychiatry, The Affiliated Brain Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 210029, China
| | - Lei Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, National Resource Center for Mutant Mice, Department of Anesthesiology, Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital, and Department of Physiology, School of Life Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China; Institute of Physical Education, Jiangsu Second Normal University, Nanjing 211200, China
| | - Jun Yin
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, National Resource Center for Mutant Mice, Department of Anesthesiology, Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital, and Department of Physiology, School of Life Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Shu-Tao Xie
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, National Resource Center for Mutant Mice, Department of Anesthesiology, Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital, and Department of Physiology, School of Life Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Yun-Yong Xie
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, National Resource Center for Mutant Mice, Department of Anesthesiology, Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital, and Department of Physiology, School of Life Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Yang-Xun Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, National Resource Center for Mutant Mice, Department of Anesthesiology, Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital, and Department of Physiology, School of Life Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Hong-Zhao Li
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, National Resource Center for Mutant Mice, Department of Anesthesiology, Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital, and Department of Physiology, School of Life Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Qi-Peng Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, National Resource Center for Mutant Mice, Department of Anesthesiology, Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital, and Department of Physiology, School of Life Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China; Institute for Brain Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Chao Yan
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, National Resource Center for Mutant Mice, Department of Anesthesiology, Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital, and Department of Physiology, School of Life Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China; Chemistry and Biomedicine Innovation Center, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Fei Wang
- Early Intervention Unit, Department of Psychiatry, The Affiliated Brain Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 210029, China
| | - Chris I De Zeeuw
- Department of Neuroscience, Erasmus MC, 3015 CN Rotterdam, the Netherlands; Netherlands Institute for Neuroscience, 1105 BA Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Jian-Jun Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, National Resource Center for Mutant Mice, Department of Anesthesiology, Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital, and Department of Physiology, School of Life Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China; Institute for Brain Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Jing-Ning Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, National Resource Center for Mutant Mice, Department of Anesthesiology, Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital, and Department of Physiology, School of Life Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China; Institute for Brain Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China; Chemistry and Biomedicine Innovation Center, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China.
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Verbitsky R, Anderson B, Danckert J, Dukelow S, Striemer CL. Left Cerebellar Lesions may be Associated with an Increase in Spatial Neglect-like Symptoms. CEREBELLUM (LONDON, ENGLAND) 2024; 23:431-443. [PMID: 36995498 DOI: 10.1007/s12311-023-01542-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/07/2023] [Indexed: 03/31/2023]
Abstract
Each cerebellar hemisphere projects to the contralateral cerebral hemisphere. Previous research suggests a lateralization of cognitive functions in the cerebellum that mirrors the cerebral cortex, with attention/visuospatial functions represented in the left cerebellar hemisphere, and language functions in the right cerebellar hemisphere. Although there is good evidence supporting the role of the right cerebellum with language functions, the evidence supporting the notion that attention and visuospatial functions are left lateralized is less clear. Given that spatial neglect is one of the most common disorders arising from right cortical damage, we reasoned that damage to the left cerebellum would result in increased spatial neglect-like symptoms, without necessarily leading to an official diagnosis of spatial neglect. To examine this disconnection hypothesis, we analyzed neglect screening data (line bisection, cancellation, figure copying) from 20 patients with isolated unilateral cerebellar stroke. Results indicated that left cerebellar patients (n = 9) missed significantly more targets on the left side of cancellation tasks compared to a normative sample. No significant effects were observed for right cerebellar patients (n = 11). A lesion overlap analysis indicated that Crus II (78% overlap), and lobules VII and IX (66% overlap) were the regions most commonly damaged in left cerebellar patients. Our results are consistent with the notion that the left cerebellum may be important for attention and visuospatial functions. Given the poor prognosis typically associated with neglect, we suggest that screening for neglect symptoms, and visuospatial deficits more generally, may be important for tailoring rehabilitative efforts to help maximize recovery in cerebellar patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryan Verbitsky
- Department of Psychology, MacEwan University, Edmonton, AB, Canada
| | - Britt Anderson
- Department of Psychology, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, ON, Canada
| | - James Danckert
- Department of Psychology, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, ON, Canada
| | - Sean Dukelow
- Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
| | - Christopher L Striemer
- Department of Psychology, MacEwan University, Edmonton, AB, Canada.
- Neuroscience and Mental Health Institute, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada.
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Mannarelli D, Pauletti C, Missori P, Trompetto C, Cotellessa F, Fattapposta F, Currà A. Cerebellum's Contribution to Attention, Executive Functions and Timing: Psychophysiological Evidence from Event-Related Potentials. Brain Sci 2023; 13:1683. [PMID: 38137131 PMCID: PMC10741792 DOI: 10.3390/brainsci13121683] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2023] [Revised: 12/01/2023] [Accepted: 12/05/2023] [Indexed: 12/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Since 1998, when Schmahmann first proposed the concept of the "cognitive affective syndrome" that linked cerebellar damage to cognitive and emotional impairments, a substantial body of literature has emerged. Anatomical, neurophysiological, and functional neuroimaging data suggest that the cerebellum contributes to cognitive functions through specific cerebral-cerebellar connections organized in a series of parallel loops. The aim of this paper is to review the current findings on the involvement of the cerebellum in selective cognitive functions, using a psychophysiological perspective with event-related potentials (ERPs), alone or in combination with non-invasive brain stimulation techniques. ERPs represent a very informative method of monitoring cognitive functioning online and have the potential to serve as valuable biomarkers of brain dysfunction that is undetected by other traditional clinical tools. This review will focus on the data on attention, executive functions, and time processing obtained in healthy subjects and patients with varying clinical conditions, thus confirming the role of ERPs in understanding the role of the cerebellum in cognition and exploring the potential diagnostic and therapeutic implications of ERP-based assessments in patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniela Mannarelli
- Department of Human Neurosciences, Sapienza University of Rome, Viale dell’Università 30, 00185 Rome, Italy; (D.M.); (C.P.); (P.M.); (F.F.)
| | - Caterina Pauletti
- Department of Human Neurosciences, Sapienza University of Rome, Viale dell’Università 30, 00185 Rome, Italy; (D.M.); (C.P.); (P.M.); (F.F.)
| | - Paolo Missori
- Department of Human Neurosciences, Sapienza University of Rome, Viale dell’Università 30, 00185 Rome, Italy; (D.M.); (C.P.); (P.M.); (F.F.)
| | - Carlo Trompetto
- Department of Neuroscience, Rehabilitation, Ophthalmology, Genetics, Maternal and Child Health, University of Genoa, 16132 Genoa, Italy; (C.T.); (F.C.)
- IRCCS Ospedale Policlinico San Martino, Division of Neurorehabilitation, Department of Neuroscience, 16132 Genoa, Italy
| | - Filippo Cotellessa
- Department of Neuroscience, Rehabilitation, Ophthalmology, Genetics, Maternal and Child Health, University of Genoa, 16132 Genoa, Italy; (C.T.); (F.C.)
| | - Francesco Fattapposta
- Department of Human Neurosciences, Sapienza University of Rome, Viale dell’Università 30, 00185 Rome, Italy; (D.M.); (C.P.); (P.M.); (F.F.)
| | - Antonio Currà
- Academic Neurology Unit, Department of Medico-Surgical Sciences and Biotechnologies, Sapienza University of Rome, 04019 Terracina, Italy
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Wang Y, Ma L, Chen R, Liu N, Zhang H, Li Y, Wang J, Hu M, Zhao G, Men W, Tan S, Gao J, Qin S, He Y, Dong Q, Tao S. Emotional and behavioral problems change the development of cerebellar gray matter volume, thickness, and surface area from childhood to adolescence: A longitudinal cohort study. CNS Neurosci Ther 2023; 29:3528-3548. [PMID: 37287420 PMCID: PMC10580368 DOI: 10.1111/cns.14286] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2022] [Revised: 04/27/2023] [Accepted: 05/21/2023] [Indexed: 06/09/2023] Open
Abstract
AIMS Increasing evidence indicates that major neurodevelopmental disorders have potential links to abnormal cerebellar development. However, the developmental trajectories of cerebellar subregions from childhood to adolescence are lacking, and it is not clear how emotional and behavioral problems affect them. We aim to map the developmental trajectories of gray matter volume (GMV), cortical thickness (CT), and surface area (SA) in cerebellar subregions from childhood to adolescence and examine how emotional and behavioral problems change the cerebellar development trajectory in a longitudinal cohort study. METHOD This population-based longitudinal cohort study used data on a representative sample of 695 children. Emotional and behavioral problems were assessed at baseline and at three annual follow-ups with the Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire (SDQ). RESULTS Using an innovative automated image segmentation technique, we quantified the GMV, CT, and SA of the whole cerebellum and 24 subdivisions (lobules I-VI, VIIB, VIIIA&B, and IX-X plus crus I-II) with 1319 MRI scans from a large longitudinal sample of 695 subjects aged 6-15 years and mapped their developmental trajectories. We also examined sex differences and found that boys showed more linear growth, while girls showed more nonlinear growth. Boys and girls showed nonlinear growth in the cerebellar subregions; however, girls reached the peak earlier than boys. Further analysis found that emotional and behavioral problems modulated cerebellar development. Specifically, emotional symptoms impede the expansion of the SA of the cerebellar cortex, and no gender differences; conduct problems lead to inadequate cerebellar GMV development only in girls, but not boys; hyperactivity/inattention delays the development of cerebellar GMV and SA, with left cerebellar GMV, right VIIIA GMV and SA in boys and left V GMV and SA in girls; peer problems disrupt CT growth and SA expansion, resulting in delayed GMV development, with bilateral IV, right X CT in boys and right Crus I GMV, left V SA in girls; and prosocial behavior problems impede the expansion of the SA and lead to excessive CT growth, with bilateral IV, V, right VI CT, left cerebellum SA in boys and right Crus I GMV in girls. CONCLUSIONS This study maps the developmental trajectories of GMV, CT, and SA in cerebellar subregions from childhood to adolescence. In addition, we provide the first evidence for how emotional and behavioral problems affect the dynamic development of GMV, CT, and SA in the cerebellum, which provides an important basis and guidance for the prevention and intervention of cognitive and emotional behavioral problems in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanpei Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Cognitive Neuroscience and LearningBeijing Normal UniversityBeijingChina
- IDG/McGovern Institute for Brain ResearchBeijing Normal UniversityBeijingChina
| | - Leilei Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Cognitive Neuroscience and LearningBeijing Normal UniversityBeijingChina
- IDG/McGovern Institute for Brain ResearchBeijing Normal UniversityBeijingChina
| | - Rui Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Cognitive Neuroscience and LearningBeijing Normal UniversityBeijingChina
- IDG/McGovern Institute for Brain ResearchBeijing Normal UniversityBeijingChina
| | - Ningyu Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Cognitive Neuroscience and LearningBeijing Normal UniversityBeijingChina
- IDG/McGovern Institute for Brain ResearchBeijing Normal UniversityBeijingChina
| | - Haibo Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Cognitive Neuroscience and LearningBeijing Normal UniversityBeijingChina
- IDG/McGovern Institute for Brain ResearchBeijing Normal UniversityBeijingChina
| | - Yuanyuan Li
- State Key Laboratory of Cognitive Neuroscience and LearningBeijing Normal UniversityBeijingChina
- IDG/McGovern Institute for Brain ResearchBeijing Normal UniversityBeijingChina
| | - Jiali Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Cognitive Neuroscience and LearningBeijing Normal UniversityBeijingChina
- IDG/McGovern Institute for Brain ResearchBeijing Normal UniversityBeijingChina
| | - Mingming Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Cognitive Neuroscience and LearningBeijing Normal UniversityBeijingChina
- IDG/McGovern Institute for Brain ResearchBeijing Normal UniversityBeijingChina
| | - Gai Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Cognitive Neuroscience and LearningBeijing Normal UniversityBeijingChina
- IDG/McGovern Institute for Brain ResearchBeijing Normal UniversityBeijingChina
| | - Weiwei Men
- Center for MRI Research, Academy for Advanced Interdisciplinary StudiesPeking UniversityBeijingChina
| | - Shuping Tan
- Psychiatry Research Center, Beijing HuiLongGuan HospitalPeking UniversityBeijingChina
| | - Jia‐Hong Gao
- Center for MRI Research, Academy for Advanced Interdisciplinary StudiesPeking UniversityBeijingChina
| | - Shaozheng Qin
- State Key Laboratory of Cognitive Neuroscience and LearningBeijing Normal UniversityBeijingChina
- IDG/McGovern Institute for Brain ResearchBeijing Normal UniversityBeijingChina
| | - Yong He
- State Key Laboratory of Cognitive Neuroscience and LearningBeijing Normal UniversityBeijingChina
- IDG/McGovern Institute for Brain ResearchBeijing Normal UniversityBeijingChina
| | - Qi Dong
- State Key Laboratory of Cognitive Neuroscience and LearningBeijing Normal UniversityBeijingChina
- IDG/McGovern Institute for Brain ResearchBeijing Normal UniversityBeijingChina
| | - Sha Tao
- State Key Laboratory of Cognitive Neuroscience and LearningBeijing Normal UniversityBeijingChina
- IDG/McGovern Institute for Brain ResearchBeijing Normal UniversityBeijingChina
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Cuoco S, Ponticorvo S, Bisogno R, Manara R, Esposito F, Di Salle G, Di Salle F, Amboni M, Erro R, Picillo M, Barone P, Pellecchia MT. Magnetic Resonance T1w/T2w Ratio in the Putamen and Cerebellum as a Marker of Cognitive Impairment in MSA: a Longitudinal Study. CEREBELLUM (LONDON, ENGLAND) 2023; 22:810-817. [PMID: 35982370 PMCID: PMC10485110 DOI: 10.1007/s12311-022-01455-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/30/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
The exact pathophysiology of cognitive impairment in multiple system atrophy (MSA) is unclear. In our longitudinal study, we aimed to analyze (I) the relationships between cognitive functions and some subcortical structures, such as putamen and cerebellum assessed by voxel-based morphometry (VBM) and T1-weighted/T2-weighted (T1w/T2w) ratio, and (II) the neuroimaging predictors of the progression of cognitive deficits. Twenty-six patients with MSA underwent a comprehensive neuropsychological battery, motor examination, and brain MRI at baseline (T0) and 1-year follow-up (T1). Patients were then divided according to cognitive status into MSA with normal cognition (MSA-NC) and MSA with mild cognitive impairment (MCI). At T1, we divided the sample according to worsening/non worsening of cognitive status compared to baseline evaluation. Logistic regression analysis showed that age (β = - 9.45, p = .02) and T1w/T2w value in the left putamen (β = 230.64, p = .01) were significant predictors of global cognitive status at T0, explaining 65% of the variance. Logistic regression analysis showed that ∆-values of WM density in the cerebellum/brainstem (β = 2188.70, p = .02) significantly predicted cognitive worsening at T1, explaining 64% of the variance. Our results suggest a role for the putamen and cerebellum in the cognitive changes of MSA, probably due to their connections with the cortex. The putaminal T1w/T2w ratio may deserve further studies as a marker of cognitive impairment in MSA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sofia Cuoco
- Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (CEMAND), Department of Medicine, Surgery and Dentistry, Neuroscience Section, University of Salerno, 84131, Salerno, Italy
| | - Sara Ponticorvo
- Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (CEMAND), Department of Medicine, Surgery and Dentistry, Neuroscience Section, University of Salerno, 84131, Salerno, Italy
| | - Rossella Bisogno
- Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (CEMAND), Department of Medicine, Surgery and Dentistry, Neuroscience Section, University of Salerno, 84131, Salerno, Italy
| | - Renzo Manara
- Neuroradiology Unit, Department of Neurosciences, University of Padua, 35128, Padua, Italy
| | - Fabrizio Esposito
- Department of Advanced Medical and Surgical Sciences, University of Campania "Luigi Vanvitelli, Napoli, Italy
| | - Gianfranco Di Salle
- Scuola Superiore Di Studi Universitari E Perfezionamento Sant'Anna, Classe Di Scienze Sperimentali, Pisa, Italy
| | - Francesco Di Salle
- Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (CEMAND), Department of Medicine, Surgery and Dentistry, Neuroscience Section, University of Salerno, 84131, Salerno, Italy
| | - Marianna Amboni
- Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (CEMAND), Department of Medicine, Surgery and Dentistry, Neuroscience Section, University of Salerno, 84131, Salerno, Italy
| | - Roberto Erro
- Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (CEMAND), Department of Medicine, Surgery and Dentistry, Neuroscience Section, University of Salerno, 84131, Salerno, Italy
| | - Marina Picillo
- Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (CEMAND), Department of Medicine, Surgery and Dentistry, Neuroscience Section, University of Salerno, 84131, Salerno, Italy
| | - Paolo Barone
- Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (CEMAND), Department of Medicine, Surgery and Dentistry, Neuroscience Section, University of Salerno, 84131, Salerno, Italy
| | - Maria Teresa Pellecchia
- Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (CEMAND), Department of Medicine, Surgery and Dentistry, Neuroscience Section, University of Salerno, 84131, Salerno, Italy.
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Ji YA, Woo H. Brain-based medical education model for expert's clinical decision making. KOREAN JOURNAL OF MEDICAL EDUCATION 2023; 35:275-283. [PMID: 37670523 PMCID: PMC10493407 DOI: 10.3946/kjme.2023.265] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2023] [Revised: 08/04/2023] [Accepted: 08/17/2023] [Indexed: 09/07/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE The expertise of medicians in clinical decision-making is very important since it improves the quality of medical services provided to patients. This study analyzed the characteristics of the decision-making process and confirmed clinicians' electroencephalography (EEG) characteristics by measuring their cerebral activity during clinical decision-making. This study aims to present learning directions for brain-based clinical decision-making to develop medical experts. METHODS This study was performed in the following two projects: (1) a qualitative study of clinical decision-making in a clinical scenario and (2) an analysis of differences in cortical activity of experts and novices through EEG. RESULTS In the 1st study, this study found that "confirmation of the patient's chief complaints," "physical examination," and "radiography reading" steps, which showed the most prominent differences in the experts' and novices' decision making, were set as the significant steps of dentists' clinical decision making. In the 2nd study, the experts' and novices' cortical activities were measured through a 32-channel EEG. In task 6, which had the lowest accuracy of diagnoses made by the experts, the brain activities in both groups were higher than in other tasks. CONCLUSION This study developed and suggested a model of the decision-making process for experts and novices and suggested the basic directions for brain-based learning needed to raise experts based on brain activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Young-A Ji
- Department of Medical Education, Gyeongsang National University College of Medicine, Jinju, Korea
| | - HyeKyung Woo
- Department of Health Administration, Kongju National University, Gongju, Korea
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9
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McGurn M, Dworkin JD, Chapman S, Huey ED, Cosentino S, Louis ED. Can the Montreal Cognitive Assessment and Mini-Mental State Examination detect cognitive decline in elderly patients with essential tremor? Clin Neuropsychol 2023; 37:1173-1190. [PMID: 35762453 PMCID: PMC10069329 DOI: 10.1080/13854046.2022.2090442] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2021] [Accepted: 06/10/2022] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Objective Given the association between essential tremor (ET) and higher rates of cognitive decline, assessing this decline is an important element of research and clinical care. The Mini-Mental State Examination (MMSE) and the Montreal Cognitive Assessment (MoCA) are two broad, brief measures that are widely used to monitor cognitive impairment in various neurological disorders. We sought to determine the relative ability of the MoCA and the MMSE to detect cognitive decline in elderly patients with ET. Methods We administered a neuropsychological battery to an ET cohort every 18 months over 4.5 years. We defined the gold standard for change in cognition as the change in neuropsychological test scores over consecutive evaluations and applied the Reliable Change Method to detect meaningful increases/decreases in test scores. We performed receiver operating characteristics (ROC) analysis to quantify the area under the curve (AUC) and compare the ability of the MoCA and the MMSE to detect cognitive decline. Results The AUCs for the MoCA and the MMSE did not differ significantly at any interval or when all intervals were pooled for analysis. Across all intervals, the ability of the MoCA and the MMSE to detect cognitive decline was consistently fair or poor. Conclusions We found that the ability of the MoCA and the MMSE to detect cognitive decline in ET patients over 18-month intervals is inadequate. Unchanged scores on the MoCA and the MMSE in ET over time should be approached with caution. We propose that these screening tools should be supplemented with additional neuropsychological tests.
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Affiliation(s)
- Margaret McGurn
- Department of Neurology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA
| | - Jordan D Dworkin
- Department of Psychiatry, Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
- New York State Psychiatric Institute, New York, NY, USA
| | - Silvia Chapman
- Cognitive Neuroscience Division, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY, USA
- Taub Institute for Research on Alzheimer's Disease and the Aging Brain, Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Edward D Huey
- Department of Psychiatry, Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
- Taub Institute for Research on Alzheimer's Disease and the Aging Brain, Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
- Department of Neurology, Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Stephanie Cosentino
- Taub Institute for Research on Alzheimer's Disease and the Aging Brain, Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
- Department of Neurology, Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Elan D Louis
- Department of Neurology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA
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10
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Fu YJ, Liu X, Wang XY, Li X, Dai LQ, Ren WY, Zeng YM, Li ZL, Yu RQ. Abnormal volumetric brain morphometry and cerebral blood flow in adolescents with depression. World J Psychiatry 2023; 13:386-396. [PMID: 37383288 PMCID: PMC10294138 DOI: 10.5498/wjp.v13.i6.386] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2023] [Revised: 05/15/2023] [Accepted: 05/25/2023] [Indexed: 06/19/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Prior research has demonstrated that the brains of adolescents with depression exhibit distinct structural alterations. However, preliminary studies have documented the pathophysiological changes in certain brain regions, such as the cerebellum, highlighting a need for further research to support the current understanding of this disease.
AIM To study brain changes in depressed adolescents.
METHODS This study enrolled 34 adolescents with depression and 34 age-, sex-, and education-level-matched healthy control (HC) individuals. Structural and functional alterations were identified when comparing the brains of these two participant groups through voxel-based morphometry and cerebral blood flow (CBF) analysis, respectively. Associations between identified brain alterations and the severity of depressive symptoms were explored through Pearson correlation analyses.
RESULTS The cerebellum, superior frontal gyrus, cingulate gyrus, pallidum, middle frontal gyrus, angular gyrus, thalamus, precentral gyrus, inferior temporal gyrus, superior temporal gyrus, inferior frontal gyrus, and supplementary motor areas of adolescents with depression showed an increase in brain volume compared to HC individuals. These patients with depression further presented with a pronounced drop in CBF in the left pallidum (group = 98, and peak t = - 4.4324), together with increased CBF in the right percental gyrus (PerCG) (group = 90, and peak t = 4.5382). In addition, 17-item Hamilton Depression Rating Scale scores were significantly correlated with the increased volume in the opercular portion of the left inferior frontal gyrus (r = - 0.5231, P < 0.01).
CONCLUSION The right PerCG showed structural and CBF changes, indicating that research on this part of the brain could offer insight into the pathophysiological causes of impaired cognition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu-Jia Fu
- Department of Radiology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, China
| | - Xiao Liu
- Department of Radiology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, China
| | - Xing-Yu Wang
- Department of Radiology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, China
| | - Xiao Li
- Department of Psychiatry, the First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, China
| | - Lin-Qi Dai
- Department of Psychiatry, the First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, China
| | - Wen-yu Ren
- Department of Radiology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, China
| | - Yong-Ming Zeng
- Department of Radiology, Chongqing HongRen Yi Hospital, Chongqing 408400, China
| | - Zhen-Lin Li
- Department of Radiology, West China Hospital, Chengdu 610041, Sichuan Province, China
| | - Ren-Qiang Yu
- Department of Radiology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, China
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11
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Mao Y, Zhang P, Sun R, Zhang X, He Y, Li S, Yin T, Zeng F. Altered resting-state brain activity in functional dyspepsia patients: a coordinate-based meta-analysis. Front Neurosci 2023; 17:1174287. [PMID: 37250423 PMCID: PMC10213416 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2023.1174287] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2023] [Accepted: 04/14/2023] [Indexed: 05/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Neuroimaging studies have identified aberrant activity patterns in multiple brain regions in functional dyspepsia (FD) patients. However, due to the differences in study design, these previous findings are inconsistent, and the underlying neuropathological characteristics of FD remain unclear. Methods Eight databases were systematically searched for literature from inception to October 2022 with the keywords "Functional dyspepsia" and "Neuroimaging." Thereafter, the anisotropic effect size signed the differential mapping (AES-SDM) approach that was applied to meta-analyze the aberrant brain activity pattern of FD patients. Results A total of 11 articles with 260 FD patients and 202 healthy controls (HCs) were included. The AES-SDM meta-analysis demonstrated that FD patients manifested increased activity in the bilateral insula, left anterior cingulate gyrus, bilateral thalamus, right precentral gyrus, left supplementary motor area, right putamen, and left rectus gyrus and decreased functional activity in the right cerebellum compared to the HCs. Sensitivity analysis showed that all these above regions were highly reproducible, and no significant publication bias was detected. Conclusion The current study demonstrated that FD patients had significantly abnormal activity patterns in several brain regions involved in visceral sensation perception, pain modulation, and emotion regulation, which provided an integrated insight into the neuropathological characteristics of FD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yangke Mao
- Acupuncture and Tuina School, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
- Acupuncture and Brain Science Research Center, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
| | - Pan Zhang
- Acupuncture and Tuina School, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
- Acupuncture and Brain Science Research Center, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
| | - Ruirui Sun
- Acupuncture and Tuina School, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
- Acupuncture and Brain Science Research Center, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
| | - Xinyue Zhang
- Acupuncture and Tuina School, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
- Acupuncture and Brain Science Research Center, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
| | - Yuqi He
- Acupuncture and Tuina School, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
| | - Siyang Li
- Acupuncture and Tuina School, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
| | - Tao Yin
- Acupuncture and Tuina School, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
- Acupuncture and Brain Science Research Center, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
| | - Fang Zeng
- Acupuncture and Tuina School, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
- Acupuncture and Brain Science Research Center, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
- Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province for Acupuncture and Chronobiology, Chengdu, China
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12
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King M, Shahshahani L, Ivry RB, Diedrichsen J. A task-general connectivity model reveals variation in convergence of cortical inputs to functional regions of the cerebellum. eLife 2023; 12:e81511. [PMID: 37083692 PMCID: PMC10129326 DOI: 10.7554/elife.81511] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2022] [Accepted: 03/31/2023] [Indexed: 04/22/2023] Open
Abstract
While resting-state fMRI studies have provided a broad picture of the connectivity between human neocortex and cerebellum, the degree of convergence of cortical inputs onto cerebellar circuits remains unknown. Does each cerebellar region receive input from a single cortical area or convergent inputs from multiple cortical areas? Here, we use task-based fMRI data to build a range of cortico-cerebellar connectivity models, each allowing for a different degree of convergence. We compared these models by their ability to predict cerebellar activity patterns for novel Task Sets. Models that allow some degree of convergence provided the best predictions, arguing for convergence of multiple cortical inputs onto single cerebellar voxels. Importantly, the degree of convergence varied across the cerebellum with the highest convergence observed in areas linked to language, working memory, and social cognition. These findings suggest important differences in the way that functional subdivisions of the cerebellum support motor and cognitive function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maedbh King
- Department of Psychology, University of California, BerkeleyBerkeleyUnited States
| | | | - Richard B Ivry
- Department of Psychology, University of California, BerkeleyBerkeleyUnited States
- Helen Wills Neuroscience Institute, University of California, BerkeleyBerkeleyUnited States
| | - Jörn Diedrichsen
- Western Institute for Neuroscience, Western UniversityLondonCanada
- Department of Statistical and Actuarial Sciences, Western UniversityLondonCanada
- Department of Computer Science, Western University, LondonOntarioCanada
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13
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McDougle SD, Tsay JS, Pitt B, King M, Saban W, Taylor JA, Ivry RB. Continuous manipulation of mental representations is compromised in cerebellar degeneration. Brain 2022; 145:4246-4263. [PMID: 35202465 PMCID: PMC10200308 DOI: 10.1093/brain/awac072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2021] [Revised: 01/11/2022] [Accepted: 02/05/2022] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
We introduce a novel perspective on how the cerebellum might contribute to cognition, hypothesizing that this structure supports dynamic transformations of mental representations. In support of this hypothesis, we report a series of neuropsychological experiments comparing the performance of individuals with degenerative cerebellar disorders on tasks that either entail continuous, movement-like mental operations or more discrete mental operations. In the domain of visual cognition, the cerebellar disorders group exhibited an impaired rate of mental rotation, an operation hypothesized to require the continuous manipulation of a visual representation. In contrast, the cerebellar disorders group showed a normal processing rate when scanning items in visual working memory, an operation hypothesized to require the maintenance and retrieval of remembered items. In the domain of mathematical cognition, the cerebellar disorders group was impaired at single-digit addition, an operation hypothesized to primarily require iterative manipulations along a mental number-line; this group was not impaired on arithmetic tasks linked to memory retrieval (e.g. single-digit multiplication). These results, obtained in tasks from two disparate domains, point to a potential constraint on the contribution of the cerebellum to cognitive tasks. Paralleling its role in motor control, the cerebellum may be essential for coordinating dynamic, movement-like transformations in a mental workspace.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Jonathan S Tsay
- Department of Psychology, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94704, USA
- Helen Wills Neuroscience Institute, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94704, USA
| | - Benjamin Pitt
- Department of Psychology, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94704, USA
| | - Maedbh King
- Department of Psychology, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94704, USA
| | - William Saban
- Department of Psychology, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94704, USA
| | - Jordan A Taylor
- Department of Psychology, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ 08540, USA
- Princeton Neuroscience Institute, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ 08540, USA
| | - Richard B Ivry
- Department of Psychology, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94704, USA
- Helen Wills Neuroscience Institute, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94704, USA
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14
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Yi C, Yao R, Song L, Jiang L, Si Y, Li P, Li F, Yao D, Zhang Y, Xu P. A Novel Method for Constructing EEG Large-Scale Cortical Dynamical Functional Network Connectivity (dFNC): WTCS. IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON CYBERNETICS 2022; 52:12869-12881. [PMID: 34398778 DOI: 10.1109/tcyb.2021.3090770] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
As a kind of biological network, the brain network conduces to understanding the mystery of high-efficiency information processing in the brain, which will provide instructions to develop efficient brain-like neural networks. Large-scale dynamical functional network connectivity (dFNC) provides a more context-sensitive, dynamical, and straightforward sight at a higher network level. Nevertheless, dFNC analysis needs good enough resolution in both temporal and spatial domains, and the construction of dFNC needs to capture the time-varying correlations between two multivariate time series with unmatched spatial dimensions. Effective methods still lack. With well-developed source imaging techniques, electroencephalogram (EEG) has the potential to possess both high temporal and spatial resolutions. Therefore, we proposed to construct the EEG large-scale cortical dFNC based on brain atlas to probe the subtle dynamic activities in the brain and developed a novel method, that is, wavelet coherence-S estimator (WTCS), to assess the dynamic couplings among functional subnetworks with different spatial dimensions. The simulation study demonstrated its robustness and availability of applying to dFNC. The application in real EEG data revealed the appealing "Primary peak" and "P3-like peak" in dFNC network properties and meaningful evolutions in dFNC network topology for P300. Our study brings new insights for probing brain activities at a more dynamical and higher hierarchical level and pushing forward the development of brain-inspired artificial neural networks. The proposed WTCS not only benefits the dFNC studies but also gives a new solution to capture the time-varying couplings between the multivariate time series that is often encountered in signal processing disciplines.
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15
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Cao L, Ye L, Xie H, Zhang Y, Song W. Neural substrates in patients with visual-spatial neglect recovering from right-hemispheric stroke. Front Neurosci 2022; 16:974653. [PMID: 36061609 PMCID: PMC9434016 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2022.974653] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2022] [Accepted: 07/29/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Visual-spatial attention disorder after stroke seriously affects recovery and quality of life in stroke patients. Previous studies have shown that some patients recovery rapidly from visual-spatial neglect (VSN), but the brain networks underlying this recovery are not well understood. Using functional magnetic resonance imaging, we aimed to identify network differences between patients who rapidly recovered from VSN and those with persistent VSN. The study included 30 patients with VSN who suffered subacute stroke. Patients were examined 2–4 weeks after stroke onset and 4 weeks after the initial assessment. At the last evaluation, patients in the persistent VSN (n = 15) and rapid recovery (n = 15) groups underwent paper-and-pencil tests. We defined the bilateral frontal eye fields, bilateral intraparietal sulcus in the dorsal attention network, and right temporoparietal junction and ventral frontal cortex areas in the ventral attention network as regions of interest (ROI) and measured whole-brain ROI-based functional connectivity (FC) and amplitude of low-frequency fluctuations (ALFF) in subacute right-hemisphere stroke patients. VSN recovery was associated with changes in the activation of multiple bilateral attentional brain regions. Specifically, persistent VSN was associated with lower FC in the right superior frontal gyrus, right inferior temporal gyrus, right medial orbitofrontal cortex, left precuneus, right inferior parietal gyrus, right medial frontal gyrus, right rectus gyrus, left superior frontal gyrus, left middle cingulate gyrus, right superior temporal pole, right postcentral gyrus, and right posterior cingulate gyrus compared to that in those with rapid recovery, whereas ALFF in the left cerebellum were decreased in patients with persistent VSN. Our results demonstrate that the DAN rather than the VAN, plays a more important role in recovery from VSN, and that the cerebellum is involved in recovery. We believe that our results supplement those of previous studies on recovery from VSN.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei Cao
- Department of Rehabilitation, Xuanwu Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Linlin Ye
- Department of Rehabilitation, Xuanwu Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
- *Correspondence: Linlin Ye,
| | - Huanxin Xie
- Department of Orthopedics, Beijing Rehabilitation Hospital of Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Yichen Zhang
- Department of Rehabilitation, Xuanwu Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Weiqun Song
- Department of Rehabilitation, Xuanwu Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
- Weiqun Song,
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16
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Pickles S, Gendron TF, Koike Y, Yue M, Song Y, Kachergus JM, Shi J, DeTure M, Thompson EA, Oskarsson B, Graff-Radford NR, Boeve BF, Petersen RC, Wszolek ZK, Josephs KA, Dickson DW, Petrucelli L, Cook CN, Prudencio M. Evidence of cerebellar TDP-43 loss of function in FTLD-TDP. Acta Neuropathol Commun 2022; 10:107. [PMID: 35879741 PMCID: PMC9310392 DOI: 10.1186/s40478-022-01408-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2022] [Accepted: 07/11/2022] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Frontotemporal lobar degeneration with TDP-43 pathology (FTLD-TDP) is a neurodegenerative disease primarily affecting the frontal and/or temporal cortices. However, a growing body of evidence suggests that the cerebellum contributes to biochemical, cognitive, and behavioral changes in FTLD-TDP. To evaluate cerebellar TDP-43 expression and function in FTLD-TDP, we analyzed TDP-43 protein levels and the splicing of a TDP-43 target, STMN2, in the cerebellum of 95 FTLD-TDP cases and 25 non-neurological disease controls. Soluble TDP-43 was decreased in the cerebellum of FTLD-TDP cases but a concomitant increase in insoluble TDP-43 was not seen. Truncated STMN2 transcripts, an indicator of TDP-43 dysfunction, were elevated in the cerebellum of FTLD-TDP cases and inversely associated with TDP-43 levels. Additionally, lower cerebellar TDP-43 associated with a younger age at disease onset. We provide evidence of TDP-43 loss of function in the cerebellum in FTLD-TDP, supporting further investigation into this understudied brain region.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah Pickles
- Department of Neuroscience, Mayo Clinic, Mangurian Research Building, 4500 San Pablo Road, Jacksonville, FL, 32224, USA
- Mayo Clinic Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Jacksonville, FL, USA
| | - Tania F Gendron
- Department of Neuroscience, Mayo Clinic, Mangurian Research Building, 4500 San Pablo Road, Jacksonville, FL, 32224, USA
- Mayo Clinic Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Jacksonville, FL, USA
| | - Yuka Koike
- Department of Neuroscience, Mayo Clinic, Mangurian Research Building, 4500 San Pablo Road, Jacksonville, FL, 32224, USA
- Mayo Clinic Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Jacksonville, FL, USA
| | - Mei Yue
- Department of Neuroscience, Mayo Clinic, Mangurian Research Building, 4500 San Pablo Road, Jacksonville, FL, 32224, USA
| | - Yuping Song
- Department of Neuroscience, Mayo Clinic, Mangurian Research Building, 4500 San Pablo Road, Jacksonville, FL, 32224, USA
| | | | - J Shi
- Department of Cancer Biology, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL, USA
| | - Michael DeTure
- Department of Neuroscience, Mayo Clinic, Mangurian Research Building, 4500 San Pablo Road, Jacksonville, FL, 32224, USA
- Mayo Clinic Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Jacksonville, FL, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Dennis W Dickson
- Department of Neuroscience, Mayo Clinic, Mangurian Research Building, 4500 San Pablo Road, Jacksonville, FL, 32224, USA
- Mayo Clinic Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Jacksonville, FL, USA
| | - Leonard Petrucelli
- Department of Neuroscience, Mayo Clinic, Mangurian Research Building, 4500 San Pablo Road, Jacksonville, FL, 32224, USA
- Mayo Clinic Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Jacksonville, FL, USA
| | - Casey N Cook
- Department of Neuroscience, Mayo Clinic, Mangurian Research Building, 4500 San Pablo Road, Jacksonville, FL, 32224, USA.
- Mayo Clinic Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Jacksonville, FL, USA.
| | - Mercedes Prudencio
- Department of Neuroscience, Mayo Clinic, Mangurian Research Building, 4500 San Pablo Road, Jacksonville, FL, 32224, USA.
- Mayo Clinic Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Jacksonville, FL, USA.
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Early life adversity drives sex-specific anhedonia and meningeal immune gene expression through mast cell activation. Brain Behav Immun 2022; 103:73-84. [PMID: 35339629 PMCID: PMC9149134 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbi.2022.03.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2021] [Revised: 02/25/2022] [Accepted: 03/16/2022] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Exposure to early life adversity (ELA) in the form of physical and/or psychological abuse or neglect increases the risk of developing psychiatric and inflammatory disorders later in life. It has been hypothesized that exposure to ELA results in persistent, low grade inflammation that leads to increased disease susceptibility by amplifying the crosstalk between stress-processing brain networks and the immune system, but the mechanisms remain largely unexplored. The meninges, a layer of three overlapping membranes that surround the central nervous system (CNS)- dura mater, arachnoid, and piamater - possess unique features that allow them to play a key role in coordinating immune trafficking between the brain and the peripheral immune system. These include a network of lymphatic vessels that carry cerebrospinal fluid from the brain to the deep cervical lymph nodes, fenestrated blood vessels that allow the passage of molecules from blood to the CNS, and a rich population of resident mast cells, master regulators of the immune system. Using a mouse model of ELA consisting of neonatal maternal separation plus early weaning (NMSEW), we sought to explore the effects of ELA on sucrose preference behavior, dura mater expression of inflammatory markers and mast cell histology in adult male and female C57Bl/6 mice. We found that NMSEW alone does not affect sucrose preference behavior in males or females, but it increases the dura mater expression of the genes coding for mast cell protease CMA1 (cma1) and the inflammatory cytokine TNF alpha (tnf alpha) in females. When NMSEW is combined with an adult mild stress (that does not affect behavior or gene expression in NH animals) females show reduced sucrose preference and even greater increases in meningeal cma1 levels. Interestingly, systemic administration of the mast cell stabilizer Ketotifen before exposure to adult stress prevents both, reduction in sucrose preference an increases in cma1 expression in NMSEW females, but facilitates stress-induced sucrose anhedonia in NMSEW males and NH females. Finally, histological analyses showed that, compared to males, females have increased baseline activation levels of mast cells located in the transverse sinus of the dura mater, where the meningeal lymphatics run along, and that, in males and females exposed to adult stress, NMSEW increases the number of mast cells in the interparietal region of the dura mater and the levels of mast cell activation in the sagittal sinus regions of the dura mater. Together, our results indicate that ELA induces long-term meningeal immune gene changes and heightened sensitivity to adult stress-induced behavioral and meningeal immune responses and that these effects could mediated via mast cells.
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18
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Yoo K, Rosenberg MD, Kwon YH, Lin Q, Avery EW, Sheinost D, Constable RT, Chun MM. A brain-based general measure of attention. Nat Hum Behav 2022; 6:782-795. [PMID: 35241793 PMCID: PMC9232838 DOI: 10.1038/s41562-022-01301-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2021] [Accepted: 01/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Attention is central to many aspects of cognition, but there is no singular neural measure of a person's overall attentional functioning across tasks. Here, using original data from 92 participants performing three different attention-demanding tasks during functional magnetic resonance imaging, we constructed a suite of whole-brain models that can predict a profile of multiple attentional components (sustained attention, divided attention and tracking, and working memory capacity) for novel individuals. Multiple brain regions across the salience, subcortical and frontoparietal networks drove accurate predictions, supporting a common (general) attention factor across tasks, distinguished from task-specific ones. Furthermore, connectome-to-connectome transformation modelling generated an individual's task-related connectomes from rest functional magnetic resonance imaging, substantially improving predictive power. Finally, combining the connectome transformation and general attention factor, we built a standardized measure that shows superior generalization across four independent datasets (total N = 495) of various attentional measures, suggesting broad utility for research and clinical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kwangsun Yoo
- Department of Psychology, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA.
| | - Monica D Rosenberg
- Department of Psychology, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA,Department of Psychology, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Young Hye Kwon
- Department of Psychology, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Qi Lin
- Department of Psychology, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Emily W Avery
- Department of Psychology, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Dustin Sheinost
- Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - R Todd Constable
- Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA,Interdepartmental Neuroscience Program, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA,Department of Neurosurgery, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Marvin M Chun
- Department of Psychology, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA. .,Interdepartmental Neuroscience Program, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA. .,Department of Neuroscience, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA. .,Wu Tsai Institute, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA.
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19
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Dong X, Yin T, Yu S, He Z, Chen Y, Ma P, Qu Y, Yin S, Liu X, Zhang T, Huang L, Lu J, Gong Q, Zeng F. Neural Responses of Acupuncture for Treating Functional Dyspepsia: An fMRI Study. Front Neurosci 2022; 16:819310. [PMID: 35585920 PMCID: PMC9108289 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2022.819310] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2021] [Accepted: 02/15/2022] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Different acupoints exhibiting similar therapeutic effects are a common phenomenon in acupuncture clinical practice. However, the mechanism underlying this phenomenon remains unclear. This study aimed to investigate the similarities and differences in cerebral activities elicited through stimulation of CV12 and ST36, the two most commonly used acupoints, in the treatment of gastrointestinal diseases, so as to partly explore the mechanism of the different acupoints with similar effects. Thirty-eight eligible functional dyspepsia (FD) patients were randomly assigned into either group A (CV12 group) or group B (ST36 group). Each patient received five acupuncture treatments per week for 4 weeks. The Symptom Index of Dyspepsia (SID), Nepean Dyspepsia Symptom Index (NDSI), and Nepean Dyspepsia Life Quality Index (NDLQI) were used to assess treatment efficacy. Functional MRI (fMRI) scans were performed to detect cerebral activity changes at baseline and at the end of the treatment. The results demonstrated that (1) improvements in NDSI, SID, and NDLQI were found in both group A and group B (p < 0.05). However, there were no significant differences in the improvements of the SID, NDSI, and NDLQI scores between group A and group B (p > 0.05); (2) all FD patients showed significantly increased amplitude of low-frequency fluctuation (ALFF) in the left postcentral gyrus after acupuncture treatment, and the changes of ALFF in the left postcentral gyrus were significantly related to the improvements of SID scores (r = 0.358, p = 0.041); and (3) needling at CV12 significantly decreased the resting-state functional connectivity (rsFC) between the left postcentral gyrus and angular gyrus, caudate, middle frontal gyrus (MFG), and cerebellum, while needling at ST36 significantly increased the rsFC between the left postcentral gyrus with the precuneus, superior frontal gyrus (SFG), and MFG. The results indicated that CV12 and ST36 shared similar therapeutic effects for dyspepsia, with common modulation on the activity of the postcentral gyrus in FD patients. However, the modulatory pattern on the functional connectivity of the postcentral gyrus was different. Namely, stimulation of CV12 primarily involved the postcentral gyrus–reward network, while stimulation of ST36 primarily involved the postcentral gyrus–default mode network circuitry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaohui Dong
- Acupuncture and Tuina School/The 3rd Teaching Hospital, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
- Acupuncture and Brain Science Center, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
| | - Tao Yin
- Acupuncture and Tuina School/The 3rd Teaching Hospital, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
- Acupuncture and Brain Science Center, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
| | - Siyi Yu
- Acupuncture and Tuina School/The 3rd Teaching Hospital, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
- Acupuncture and Brain Science Center, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
| | - Zhaoxuan He
- Acupuncture and Tuina School/The 3rd Teaching Hospital, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
- Acupuncture and Brain Science Center, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
| | - Yuan Chen
- International Education School, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
| | - Peihong Ma
- Acupuncture and Tuina School/The 3rd Teaching Hospital, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
- Acupuncture and Brain Science Center, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
| | - Yuzhu Qu
- Acupuncture and Tuina School/The 3rd Teaching Hospital, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
- Acupuncture and Brain Science Center, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
| | - Shuai Yin
- First Affiliated Hospital of Henan University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Xiaoyan Liu
- Acupuncture and Tuina School/The 3rd Teaching Hospital, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
- Acupuncture and Brain Science Center, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
| | - Tingting Zhang
- Acupuncture and Tuina School/The 3rd Teaching Hospital, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
- Acupuncture and Brain Science Center, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
| | - Liuyang Huang
- Acupuncture and Tuina School/The 3rd Teaching Hospital, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
- Acupuncture and Brain Science Center, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
| | - Jin Lu
- Acupuncture and Tuina School/The 3rd Teaching Hospital, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
- Acupuncture and Brain Science Center, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
| | - Qiyong Gong
- Department of Radiology, Huaxi MR Research Center, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Fang Zeng
- Acupuncture and Brain Science Center, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
- *Correspondence: Fang Zeng,
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20
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Carugati M, Goodlett CR, Cudd TA, Washburn SE. The effects of gestational choline supplementation on cerebellar Purkinje cell number in the sheep model of binge alcohol exposure during the first trimester-equivalent. Alcohol 2022; 100:11-21. [PMID: 35114358 PMCID: PMC8983574 DOI: 10.1016/j.alcohol.2022.01.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2021] [Revised: 01/20/2022] [Accepted: 01/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/01/2022]
Abstract
Individuals with fetal alcohol spectrum disorders (FASD) incur enduring brain damage and neurodevelopmental impairments from prenatal alcohol exposure (PAE). Preclinical rodent models have demonstrated that choline supplementation during development can reduce the severity of adverse neurodevelopmental consequences of PAE. This study used the sheep model to evaluate dietary choline supplementation during pregnancy as a therapeutic intervention, testing the hypothesis that choline can ameliorate alcohol-induced cerebellar Purkinje cell loss. Pregnant ewes were randomly assigned either to a normal control [NC] group (n = 8), or to groups given intravenous infusions of alcohol (or saline) from gestational days 4-41 (the first trimester-equivalent). A weekly binge-drinking pattern was modeled, with three consecutive days of infusions of saline [SAL], 1.75 g/kg/day alcohol [1.75ALC], or 2.5 g/kg/day alcohol [2.5ALC] followed by four days off. Infused ewes were randomly assigned to receive dietary supplements throughout pregnancy of choline (10 mg/kg/day) or placebo (n = 8 per group). Mean blood alcohol concentrations (BAC) were significantly higher in the 2.5ALC groups (287 mg/dL) than the 1.75ALC groups (197 mg/dL). Lamb cerebella were harvested on postnatal day 180 and processed for stereological counts of Purkinje cells. Both alcohol doses caused significant reductions in Purkinje number relative to NC and SAL-Placebo groups, confirming previous findings. Effects of choline supplementation depended on infusion group: it significantly protected against Purkinje cell loss in the 2.5ALC group, had no effect in the 1.75ALC group, and significantly reduced numbers in the SAL-Choline group (though neither the SAL-Choline nor the SAL-Placebo group differed from the NC group). The protection by choline evident only in the 2.5ALC group suggests that multiple, BAC-dependent mechanisms of cerebellar damage may be activated with alcohol exposure in the first trimester, and that choline may protect against pathogenic mechanisms that emerge at higher BACs. These outcomes extend the evidence that early choline supplementation can mitigate some neurodevelopmental defects resulting from binge-like PAE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Megan Carugati
- Department of Veterinary Physiology and Pharmacology and Michael E. DeBakey Institute, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, 77843, United States
| | - Charles R Goodlett
- Department of Psychology, Indiana University-Purdue University, Indianapolis, IN, 46202, United States
| | - Timothy A Cudd
- Department of Veterinary Physiology and Pharmacology and Michael E. DeBakey Institute, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, 77843, United States
| | - Shannon E Washburn
- Department of Veterinary Physiology and Pharmacology and Michael E. DeBakey Institute, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, 77843, United States.
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21
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Dialogic Priming and Dynamic Resonance in Autism: Creativity Competing with Engagement in Chinese Children with ASD. J Autism Dev Disord 2022; 53:2458-2474. [PMID: 35355175 DOI: 10.1007/s10803-022-05505-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 02/24/2022] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
A growing body of research has focused on the relationship between priming and engagement through dialogue (e.g. Tantucci and Wang in Appl Linguist 43(1):115-146, 2022; Mikulincer et al. in Cognit Emotion 25:519-531, 2011). The present study addresses this issue also in relation to creativity and provides a new applied model to measure intersubjective engagement in ASD vs neurotypical populations' speech. We compared two balanced corpora of naturalistic Mandarin interaction of typically developing children and children diagnosed with ASD (cf. Zhou and Zhang in Xueqian jiaoyu yanjiu [Stud Preschool Educ] 6:72-84, 2020). We fitted a mixed effects linear regression showing that in both neurotypical and ASD populations, dialogic priming significantly correlates with engagement and with whether the child could creatively re-use the original input to produce a new construction. What we found is that creativity and intersubjective engagement are in competition in children with ASD in contrast with the neurotypical population. This finding points to a relatively impeded ability in ASD to re-combine creatively a priming input during the here-and-now of a dialogic event.
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22
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Puledda F, Villar-Martínez MD, Goadsby PJ. Case Report: Transformation of Visual Snow Syndrome From Episodic to Chronic Associated With Acute Cerebellar Infarct. Front Neurol 2022; 13:811490. [PMID: 35242098 PMCID: PMC8886039 DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2022.811490] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2021] [Accepted: 01/24/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Visual snow syndrome is a novel neurological condition characterized by a panfield visual disturbance associated with several additional symptoms. Although it is usually a continuous and primary disorder, cases of intermittent visual snow have been described in the literature, as well as rare secondary forms. This report is the first description of a case of intermittent visual snow syndrome, which transformed into a persistent form following a posterior circulation stroke due to vertebral artery dissection. At 1 and 2 years after experiencing the acute cerebellar infarct, the patient's only neurological sequalae was visual snow. This case provides a description of how visual snow syndrome may be caused by an underlying brain disorder, and highlights the importance of the cerebellum in the pathophysiology of this relatively unknown condition. It further shows evidence of how existing predispositions might be relevant to the development of visual snow, in certain subjects and following specific circumstances.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesca Puledda
- Headache Group, Wolfson Centre for Age-Related Diseases (CARD), SLaM Biomedical Research Centre, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, National Institute for Health Research (NIHR)-Wellcome Trust King's Clinical Research Facility, King's College Hospital, London, United Kingdom
| | - María Dolores Villar-Martínez
- Headache Group, Wolfson Centre for Age-Related Diseases (CARD), SLaM Biomedical Research Centre, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, National Institute for Health Research (NIHR)-Wellcome Trust King's Clinical Research Facility, King's College Hospital, London, United Kingdom
| | - Peter J Goadsby
- Headache Group, Wolfson Centre for Age-Related Diseases (CARD), SLaM Biomedical Research Centre, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, National Institute for Health Research (NIHR)-Wellcome Trust King's Clinical Research Facility, King's College Hospital, London, United Kingdom.,Department of Neurology, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, United States
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23
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Thabault M, Turpin V, Maisterrena A, Jaber M, Egloff M, Galvan L. Cerebellar and Striatal Implications in Autism Spectrum Disorders: From Clinical Observations to Animal Models. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:2294. [PMID: 35216408 PMCID: PMC8874522 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23042294] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2022] [Revised: 02/07/2022] [Accepted: 02/08/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Autism spectrum disorders (ASD) are complex conditions that stem from a combination of genetic, epigenetic and environmental influences during early pre- and postnatal childhood. The review focuses on the cerebellum and the striatum, two structures involved in motor, sensory, cognitive and social functions altered in ASD. We summarize clinical and fundamental studies highlighting the importance of these two structures in ASD. We further discuss the relation between cellular and molecular alterations with the observed behavior at the social, cognitive, motor and gait levels. Functional correlates regarding neuronal activity are also detailed wherever possible, and sexual dimorphism is explored pointing to the need to apprehend ASD in both sexes, as findings can be dramatically different at both quantitative and qualitative levels. The review focuses also on a set of three recent papers from our laboratory where we explored motor and gait function in various genetic and environmental ASD animal models. We report that motor and gait behaviors can constitute an early and quantitative window to the disease, as they often correlate with the severity of social impairments and loss of cerebellar Purkinje cells. The review ends with suggestions as to the main obstacles that need to be surpassed before an appropriate management of the disease can be proposed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mathieu Thabault
- Laboratoire de Neurosciences Expérimentales et Cliniques, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, Université de Poitiers, 86073 Poitiers, France; (M.T.); (V.T.); (A.M.); (M.J.); (M.E.)
| | - Valentine Turpin
- Laboratoire de Neurosciences Expérimentales et Cliniques, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, Université de Poitiers, 86073 Poitiers, France; (M.T.); (V.T.); (A.M.); (M.J.); (M.E.)
| | - Alexandre Maisterrena
- Laboratoire de Neurosciences Expérimentales et Cliniques, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, Université de Poitiers, 86073 Poitiers, France; (M.T.); (V.T.); (A.M.); (M.J.); (M.E.)
| | - Mohamed Jaber
- Laboratoire de Neurosciences Expérimentales et Cliniques, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, Université de Poitiers, 86073 Poitiers, France; (M.T.); (V.T.); (A.M.); (M.J.); (M.E.)
- Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Poitiers, 86021 Poitiers, France
| | - Matthieu Egloff
- Laboratoire de Neurosciences Expérimentales et Cliniques, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, Université de Poitiers, 86073 Poitiers, France; (M.T.); (V.T.); (A.M.); (M.J.); (M.E.)
- Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Poitiers, 86021 Poitiers, France
| | - Laurie Galvan
- Laboratoire de Neurosciences Expérimentales et Cliniques, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, Université de Poitiers, 86073 Poitiers, France; (M.T.); (V.T.); (A.M.); (M.J.); (M.E.)
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24
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De Benedictis A, Rossi-Espagnet MC, de Palma L, Carai A, Marras CE. Networking of the Human Cerebellum: From Anatomo-Functional Development to Neurosurgical Implications. Front Neurol 2022; 13:806298. [PMID: 35185765 PMCID: PMC8854219 DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2022.806298] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2021] [Accepted: 01/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
In the past, the cerebellum was considered to be substantially involved in sensory-motor coordination. However, a growing number of neuroanatomical, neuroimaging, clinical and lesion studies have now provided converging evidence on the implication of the cerebellum in a variety of cognitive, affective, social, and behavioral processes as well. These findings suggest a complex anatomo-functional organization of the cerebellum, involving a dense network of cortical territories and reciprocal connections with many supra-tentorial association areas. The final architecture of cerebellar networks results from a complex, highly protracted, and continuous development from childhood to adulthood, leading to integration between short-distance connections and long-range extra-cerebellar circuits. In this review, we summarize the current evidence on the anatomo-functional organization of the cerebellar connectome. We will focus on the maturation process of afferent and efferent neuronal circuitry, and the involvement of these networks in different aspects of neurocognitive processing. The final section will be devoted to identifying possible implications of this knowledge in neurosurgical practice, especially in the case of posterior fossa tumor resection, and to discuss reliable strategies to improve the quality of approaches while reducing postsurgical morbidity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessandro De Benedictis
- Neurosurgery Unit, Department of Neurosciences, Bambino Gesù Children's Hospital, Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico, Rome, Italy
- *Correspondence: Alessandro De Benedictis
| | - Maria Camilla Rossi-Espagnet
- Neuroradiology Unit, Imaging Department, Bambino Gesù Children's Hospital, Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico, Rome, Italy
| | - Luca de Palma
- Neurology Unit, Department of Neurosciences, Bambino Gesù Children's Hospital, Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico, Rome, Italy
| | - Andrea Carai
- Neurosurgery Unit, Department of Neurosciences, Bambino Gesù Children's Hospital, Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico, Rome, Italy
| | - Carlo Efisio Marras
- Neurosurgery Unit, Department of Neurosciences, Bambino Gesù Children's Hospital, Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico, Rome, Italy
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25
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Adamaszek M, Cattaneo Z, Ciricugno A, Chatterjee A. The Cerebellum and Beauty: The Impact of the Cerebellum in Art Experience and Creativity. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2022; 1378:213-233. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-99550-8_14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/16/2022]
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26
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Introduction into the Role of the Cerebellum in Emotion. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2022; 1378:3-12. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-99550-8_1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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27
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LeBel A, Jain S, Huth AG. Voxelwise Encoding Models Show That Cerebellar Language Representations Are Highly Conceptual. J Neurosci 2021; 41:10341-10355. [PMID: 34732520 PMCID: PMC8672691 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.0118-21.2021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2021] [Revised: 08/09/2021] [Accepted: 09/14/2021] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
There is a growing body of research demonstrating that the cerebellum is involved in language understanding. Early theories assumed that the cerebellum is involved in low-level language processing. However, those theories are at odds with recent work demonstrating cerebellar activation during cognitive tasks. Using natural language stimuli and an encoding model framework, we performed an fMRI experiment on 3 men and 2 women, where subjects passively listened to 5 h of natural language stimuli, which allowed us to analyze language processing in the cerebellum with higher precision than previous work. We used these data to fit voxelwise encoding models with five different feature spaces that span the hierarchy of language processing from acoustic input to high-level conceptual processing. Examining the prediction performance of these models on separate BOLD data shows that cerebellar responses to language are almost entirely explained by high-level conceptual language features rather than low-level acoustic or phonemic features. Additionally, we found that the cerebellum has a higher proportion of voxels that represent social semantic categories, which include "social" and "people" words, and lower representations of all other semantic categories, including "mental," "concrete," and "place" words, than cortex. This suggests that the cerebellum is representing language at a conceptual level with a preference for social information.SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT Recent work has demonstrated that, beyond its typical role in motor planning, the cerebellum is implicated in a wide variety of tasks, including language. However, little is known about the language representations in the cerebellum, or how those representations compare to cortex. Using voxelwise encoding models and natural language fMRI data, we demonstrate here that language representations are significantly different in the cerebellum compared with cortex. Cerebellum language representations are almost entirely semantic, and the cerebellum contains overrepresentation of social semantic information compared with cortex. These results suggest that the cerebellum is not involved in language processing per se, but cognitive processing more generally.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amanda LeBel
- Helen Wills Neuroscience Institute, University of California-Berkeley, Berkeley, California 94720
| | - Shailee Jain
- Department of Computer Science, University of Texas-Austin, Austin, Texas 78712
| | - Alexander G Huth
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Texas-Austin, Austin, Texas 78712
- Department of Computer Science, University of Texas-Austin, Austin, Texas 78712
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28
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Bina L, Romano V, Hoogland TM, Bosman LWJ, De Zeeuw CI. Purkinje cells translate subjective salience into readiness to act and choice performance. Cell Rep 2021; 37:110116. [PMID: 34910904 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2021.110116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2020] [Revised: 07/06/2021] [Accepted: 11/19/2021] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
The brain selectively allocates attention from a continuous stream of sensory input. This process is typically attributed to computations in distinct regions of the forebrain and midbrain. Here, we explore whether cerebellar Purkinje cells encode information about the selection of sensory inputs and could thereby contribute to non-motor forms of learning. We show that complex spikes of individual Purkinje cells change the sensory modality they encode to reflect changes in the perceived salience of sensory input. Comparisons with mouse models deficient in cerebellar plasticity suggest that changes in complex spike activity instruct potentiation of Purkinje cells simple spike firing, which is required for efficient learning. Our findings suggest that during learning, climbing fibers do not directly guide motor output, but rather contribute to a general readiness to act via changes in simple spike activity, thereby bridging the sequence from non-motor to motor functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lorenzo Bina
- Department of Neuroscience, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam 3000 CA, the Netherlands
| | - Vincenzo Romano
- Department of Neuroscience, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam 3000 CA, the Netherlands
| | - Tycho M Hoogland
- Department of Neuroscience, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam 3000 CA, the Netherlands; Netherlands Institute for Neuroscience, Royal Academy of Arts and Sciences, Amsterdam 1105 BA, the Netherlands
| | - Laurens W J Bosman
- Department of Neuroscience, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam 3000 CA, the Netherlands.
| | - Chris I De Zeeuw
- Department of Neuroscience, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam 3000 CA, the Netherlands; Netherlands Institute for Neuroscience, Royal Academy of Arts and Sciences, Amsterdam 1105 BA, the Netherlands.
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29
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Yi C, Chen C, Jiang L, Tao Q, Li F, Si Y, Zhang T, Yao D, Xu P. Constructing EEG Large-Scale Cortical Functional Network Connectivity Based on Brain Atlas by S Estimator. IEEE Trans Cogn Dev Syst 2021. [DOI: 10.1109/tcds.2020.2991414] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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30
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Basavaraju R, Ithal D, Thanki MV, Ramalingaiah AH, Thirthalli J, Reddy RP, Brady RO, Halko MA, Bolo NR, Keshavan MS, Pascual-Leone A, Mehta UM, Kesavan M. Intermittent theta burst stimulation of cerebellar vermis enhances fronto-cerebellar resting state functional connectivity in schizophrenia with predominant negative symptoms: A randomized controlled trial. Schizophr Res 2021; 238:108-120. [PMID: 34653740 PMCID: PMC8662658 DOI: 10.1016/j.schres.2021.10.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2021] [Revised: 10/01/2021] [Accepted: 10/03/2021] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Negative symptoms of schizophrenia are substantially disabling and treatment resistant. Novel treatments like repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) need to be examined for the same using the experimental medicine approach that incorporates tests of mechanism of action in addition to clinical efficacy in trials. METHODS Study was a double-blind, parallel, randomized, sham-controlled trial recruiting schizophrenia with at least a moderate severity of negative symptoms. Participants were randomized to real or sham intermittent theta burst stimulation (iTBS) under MRI-guided neuro-navigation, targeting the cerebellar vermis area VII-B, at a stimulus intensity of 100% active motor threshold, two sessions/day for five days (total = 6000 pulses). Assessments were conducted at baseline (T0), day-6 (T1) and week-6 (T2) after initiation of intervention. Main outcomes were, a) Scale for the Assessment of Negative Symptoms (SANS) score (T0, T1, T2), b) fronto-cerebellar resting state functional connectivity (RSFC) (T0, T1). RESULTS Thirty participants were recruited in each arm. Negative symptoms improved in both arms (p < 0.001) but was not significantly different between the two arms (p = 0.602). RSFC significantly increased between the cerebellar vermis and the right inferior frontal gyrus (pcluster-FWER = 0.033), right pallidum (pcluster-FWER = 0.042) and right frontal pole (pcluster-FWER = 0.047) in the real arm with no change in the sham arm. CONCLUSION Cerebellar vermal iTBS engaged a target belonging to the class of cerebello-subcortical-cortical networks, implicated in negative symptoms of schizophrenia. However, this did not translate to a superior clinical efficacy. Future trials should employ enhanced midline cerebellar TMS stimulation parameters for longer durations that can potentiate and translate biological changes into clinical effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rakshathi Basavaraju
- Department of Psychiatry, National Institute of Mental Health and Neurosciences (NIMHANS), Bangalore, Karnataka, India
| | - Dhruva Ithal
- Department of Psychiatry, National Institute of Mental Health and Neurosciences (NIMHANS), Bangalore, Karnataka, India
| | - Milind Vijay Thanki
- Department of Psychiatry, National Institute of Mental Health and Neurosciences (NIMHANS), Bangalore, Karnataka, India
| | - Arvinda Hanumanthapura Ramalingaiah
- Department of Neuro Imaging and Interventional Radiology, National Institute of Mental Health and Neurosciences (NIMHANS), Bangalore, Karnataka, India
| | - Jagadisha Thirthalli
- Department of Psychiatry, National Institute of Mental Health & Neurosciences (NIMHANS), Bangalore, Karnataka, India
| | - Rajakumari P. Reddy
- Department of Clinical Psychology, National Institute of Mental Health & Neurosciences (NIMHANS), Bangalore, Karnataka, India
| | - Roscoe O. Brady
- Department of Psychiatry, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Mark A. Halko
- Department of Psychiatry, McLean Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Belmont, MA, USA
| | - Nicolas R. Bolo
- Department of Psychiatry, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Matcheri S. Keshavan
- Department of Psychiatry, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Alvaro Pascual-Leone
- Hinda and Arthur Marcus Institute for Aging Research and Center for Memory Health, Hebrew Senior Life, Boston, MA, USA; Department of Neurology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA; Guttmann Brain Health Institut, Institut Guttmann, Universitat Autonoma Barcelona, Spain.
| | - Urvakhsh Meherwan Mehta
- Department of Psychiatry, National Institute of Mental Health & Neurosciences (NIMHANS), Bangalore 560029, Karnataka, India.
| | - Muralidharan Kesavan
- Department of Psychiatry, National Institute of Mental Health & Neurosciences (NIMHANS), Bangalore 560029, Karnataka, India.
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31
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Likova LT, Mineff KN, Nicholas SC. Mental Visualization in the Cerebellum: Rapid Non-motor Learning at Sub-Lobular and Causal Network Levels. Front Syst Neurosci 2021; 15:655514. [PMID: 34566588 PMCID: PMC8460772 DOI: 10.3389/fnsys.2021.655514] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2021] [Accepted: 07/09/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
It is generally understood that the main role of the cerebellum is in movement planning and coordination, but neuroimaging has led to striking findings of its involvement in many aspects of cognitive processing. Mental visualization is such a cognitive process, extensively involved in learning and memory, artistic and inventive creativity, etc. Here, our aim was to conduct a multidimensional study of cerebellar involvement in the non-motor cognitive tasks. First, we used fMRI to investigate whether the cognitive task of visualization from an immediate memory of complex spatial structures (line drawings) engages the cerebellum, and identified a cerebellar network of both strongly activated and suppressed regions. Second, the task-specificity of these regions was examined by comparative analysis with the task of perceptual exploration and memorization of the drawings to be later visualized from memory. BOLD response patterns over the iterations of each task differed significantly; unexpectedly, the suppression grew markedly stronger in visualization. Third, to gain insights in the organization of these regions into cerebellar networks, we determined the directed inter-regional causal influences using Granger Causal Connectivity analysis. Additionally, the causal interactions of the cerebellar networks with a large-scale cortical network, the Default Mode Network (DMN), were studied. Fourth, we investigated rapid cognitive learning in the cerebellum at the level of short-term BOLD response evolution within each region of interest, and at the higher level of network reorganization. Our paradigm of interleaved sequences of iteration between two tasks combined with some innovative analyses were instrumental in addressing these questions. In particular, rapid forms of non-motor learning that strongly drive cerebellar plasticity through mental visualization were uncovered and characterized at both sub-lobular and network levels. Collectively, these findings provide novel and expansive insights into high-order cognitive functions in the cerebellum, and its macroscale functional neuroanatomy. They represent a basis for a framework of rapid cerebellar reorganization driven by non-motor learning, with implications for the enhancement of cognitive abilities such as learning and memory.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lora T Likova
- Smith-Kettlewell Eye Research Institute, San Francisco, CA, United States
| | - Kristyo N Mineff
- Smith-Kettlewell Eye Research Institute, San Francisco, CA, United States
| | - Spero C Nicholas
- Smith-Kettlewell Eye Research Institute, San Francisco, CA, United States
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32
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Park HR, Cha J, Joo EY, Kim H. Altered cerebrocerebellar functional connectivity in patients with obstructive sleep apnea and its association with cognitive function. Sleep 2021; 45:6357664. [PMID: 34432059 DOI: 10.1093/sleep/zsab209] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2021] [Revised: 07/19/2021] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
STUDY OBJECTIVES Previous functional MRI studies have reported altered brain networks in patients with obstructive sleep apnea (OSA). However, the extent and pattern of abnormal connectivity were inconsistent across studies, and cerebrocerebellar connections have been rarely assessed. We investigated functional network changes in cerebral and cerebellar cortices of OSA patients. METHODS Resting-state functional MRI, polysomnography and neuropsychological (NP) test data were acquired from 74 OSA patients (age: 45.8±10.7 years) and 33 healthy subjects (39.6±9.3 years). Connectivity matrices were extracted by computing correlation coefficients from various ROIs, and Fisher r-to-z transformations. In the functional connections that showed significant group differences, linear regression was conducted to examine the association between connectivity and clinical characteristics. RESULTS Patients with OSA showed reduced functional connectivity (FC) in cerebrocerebellar connections linking different functional networks, and greater FC in cortical between-network connections in prefrontal regions involving the default mode network and the control network. For OSA group, we found no correlation between FC and sleep parameters including lowest SaO2 and arousal index in the connections where significant associations were observed in healthy subjects. FC changes in default mode network (DMN) areas were related to reduced verbal fluency in OSA. Lower local efficiency and lower clustering coefficient of the salience network in the left cerebellum were also observed in OSA. CONCLUSIONS OSA affects mainly the cerebrocerebellar pathway. The disruption of function in these connections are related to sleep fragmentation and hypoxia during sleep. These abnormal network functions, especially DMN, are suggested to participate in cognitive decline of OSA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hea Ree Park
- Department of Neurology, Inje University College of Medicine, Ilsan Paik Hospital, Goyang, Republic of Korea
| | - Jungho Cha
- Nash Family Center for Advanced Circuit Therapeutics, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Eun Yeon Joo
- Department of Neurology, Neuroscience Center, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Hosung Kim
- USC Stevens Neuroimaging and Informatics Institute, Keck School of Medicine of USC, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
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33
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Breska A, Ivry RB. The human cerebellum is essential for modulating perceptual sensitivity based on temporal expectations. eLife 2021; 10:66743. [PMID: 34165079 PMCID: PMC8245126 DOI: 10.7554/elife.66743] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2021] [Accepted: 06/23/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
A functional benefit of attention is to proactively enhance perceptual sensitivity in space and time. Although attentional orienting has traditionally been associated with cortico-thalamic networks, recent evidence has shown that individuals with cerebellar degeneration (CD) show a reduced reaction time benefit from cues that enable temporal anticipation. The present study examined whether the cerebellum contributes to the proactive attentional modulation in time of perceptual sensitivity. We tested CD participants on a non-speeded, challenging perceptual discrimination task, asking if they benefit from temporal cues. Strikingly, the CD group showed no duration-specific perceptual sensitivity benefit when cued by repeated but aperiodic presentation of the target interval. In contrast, they performed similar to controls when cued by a rhythmic stream. This dissociation further specifies the functional domain of the cerebellum and establishes its role in the attentional adjustment of perceptual sensitivity in time in addition to its well-documented role in motor timing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Assaf Breska
- Department of Psychology and Helen Wills Neuroscience Institute, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, United States
| | - Richard B Ivry
- Department of Psychology and Helen Wills Neuroscience Institute, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, United States
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34
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Limanowski J, Friston K. Attentional Modulation of Vision Versus Proprioception During Action. Cereb Cortex 2021; 30:1637-1648. [PMID: 31670769 PMCID: PMC7132949 DOI: 10.1093/cercor/bhz192] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2019] [Revised: 07/10/2019] [Accepted: 07/27/2019] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
To control our actions efficiently, our brain represents our body based on a combination of visual and proprioceptive cues, weighted according to how (un)reliable—how precise—each respective modality is in a given context. However, perceptual experiments in other modalities suggest that the weights assigned to sensory cues are also modulated “top-down” by attention. Here, we asked whether during action, attention can likewise modulate the weights (i.e., precision) assigned to visual versus proprioceptive information about body position. Participants controlled a virtual hand (VH) via a data glove, matching either the VH or their (unseen) real hand (RH) movements to a target, and thus adopting a ``visual'' or ``proprioceptive'' attentional set, under varying levels of visuo-proprioceptive congruence and visibility. Functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) revealed increased activation of the multisensory superior parietal lobe (SPL) during the VH task and increased activation of the secondary somatosensory cortex (S2) during the RH task. Dynamic causal modeling (DCM) showed that these activity changes were the result of selective, diametrical gain modulations in the primary visual cortex (V1) and the S2. These results suggest that endogenous attention can balance the gain of visual versus proprioceptive brain areas, thus contextualizing their influence on multisensory areas representing the body for action.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jakub Limanowski
- Wellcome Centre for Human Neuroimaging, Institute of Neurology, University College London, London, UK
| | - Karl Friston
- Wellcome Centre for Human Neuroimaging, Institute of Neurology, University College London, London, UK
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35
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Longo F, Klann E. Reciprocal control of translation and transcription in autism spectrum disorder. EMBO Rep 2021; 22:e52110. [PMID: 33977633 DOI: 10.15252/embr.202052110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2020] [Revised: 02/20/2021] [Accepted: 04/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) is a neurodevelopmental disorder characterized by deficits in social communication and the presence of restricted patterns of interest and repetitive behaviors. ASD is genetically heterogeneous and is believed to be caused by both inheritable and de novo gene variations. Studies have revealed an extremely complex genetic landscape of ASD, favoring the idea that mutations in different clusters of genes interfere with interconnected downstream signaling pathways and circuitry, resulting in aberrant behavior. In this review, we describe a select group of candidate genes that represent both syndromic and non-syndromic forms of ASD and encode proteins that are important in transcriptional and translational regulation. We focus on the interplay between dysregulated translation and transcription in ASD with the hypothesis that dysregulation of each synthetic process triggers a feedback loop to act on the other, which ultimately exacerbates ASD pathophysiology. Finally, we summarize findings from interdisciplinary studies that pave the way for the investigation of the cooperative impact of different genes and pathways underlying the development of ASD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesco Longo
- Center for Neural Science, New York University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Eric Klann
- Center for Neural Science, New York University, New York, NY, USA
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36
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Hooshmandi M, Truong VT, Fields E, Thomas RE, Wong C, Sharma V, Gantois I, Soriano Roque P, Chalkiadaki K, Wu N, Chakraborty A, Tahmasebi S, Prager-Khoutorsky M, Sonenberg N, Suvrathan A, Watt AJ, Gkogkas CG, Khoutorsky A. 4E-BP2-dependent translation in cerebellar Purkinje cells controls spatial memory but not autism-like behaviors. Cell Rep 2021; 35:109036. [PMID: 33910008 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2021.109036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2020] [Revised: 02/15/2021] [Accepted: 04/06/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Recent studies have demonstrated that selective activation of mammalian target of rapamycin complex 1 (mTORC1) in the cerebellum by deletion of the mTORC1 upstream repressors TSC1 or phosphatase and tensin homolog (PTEN) in Purkinje cells (PCs) causes autism-like features and cognitive deficits. However, the molecular mechanisms by which overactivated mTORC1 in the cerebellum engenders these behaviors remain unknown. The eukaryotic translation initiation factor 4E-binding protein 2 (4E-BP2) is a central translational repressor downstream of mTORC1. Here, we show that mice with selective ablation of 4E-BP2 in PCs display a reduced number of PCs, increased regularity of PC action potential firing, and deficits in motor learning. Surprisingly, although spatial memory is impaired in these mice, they exhibit normal social interaction and show no deficits in repetitive behavior. Our data suggest that, downstream of mTORC1/4E-BP2, there are distinct cerebellar mechanisms independently controlling social behavior and memory formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mehdi Hooshmandi
- Department of Anesthesia and Faculty of Dentistry, McGill University, Montreal, QC H3G 1Y6, Canada
| | - Vinh Tai Truong
- Department of Biochemistry and Goodman Cancer Research Centre, McGill University, Montreal, QC H3A 1A3, Canada
| | - Eviatar Fields
- Department of Biology, McGill University, Montreal, QC H3A 1A3, Canada; Integrated Program in Neuroscience, McGill University, Montreal, QC H3A 2B4, Canada
| | - Riya Elizabeth Thomas
- Integrated Program in Neuroscience, McGill University, Montreal, QC H3A 2B4, Canada; Centre for Research in Neuroscience, Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre, Montreal QC, H3G1A4, Canada; Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, Department of Pediatrics, McGill University, Montreal QC, H3G1A4, Canada
| | - Calvin Wong
- Department of Anesthesia and Faculty of Dentistry, McGill University, Montreal, QC H3G 1Y6, Canada
| | - Vijendra Sharma
- Department of Biochemistry and Goodman Cancer Research Centre, McGill University, Montreal, QC H3A 1A3, Canada
| | - Ilse Gantois
- Department of Biochemistry and Goodman Cancer Research Centre, McGill University, Montreal, QC H3A 1A3, Canada
| | - Patricia Soriano Roque
- Department of Anesthesia and Faculty of Dentistry, McGill University, Montreal, QC H3G 1Y6, Canada
| | - Kleanthi Chalkiadaki
- Division of Biomedical Research, Institute of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, Foundation for Research and Technology-Hellas, University Campus, 45110 Ioannina, Greece
| | - Neil Wu
- Department of Anesthesia and Faculty of Dentistry, McGill University, Montreal, QC H3G 1Y6, Canada
| | - Anindyo Chakraborty
- Department of Anesthesia and Faculty of Dentistry, McGill University, Montreal, QC H3G 1Y6, Canada
| | - Soroush Tahmasebi
- Department of Pharmacology and Regenerative Medicine, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL 60612, USA
| | | | - Nahum Sonenberg
- Department of Biochemistry and Goodman Cancer Research Centre, McGill University, Montreal, QC H3A 1A3, Canada
| | - Aparna Suvrathan
- Centre for Research in Neuroscience, Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre, Montreal QC, H3G1A4, Canada; Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, Department of Pediatrics, McGill University, Montreal QC, H3G1A4, Canada
| | - Alanna J Watt
- Department of Biology, McGill University, Montreal, QC H3A 1A3, Canada
| | - Christos G Gkogkas
- Division of Biomedical Research, Institute of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, Foundation for Research and Technology-Hellas, University Campus, 45110 Ioannina, Greece.
| | - Arkady Khoutorsky
- Department of Anesthesia and Faculty of Dentistry, McGill University, Montreal, QC H3G 1Y6, Canada; Alan Edwards Centre for Research on Pain, McGill University, Montreal, QC H3A 0G1, Canada.
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37
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Craig BT, Morrill A, Anderson B, Danckert J, Striemer CL. Cerebellar lesions disrupt spatial and temporal visual attention. Cortex 2021; 139:27-42. [PMID: 33819679 DOI: 10.1016/j.cortex.2021.02.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2020] [Revised: 02/04/2021] [Accepted: 02/15/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The current study represents the first comprehensive examination of spatial, temporal and sustained attention following cerebellar damage. Results indicated that, compared to controls, cerebellar damage resulted in a larger cueing effect at the longest SOA - possibly reflecting a slowed the onset of inhibition of return (IOR) during a reflexive covert attention task, and reduced the ability to detect successive targets during an attentional blink task. However, there was little evidence to support the notion that cerebellar damage disrupted voluntary covert attention or the sustained attention to response task (SART). Lesion overlay data and supplementary voxel-based lesion symptom mapping (VLSM) analyses indicated that impaired performance on the reflexive covert attention and attentional blink tasks were related to damage to Crus II of the left posterior cerebellum. In addition, subsequent analyses indicated our results are not due to either general motor impairments or to damage to the deep cerebellar nuclei. Collectively these data demonstrate, for the first time, that the same cerebellar regions may be involved in both spatial and temporal visual attention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brandon T Craig
- Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada; Department of Psychology, MacEwan University, Edmonton, AB, Canada
| | - Adam Morrill
- Department of Psychology, MacEwan University, Edmonton, AB, Canada
| | - Britt Anderson
- Department of Psychology, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, ON, Canada
| | - James Danckert
- Department of Psychology, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, ON, Canada
| | - Christopher L Striemer
- Department of Psychology, MacEwan University, Edmonton, AB, Canada; Neuroscience and Mental Health Institute, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada.
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38
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Brissenden JA, Tobyne SM, Halko MA, Somers DC. Stimulus-Specific Visual Working Memory Representations in Human Cerebellar Lobule VIIb/VIIIa. J Neurosci 2021; 41:1033-1045. [PMID: 33214320 PMCID: PMC7880273 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.1253-20.2020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2020] [Revised: 11/06/2020] [Accepted: 11/10/2020] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
fMRI research has revealed that cerebellar lobule VIIb/VIIIa exhibits load-dependent activity that increases with the number of items held in visual working memory (VWM). However, it remains unclear whether these cerebellar responses reflect processes specific to VWM or more general visual attentional mechanisms. To investigate this question, we examined whether cerebellar activity during the delay period of a VWM task is selective for stimuli held in working memory. A sample of male and female human subjects performed a VWM continuous report task in which they were retroactively cued to remember the direction of motion of moving dot stimuli. Cerebellar lobule VIIb/VIIIa delay-period activation accurately decoded the direction of the remembered stimulus, as did frontal and parietal regions of the dorsal attention network. Arguing against a motor explanation, no other cerebellar area exhibited stimulus specificity, including the oculomotor vermis, a key area associated with eye movement control. Finer-scale analysis revealed that the medial portion of lobule VIIb and to a lesser degree the lateral most portion of lobules VIIb and VIIIa, which exhibit robust resting state connectivity with frontal and parietal regions of the dorsal attention network, encoded the identity of the remembered stimulus, while intermediate portions of lobule VIIb/VIIIa did not. These findings of stimulus-specific coding of VWM within lobule VIIb/VIIIa indicate for the first time that the distributed network responsible for the encoding and maintenance of mnemonic representations extends to the cerebellum.SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT There is considerable debate concerning where in the brain the contents of visual working memory (VWM) are stored. To date, this literature has primarily focused on the role of regions located within cerebral cortex. There is growing evidence for cerebellar involvement in higher-order cognitive functions including working memory. While the cerebellum has been previously shown to be recruited by VWM paradigms, it is unclear whether any portion of cerebellum actively encodes and maintains mnemonic representations. The present study demonstrates that cerebellar lobule VIIb/VIIIa activity patterns are selective for remembered stimuli and that this selectivity persists in the absence of perceptual input. These findings provide novel evidence for the participation of cerebellar structures in the persistent storage of visual information.
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Affiliation(s)
- James A Brissenden
- Department of Psychology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, Boston University, Boston, Massachusetts 02215
| | - Sean M Tobyne
- Graduate Program for Neuroscience, Boston University, Boston, Massachusetts 02215
| | - Mark A Halko
- Psychotic Disorders Division, McLean Hospital, Belmont, MA, 02478; Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02115
| | - David C Somers
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, Boston University, Boston, Massachusetts 02215
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Behesti H, Kocabas A, Buchholz DE, Carroll TS, Hatten ME. Altered temporal sequence of transcriptional regulators in the generation of human cerebellar granule cells. eLife 2021; 10:67074. [PMID: 34842137 PMCID: PMC8687658 DOI: 10.7554/elife.67074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2021] [Accepted: 11/27/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Brain development is regulated by conserved transcriptional programs across species, but little is known about the divergent mechanisms that create species-specific characteristics. Among brain regions, human cerebellar histogenesis differs in complexity compared with nonhuman primates and rodents, making it important to develop methods to generate human cerebellar neurons that closely resemble those in the developing human cerebellum. We report a rapid protocol for the derivation of the human ATOH1 lineage, the precursor of excitatory cerebellar neurons, from human pluripotent stem cells (hPSCs). Upon transplantation into juvenile mice, hPSC-derived cerebellar granule cells migrated along glial fibers and integrated into the cerebellar cortex. By Translational Ribosome Affinity Purification-seq, we identified an unexpected temporal shift in the expression of RBFOX3 (NeuN) and NEUROD1, which are classically associated with differentiated neurons, in the human outer external granule layer. This molecular divergence may enable the protracted development of the human cerebellum compared to mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hourinaz Behesti
- Laboratory of Developmental Neurobiology, Rockefeller UniversityNew YorkUnited States
| | - Arif Kocabas
- Laboratory of Developmental Neurobiology, Rockefeller UniversityNew YorkUnited States
| | - David E Buchholz
- Laboratory of Developmental Neurobiology, Rockefeller UniversityNew YorkUnited States
| | - Thomas S Carroll
- Bioinformatics Resource Center, Rockefeller UniversityNew YorkUnited States
| | - Mary E Hatten
- Laboratory of Developmental Neurobiology, Rockefeller UniversityNew YorkUnited States
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40
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Özen Ö, Aslan F. Morphometric evaluation of cerebellar structures in late monocular blindness. Int Ophthalmol 2020; 41:769-776. [PMID: 33180280 DOI: 10.1007/s10792-020-01629-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2020] [Accepted: 10/29/2020] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Only a few studies have investigated structural and functional changes in monocular blind individuals. Our aim in this study was to segmentally investigate the cerebellar structures of subjects with late-onset monocular blindness (LMB) using a Voxel-based volumetric analysis system. METHODS The segmental volumetric values, cortical thickness, gray matter volumes and percentage ratios of the cerebellar lobules of individuals with LMB due to trauma and in healthy individuals with bilateral sight as the control group were calculated at the volBrain CERES 1.0 website ( https://volbrain.upv.es/ ) by using brain 3D fast spoiled gradient recall acquisition in steady-state (3D T1 FSPGR) MRI sequence images in our prospective study. RESULTS We studied 11 subjects with LMB (8 males/3 females) and 11 healthy control subjects (8 males/3 females). The mean age was 41.45 ± 14.15 and 40 ± 11.11 years, respectively (p > 0.05). The mean duration of the LMB status was 20.8 ± 11.2 years. Cerebellar lobule crus II volume and cerebellar lobule VIIB/VIIIA volume/percentage were higher in the LMB group, and mean cerebellar cortical thickness, cerebellar lobule VI-cerebellar lobule crus I-II cortical thickness, and cerebellar lobule VI gray matter volume values were lower in the LMB group (p < 0.05). CONCLUSION In this study, cerebellar lobule VIIB/VIIIA volume/total percent ratio, cerebellar cortical thickness and cerebellar gray matter volume in the LMB group were found to be different from the control group. To our knowledge, this is the first study to report cerebellar anatomical changes in patients with LMB.
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Affiliation(s)
- Özkan Özen
- Department of Radiology, Alaaddin Keykubat University Alanya Education and Research Hospital, Antalya, 07400, Turkey
| | - Fatih Aslan
- Department of Ophthalmology, Alaaddin Keykubat University Alanya Education and Research Hospital, Antalya, 07400, Turkey.
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41
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Sense or sensibility? The neuro-functional basis of the structural matching effect in persuasion. COGNITIVE AFFECTIVE & BEHAVIORAL NEUROSCIENCE 2020; 20:536-550. [DOI: 10.3758/s13415-020-00784-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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Herszage J, Dayan E, Sharon H, Censor N. Explaining Individual Differences in Motor Behavior by Intrinsic Functional Connectivity and Corticospinal Excitability. Front Neurosci 2020; 14:76. [PMID: 32116520 PMCID: PMC7025558 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2020.00076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2019] [Accepted: 01/20/2020] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Motor performance varies substantially between individuals. This variance is rooted in individuals' innate motor abilities, and should thus have a neural signature underlying these differences in behavior. Could these individual differences be detectable with neural measurements acquired at rest? Here, we tested the hypothesis that motor performance can be predicted by resting motor-system functional connectivity and motor-evoked-potentials (MEPs) induced by non-invasive brain stimulation. Twenty healthy right handed subjects performed structural and resting-state fMRI scans. On a separate day, MEPs were measured using transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) over the contrateral primary motor cortex (M1). At the end of the session, participants performed a finger-tapping task using their left non-dominant hand. Resting-state functional connectivity between the contralateral M1 and the supplementary motor area (SMA) predicted motor task performance, indicating that individuals with stronger resting M1-SMA functional connectivity exhibit better motor performance. This prediction was neither improved nor reduced by the addition of corticospinal excitability to the model. These results confirm that motor behavior can be predicted from neural measurements acquired prior to task performance, primarily relying on resting functional connectivity rather than corticospinal excitability. The ability to predict motor performance from resting neural markers, provides an opportunity to identify the extent of successful rehabilitation following neurological damage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jasmine Herszage
- School of Psychological Sciences - Sagol School of Neuroscience, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Eran Dayan
- Department of Radiology and Biomedical Research Imaging Center, School of Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, United States
| | - Haggai Sharon
- Center for Brain Functions, Institute of Pain Medicine, Tel Aviv Sourasky Medical Center, Tel Aviv, Israel.,Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Nitzan Censor
- School of Psychological Sciences - Sagol School of Neuroscience, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
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43
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Transient inhibition of the cerebellum impairs change-detection processes: Cerebellar contributions to sensorimotor integration. Behav Brain Res 2020; 378:112273. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2019.112273] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2019] [Revised: 09/09/2019] [Accepted: 10/01/2019] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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44
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Chen J, Lee ACH, O'Neil EB, Abdul-Nabi M, Niemeier M. Mapping the anatomy of perceptual pseudoneglect. A multivariate approach. Neuroimage 2019; 207:116402. [PMID: 31783115 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2019.116402] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2019] [Revised: 10/05/2019] [Accepted: 11/24/2019] [Indexed: 10/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Fundamental to the understanding of the functions of spatial cognition and attention is to clarify the underlying neural mechanisms. It is clear that relatively right-dominant activity in ventral and dorsal parieto-frontal cortex is associated with attentional reorienting, certain forms of mental imagery and spatial working memory for higher loads, while lesions mostly to right ventral areas cause spatial neglect with pathological attentional biases to the right side. In contrast, complementary leftward biases in healthy people, called pseudoneglect, have been associated with varying patterns of cortical activity. Notably, this inconsistency may be explained, at least in part, by the fact that pseudoneglect studies have often employed experimental paradigms that do not control sufficiently for cognitive processes unrelated to pseudoneglect. To address this issue, here we administered a carefully designed continuum of pseudoneglect and control tasks in healthy adults while using functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI). Data submitted to partial least square (PLS) imaging analysis yielded a significant latent variable that identified a right-dominant network of brain regions along the intra-occipital and -parietal sulci, frontal eye fields and right ventral cortex in association with perceptual pseudoneglect. Our results shed new light on the interplay of attentional and cognitive systems in pseudoneglect.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiaqing Chen
- Department of Psychology, University of Toronto, 1265 Military Trail, Toronto, ON, M1C 1A4, Canada.
| | - Andy C H Lee
- Department of Psychology, University of Toronto, 1265 Military Trail, Toronto, ON, M1C 1A4, Canada; Baycrest Centre for Geriatric Care, 3560 Bathurst St, Toronto, ON, M6A 2E1, Canada.
| | - Edward B O'Neil
- Department of Psychology, University of Toronto, 1265 Military Trail, Toronto, ON, M1C 1A4, Canada.
| | - Mura Abdul-Nabi
- Department of Psychology, University of Toronto, 1265 Military Trail, Toronto, ON, M1C 1A4, Canada.
| | - Matthias Niemeier
- Department of Psychology, University of Toronto, 1265 Military Trail, Toronto, ON, M1C 1A4, Canada; Centre for Vision Research, York University, 4700 Keele Street, Toronto, Ontario, M3J 1P3, Canada.
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Cardenas VA, Hough CM, Durazzo TC, Meyerhoff DJ. Cerebellar Morphometry and Cognition in the Context of Chronic Alcohol Consumption and Cigarette Smoking. Alcohol Clin Exp Res 2019; 44:102-113. [PMID: 31730240 DOI: 10.1111/acer.14222] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2019] [Revised: 10/12/2019] [Accepted: 10/16/2019] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cerebellar atrophy (especially involving the superior-anterior cerebellar vermis) is among the most salient and clinically significant effects of chronic hazardous alcohol consumption on brain structure. Smaller cerebellar volumes are also associated with chronic cigarette smoking. The present study investigated effects of both chronic alcohol consumption and cigarette smoking on cerebellar structure and its relation to performance on select cognitive/behavioral tasks. METHODS Using T1-weighted Magnetic Resonance Images (MRIs), the Cerebellar Analysis Tool Kit segmented the cerebellum into bilateral hemispheres and 3 vermis parcels from 4 participant groups: smoking (s) and nonsmoking (ns) abstinent alcohol-dependent treatment seekers (ALC) and controls (CON) (i.e., sALC, nsALC, sCON, and nsCON). Cognitive and behavioral data were also obtained. RESULTS We found detrimental effects of chronic drinking on all cerebellar structural measures in ALC participants, with largest reductions seen in vermis areas. Furthermore, both smoking groups had smaller volumes of cerebellar hemispheres but not vermis areas compared to their nonsmoking counterparts. In exploratory analyses, smaller cerebellar volumes were related to lower measures of intelligence. In sCON, but not sALC, greater smoking severity was related to smaller cerebellar volume and smaller superior-anterior vermis area. In sALC, greater abstinence duration was associated with larger cerebellar and superior-anterior vermis areas, suggesting some recovery with abstinence. CONCLUSIONS Our results show that both smoking and alcohol status are associated with smaller cerebellar structural measurements, with vermal areas more vulnerable to chronic alcohol consumption and less affected by chronic smoking. These morphometric cerebellar deficits were also associated with lower intelligence and related to duration of abstinence in sALC only.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valerie A Cardenas
- From the, Center for Imaging of Neurodegenerative Diseases (CIND), (VAC, CMH, DJM), San Francisco VA Medical Center, San Francisco, California
| | - Christina M Hough
- From the, Center for Imaging of Neurodegenerative Diseases (CIND), (VAC, CMH, DJM), San Francisco VA Medical Center, San Francisco, California.,Department of Psychiatry, (CMH), UCSF Weill Institute for Neurosciences, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California.,Department of Psychology, (CMH), University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California
| | - Timothy C Durazzo
- VA Palo Alto Health Care System, (TCD), Mental Illness Research and Education Clinical Centers, Sierra-Pacific War Related Illness and Injury Study Center, Palo Alto, California.,Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, (TCD), Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California
| | - Dieter J Meyerhoff
- From the, Center for Imaging of Neurodegenerative Diseases (CIND), (VAC, CMH, DJM), San Francisco VA Medical Center, San Francisco, California.,Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, (DJM), University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California
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Tremblay SA, Chapman CA, Courtemanche R. State-Dependent Entrainment of Prefrontal Cortex Local Field Potential Activity Following Patterned Stimulation of the Cerebellar Vermis. Front Syst Neurosci 2019; 13:60. [PMID: 31736718 PMCID: PMC6828963 DOI: 10.3389/fnsys.2019.00060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2019] [Accepted: 10/08/2019] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The cerebellum is involved in sensorimotor, cognitive, and emotional functions through cerebello-cerebral connectivity. Cerebellar neurostimulation thus likely affects cortical circuits, as has been shown in studies using cerebellar stimulation to treat neurological disorders through modulation of frontal EEG oscillations. Here we studied the effects of different frequencies of cerebellar stimulation on oscillations and coherence in the cerebellum and prefrontal cortex in the urethane-anesthetized rat. Local field potentials were recorded in the right lateral cerebellum (Crus I/II) and bilaterally in the prefrontal cortex (frontal association area, FrA) in adult male Sprague-Dawley rats. Stimulation was delivered to the cerebellar vermis (lobule VII) using single pulses (0.2 Hz for 60 s), or repeated pulses at 1 Hz (30 s), 5 Hz (10 s), 25 Hz (2 s), and 50 Hz (1 s). Effects of stimulation were influenced by the initial state of EEG activity which varies over time during urethane-anesthesia; 1 Hz stimulation was more effective when delivered during the slow-wave state (Stage 1), while stimulation with single-pulse, 25, and 50 Hz showed stronger effects during the activated state (Stage 2). Single-pulses resulted in increases in oscillatory power in the delta and theta bands for the cerebellum, and in frequencies up to 80 Hz in cortical sites. 1 Hz stimulation induced a decrease in 0–30 Hz activity and increased activity in the 30–200 Hz range, in the right FrA. 5 Hz stimulation reduced power in high frequencies in Stage 1 and induced mixed effects during Stage 2.25 Hz stimulation increased cortical power at low frequencies during Stage 2, and increased power in higher frequency bands during Stage 1. Stimulation at 50 Hz increased delta-band power in all recording sites, with the strongest and most rapid effects in the cerebellum. 25 and 50 Hz stimulation also induced state-dependent effects on cerebello-cortical and cortico-cortical coherence at high frequencies. Cerebellar stimulation can therefore entrain field potential activity in the FrA and drive synchronization of cerebello-cortical and cortico-cortical networks in a frequency-dependent manner. These effects highlight the role of the cerebellar vermis in modulating large-scale synchronization of neural networks in non-motor frontal cortex.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stéfanie A Tremblay
- Department of Health, Kinesiology, and Applied Physiology, Center for Studies in Behavioral Neurobiology, Concordia University, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - C Andrew Chapman
- Department of Psychology, Center for Studies in Behavioral Neurobiology, Concordia University, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Richard Courtemanche
- Department of Health, Kinesiology, and Applied Physiology, Center for Studies in Behavioral Neurobiology, Concordia University, Montreal, QC, Canada
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47
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The Effects of Attentional Focus on Brain Function During a Gross Motor Task. J Sport Rehabil 2019; 29:441-447. [PMID: 31629324 DOI: 10.1123/jsr.2018-0026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2018] [Revised: 01/23/2019] [Accepted: 02/06/2019] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
CONTEXT Although the beneficial effects of using an external focus of attention are well documented in attainment and performance of movement execution, neural mechanisms underlying external focus' benefits are mostly unknown. OBJECTIVE To assess brain function during a lower-extremity gross motor movement while manipulating an internal and external focus of attention. DESIGN Cross-over study. SETTING Neuroimaging center Participants: A total of 10 healthy subjects (5 males and 5 females) Intervention: Participants completed external and internal focus of attention unilateral left 45° knee extension/flexion movements at a rate of 1.2 Hz laying supine in a magnetic resonance imaging scanner for 4 blocks of 30 seconds interspersed with 30-second rest blocks. During the internal condition, participants were instructed to "squeeze their quadriceps." During the external condition, participants were instructed to "focus on a target" positioned above their tibia. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES T1 brain structural imaging was performed for registration of the functional data. For each condition, 3T functional magnetic resonance imaging blood oxygenation level dependent data representing 90 whole-brain volumes were acquired. RESULTS During the external relative to internal condition, increased activation was detected in the right occipital pole, cuneal cortex, anterior portion of the lingual gyrus, and intracalcarine cortex (Zmax = 4.5-6.2, P < .001). During the internal relative to external condition, increased activation was detected in the left primary motor cortex, left supplementary motor cortex, and cerebellum (Zmax = 3.4-3.5, P < .001). CONCLUSIONS Current results suggest that an external focus directed toward a visual target produces more brain activity in regions associated with vision and ventral streaming pathways, whereas an internal focus manipulated through instruction increases activation in brain regions that are responsible for motor control. Results from this study serve as baseline information for future prevention and rehabilitation investigations of how manipulating focus of attention can constructively affect neuroplasticity during training and rehabilitation.
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Medulloblastoma in childhood: What effects on neurocognitive functions? Cancer Radiother 2019; 23:370-377. [DOI: 10.1016/j.canrad.2018.11.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2017] [Revised: 11/13/2018] [Accepted: 11/20/2018] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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Abstract
Cognitive impairment is increasingly recognized to be a core feature of multiple sclerosis (MS), with important implications for the everyday life of individuals with MS and for disease management. Unfortunately, the exact mechanisms that underlie this cognitive impairment are poorly understood and there are no effective therapeutic options for this aspect of the disease. During MS, focal brain inflammatory lesions, together with pathological changes of both CNS grey matter and normal-appearing white matter, can interfere with cognitive functions. Moreover, inflammation may alter the crosstalk between the immune and the nervous systems, modulating the induction of synaptic plasticity and neurotransmission. In this Review, we examine the CNS structures and cognitive domains that are affected by the disease, with a specific focus on hippocampal involvement in MS and experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis, an experimental model of MS. We also discuss the hypothesis that, during MS, immune-mediated alterations of synapses' ability to express long-term plastic changes may contribute to the pathogenesis of cognitive impairment by interfering with the dynamics of neuronal networks.
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50
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King M, Hernandez-Castillo CR, Poldrack RA, Ivry RB, Diedrichsen J. Functional boundaries in the human cerebellum revealed by a multi-domain task battery. Nat Neurosci 2019; 22:1371-1378. [PMID: 31285616 DOI: 10.1038/s41593-019-0436-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 300] [Impact Index Per Article: 60.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2018] [Accepted: 05/22/2019] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
There is compelling evidence that the human cerebellum is engaged in a wide array of motor and cognitive tasks. A fundamental question centers on whether the cerebellum is organized into distinct functional subregions. To address this question, we employed a rich task battery designed to tap into a broad range of cognitive processes. During four functional MRI sessions, participants performed a battery of 26 diverse tasks comprising 47 unique conditions. Using the data from this multi-domain task battery, we derived a comprehensive functional parcellation of the cerebellar cortex and evaluated it by predicting functional boundaries in a novel set of tasks. The new parcellation successfully identified distinct functional subregions, providing significant improvements over existing parcellations derived from task-free data. Lobular boundaries, commonly used to summarize functional data, did not coincide with functional subdivisions. The new parcellation provides a functional atlas to guide future neuroimaging studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maedbh King
- Department of Psychology, University of California, CA, Berkeley, USA.,Brain and Mind Institute, Western University, Ontario, London, Canada
| | | | | | - Richard B Ivry
- Department of Psychology, University of California, CA, Berkeley, USA
| | - Jörn Diedrichsen
- Brain and Mind Institute, Western University, Ontario, London, Canada. .,Department of Statistical and Actuarial Sciences, Western University, London, Ontario, Canada. .,Department of Computer Science, Western University, London, Ontario, Canada.
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