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Klein JA, Predeus AV, Greissl AR, Clark-Herrera MM, Cruz E, Cundiff JA, Haeberle AL, Howell M, Lele A, Robinson DJ, Westerman TL, Wrande M, Wright SJ, Green NM, Vallance BA, McClelland M, Mejia A, Goodman AG, Elfenbein JR, Knodler LA. Pathogenic diversification of the gut commensal Providencia alcalifaciens via acquisition of a second type III secretion system. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2024:2024.06.07.595826. [PMID: 38895369 PMCID: PMC11185699 DOI: 10.1101/2024.06.07.595826] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/21/2024]
Abstract
Providencia alcalifaciens is a Gram-negative bacterium found in a wide variety of water and land environments and organisms. It has been isolated as part of the gut microbiome of animals and insects, as well as from stool samples of patients with diarrhea. Specific P. alcalifaciens strains encode gene homologs of virulence factors found in other pathogenic members of the same Enterobacterales order, such as Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium and Shigella flexneri. Whether these genes are also pathogenic determinants in P. alcalifaciens is not known. Here we have used P. alcalifaciens 205/92, a clinical isolate, with in vitro and in vivo infection models to investigate P. alcalifaciens -host interactions at the cellular level. Our particular focus was the role of two type III secretion systems (T3SS) belonging to the Inv-Mxi/Spa family. T3SS 1b is widespread in Providencia spp. and encoded on the chromosome. T3SS 1a is encoded on a large plasmid that is present in a subset of P. alcalifaciens strains, which are primarily isolates from diarrheal patients. Using a combination of electron and fluorescence microscopy and gentamicin protection assays we show that P. alcalifaciens 205/92 is internalized into eukaryotic cells, rapidly lyses its internalization vacuole and proliferates in the cytosol. This triggers caspase-4 dependent inflammasome responses in gut epithelial cells. The requirement for the T3SS 1a in entry, vacuole lysis and cytosolic proliferation is host-cell type specific, playing a more prominent role in human intestinal epithelial cells as compared to macrophages. In a bovine ligated intestinal loop model, P. alcalifaciens colonizes the intestinal mucosa, inducing mild epithelial damage with negligible fluid accumulation. No overt role for T3SS 1a or T3SS 1b was seen in the calf infection model. However, T3SS 1b was required for the rapid killing of Drosophila melanogaster . We propose that the acquisition of two T3SS by horizontal gene transfer has allowed P. alcalifaciens to diversify its host range, from a highly virulent pathogen of insects to an opportunistic gastrointestinal pathogen of animals.
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2
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Niedzialkowska E, Runyan LA, Kudryashova E, Egelman EH, Kudryashov DS. Stabilization of F-actin by Salmonella effector SipA resembles the structural effects of inorganic phosphate and phalloidin. Structure 2024; 32:725-738.e8. [PMID: 38518780 PMCID: PMC11162321 DOI: 10.1016/j.str.2024.02.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2024] [Revised: 02/08/2024] [Accepted: 02/26/2024] [Indexed: 03/24/2024]
Abstract
Entry of Salmonella into host enterocytes relies on its pathogenicity island 1 effector SipA. We found that SipA binds to F-actin in a 1:2 stoichiometry with sub-nanomolar affinity. A cryo-EM reconstruction revealed that SipA's globular core binds at the groove between actin strands, whereas the extended C-terminal arm penetrates deeply into the inter-strand space, stabilizing F-actin from within. The unusually strong binding of SipA is achieved by a combination of fast association via the core and very slow dissociation dictated by the arm. Similar to Pi, BeF3, and phalloidin, SipA potently inhibited actin depolymerization by actin depolymerizing factor (ADF)/cofilin, which correlated with increased filament stiffness, supporting the hypothesis that F-actin's mechanical properties contribute to the recognition of its nucleotide state by protein partners. The remarkably strong binding to F-actin maximizes the toxin's effects at the injection site while minimizing global influence on the cytoskeleton and preventing pathogen detection by the host cell.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ewa Niedzialkowska
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22903, USA
| | - Lucas A Runyan
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
| | - Elena Kudryashova
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
| | - Edward H Egelman
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22903, USA.
| | - Dmitri S Kudryashov
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA.
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3
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Tsaplina O. The Balance between Protealysin and Its Substrate, the Outer Membrane Protein OmpX, Regulates Serratia proteamaculans Invasion. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:6159. [PMID: 38892348 PMCID: PMC11172720 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25116159] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2024] [Revised: 05/23/2024] [Accepted: 05/31/2024] [Indexed: 06/21/2024] Open
Abstract
Serratia are opportunistic bacteria, causing infections in plants, insects, animals and humans under certain conditions. The development of bacterial infection in the human body involves several stages of host-pathogen interaction, including entry into non-phagocytic cells to evade host immune cells. The facultative pathogen Serratia proteamaculans is capable of penetrating eukaryotic cells. These bacteria synthesize an actin-specific metalloprotease named protealysin. After transformation with a plasmid carrying the protealysin gene, noninvasive E. coli penetrate eukaryotic cells. This suggests that protealysin may play a key role in S. proteamaculans invasion. This review addresses the mechanisms underlying protealysin's involvement in bacterial invasion, highlighting the main findings as follows. Protealysin can be delivered into the eukaryotic cell by the type VI secretion system and/or by bacterial outer membrane vesicles. By cleaving actin in the host cell, protealysin can mediate the reversible actin rearrangements required for bacterial invasion. However, inactivation of the protealysin gene leads to an increase, rather than decrease, in the intensity of S. proteamaculans invasion. This indicates the presence of virulence factors among bacterial protealysin substrates. Indeed, protealysin cleaves the virulence factors, including the bacterial surface protein OmpX. OmpX increases the expression of the EGFR and β1 integrin, which are involved in S. proteamaculans invasion. It has been shown that an increase in the invasion of genetically modified S. proteamaculans may be the result of the accumulation of full-length OmpX on the bacterial surface, which is not cleaved by protealysin. Thus, the intensity of the S. proteamaculans invasion is determined by the balance between the active protealysin and its substrate OmpX.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olga Tsaplina
- Institute of Cytology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Tikhoretsky av. 4, 194064 St. Petersburg, Russia
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4
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Guo E, Chou SZ, Lara-Tejero M, Galan JE. Cryo-EM structure of the bacterial effector protein SipA bound to F-actin reveals a unique mechanism for filament stabilization. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2024:2023.12.21.572903. [PMID: 38187563 PMCID: PMC10769390 DOI: 10.1101/2023.12.21.572903] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2024]
Abstract
The bacterial pathogen Salmonella spp. modulates cellular processes by delivering effector proteins through its type III secretion systems. Among these effectors, SipA facilitates bacterial invasion and promotes intestinal inflammation. The mechanisms by which this effector carries out these functions are incompletely understood although SipA's ability to modulate actin dynamics is central to some of these activities. Here we report the cryo-EM structure of SipA bound to filamentous actin. We show that this effector stabilizes actin filaments through unique interactions of its carboxy terminal domain with four actin subunits. Furthermore, our structure-function studies revealed that SipA's actin-binding activity is independent from its ability to stimulate intestinal inflammation. Overall, these studies illuminate critical aspects of Salmonella pathogenesis, and provide unique insight into the mechanisms by which a bacterial effector modulates actin dynamics.
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5
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Han J, Aljahdali N, Zhao S, Tang H, Harbottle H, Hoffmann M, Frye JG, Foley SL. Infection biology of Salmonella enterica. EcoSal Plus 2024:eesp00012023. [PMID: 38415623 DOI: 10.1128/ecosalplus.esp-0001-2023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2023] [Accepted: 07/31/2023] [Indexed: 02/29/2024]
Abstract
Salmonella enterica is the leading cause of bacterial foodborne illness in the USA, with an estimated 95% of salmonellosis cases due to the consumption of contaminated food products. Salmonella can cause several different disease syndromes, with the most common being gastroenteritis, followed by bacteremia and typhoid fever. Among the over 2,600 currently identified serotypes/serovars, some are mostly host-restricted and host-adapted, while the majority of serotypes can infect a broader range of host species and are associated with causing both livestock and human disease. Salmonella serotypes and strains within serovars can vary considerably in the severity of disease that may result from infection, with some serovars that are more highly associated with invasive disease in humans, while others predominantly cause mild gastroenteritis. These observed clinical differences may be caused by the genetic make-up and diversity of the serovars. Salmonella virulence systems are very complex containing several virulence-associated genes with different functions that contribute to its pathogenicity. The different clinical syndromes are associated with unique groups of virulence genes, and strains often differ in the array of virulence traits they display. On the chromosome, virulence genes are often clustered in regions known as Salmonella pathogenicity islands (SPIs), which are scattered throughout different Salmonella genomes and encode factors essential for adhesion, invasion, survival, and replication within the host. Plasmids can also carry various genes that contribute to Salmonella pathogenicity. For example, strains from several serovars associated with significant human disease, including Choleraesuis, Dublin, Enteritidis, Newport, and Typhimurium, can carry virulence plasmids with genes contributing to attachment, immune system evasion, and other roles. The goal of this comprehensive review is to provide key information on the Salmonella virulence, including the contributions of genes encoded in SPIs and plasmids during Salmonella pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Han
- National Center for Toxicological Research, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Jefferson, Arkansas, USA
| | - Nesreen Aljahdali
- National Center for Toxicological Research, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Jefferson, Arkansas, USA
- Biological Science Department, College of Science, King Abdul-Aziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Shaohua Zhao
- Center for Veterinary Medicine, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Rockville, Maryland, USA
| | - Hailin Tang
- National Center for Toxicological Research, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Jefferson, Arkansas, USA
| | - Heather Harbottle
- Center for Veterinary Medicine, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Rockville, Maryland, USA
| | - Maria Hoffmann
- Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, College Park, Maryland, USA
| | - Jonathan G Frye
- Agricutlutral Research Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Athens, Georgia, USA
| | - Steven L Foley
- National Center for Toxicological Research, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Jefferson, Arkansas, USA
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Liu X, Liu Y, Zhao X, Li X, Yao T, Liu R, Wang Q, Wang Q, Li D, Chen X, Liu B, Feng L. Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium remodels mitochondrial dynamics of macrophages via the T3SS effector SipA to promote intracellular proliferation. Gut Microbes 2024; 16:2316932. [PMID: 38356294 PMCID: PMC10877990 DOI: 10.1080/19490976.2024.2316932] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2023] [Accepted: 02/06/2024] [Indexed: 02/16/2024] Open
Abstract
Mitochondrial dynamics are critical in cellular energy production, metabolism, apoptosis, and immune responses. Pathogenic bacteria have evolved sophisticated mechanisms to manipulate host cells' mitochondrial functions, facilitating their proliferation and dissemination. Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium (S. Tm), an intracellular foodborne pathogen, causes diarrhea and exploits host macrophages for survival and replication. However, S. Tm-associated mitochondrial dynamics during macrophage infection remain poorly understood. In this study, we showed that within macrophages, S. Tm remodeled mitochondrial fragmentation to facilitate intracellular proliferation mediated by Salmonella invasion protein A (SipA), a type III secretion system effector encoded by Salmonella pathogenicity island 1. SipA directly targeted mitochondria via its N-terminal mitochondrial targeting sequence, preventing excessive fragmentation and the associated increase in mitochondrial reactive oxygen species, loss of mitochondrial membrane potential, and release of mitochondrial DNA and cytochrome c into the cytosol. Macrophage replication assays and animal experiments showed that mitochondria and SipA interact to facilitate intracellular replication and pathogenicity of S. Tm. Furthermore, we showed that SipA delayed mitochondrial fragmentation by indirectly inhibiting the recruitment of cytosolic dynamin-related protein 1, which mediates mitochondrial fragmentation. This study revealed a novel mechanism through which S. Tm manipulates host mitochondrial dynamics, providing insights into the molecular interplay that facilitates S. Tm adaptation within host macrophages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xingmei Liu
- National Key Laboratory of Intelligent Tracking and Forecasting for Infectious Diseases, TEDA Institute of Biological Sciences and Biotechnology, Nankai University, Tianjin, China
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Microbiology and Technology, Nankai University, Tianjin, China
| | - Yutao Liu
- National Key Laboratory of Intelligent Tracking and Forecasting for Infectious Diseases, TEDA Institute of Biological Sciences and Biotechnology, Nankai University, Tianjin, China
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Microbiology and Technology, Nankai University, Tianjin, China
| | - Xinyu Zhao
- National Key Laboratory of Intelligent Tracking and Forecasting for Infectious Diseases, TEDA Institute of Biological Sciences and Biotechnology, Nankai University, Tianjin, China
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Microbiology and Technology, Nankai University, Tianjin, China
| | - Xueping Li
- National Key Laboratory of Intelligent Tracking and Forecasting for Infectious Diseases, TEDA Institute of Biological Sciences and Biotechnology, Nankai University, Tianjin, China
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Microbiology and Technology, Nankai University, Tianjin, China
| | - Ting Yao
- National Key Laboratory of Intelligent Tracking and Forecasting for Infectious Diseases, TEDA Institute of Biological Sciences and Biotechnology, Nankai University, Tianjin, China
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Microbiology and Technology, Nankai University, Tianjin, China
| | - Ruiying Liu
- National Key Laboratory of Intelligent Tracking and Forecasting for Infectious Diseases, TEDA Institute of Biological Sciences and Biotechnology, Nankai University, Tianjin, China
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Microbiology and Technology, Nankai University, Tianjin, China
| | - Qian Wang
- National Key Laboratory of Intelligent Tracking and Forecasting for Infectious Diseases, TEDA Institute of Biological Sciences and Biotechnology, Nankai University, Tianjin, China
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Microbiology and Technology, Nankai University, Tianjin, China
| | - Qiushi Wang
- National Key Laboratory of Intelligent Tracking and Forecasting for Infectious Diseases, TEDA Institute of Biological Sciences and Biotechnology, Nankai University, Tianjin, China
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Microbiology and Technology, Nankai University, Tianjin, China
| | - Dan Li
- National Key Laboratory of Intelligent Tracking and Forecasting for Infectious Diseases, TEDA Institute of Biological Sciences and Biotechnology, Nankai University, Tianjin, China
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Microbiology and Technology, Nankai University, Tianjin, China
| | - Xintong Chen
- National Key Laboratory of Intelligent Tracking and Forecasting for Infectious Diseases, TEDA Institute of Biological Sciences and Biotechnology, Nankai University, Tianjin, China
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Microbiology and Technology, Nankai University, Tianjin, China
| | - Bin Liu
- National Key Laboratory of Intelligent Tracking and Forecasting for Infectious Diseases, TEDA Institute of Biological Sciences and Biotechnology, Nankai University, Tianjin, China
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Microbiology and Technology, Nankai University, Tianjin, China
- Nankai International Advanced Research Institute, Nankai University Shenzhen, Shenzhen, China
| | - Lu Feng
- National Key Laboratory of Intelligent Tracking and Forecasting for Infectious Diseases, TEDA Institute of Biological Sciences and Biotechnology, Nankai University, Tianjin, China
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Microbiology and Technology, Nankai University, Tianjin, China
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7
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Bandyopadhyay S, Zhang X, Ascura A, Edelblum KL, Bonder EM, Gao N. Salmonella engages CDC42 effector protein 1 for intracellular invasion. J Cell Physiol 2024; 239:36-50. [PMID: 37877586 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.31142] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2023] [Revised: 08/25/2023] [Accepted: 10/03/2023] [Indexed: 10/26/2023]
Abstract
Human enterocytes are primary targets of infection by invasive bacterium Salmonella Typhimurium, and studies using nonintestinal epithelial cells established that S. Typhimurium activates Rho family GTPases, primarily CDC42, to modulate the actin cytoskeletal network for invasion. The host intracellular protein network that engages CDC42 and influences the pathogen's invasive capacity are relatively unclear. Here, proteomic analyses of canonical and variant CDC42 interactomes identified a poorly characterized CDC42 interacting protein, CDC42EP1, whose intracellular localization is rapidly redistributed and aggregated around the invading bacteria. CDC42EP1 associates with SEPTIN-7 and Villin, and its relocalization and bacterial engagement depend on host CDC42 and S. Typhimurium's capability of activating CDC42. Unlike CDC42, CDC42EP1 is not required for S. Typhimurium's initial cellular entry but is found to associate with Salmonella-containing vacuoles after long-term infections, indicating a contribution to the pathogen's intracellular growth and replication. These results uncover a new host regulator of enteric Salmonella infections, which may be targeted to restrict bacterial load at the primary site of infection to prevent systemic spread.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Xiao Zhang
- Department of Biological Sciences, Rutgers University, Newark, New Jersey, USA
| | - Andrea Ascura
- Department of Biological Sciences, Rutgers University, Newark, New Jersey, USA
| | - Karen L Edelblum
- Department of Pathology, Immunology, and Laboratory Medicine, Center for Immunity and Inflammation, Rutgers New Jersey Medical School, Newark, New Jersey, USA
| | - Edward M Bonder
- Department of Biological Sciences, Rutgers University, Newark, New Jersey, USA
| | - Nan Gao
- Department of Biological Sciences, Rutgers University, Newark, New Jersey, USA
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8
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Niedzialkowska E, Runyan LA, Kudryashova E, Egelman EH, Kudryashov DS. Stabilization of F-actin by Salmonella effector SipA resembles the structural effects of inorganic phosphate and phalloidin. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.12.26.573373. [PMID: 38234808 PMCID: PMC10793455 DOI: 10.1101/2023.12.26.573373] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2024]
Abstract
Entry of Salmonella into host enterocytes strictly relies on its pathogenicity island 1 effector SipA. We found that SipA binds to F-actin in a unique mode in a 1:2 stoichiometry with picomolar affinity. A cryo-EM reconstruction revealed that SipA's globular core binds at the grove between actin strands, whereas the extended C-terminal arm penetrates deeply into the inter-strand space, stabilizing F-actin from within. The unusually strong binding of SipA is achieved via a combination of fast association via the core and very slow dissociation dictated by the arm. Similarly to Pi, BeF3, and phalloidin, SipA potently inhibited actin depolymerization by ADF/cofilin, which correlated with the increased filament stiffness, supporting the hypothesis that F-actin's mechanical properties contribute to the recognition of its nucleotide state by protein partners. The remarkably strong binding to F-actin maximizes the toxin's effects at the injection site while minimizing global influence on the cytoskeleton and preventing pathogen detection by the host cell.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ewa Niedzialkowska
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22903, USA
| | - Lucas A. Runyan
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
| | - Elena Kudryashova
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
| | - Edward H. Egelman
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22903, USA
| | - Dmitri S. Kudryashov
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
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Berni M, Bolzoni L, Menozzi I, Dodi A, Bracchi C, Morganti M, Scaltriti E, Pongolini S, Tambassi M. Salmonella Derby adaptation to swine and simultaneous attenuation for humans go through decay of Salmonella Pathogenicity Island I. Microbiol Spectr 2023; 11:e0189923. [PMID: 37800927 PMCID: PMC10715017 DOI: 10.1128/spectrum.01899-23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2023] [Accepted: 08/09/2023] [Indexed: 10/07/2023] Open
Abstract
IMPORTANCE This study integrated population data with in vitro assessment of virulence phenotypes to unveil that a considerable part of the global population of Salmonella Derby is evolving to enhance its host adaptation to the swine host and that this evolution is simultaneously increasing its attenuation for humans. The study shows that the fixation of deleterious mutations in SPI-1 has a role in this process. This evidence indicates that SPI-1 has a key role for S. Derby virulence in humans but not for its circulation in swine. The results show that genes generally considered essential for Salmonella pathogenesis do not play the same key role for all Salmonella serovars or lineages and/or all hosts. The study helps in understanding the molecular mechanisms underlying the ecology and host adaptation of Salmonella showing that the adaptation process can vary for different types of Salmonella and hosts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melissa Berni
- Risk Analysis and Genomic Epidemiology Unit, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Lombardia e dell'Emilia-Romagna (IZSLER), Parma, Italy
| | - Luca Bolzoni
- Risk Analysis and Genomic Epidemiology Unit, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Lombardia e dell'Emilia-Romagna (IZSLER), Parma, Italy
| | - Ilaria Menozzi
- Risk Analysis and Genomic Epidemiology Unit, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Lombardia e dell'Emilia-Romagna (IZSLER), Parma, Italy
| | - Alessandra Dodi
- Risk Analysis and Genomic Epidemiology Unit, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Lombardia e dell'Emilia-Romagna (IZSLER), Parma, Italy
| | - Chiara Bracchi
- Risk Analysis and Genomic Epidemiology Unit, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Lombardia e dell'Emilia-Romagna (IZSLER), Parma, Italy
| | - Marina Morganti
- Risk Analysis and Genomic Epidemiology Unit, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Lombardia e dell'Emilia-Romagna (IZSLER), Parma, Italy
| | - Erika Scaltriti
- Risk Analysis and Genomic Epidemiology Unit, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Lombardia e dell'Emilia-Romagna (IZSLER), Parma, Italy
| | - Stefano Pongolini
- Risk Analysis and Genomic Epidemiology Unit, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Lombardia e dell'Emilia-Romagna (IZSLER), Parma, Italy
| | - Martina Tambassi
- Risk Analysis and Genomic Epidemiology Unit, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Lombardia e dell'Emilia-Romagna (IZSLER), Parma, Italy
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10
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McGuckin MA, Davies JM, Felgner P, Wong KY, Giri R, He Y, Moniruzzaman M, Kryza T, Sajiir H, Hooper JD, Florin TH, Begun J, Oussalah A, Hasnain SZ, Hensel M, Sheng YH. MUC13 Cell Surface Mucin Limits Salmonella Typhimurium Infection by Protecting the Mucosal Epithelial Barrier. Cell Mol Gastroenterol Hepatol 2023; 16:985-1009. [PMID: 37660948 PMCID: PMC10630632 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcmgh.2023.08.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2022] [Revised: 08/25/2023] [Accepted: 08/28/2023] [Indexed: 09/05/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIMS MUC13 cell surface mucin is highly expressed on the mucosal surface throughout the intestine, yet its role against bacterial infection is unknown. We investigated how MUC13 impacts Salmonella typhimurium (S Tm) infection and elucidated its mechanisms of action. METHODS Muc13-/- and wild-type littermate mice were gavaged with 2 isogenic strains of S Tm after pre-conditioning with streptomycin. We assessed clinical parameters, cecal histology, local and systemic bacterial load, and proinflammatory cytokines after infection. Cecal enteroids and epithelial cell lines were used to evaluate the mechanism of MUC13 activity after infection. The interaction between bacterial SiiE and MUC13 was assessed by using siiE-deficient Salmonella. RESULTS S Tm-infected Muc13-/- mice had increased disease activity, histologic damage, and higher local and systemic bacterial loads. Mechanistically, we found that S Tm binds to MUC13 through its giant SiiE adhesin and that MUC13 acts as a pathogen-binding decoy shed from the epithelial cell surface after pathogen engagement, limiting bacterial invasion. In addition, MUC13 reduces epithelial cell death and intestinal barrier breakdown by enhancing nuclear factor kappa B signaling during infection, independent of its decoy function. CONCLUSIONS We show for the first time that MUC13 plays a critical role in antimicrobial defense against pathogenic S Tm at the intestinal mucosal surface by both acting as a releasable decoy limiting bacterial invasion and reducing pathogen-induced cell death. This further implicates the cell surface mucin family in mucosal defense from bacterial infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael A McGuckin
- Inflammatory Disease Biology and Therapeutics Group, Mater Research Institute - The University of Queensland, Translational Research Institute, Woolloongabba, Queensland, Australia; Faculty of Medicine Dentistry and Health Sciences, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia.
| | - Julie M Davies
- Inflammatory Bowel Diseases Group, Mater Research Institute - The University of Queensland, Translational Research Institute, Woolloongabba, Queensland, Australia
| | - Pascal Felgner
- CellNanOs, Center for Cellular Nanoanalytics, Osnabrueck, Germany; Division Microbiology, Universitaet Osnabrueck, Osnabrueck, Germany
| | - Kuan Yau Wong
- Inflammatory Disease Biology and Therapeutics Group, Mater Research Institute - The University of Queensland, Translational Research Institute, Woolloongabba, Queensland, Australia
| | - Rabina Giri
- Inflammatory Bowel Diseases Group, Mater Research Institute - The University of Queensland, Translational Research Institute, Woolloongabba, Queensland, Australia
| | - Yaowu He
- Cancer Biology Group, Mater Research Institute-University of Queensland, Woolloongabba, Queensland, Australia
| | - Md Moniruzzaman
- Inflammatory Bowel Diseases Group, Mater Research Institute - The University of Queensland, Translational Research Institute, Woolloongabba, Queensland, Australia; School of Pharmacy, The University of Queensland, Woolloongabba, Queensland, Australia
| | - Thomas Kryza
- Cancer Biology Group, Mater Research Institute-University of Queensland, Woolloongabba, Queensland, Australia
| | - Haressh Sajiir
- Inflammatory Disease Biology and Therapeutics Group, Mater Research Institute - The University of Queensland, Translational Research Institute, Woolloongabba, Queensland, Australia
| | - John D Hooper
- Cancer Biology Group, Mater Research Institute-University of Queensland, Woolloongabba, Queensland, Australia
| | - Timothy H Florin
- Inflammatory Bowel Diseases Group, Mater Research Institute - The University of Queensland, Translational Research Institute, Woolloongabba, Queensland, Australia
| | - Jakob Begun
- Inflammatory Bowel Diseases Group, Mater Research Institute - The University of Queensland, Translational Research Institute, Woolloongabba, Queensland, Australia
| | - Abderrahim Oussalah
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Division of Biochemistry, Molecular Biology, Nutrition, and Metabolism, University Hospital of Nancy, Nancy, France; University of Lorraine, INSERM UMR_S 1256, Nutrition, Genetics, and Environmental Risk Exposure (NGERE), Faculty of Medicine of Nancy, Nancy, France; Reference Center for Inborn Errors of Metabolism (ORPHA67872), University Hospital of Nancy, Nancy, France
| | - Sumaira Z Hasnain
- Inflammatory Disease Biology and Therapeutics Group, Mater Research Institute - The University of Queensland, Translational Research Institute, Woolloongabba, Queensland, Australia
| | - Michael Hensel
- CellNanOs, Center for Cellular Nanoanalytics, Osnabrueck, Germany; Division Microbiology, Universitaet Osnabrueck, Osnabrueck, Germany
| | - Yong H Sheng
- Inflammatory Disease Biology and Therapeutics Group, Mater Research Institute - The University of Queensland, Translational Research Institute, Woolloongabba, Queensland, Australia; Laboratory of B-Lymphocytes in Autoimmunity and Malignancies, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Herston, Queensland, Australia.
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11
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Wolbachia Promotes Its Own Uptake by Host Cells. Infect Immun 2023; 91:e0055722. [PMID: 36648231 PMCID: PMC9933726 DOI: 10.1128/iai.00557-22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Wolbachia pipientis is an incredibly widespread bacterial symbiont of insects, present in an estimated 25 to 52% of species worldwide. Wolbachia is faithfully maternally transmitted both in a laboratory setting and in the wild. In an established infection, Wolbachia is primarily intracellular, residing within host-derived vacuoles that are associated with the endoplasmic reticulum. However, Wolbachia also frequently transfers between host species, requiring an extracellular stage to its life cycle. Indeed, Wolbachia has been moved between insect species for the precise goal of controlling populations. The use of Wolbachia in this application requires that we better understand how it initiates and establishes new infections. Here, we designed a novel method for live tracking Wolbachia cells during infection using a combination of stains and microscopy. We show that live Wolbachia cells are taken up by host cells at a much faster rate than dead Wolbachia cells, indicating that Wolbachia bacteria play a role in their own uptake and that Wolbachia colonization is not just a passive process. We also show that the host actin cytoskeleton must be intact for this to occur and that drugs that disrupt the actin cytoskeleton effectively abrogate Wolbachia uptake. The development of this live infection assay will assist in future efforts to characterize Wolbachia factors used during host infection.
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12
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Yuan H, Zhou L, Chen Y, You J, Hu H, Li Y, Huang R, Wu S. Salmonella effector SopF regulates PANoptosis of intestinal epithelial cells to aggravate systemic infection. Gut Microbes 2023; 15:2180315. [PMID: 36803521 PMCID: PMC9980482 DOI: 10.1080/19490976.2023.2180315] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/23/2023] Open
Abstract
SopF, a newly discovered effector secreted by Salmonella pathogenicity island-1 type III secretion system (T3SS1), was reported to target phosphoinositide on host cell membrane and aggravate systemic infection, while its functional relevance and underlying mechanisms have yet to be elucidated. PANoptosis (pyroptosis, apoptosis, and necroptosis) of intestinal epithelial cells (IECs) has been characterized as a pivotal host defense to limit the dissemination of foodborne pathogens, whereas the effect of SopF on IECs PANoptosis induced by Salmonella is rather limited. Here, we show that SopF can attenuate intestinal inflammation and suppress IECs expulsion to promote bacterial dissemination in mice infected with Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium (S. Typhimurium). We revealed that SopF could activate phosphoinositide-dependent protein kinase-1 (PDK1) to phosphorylate p90 ribosomal S6 kinase (RSK) which down-regulated Caspase-8 activation. Caspase-8 inactivated by SopF resulted in inhibition of pyroptosis and apoptosis, but promotion of necroptosis. The administration of both AR-12 (PDK1 inhibitor) and BI-D1870 (RSK inhibitor) potentially overcame Caspase-8 blockade and subverted PANoptosis challenged by SopF. Collectively, these findings demonstrate that this virulence strategy elicited by SopF aggregates systemic infection via modulating IEC PANoptosis through PDK1-RSK signaling, which throws light on novel functions of bacterial effectors, as well as a mechanism employed by pathogens to counteract host immune defense.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haibo Yuan
- Department of Medical Microbiology, School of Biology and Basic Medical Science, Suzhou Medical College of Soochow University, Suzhou, China,Department of Medical Technology, Suzhou Vocational Health College, Suzhou, China
| | - Liting Zhou
- Department of Medical Microbiology, School of Biology and Basic Medical Science, Suzhou Medical College of Soochow University, Suzhou, China,Suzhou Key Laboratory of Pathogen Bioscience and Anti-infective Medicine
| | - Yilin Chen
- Department of Medical Microbiology, School of Biology and Basic Medical Science, Suzhou Medical College of Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Jiayi You
- Department of Medical Microbiology, School of Biology and Basic Medical Science, Suzhou Medical College of Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Hongye Hu
- Department of Medical Microbiology, School of Biology and Basic Medical Science, Suzhou Medical College of Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Yuanyuan Li
- Department of Medical Microbiology, School of Biology and Basic Medical Science, Suzhou Medical College of Soochow University, Suzhou, China,Suzhou Key Laboratory of Pathogen Bioscience and Anti-infective Medicine
| | - Rui Huang
- Department of Medical Microbiology, School of Biology and Basic Medical Science, Suzhou Medical College of Soochow University, Suzhou, China,Suzhou Key Laboratory of Pathogen Bioscience and Anti-infective Medicine
| | - Shuyan Wu
- Department of Medical Microbiology, School of Biology and Basic Medical Science, Suzhou Medical College of Soochow University, Suzhou, China,Suzhou Key Laboratory of Pathogen Bioscience and Anti-infective Medicine,CONTACT Shuyan Wu; Rui Huang ; Department of Medical Microbiology, School of Biology and Basic Medical Sciences, Suzhou Medical College of Soochow University, No. 199, Ren Ai Road, Suzhou, Jiangsu215123, PR China
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13
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Abstract
The major function of the mammalian immune system is to prevent and control infections caused by enteropathogens that collectively have altered human destiny. In fact, as the gastrointestinal tissues are the major interface of mammals with the environment, up to 70% of the human immune system is dedicated to patrolling them The defenses are multi-tiered and include the endogenous microflora that mediate colonization resistance as well as physical barriers intended to compartmentalize infections. The gastrointestinal tract and associated lymphoid tissue are also protected by sophisticated interleaved arrays of active innate and adaptive immune defenses. Remarkably, some bacterial enteropathogens have acquired an arsenal of virulence factors with which they neutralize all these formidable barriers to infection, causing disease ranging from mild self-limiting gastroenteritis to in some cases devastating human disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Micah J. Worley
- Department of Biology, University of Louisville, Louisville, Kentucky, USA,CONTACT Micah J. Worley Department of Biology, University of Louisville, 139 Life Sciences Bldg, Louisville, Kentucky, USA
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14
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Godlee C, Holden DW. Transmembrane substrates of type three secretion system injectisomes. MICROBIOLOGY (READING, ENGLAND) 2023; 169:001292. [PMID: 36748571 PMCID: PMC9993115 DOI: 10.1099/mic.0.001292] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
The type three secretion system injectisome of Gram-negative bacterial pathogens injects virulence proteins, called effectors, into host cells. Effectors of mammalian pathogens carry out a range of functions enabling bacterial invasion, replication, immune suppression and transmission. The injectisome secretes two translocon proteins that insert into host cell membranes to form a translocon pore, through which effectors are delivered. A subset of effectors also integrate into infected cell membranes, enabling a unique range of biochemical functions. Both translocon proteins and transmembrane effectors avoid cytoplasmic aggregation and integration into the bacterial inner membrane. Translocated transmembrane effectors locate and integrate into the appropriate host membrane. In this review, we focus on transmembrane translocon proteins and effectors of bacterial pathogens of mammals. We discuss what is known about the mechanisms underlying their membrane integration, as well as the functions conferred by the position of injectisome effectors within membranes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Camilla Godlee
- MRC Centre for Molecular Bacteriology and Infection, Imperial College London, Armstrong Road, London SW7 2AZ, UK
- Present address: Department of Infectious Diseases, School of Immunology and Microbial Sciences, King's College London, London, UK
- *Correspondence: Camilla Godlee, ;
| | - David W. Holden
- MRC Centre for Molecular Bacteriology and Infection, Imperial College London, Armstrong Road, London SW7 2AZ, UK
- *Correspondence: David W. Holden,
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15
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Gao Y, Chen H, Li W, Zhang Y, Luo J, Zhao L, Shi F, Ye G, He X, Xu Z, Zhu L, Tang H, Li Y. Chloroform extracts of Atractylodes chinensis inhibit the adhesion and invasion of Salmonella typhimurium. Biomed Pharmacother 2022; 154:113633. [PMID: 36063647 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2022.113633] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2022] [Revised: 08/28/2022] [Accepted: 08/30/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
There are 27 million cases of Salmonella Typhimurium (STM) reported worldwide annually, which have resulted in 217,000 deaths to date. Thus, there is an urgent requirement to develop novel antibacterial agents to target the multidrug-resistant strains of STM. We evaluated the inhibitory effect of the chloroform extracts of Atractylodes chinensis (Ac-CE) on the virulence of STM in vitro and develop it as a potential antibacterial agent. First, we determined the in vitro effects of Ac-CE on STM biofilm formation, and swimming, swarming, and adhesion to mucin. Further, we evaluated the effect of Ac-CE on the adhesion and invasion of STM at the gene level. Lastly, we evaluated the inhibitory effect of Ac-CE on STM infectivity at the cellular level. Ac-CE could attenuate both the adhesion and invasion abilities of STM in vitro. At the gene level, it could inhibit the expression of flagella, pilus, biofilm, SPI-1, and SPI-2 genes, which are related to the adhesion and invasion ability of STM in cells. Ac-CE significantly downregulated the expression of inflammatory cytokines and the TLR4/MyD88/NF-κB pathway in an STM infection cell model. It also significantly recovered the expression of intestinal barrier-related genes and proteins in intestinal cells that are damaged during STM infection. Ac-CE is effective as an antivirulence agent in alleviating STM infection. Although the main components of Ac-CE were analyzed.We have not demonstrated the antivirulence effect of the active ingredients in Ac-CE. And the antivirulence effect of Ac-CE and its active ingredients warrant further in vivo studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuanze Gao
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, 211 Huimin Road, Chengdu 611130, Sichuan, China
| | - Helin Chen
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, 211 Huimin Road, Chengdu 611130, Sichuan, China
| | - Wen Li
- Animal Breeding and Genetics Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Animal Science Academy, Chengdu 610066, China
| | - Yu Zhang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, 211 Huimin Road, Chengdu 611130, Sichuan, China
| | - Jie Luo
- National Ethnic Affairs Commission Key Open Laboratory of Traditional Chinese Veterinary Medicine, Tongren Polytechnic College, Tongren 554300, Guizhou, China
| | - Ling Zhao
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, 211 Huimin Road, Chengdu 611130, Sichuan, China
| | - Fei Shi
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, 211 Huimin Road, Chengdu 611130, Sichuan, China
| | - Gang Ye
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, 211 Huimin Road, Chengdu 611130, Sichuan, China
| | - Xiaoli He
- College of Science, Sichuan Agricultural University, 211 Huimin Road, Chengdu 611130, Sichuan, China
| | - Zhiwen Xu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, 211 Huimin Road, Chengdu 611130, Sichuan, China
| | - Ling Zhu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, 211 Huimin Road, Chengdu 611130, Sichuan, China
| | - Huaqiao Tang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, 211 Huimin Road, Chengdu 611130, Sichuan, China.
| | - Yinglun Li
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, 211 Huimin Road, Chengdu 611130, Sichuan, China.
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16
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Mechanisms for the Invasion and Dissemination of Salmonella. CANADIAN JOURNAL OF INFECTIOUS DISEASES AND MEDICAL MICROBIOLOGY 2022; 2022:2655801. [PMID: 35722038 PMCID: PMC9203224 DOI: 10.1155/2022/2655801] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2021] [Revised: 05/15/2022] [Accepted: 05/30/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Salmonella enterica is a gastroenteric Gram-negative bacterium that can infect both humans and animals and causes millions of illnesses per year around the world. Salmonella infections usually occur after the consumption of contaminated food or water. Infections with Salmonella species can cause diseases ranging from enterocolitis to typhoid fever. Salmonella has developed multiple strategies to invade and establish a systemic infection in the host. Different cell types, including epithelial cells, macrophages, dendritic cells, and M cells, are important in the infection process of Salmonella. Dissemination throughout the body and colonization of remote organs are hallmarks of Salmonella infection. There are several routes for the dissemination of Salmonella typhimurium. This review summarizes the current understanding of the infection mechanisms of Salmonella. Additionally, different routes of Salmonella infection will be discussed. In this review, the strategies used by Salmonella enterica to establish persistent infection will be discussed. Understanding both the bacterial and host factors leading to the successful colonization of Salmonella enterica may enable the rational design of effective therapeutic strategies.
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17
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Shu J, Liu H, Liu Y, Chen X, Yu Y, Lv Q, Wang J, Deng X, Guo Z, Qiu J. Tannic Acid Inhibits Salmonella enterica Serovar Typhimurium Infection by Targeting the Type III Secretion System. Front Microbiol 2022; 12:784926. [PMID: 35145491 PMCID: PMC8822118 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2021.784926] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2021] [Accepted: 12/24/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium (S. Typhimurium) is a zoonotic pathogen that can cause food poisoning and diarrhea in both humans and animals worldwide. The Salmonella pathogenicity island (SPI) genes encoded type III secretion system (T3SS) is important for S. Typhimurium invasion and replication in host cells. Due to the increasing problem of antibiotic resistance, antibiotic treatment for clinical Salmonella infection has gradually been limited. Anti-virulence inhibitors are a promising alternative to antibiotics because they do not easily induce bacterial antibiotic resistance. Here, we systematically evaluated the therapeutic effect of tannic acid (TA) on Salmonella-infected mice and elucidated its anti-infection mechanism. TA treatment improved the survival rate of S. Typhimurium-infected mice and alleviated cecum pathological lesions. In addition, TA inhibited S. Typhimurium invasion to HeLa cells without affecting their growth. Further studies showed that TA could inhibit the expression of sipA and sipB. This inhibition may be implemented by inhibiting the transcription of key regulatory and structural genes of the T3SS. This study provides an alternative anti-virulence strategy for Salmonella infection treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingyan Shu
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis, Ministry of Education, College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Hongtao Liu
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis, Ministry of Education, College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Yang Liu
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis, Ministry of Education, College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Xindi Chen
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis, Ministry of Education, College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Yu Yu
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis, Ministry of Education, College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Qianghua Lv
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis, Ministry of Education, College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Jianfeng Wang
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis, Ministry of Education, College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Xuming Deng
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis, Ministry of Education, College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Zhimin Guo
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
- Zhimin Guo,
| | - Jiazhang Qiu
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis, Ministry of Education, College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun, China
- *Correspondence: Jiazhang Qiu,
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18
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Zhang Y, Liu Y, Zhang B, Gao L, Jie J, Deng X, Liu X, Sun D, Song L, Luo J. A natural compound hyperoside targets Salmonella Typhimurium T3SS needle protein InvG. Food Funct 2022; 13:9761-9771. [DOI: 10.1039/d2fo00908k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The antimicrobial actions of natural compounds derived from medicinal plants have been well documented. However, their detailed mechanism underlying the action against microorganisms remains largely unexplored. Salmonella enterica is a...
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19
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Salmonella Typhimurium and inflammation: a pathogen-centric affair. Nat Rev Microbiol 2021; 19:716-725. [PMID: 34012042 PMCID: PMC9350856 DOI: 10.1038/s41579-021-00561-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 103] [Impact Index Per Article: 34.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/12/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Microbial infections are controlled by host inflammatory responses that are initiated by innate immune receptors after recognition of conserved microbial products. As inflammation can also lead to disease, tissues that are exposed to microbial products such as the intestinal epithelium are subject to stringent regulatory mechanisms to prevent indiscriminate signalling through innate immune receptors. The enteric pathogen Salmonella enterica subsp. enterica serovar Typhimurium, which requires intestinal inflammation to sustain its replication in the intestinal tract, uses effector proteins of its type III secretion systems to trigger an inflammatory response without the engagement of innate immune receptors. Furthermore, S. Typhimurium uses a different set of effectors to restrict the inflammatory response to preserve host homeostasis. The S. Typhimurium-host interface is a remarkable example of the unique balance that emerges from the co-evolution of a pathogen and its host.
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20
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Zhang Y, Liu Y, Luo J, Jie J, Deng X, Song L. The Herbal Compound Thymol Targets Multiple Salmonella Typhimurium Virulence Factors for Lon Protease Degradation. Front Pharmacol 2021; 12:674955. [PMID: 34512322 PMCID: PMC8427694 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2021.674955] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2021] [Accepted: 07/16/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Many important bacterial pathogens are using the type III secretion system to deliver effectors into host cells. Salmonella Typhimurium (S. Typhimurium) is a pathogenic Gram-negative bacterium with the type III secretion system as its major virulence factor. Our previous studies demonstrated that thymol, a monoterpene phenol derivative of cymene, inhibited S. Typhimurium invasion into mammalian cells and protected mice from infection. However, the antibacterial mechanism of thymol is not clear. In this study, we revealed that thymol interferes with the abundance of about 100 bacterial proteins through proteomic analysis. Among the 42 proteins whose abundance was reduced, 11 were important virulence factors associated with T3SS-1. Further analyses with SipA revealed that thymol directly interacts with this protein to induce conformational changes, which makes it susceptible to the Lon protease. In agreement with this observation, thymol effectively blocks cell invasion by S. Typhimurium. Thus, thymol represents a class of anti-virulence compounds that function by targeting pathogenic factors for degradation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yong Zhang
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Key Laboratory of Organ Regeneration and Transplantation of the Ministry of Education, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China.,Key Laboratory of Zoonosis, Ministry of Education, Institute of Zoonosis, College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Yan Liu
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis, Ministry of Education, Institute of Zoonosis, College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Jingjing Luo
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Key Laboratory of Organ Regeneration and Transplantation of the Ministry of Education, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Jing Jie
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Key Laboratory of Organ Regeneration and Transplantation of the Ministry of Education, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Xuming Deng
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis, Ministry of Education, Institute of Zoonosis, College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Lei Song
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Key Laboratory of Organ Regeneration and Transplantation of the Ministry of Education, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
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21
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Fattinger SA, Sellin ME, Hardt WD. Salmonella effector driven invasion of the gut epithelium: breaking in and setting the house on fire. Curr Opin Microbiol 2021; 64:9-18. [PMID: 34492596 DOI: 10.1016/j.mib.2021.08.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2021] [Revised: 08/10/2021] [Accepted: 08/17/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Salmonella Typhimurium (S.Tm) is a major cause of diarrheal disease. The invasion into intestinal epithelial cells (IECs) is a central step in the infection cycle. It is associated with gut inflammation and thought to benefit S.Tm proliferation also in the intestinal lumen. Importantly, it is still not entirely clear how inflammation is elicited and to which extent it links to IEC invasion efficiency in vivo. In this review, we summarize recent findings explaining IEC invasion by type-three-secretion-system-1 (TTSS-1) effector proteins and discuss their effects on invasion and gut inflammation. In non-polarized tissue culture cells, the TTSS-1 effectors (mainly SopB/E/E2) elicit large membrane ruffles fueling cooperative invasion, and can directly trigger pro-inflammatory signaling. By contrast, in the murine gut, we observe discreet-invasion (mainly via the TTSS-1 effector SipA) and a prominent pro-inflammatory role of the host?"s epithelial inflammasome(s), which sense pathogen associated molecular patterns (PAMPs). We discuss why it has remained a major challenge to tease apart direct and indirect inflammatory effects of TTSS-1 effectors and explain why further research will be needed to fully determine their inflammation-modulating role(s).
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefan A Fattinger
- Institute of Microbiology, Department of Biology, ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland; Science for Life Laboratory, Department of Medical Biochemistry and Microbiology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden.
| | - Mikael E Sellin
- Science for Life Laboratory, Department of Medical Biochemistry and Microbiology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden.
| | - Wolf-Dietrich Hardt
- Institute of Microbiology, Department of Biology, ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland.
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22
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Hussain S, Ouyang P, Zhu Y, Khalique A, He C, Liang X, Shu G, Yin L. Type 3 secretion system 1 of Salmonella typhimurium and its inhibitors: a novel strategy to combat salmonellosis. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2021; 28:34154-34166. [PMID: 33966165 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-021-13986-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2021] [Accepted: 04/13/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Unsuccessful vaccination against Salmonella due to a large number of serovars, and antibiotic resistance, necessitates the development of novel therapeutics to treat salmonellosis. The development of anti-virulence agents against multi-drug-resistant bacteria is a novel strategy because of its non-bacterial feature. Hence, a thorough study of the type three secretion system (T3SS) of Salmonella would help us better understand its role in bacterial pathogenesis and development of anti-virulence agents. However, T3SS can be inhibited by different chemicals at different stages of infection and sequenced delivery of effectors can be blocked to restrict the progression of disease. This review highlights the role of T3SS-1 in the internalization, survival, and replication of Salmonella within the intestinal epithelium and T3SS inhibitors. We concluded that the better we understand the structures and functions of T3SS, the more we have chances to develop anti-virulence agents. Furthermore, greater insights into the T3SS inhibitors of Salmonella would help in the mitigation of the antibiotic resistance problem and would lead us to the era of new therapeutics against salmonellosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sajjad Hussain
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agriculture University, Huimin Road 211, Wenjiang, Chengdu, China
| | - Ping Ouyang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agriculture University, Huimin Road 211, Wenjiang, Chengdu, China
| | - Yingkun Zhu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agriculture University, Huimin Road 211, Wenjiang, Chengdu, China
| | - Abdul Khalique
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agriculture University, Huimin Road 211, Wenjiang, Chengdu, China
| | - Changliang He
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agriculture University, Huimin Road 211, Wenjiang, Chengdu, China
| | - Xiaoxia Liang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agriculture University, Huimin Road 211, Wenjiang, Chengdu, China
| | - Gang Shu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agriculture University, Huimin Road 211, Wenjiang, Chengdu, China
| | - Lizi Yin
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agriculture University, Huimin Road 211, Wenjiang, Chengdu, China.
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23
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Schultz BM, Melo-Gonzalez F, Salazar GA, Porto BN, Riedel CA, Kalergis AM, Bueno SM. New Insights on the Early Interaction Between Typhoid and Non-typhoid Salmonella Serovars and the Host Cells. Front Microbiol 2021; 12:647044. [PMID: 34276584 PMCID: PMC8282409 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2021.647044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2020] [Accepted: 06/08/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Salmonella enterica is a common source of food and water-borne infections, causing a wide range of clinical ailments in both human and animal hosts. Immunity to Salmonella involves an interplay between different immune responses, which are rapidly initiated to control bacterial burden. However, Salmonella has developed several strategies to evade and modulate the host immune responses. In this sense, the main knowledge about the pathogenicity of this bacterium has been obtained by the study of mouse models with non-typhoidal serovars. However, this knowledge is not representative of all the pathologies caused by non-typhoidal serovars in the human. Here we review the most important features of typhoidal and non-typhoidal serovars and the diseases they cause in the human host, describing the virulence mechanisms used by these pathogens that have been identified in different models of infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bárbara M Schultz
- Departamento de Genética Molecular y Microbiología, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Felipe Melo-Gonzalez
- Departamento de Genética Molecular y Microbiología, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Geraldyne A Salazar
- Departamento de Genética Molecular y Microbiología, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Bárbara N Porto
- Laboratory of Clinical and Experimental Immunology, School of Medicine, Pontifical Catholic University of Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil.,Program in Translational Medicine, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Claudia A Riedel
- Departamento de Ciencias Biológicas, Facultad de Ciencias de la Vida, Millennium Institute on Immunology and Immunotherapy, Universidad Andrés Bello, Santiago, Chile
| | - Alexis M Kalergis
- Departamento de Genética Molecular y Microbiología, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile.,Departamento de Endocrinología, Facultad de Medicina, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Susan M Bueno
- Departamento de Genética Molecular y Microbiología, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
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24
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Chang YY, Enninga J, Stévenin V. New methods to decrypt emerging macropinosome functions during the host-pathogen crosstalk. Cell Microbiol 2021; 23:e13342. [PMID: 33848057 PMCID: PMC8365644 DOI: 10.1111/cmi.13342] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2021] [Revised: 03/30/2021] [Accepted: 03/31/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Large volumes of liquid and other materials from the extracellular environment are internalised by eukaryotic cells via an endocytic process called macropinocytosis. It is now recognised that this fundamental and evolutionarily conserved pathway is hijacked by numerous intracellular pathogens as an entry portal to the host cell interior. Yet, an increasing number of additional cellular functions of macropinosomes in pathologic processes have been reported beyond this role for fluid internalisation. It emerges that the identity of macropinosomes can vary hugely and change rapidly during their lifetime. A deeper understanding of this important multi-faceted compartment is based on novel methods for their investigation. These methods are either imaging-based for the tracking of macropinosome dynamics, or they provide the means to extract macropinosomes at high purity for comprehensive proteomic analyses. Here, we portray these new approaches for the investigation of macropinosomes. We document how these method developments have provided insights for a new understanding of the intracellular lifestyle of the bacterial pathogens Shigella and Salmonella. We suggest that a systematic complete characterisation of macropinosome subversion with these approaches during other infection processes and pathologies will be highly beneficial for our understanding of the underlying cellular and molecular processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuen-Yan Chang
- Institut Pasteur, Dynamics of Host-Pathogen Interactions Unit and CNRS UMR 3691, Paris, France.,Division of Molecular and Cellular Biology, National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Jost Enninga
- Institut Pasteur, Dynamics of Host-Pathogen Interactions Unit and CNRS UMR 3691, Paris, France
| | - Virginie Stévenin
- Institut Pasteur, Dynamics of Host-Pathogen Interactions Unit and CNRS UMR 3691, Paris, France.,Department of Cell and Chemical Biology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, Netherlands.,Université Paris Diderot, Ecole doctorale BioSPC, Paris, France
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25
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Kim HR, Park JS, Karabulut H, Yasmin F, Jun CD. Transgelin-2: A Double-Edged Sword in Immunity and Cancer Metastasis. Front Cell Dev Biol 2021; 9:606149. [PMID: 33898417 PMCID: PMC8060441 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2021.606149] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2020] [Accepted: 03/17/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Transgelin-2, a small actin-binding protein, is the only transgelin family member expressed in immune cells. In T and B lymphocytes, transgelin-2 is constitutively expressed, but in antigen-presenting cells, it is significantly upregulated upon lipopolysaccharide stimulation. Transgelin-2 acts as a molecular staple to stabilize the actin cytoskeleton, and it competes with cofilin to bind filamentous (F)-actin. This action may enable immune synapse stabilization during T-cell interaction with cognate antigen-presenting cells. Furthermore, transgelin-2 blocks Arp2/3 complex-nucleated actin branching, which is presumably related to small filopodia formation, enhanced phagocytic function, and antigen presentation. Overall, transgelin-2 is an essential part of the molecular armament required for host defense against neoplasms and infectious diseases. However, transgelin-2 acts as a double-edged sword, as its expression is also essential for a wide range of tumor development, including drug resistance and metastasis. Thus, targeting transgelin-2 can also have a therapeutic advantage for cancer treatment; selectively suppressing transgelin-2 expression may prevent multidrug resistance in cancer chemotherapy. Here, we review newly discovered molecular characteristics of transgelin-2 and discuss clinical applications for cancer and immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hye-Ran Kim
- School of Life Sciences, Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology (GIST), Gwangju, South Korea.,Immune Synapse and Cell Therapy Research Center, Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology (GIST), Gwangju, South Korea
| | - Jeong-Su Park
- School of Life Sciences, Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology (GIST), Gwangju, South Korea.,Immune Synapse and Cell Therapy Research Center, Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology (GIST), Gwangju, South Korea
| | - Hatice Karabulut
- School of Life Sciences, Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology (GIST), Gwangju, South Korea.,Immune Synapse and Cell Therapy Research Center, Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology (GIST), Gwangju, South Korea
| | - Fatima Yasmin
- School of Life Sciences, Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology (GIST), Gwangju, South Korea.,Immune Synapse and Cell Therapy Research Center, Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology (GIST), Gwangju, South Korea
| | - Chang-Duk Jun
- School of Life Sciences, Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology (GIST), Gwangju, South Korea.,Immune Synapse and Cell Therapy Research Center, Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology (GIST), Gwangju, South Korea
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26
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Hotinger JA, Pendergrass HA, May AE. Molecular Targets and Strategies for Inhibition of the Bacterial Type III Secretion System (T3SS); Inhibitors Directly Binding to T3SS Components. Biomolecules 2021; 11:biom11020316. [PMID: 33669653 PMCID: PMC7922566 DOI: 10.3390/biom11020316] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2021] [Revised: 02/16/2021] [Accepted: 02/17/2021] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
The type III secretion system (T3SS) is a virulence apparatus used by many Gram-negative pathogenic bacteria to cause infections. Pathogens utilizing a T3SS are responsible for millions of infections yearly. Since many T3SS knockout strains are incapable of causing systemic infection, the T3SS has emerged as an attractive anti-virulence target for therapeutic design. The T3SS is a multiprotein molecular syringe that enables pathogens to inject effector proteins into host cells. These effectors modify host cell mechanisms in a variety of ways beneficial to the pathogen. Due to the T3SS’s complex nature, there are numerous ways in which it can be targeted. This review will be focused on the direct targeting of components of the T3SS, including the needle, translocon, basal body, sorting platform, and effector proteins. Inhibitors will be considered a direct inhibitor if they have a binding partner that is a T3SS component, regardless of the inhibitory effect being structural or functional.
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27
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Dhanda AS, Yang D, Guttman JA. Localization of alpha-actinin-4 during infections by actin remodeling bacteria. Anat Rec (Hoboken) 2020; 304:1400-1419. [PMID: 33099893 DOI: 10.1002/ar.24548] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2020] [Revised: 08/13/2020] [Accepted: 09/12/2020] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
Bacterial pathogens cause disease by subverting the structure and function of their target host cells. Several foodborne agents such as Listeria monocytogenes (L. monocytogenes), Shigella flexneri (S. flexneri), Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium (S. Typhimurium) and enteropathogenic Escherichia coli (EPEC) manipulate the host actin cytoskeleton to cause diarrheal (and systemic) infections. During infections, these invasive and adherent pathogens hijack the actin filaments of their host cells and rearrange them into discrete actin-rich structures that promote bacterial adhesion (via pedestals), invasion (via membrane ruffles and endocytic cups), intracellular motility (via comet/rocket tails) and/or intercellular dissemination (via membrane protrusions and invaginations). We have previously shown that actin-rich structures generated by L. monocytogenes contain the host actin cross-linker α-actinin-4. Here we set out to examine α-actinin-4 during other key steps of the L. monocytogenes infectious cycle as well as characterize the subcellular distribution of α-actinin-4 during infections with other model actin-hijacking bacterial pathogens (S. flexneri, S. Typhimurium and EPEC). Although α-actinin-4 is absent at sites of initial L. monocytogenes invasion, we show that it is a new component of the membrane invaginations formed during secondary infections of neighboring host cells. Importantly, we reveal that α-actinin-4 also localizes to the major actin-rich structures generated during cell culture infections with S. flexneri (comet/rocket tails and membrane protrusions), S. Typhimurium (membrane ruffles) and EPEC (pedestals). Taken together, these findings suggest that α-actinin-4 is a host factor that is exploited by an assortment of actin-hijacking bacterial pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aaron S Dhanda
- Department of Biological Sciences, Centre for Cell Biology, Development, and Disease, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Diana Yang
- Department of Biological Sciences, Centre for Cell Biology, Development, and Disease, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Julian A Guttman
- Department of Biological Sciences, Centre for Cell Biology, Development, and Disease, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, British Columbia, Canada
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28
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Bao H, Wang S, Zhao JH, Liu SL. Salmonella secretion systems: Differential roles in pathogen-host interactions. Microbiol Res 2020; 241:126591. [PMID: 32932132 DOI: 10.1016/j.micres.2020.126591] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2020] [Revised: 08/24/2020] [Accepted: 08/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
The bacterial genus Salmonella includes a large group of food-borne pathogens that cause a variety of gastrointestinal or systemic diseases in hosts. Salmonella use several secretion devices to inject various effectors targeting eukaryotic hosts, or bacteria. In the past few years, considerable progress has been made towards understanding the structural features and molecular mechanisms of the secretion systems of Salmonella, particularly regarding their roles in host-pathogen interactions. In this review, we summarize the current advances about the main characteristics of the Salmonella secretion systems. Clarifying the roles of the secretion systems in the process of infecting various hosts will broaden our understanding of the importance of microbial interactions in maintaining human health and will provide information for developing novel therapeutic approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongxia Bao
- Genomics Research Center, College of Pharmacy, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China; HMU-UCCSM Centre for Infection and Genomics, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China; Translational Medicine Research and Cooperation Center of Northern China, Heilongjiang Academy of Medical Sciences, Harbin, China.
| | - Shuang Wang
- Department of Biopharmaceutical Sciences (State-Province Key Laboratories of Biomedicine-Pharmaceutics of China), College of Pharmacy, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Jian-Hua Zhao
- Genomics Research Center, College of Pharmacy, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China; HMU-UCCSM Centre for Infection and Genomics, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China; Translational Medicine Research and Cooperation Center of Northern China, Heilongjiang Academy of Medical Sciences, Harbin, China
| | - Shu-Lin Liu
- Genomics Research Center, College of Pharmacy, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China; HMU-UCCSM Centre for Infection and Genomics, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China; Translational Medicine Research and Cooperation Center of Northern China, Heilongjiang Academy of Medical Sciences, Harbin, China; Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Infectious Diseases, University of Calgary, Calgary, Canada.
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29
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Zarkani AA, López-Pagán N, Grimm M, Sánchez-Romero MA, Ruiz-Albert J, Beuzón CR, Schikora A. Salmonella Heterogeneously Expresses Flagellin during Colonization of Plants. Microorganisms 2020; 8:microorganisms8060815. [PMID: 32485895 PMCID: PMC7355505 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms8060815] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2020] [Revised: 05/26/2020] [Accepted: 05/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Minimally processed or fresh fruits and vegetables are unfortunately linked to an increasing number of food-borne diseases, such as salmonellosis. One of the relevant virulence factors during the initial phases of the infection process is the bacterial flagellum. Although its function is well studied in animal systems, contradictory results have been published regarding its role during plant colonization. In this study, we tested the hypothesis that Salmonella's flagellin plays a versatile function during the colonization of tomato plants. We have assessed the persistence in plant tissues of a Salmonella enterica wild type strain, and of a strain lacking the two flagellins, FljB and FliC. We detected no differences between these strains concerning their respective abilities to reach distal, non-inoculated parts of the plant. Analysis of flagellin expression inside the plant, at both the population and single cell levels, shows that the majority of bacteria down-regulate flagellin production, however, a small fraction of the population continues to express flagellin at a very high level inside the plant. This heterogeneous expression of flagellin might be an adaptive strategy to the plant environment. In summary, our study provides new insights on Salmonella adaption to the plant environment through the regulation of flagellin expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Azhar A. Zarkani
- Julius Kühn-Institut Federal Research Centre for Cultivated Plants (JKI), Institute for Epidemiology and Pathogen Diagnostics, Messeweg 11/12, 38104 Braunschweig, Germany; (A.A.Z.); (M.G.)
- Department of Biotechnology, College of Science, University of Baghdad, 10071 Baghdad, Iraq
| | - Nieves López-Pagán
- Instituto de Hortofruticultura Subtropical y Mediterránea, Universidad de Málaga-Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (IHSM-UMA-CSIC), Dpto. Biología Celular, Genética y Fisiología, Campus de Teatinos, 29071 Malaga, Spain; (N.L.-P.); (J.R.-A.); (C.R.B.)
| | - Maja Grimm
- Julius Kühn-Institut Federal Research Centre for Cultivated Plants (JKI), Institute for Epidemiology and Pathogen Diagnostics, Messeweg 11/12, 38104 Braunschweig, Germany; (A.A.Z.); (M.G.)
| | - María Antonia Sánchez-Romero
- Departamento de Genética, Facultad de Biología, Universidad de Sevilla, Apartado 1095, 41080 Seville, Spain;
- Current address: Departamento de Microbiología y Parasitología, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad de Sevilla, Calle Profesor García González 2, 41012 Seville, Spain
| | - Javier Ruiz-Albert
- Instituto de Hortofruticultura Subtropical y Mediterránea, Universidad de Málaga-Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (IHSM-UMA-CSIC), Dpto. Biología Celular, Genética y Fisiología, Campus de Teatinos, 29071 Malaga, Spain; (N.L.-P.); (J.R.-A.); (C.R.B.)
| | - Carmen R. Beuzón
- Instituto de Hortofruticultura Subtropical y Mediterránea, Universidad de Málaga-Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (IHSM-UMA-CSIC), Dpto. Biología Celular, Genética y Fisiología, Campus de Teatinos, 29071 Malaga, Spain; (N.L.-P.); (J.R.-A.); (C.R.B.)
| | - Adam Schikora
- Julius Kühn-Institut Federal Research Centre for Cultivated Plants (JKI), Institute for Epidemiology and Pathogen Diagnostics, Messeweg 11/12, 38104 Braunschweig, Germany; (A.A.Z.); (M.G.)
- Correspondence:
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30
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Yang X, Forster ER, Darabedian N, Kim AT, Pratt MR, Shen A, Hang HC. Translation of Microbiota Short-Chain Fatty Acid Mechanisms Affords Anti-infective Acyl-Salicylic Acid Derivatives. ACS Chem Biol 2020; 15:1141-1147. [PMID: 32091869 DOI: 10.1021/acschembio.9b01009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
The discovery of specific microbiota metabolite mechanisms has begun to motivate new therapeutic approaches. Inspired by our mechanistic studies of microbiota-derived short chain fatty acid (SCFA) acylation of bacterial virulence factors, here we explored covalent protein acylation therapeutics as potential anti-infectives. For these studies, we focused on acetyl-salicylic acid, aspirin, and discovered that SCFA analogues such as butyryl-salicylic acid showed significantly improved anti-infective activity against Salmonella Typhimurium. Structure-activity studies showed that the ester functionality of butyryl-salicylic acid was crucial and associated with the acylation of key bacterial virulence factors and metabolic enzymes, which are important for Salmonella infection of host cells and bacterial growth. Beyond the Gram-negative bacterial pathogens, butyryl-salicylic acid also showed better antibacterial activity compared to aspirin against Clostridioides difficile, a clinically challenging Gram-positive bacterial pathogen. Notably, coadministration of butyryl-salicylic acid, but not aspirin, effectively attenuated Salmonella pathogenesis in vivo. This study highlights how the analysis of microbiota metabolite mechanisms may inspire the repurposing and development of new anti-infective agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinglin Yang
- Laboratory of Chemical Biology and Microbial Pathogenesis, The Rockefeller University, New York, New York 10065, United States
| | - Emily R. Forster
- Department of Molecular Biology and Microbiology, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts 02111, United States
- Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Tufts University, Boston, Massachusetts 02111, United States
| | - Narek Darabedian
- Department of Chemistry, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California 90089, United States
| | - Alexander T. Kim
- Laboratory of Chemical Biology and Microbial Pathogenesis, The Rockefeller University, New York, New York 10065, United States
| | - Matthew R. Pratt
- Department of Chemistry, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California 90089, United States
| | - Aimee Shen
- Department of Molecular Biology and Microbiology, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts 02111, United States
| | - Howard C. Hang
- Laboratory of Chemical Biology and Microbial Pathogenesis, The Rockefeller University, New York, New York 10065, United States
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31
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Fattinger SA, Böck D, Di Martino ML, Deuring S, Samperio Ventayol P, Ek V, Furter M, Kreibich S, Bosia F, Müller-Hauser AA, Nguyen BD, Rohde M, Pilhofer M, Hardt WD, Sellin ME. Salmonella Typhimurium discreet-invasion of the murine gut absorptive epithelium. PLoS Pathog 2020; 16:e1008503. [PMID: 32365138 PMCID: PMC7224572 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1008503] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2020] [Revised: 05/14/2020] [Accepted: 03/26/2020] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium (S.Tm) infections of cultured cell lines have given rise to the ruffle model for epithelial cell invasion. According to this model, the Type-Three-Secretion-System-1 (TTSS-1) effectors SopB, SopE and SopE2 drive an explosive actin nucleation cascade, resulting in large lamellipodia- and filopodia-containing ruffles and cooperative S.Tm uptake. However, cell line experiments poorly recapitulate many of the cell and tissue features encountered in the host’s gut mucosa. Here, we employed bacterial genetics and multiple imaging modalities to compare S.Tm invasion of cultured epithelial cell lines and the gut absorptive epithelium in vivo in mice. In contrast to the prevailing ruffle-model, we find that absorptive epithelial cell entry in the mouse gut occurs through “discreet-invasion”. This distinct entry mode requires the conserved TTSS-1 effector SipA, involves modest elongation of local microvilli in the absence of expansive ruffles, and does not favor cooperative invasion. Discreet-invasion preferentially targets apicolateral hot spots at cell–cell junctions and shows strong dependence on local cell neighborhood. This proof-of-principle evidence challenges the current model for how S.Tm can enter gut absorptive epithelial cells in their intact in vivo context. Bacterial pathogens can use secreted effector molecules to drive entry into host cells. Studies of the intestinal pathogen S.Tm have been central to uncover the mechanistic basis for the entry process. More than two decades of research have resulted in a detailed model for how S.Tm invades gut epithelial cells through effector triggering of large Rho-GTPase-dependent actin ruffles. However, the evidence for this model comes predominantly from studies in cultured cell lines. These experimental systems lack many of the architectural and signaling features of the intact gut epithelium. Our study surprisingly reveals that in the intact mouse gut, S.Tm invades absorptive epithelial cells through a process that does not require the Rho-GTPase-activating effectors and can proceed in the absence of the prototypical ruffling response. Instead, S.Tm exploits another effector, SipA, to sneak in through discreet entry structures close to cell–cell junctions. Our results challenge the current model for S.Tm epithelial cell entry and emphasizes the need of taking a physiological host cell context into account when studying bacterium–host cell interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefan A. Fattinger
- Institute of Microbiology, Department of Biology, ETH Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland
- Science for Life Laboratory, Department of Medical Biochemistry and Microbiology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Desirée Böck
- Institute of Molecular Biology & Biophysics, Department of Biology, ETH Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Maria Letizia Di Martino
- Science for Life Laboratory, Department of Medical Biochemistry and Microbiology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Sabrina Deuring
- Institute of Microbiology, Department of Biology, ETH Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Pilar Samperio Ventayol
- Science for Life Laboratory, Department of Medical Biochemistry and Microbiology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Viktor Ek
- Science for Life Laboratory, Department of Medical Biochemistry and Microbiology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Markus Furter
- Institute of Microbiology, Department of Biology, ETH Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Saskia Kreibich
- Institute of Microbiology, Department of Biology, ETH Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Francesco Bosia
- Institute of Molecular Biology & Biophysics, Department of Biology, ETH Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland
| | | | - Bidong D. Nguyen
- Institute of Microbiology, Department of Biology, ETH Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Manfred Rohde
- Central Facility for Microscopy, Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Martin Pilhofer
- Institute of Molecular Biology & Biophysics, Department of Biology, ETH Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland
- * E-mail: (MP); (WDH); (MES)
| | - Wolf-Dietrich Hardt
- Institute of Microbiology, Department of Biology, ETH Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland
- * E-mail: (MP); (WDH); (MES)
| | - Mikael E. Sellin
- Institute of Microbiology, Department of Biology, ETH Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland
- Science for Life Laboratory, Department of Medical Biochemistry and Microbiology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
- * E-mail: (MP); (WDH); (MES)
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32
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Krukonis ES, Thomson JJ. Complement evasion mechanisms of the systemic pathogens Yersiniae and Salmonellae. FEBS Lett 2020; 594:2598-2620. [DOI: 10.1002/1873-3468.13771] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2019] [Revised: 03/04/2020] [Accepted: 03/05/2020] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Eric S. Krukonis
- Division of Integrated Biomedical Sciences University of Detroit Mercy School of Dentistry Detroit MI USA
| | - Joshua J. Thomson
- Division of Integrated Biomedical Sciences University of Detroit Mercy School of Dentistry Detroit MI USA
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33
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Liu Y, Zhang Y, Zhou Y, Wang T, Deng X, Chu X, Zhou T. Cinnamaldehyde inhibits type three secretion system in Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium by affecting the expression of key effector proteins. Vet Microbiol 2019; 239:108463. [PMID: 31767076 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2019.108463] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2019] [Revised: 10/15/2019] [Accepted: 10/16/2019] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
The increasing understanding of bacterial pathogenesis has revealed many new targets for the development of non-traditional antibacterial drugs. Interference with bacterial virulence has become a new strategy to treat bacteria-mediated diseases. As an important food-borne pathogen, Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium uses type III secretion system (T3SS) to facilitate invasion of host cells. In this study, we identified cinnamaldehyde as a Salmonella pathogenicity island 1 (SPI-1) inhibitor which blocks the secretion of several SPI-1 associated effector proteins and consequently exhibits a strong inhibitory effect on SPI-1-mediated invasion of HeLa cells. Further study revealed that cinnamaldehyde significantly reduced the transcription of some SPI-1 genes, such as sipA and sipB, in S. Typhimurium by affecting multiple SPI-1 regulator genes. In an animal infection model, cinnamaldehyde effectively protected infected mice against S. Typhimurium-induced mortality and pathological damages. In summary, this study presented an effective SPI-1 inhibitor, cinnamaldehyde, which reduces the expression of SPI-1 effector proteins by regulating the transcription of main regulator genes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Liu
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, The First Hospital of Jilin University, 71 Xinmin Street, Changchun, China; Key Laboratory of Zoonosis, Ministry of Education, Institute of Zoonosis, College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun, 130062, China
| | - Yong Zhang
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, The First Hospital of Jilin University, 71 Xinmin Street, Changchun, China; Key Laboratory of Zoonosis, Ministry of Education, Institute of Zoonosis, College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun, 130062, China
| | - Yonglin Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis, Ministry of Education, Institute of Zoonosis, College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun, 130062, China
| | - Tingting Wang
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis, Ministry of Education, Institute of Zoonosis, College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun, 130062, China
| | - Xuming Deng
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis, Ministry of Education, Institute of Zoonosis, College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun, 130062, China
| | - Xiao Chu
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, The First Hospital of Jilin University, 71 Xinmin Street, Changchun, China.
| | - Tiezhong Zhou
- Institute of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Medicine, Jinzhou Medical Uniersity, No. 48 People's Street, Liaoning, China.
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34
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Dhanda AS, Yu C, Guttman JA. Distribution of CD147 During Enteropathogenic Escherichia coli and Salmonella enterica Serovar Typhimurium Infections. Anat Rec (Hoboken) 2019; 302:2224-2232. [PMID: 31443124 DOI: 10.1002/ar.24235] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2019] [Revised: 05/02/2019] [Accepted: 05/16/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Enteropathogenic Escherichia coli (EPEC) and Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium (S. Typhimurium) are highly infectious gastrointestinal human pathogens. These microbes inject bacterial-derived effector proteins directly into the host cell cytosol as part of their disease processes. A common host subcellular target of these pathogens is the actin cytoskeleton, which is commandeered by the bacteria and is used during their attachment onto (EPEC) or invasion into (S. Typhimurium) the host cells. We previously demonstrated that the host enzyme cyclophilin A (CypA) is recruited to the actin-rich regions of EPEC pedestals and S. Typhimurium membrane ruffles. To further expand the growing catalogue of host proteins usurped by actin-hijacking bacteria, we examined the host plasma membrane protein and cognate receptor of CypA, CD147, during EPEC and S. Typhimurium infections. Here, we show that CD147 is enriched at the basolateral regions of pedestals but, unlike CypA, it is absent from their actin-rich core. We show that the CD147 recruitment to these areas requires EPEC pedestal formation and not solely bacteria-host cell contact. Additionally, we demonstrate that the depletion of CD147 by siRNA does not alter the formation of pedestals. Finally, we show that CD147 is also a component of actin-rich membrane ruffles generated during S. Typhimurium invasion of host cells. Collectively, our findings establish CD147 as another host component present at dynamic actin-rich structures formed during bacterial infections. Anat Rec, 302:2224-2232, 2019. © 2019 American Association for Anatomy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aaron S Dhanda
- Department of Biological Sciences, Centre for Cell Biology, Development, and Disease, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Connie Yu
- Department of Biological Sciences, Centre for Cell Biology, Development, and Disease, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Julian A Guttman
- Department of Biological Sciences, Centre for Cell Biology, Development, and Disease, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, British Columbia, Canada
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Ashari KS, Roslan NS, Omar AR, Bejo MH, Ideris A, Mat Isa N. Genome sequencing and analysis of Salmonella enterica subsp. enterica serovar Stanley UPM 517: Insights on its virulence-associated elements and their potentials as vaccine candidates. PeerJ 2019; 7:e6948. [PMID: 31293824 PMCID: PMC6601603 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.6948] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2018] [Accepted: 04/05/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Salmonella enterica subsp. enterica serovar Stanley (S. Stanley) is a pathogen that contaminates food, and is related to Salmonella outbreaks in a variety of hosts such as humans and farm animals through products like dairy items and vegetables. Despite the fact that several vaccines of Salmonella strains had been constructed, none of them were developed according to serovar Stanley up to this day. This study presents results of genome sequencing and analysis on our S. Stanley UPM 517 strain taken from fecal swabs of 21-day-old healthy commercial chickens in Perak, Malaysia and used Salmonella enterica subsp. enterica serovar Typhimurium LT2 (S. Typhimurium LT2) as a reference to be compared with. First, sequencing and assembling of the Salmonella Stanley UPM 517 genome into a contiguous form were done. The work was then continued with scaffolding and gap filling. Annotation and alignment of the draft genome was performed with S. Typhimurium LT2. The other elements of virulence estimated in this study included Salmonella pathogenicity islands, resistance genes, prophages, virulence factors, plasmid regions, restriction-modification sites and the CRISPR-Cas system. The S. Stanley UPM 517 draft genome had a length of 4,736,817 bp with 4,730 coding sequence and 58 RNAs. It was discovered via genomic analysis on this strain that there were antimicrobial resistance properties toward a wide variety of antibiotics. Tcf and ste, the two fimbrial virulence clusters related with human and broiler intestinal colonizations which were not found in S. Typhimurium LT2, were atypically discovered in the S. Stanley UPM 517 genome. These clusters are involved in the intestinal colonization of human and broilers, respectively. There were seven Salmonella pathogenicity islands (SPIs) within the draft genome, which contained the virulence factors associated with Salmonella infection (except SPI-14). Five intact prophage regions, mostly comprising of the protein encoding Gifsy-1, Fels-1, RE-2010 and SEN34 prophages, were also encoded in the draft genome. Also identified were Type I–III restriction-modification sites and the CRISPR-Cas system of the Type I–E subtype. As this strain exhibited resistance toward numerous antibiotics, we distinguished several genes that had the potential for removal in the construction of a possible vaccine candidate to restrain and lessen the pervasiveness of salmonellosis and to function as an alternative to antibiotics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Khalidah Syahirah Ashari
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
| | | | - Abdul Rahman Omar
- Institute of Bioscience, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia.,Department of Veterinary Pathology and Microbiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Mohd Hair Bejo
- Institute of Bioscience, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia.,Department of Veterinary Pathology and Microbiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Aini Ideris
- Institute of Bioscience, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia.,Department of Veterinary Clinical Studies, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Nurulfiza Mat Isa
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia.,Institute of Bioscience, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
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Barcoded Consortium Infections Resolve Cell Type-Dependent Salmonella enterica Serovar Typhimurium Entry Mechanisms. mBio 2019; 10:mBio.00603-19. [PMID: 31113898 PMCID: PMC6529635 DOI: 10.1128/mbio.00603-19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium (S.Tm) is a widespread and broad-host-spectrum enteropathogen with the capacity to invade diverse cell types. Still, the molecular basis for the host cell invasion process has largely been inferred from studies of a few selected cell lines. Our work resolves the mechanisms that Salmonellae employ to invade prototypical host cell types, i.e., human epithelial, monocyte, and macrophage cells, at a previously unattainable level of temporal and quantitative precision. This highlights efficient bacterium-driven entry into innate immune cells and uncovers a type III secretion system effector module that dominates active bacterial invasion of not only epithelial cells but also monocytes and macrophages. The results are derived from a generalizable method, where we combine barcoding of the bacterial chromosome with mixed consortium infections of cultured host cells. The application of this methodology across bacterial species and infection models will provide a scalable means to address host-pathogen interactions in diverse contexts. Bacterial host cell invasion mechanisms depend on the bacterium’s virulence factors and the properties of the target cell. The enteropathogen Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium (S.Tm) invades epithelial cell types in the gut mucosa and a variety of immune cell types at later infection stages. The molecular mechanism(s) of host cell entry has, however, been studied predominantly in epithelial cell lines. S.Tm uses a type three secretion system (TTSS-1) to translocate effectors into the host cell cytosol, thereby sparking actin ruffle-dependent entry. The ruffles also fuel cooperative invasion by bystander bacteria. In addition, several TTSS-1-independent entry mechanisms exist, involving alternative S.Tm virulence factors, or the passive uptake of bacteria by phagocytosis. However, it remains ill-defined how S.Tm invasion mechanisms vary between host cells. Here, we developed an internally controlled and scalable method to map S.Tm invasion mechanisms across host cell types and conditions. The method relies on host cell infections with consortia of chromosomally tagged wild-type and mutant S.Tm strains, where the abundance of each strain can be quantified by qPCR or amplicon sequencing. Using this methodology, we quantified cooccurring TTSS-1-dependent, cooperative, and TTSS-1-independent invasion events in epithelial, monocyte, and macrophage cells. We found S.Tm invasion of epithelial cells and monocytes to proceed by a similar MOI-dependent mix of TTSS-1-dependent and cooperative mechanisms. TTSS-1-independent entry was more frequent in macrophages. Still, TTSS-1-dependent invasion dominated during the first minutes of interaction also with this cell type. Finally, the combined action of the SopB/SopE/SopE2 effectors was sufficient to explain TTSS-1-dependent invasion across both epithelial and phagocytic cells.
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Lv Q, Chu X, Yao X, Ma K, Zhang Y, Deng X. Inhibition of the type III secretion system by syringaldehyde protects mice from Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium. J Cell Mol Med 2019; 23:4679-4688. [PMID: 31066220 PMCID: PMC6584516 DOI: 10.1111/jcmm.14354] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2018] [Revised: 03/20/2019] [Accepted: 04/10/2019] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
The invasiveness of Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium (S. Typhimurium) is closely associated with the Salmonella pathogenicity island (SPI)‐encoded type Ⅲ secretion system (T3SS), which can directly inject a series of effector proteins into eukaryotic cells to enable bacterial infection. In this study, syringaldehyde was identified as an effective inhibitor of the S. Typhimurium T3SS using an effector protein‐lactamase fusion reporter system. Syringaldehyde treatment could inhibit the expression of important effector proteins (SipA, SipB and SipC) at a concentration of 0.18 mM without affecting bacterial growth. Additionally, significant inhibition of bacterial invasion and cellular injury was observed following the syringaldehyde treatment in the co‐infection system of HeLa cells and S. Typhimurium. Furthermore, treatment with syringaldehyde provided systemic protection to mice infected with S. Typhimurium, reducing mortality (40.00%) and bacterial loads and relieving caecal damage and systemic inflammation. The results presented in this study indicate that syringaldehyde significantly affects T3SS activity and is a potential leading compound for treating S. Typhimurium infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qianghua Lv
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, First Hospital, Jilin University, Changchun, China.,Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Research, Ministry of Education, College of Veterinary Medicine, Institute of Zoonosis, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Xiao Chu
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, First Hospital, Jilin University, Changchun, China.,Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Research, Ministry of Education, College of Veterinary Medicine, Institute of Zoonosis, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Xinyu Yao
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Research, Ministry of Education, College of Veterinary Medicine, Institute of Zoonosis, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Kelong Ma
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Research, Ministry of Education, College of Veterinary Medicine, Institute of Zoonosis, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Yong Zhang
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, First Hospital, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Xuming Deng
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, First Hospital, Jilin University, Changchun, China.,Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Research, Ministry of Education, College of Veterinary Medicine, Institute of Zoonosis, Jilin University, Changchun, China
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38
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The Interplay between Salmonella enterica Serovar Typhimurium and the Intestinal Mucosa during Oral Infection. Microbiol Spectr 2019; 7. [PMID: 30953432 DOI: 10.1128/microbiolspec.bai-0004-2019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Bacterial infection results in a dynamic interplay between the pathogen and its host. The underlying interactions are multilayered, and the cellular responses are modulated by the local environment. The intestine is a particularly interesting tissue regarding host-pathogen interaction. It is densely colonized by commensal microbes and a portal of entry for ingested pathogens. This necessitates constant monitoring of microbial stimuli in order to maintain homeostasis during encounters with benign microbiota and to trigger immune defenses in response to bacterial pathogens. Homeostasis is maintained by physical barriers (the mucus layer and epithelium), chemical defenses (antimicrobial peptides), and innate immune responses (NLRC4 inflammasome), which keep the bacteria from reaching the sterile lamina propria. Intestinal pathogens represent potent experimental tools to probe these barriers and decipher how pathogens can circumvent them. The streptomycin mouse model of oral Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium infection provides a well-characterized, robust experimental system for such studies. Strikingly, each stage of the gut tissue infection poses a different set of challenges to the pathogen and requires tight control of virulence factor expression, host response modulation, and cooperation between phenotypic subpopulations. Therefore, successful infection of the intestinal tissue relies on a delicate and dynamic balance between responses of the pathogen and its host. These mechanisms can be deciphered to their full extent only in realistic in vivo infection models.
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De Souza Santos M, Orth K. The Role of the Type III Secretion System in the Intracellular Lifestyle of Enteric Pathogens. Microbiol Spectr 2019; 7:10.1128/microbiolspec.bai-0008-2019. [PMID: 31152523 PMCID: PMC11026088 DOI: 10.1128/microbiolspec.bai-0008-2019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2018] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Several pathogens have evolved to infect host cells from within, which requires subversion of many host intracellular processes. In the case of Gram-negative pathogenic bacteria, adaptation to an intracellular life cycle relies largely on the activity of type III secretion systems (T3SSs), an apparatus used to deliver effector proteins into the host cell, from where these effectors regulate important cellular functions such as vesicular trafficking, cytoskeleton reorganization, and the innate immune response. Each bacterium is equipped with a unique suite of these T3SS effectors, which aid in the development of an individual intracellular lifestyle for their respective pathogens. Some bacteria adapt to reside and propagate within a customized vacuole, while others establish a replicative niche in the host cytosol. In this article, we review the mechanisms by which T3SS effectors contribute to these different lifestyles. To illustrate the formation of a vacuolar and a cytosolic lifestyle, we discuss the intracellular habitats of the enteric pathogens Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium and Shigella flexneri, respectively. These represent well-characterized systems that function as informative models to contribute to our understanding of T3SS-dependent subversion of intracellular processes. Additionally, we present Vibrio parahaemolyticus, another enteric Gram-negative pathogen, as an emerging model for future studies of the cytosolic lifestyle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcela De Souza Santos
- Department of Molecular Biology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390
| | - Kim Orth
- Department of Molecular Biology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390
- Department of Biochemistry and
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390
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40
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Urdaneta EC, Vieira-Vieira CH, Hick T, Wessels HH, Figini D, Moschall R, Medenbach J, Ohler U, Granneman S, Selbach M, Beckmann BM. Purification of cross-linked RNA-protein complexes by phenol-toluol extraction. Nat Commun 2019; 10:990. [PMID: 30824702 PMCID: PMC6397201 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-019-08942-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 134] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2018] [Accepted: 02/11/2019] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Recent methodological advances allowed the identification of an increasing number of RNA-binding proteins (RBPs) and their RNA-binding sites. Most of those methods rely, however, on capturing proteins associated to polyadenylated RNAs which neglects RBPs bound to non-adenylate RNA classes (tRNA, rRNA, pre-mRNA) as well as the vast majority of species that lack poly-A tails in their mRNAs (including all archea and bacteria). We have developed the Phenol Toluol extraction (PTex) protocol that does not rely on a specific RNA sequence or motif for isolation of cross-linked ribonucleoproteins (RNPs), but rather purifies them based entirely on their physicochemical properties. PTex captures RBPs that bind to RNA as short as 30 nt, RNPs directly from animal tissue and can be used to simplify complex workflows such as PAR-CLIP. Finally, we provide a global RNA-bound proteome of human HEK293 cells and the bacterium Salmonella Typhimurium.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erika C Urdaneta
- IRI Life Sciences, Humboldt University, Philippstr. 13, 10115, Berlin, Germany
| | - Carlos H Vieira-Vieira
- Max-Delbrück-Center for Molecular Medicine, Robert-Rössle-Str. 10, 13125, Berlin, Germany
| | - Timon Hick
- IRI Life Sciences, Humboldt University, Philippstr. 13, 10115, Berlin, Germany
| | - Hans-Herrmann Wessels
- Berlin Institute for Medical Systems Biology, Max-Delbrück-Center for Molecular Medicine, Robert-Rössle-Str. 10, 13125, Berlin, Germany
- Department of Biology, Humboldt University, Philippstr. 13, 10115, Berlin, Germany
| | - Davide Figini
- IRI Life Sciences, Humboldt University, Philippstr. 13, 10115, Berlin, Germany
| | - Rebecca Moschall
- Biochemistry I, University of Regensburg, Universitätsstrasse 31, 93053, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Jan Medenbach
- Biochemistry I, University of Regensburg, Universitätsstrasse 31, 93053, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Uwe Ohler
- Berlin Institute for Medical Systems Biology, Max-Delbrück-Center for Molecular Medicine, Robert-Rössle-Str. 10, 13125, Berlin, Germany
- Department of Biology, Humboldt University, Philippstr. 13, 10115, Berlin, Germany
| | - Sander Granneman
- Centre for Systems and Synthetic Biology (SynthSys), University of Edinburgh, Max Born Crescent, Edinburgh, EH9 3BF, UK
| | - Matthias Selbach
- Max-Delbrück-Center for Molecular Medicine, Robert-Rössle-Str. 10, 13125, Berlin, Germany
| | - Benedikt M Beckmann
- IRI Life Sciences, Humboldt University, Philippstr. 13, 10115, Berlin, Germany.
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41
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Chua MD, Walker BD, Jin JP, Guttman JA. Calponins Are Recruited to Actin-Rich Structures Generated by Pathogenic Escherichia coli, Listeria, and Salmonella. Anat Rec (Hoboken) 2018; 301:2103-2111. [PMID: 30312538 DOI: 10.1002/ar.23956] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2018] [Revised: 07/10/2018] [Accepted: 07/12/2018] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
The ingestion of enteropathogenic Escherichia coli (EPEC), Listeria monocytogenes, or Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium leads to their colonization of the intestinal lumen, which ultimately causes an array of ailments ranging from diarrhea to bacteremia. Once in the intestines, these microbes generate various actin-rich structures to attach, invade, or move within the host intestinal epithelial cells. Although an assortment of actin-associated proteins has been identified to varying degrees at these structures, the localization of many actin stabilizing proteins have yet to be analyzed. Here, we examined the recruitment of the actin-associated proteins, calponin 1 and 2 at EPEC pedestals, L. monocytogenes actin clouds, comet tails and listeriopods, and S. Typhimurium membrane ruffles. In other systems, calponins are known to bind to and stabilize actin filaments. In EPEC pedestals, calponin 1 was recruited uniformly throughout the structures while calponin 2 was enriched at the apical tip. During L. monocytogenes infections, calponin 1 was found through all the actin-rich structures generated by the bacteria, while calponin 2 was only present within actin-rich structures formed by L. monocytogenes near the host cell membrane. Finally, both calponins were found within S. Typhimurium-generated membrane ruffles. Taken together, we have shown that although calponin 1 is recruited to actin-rich structures formed by the three bacteria, calponin 2 is specifically recruited to only membrane-bound actin-rich structures formed by the bacteria. Thus, our findings suggest that calponin 2 is a novel marker for membrane-bound actin structures formed by pathogenic bacteria. Anat Rec, 301:2103-2111, 2018. © 2018 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Dominic Chua
- Department of Biological Sciences, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, British Columbia, Canada
| | | | - Jian-Ping Jin
- Department of Physiology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, Michigan
| | - Julian A Guttman
- Department of Biological Sciences, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, British Columbia, Canada
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42
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Kim SI, Kim S, Kim E, Hwang SY, Yoon H. Secretion of Salmonella Pathogenicity Island 1-Encoded Type III Secretion System Effectors by Outer Membrane Vesicles in Salmonella enterica Serovar Typhimurium. Front Microbiol 2018; 9:2810. [PMID: 30532744 PMCID: PMC6266720 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2018.02810] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2018] [Accepted: 11/01/2018] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Outer membrane vesicles (OMVs) are spherical membranous structures released by Gram-negative bacteria. Several bacterial pathogens utilize OMVs as vehicles for the delivery of virulence factors into host cells. Results of our previous study on proteomic analysis revealed that OMVs isolated from Salmonellaenterica serovar Typhimurium had virulence effectors that are known to be translocated by Salmonella pathogenicity island 1 (SPI-1)-encoded type III secretion system (T3SS1) into the host cell. In the present study, immunoblot analysis confirmed the secretion of the six T3SS1 effector proteins, namely SipB and SipC (translocators of T3SS1), and SipA, SopA, SopB, and SopE2 (effectors translocated by T3SS1), by OMVs. Results of proteinase K treatment revealed the localization of these T3SS1 effector proteins on the outer surface of OMVs. SipC and SopE2 were secreted by OMVs independent of the three secretion systems T3SS1, T3SS2, and flagella, signifying OMVs to be an alternative delivery system to T3SSs. T3SS1 effectors SipA, SipC, and SopE2 were internalized into the cytoplasm of the host cell by OMVs independent of cellular Salmonella–host cell contact. In epithelial cells, addition of OMVs harboring T3SS1 effectors stimulated the production of F-actin, thereby complementing the attenuated invasion of ΔsopE2 into host cells. These results suggest that S. Typhimurium might exploit OMVs as a long-distance vehicle to deliver T3SS1 effectors into the cytoplasm of the host cell independent of bacteria–host cell interaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seul I Kim
- Department of Molecular Science and Technology, Ajou University, Suwon, South Korea
| | - Seongok Kim
- Department of Molecular Science and Technology, Ajou University, Suwon, South Korea
| | - Eunsuk Kim
- Department of Molecular Science and Technology, Ajou University, Suwon, South Korea
| | - Seo Yeon Hwang
- Department of Molecular Science and Technology, Ajou University, Suwon, South Korea
| | - Hyunjin Yoon
- Department of Molecular Science and Technology, Ajou University, Suwon, South Korea.,Department of Applied Chemistry and Biological Engineering, Ajou University, Suwon, South Korea
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43
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Dhanda AS, Warren KE, Chiu RH, Guttman JA. Cyclophilin A ControlsSalmonellaInternalization Levels and is Present atE. coliActin‐Rich Pedestals. Anat Rec (Hoboken) 2018; 301:2086-2094. [DOI: 10.1002/ar.23957] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2018] [Revised: 03/26/2018] [Accepted: 04/09/2018] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Aaron S. Dhanda
- Department of Biological SciencesFaculty of Science, Simon Fraser University Burnaby British Columbia Canada
| | - Kiera E. Warren
- Department of Biological SciencesFaculty of Science, Simon Fraser University Burnaby British Columbia Canada
| | - Robert H. Chiu
- Dental and Craniofacial Research Institute and School of DentistryUniversity of California Los Angeles California
- Surgical Oncology & Jonsson Comprehensive Cancer CenterUniversity of California Los Angeles California
| | - Julian A. Guttman
- Department of Biological SciencesFaculty of Science, Simon Fraser University Burnaby British Columbia Canada
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44
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Karacan Sever N, Akan M. Molecular analysis of virulence genes of Salmonella Infantis isolated from chickens and turkeys. Microb Pathog 2018; 126:199-204. [PMID: 30403968 DOI: 10.1016/j.micpath.2018.11.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2018] [Revised: 09/19/2018] [Accepted: 11/02/2018] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
In this study, virulence genes of S. Infantis strains, which are commonly isolated from chickens and turkeys in Turkey, were analyzed, and the virulence genes of S. Infantis and other common serovars aside from S. Infantis were compared. In this study, 200 S. Infantis strains isolated from litter, powder, environmental sources, rodent samples and broiler chicken carcasses from a chicken slaughterhouse obtained from chickens (broiler chickens, breeders, laying hens) and 24 S. Infantis strains isolated and identified from litter, powder, environmental and rodent samples obtained from turkeys were analyzed. A total of 40 strains, comprising 10 strains from each Salmonella serovar (S. Typhimurium, S. Enteritidis, S. Kentucky and S. Hadar) (chicken-origin) were also selected from the collection of strains for comparison with S. Infantis strains. The virulence genes of 264, comprising 224 S. Infantis strains and 40 strains from common serovars other than S. Infantis were analyzed. A conventional polymerase chain reaction (PCR) was used to analyze the 11 genes associated with the virulence (sipA, sipD, sopD, sopB, sopE, sopE2, sitC, ssaR, sifA, spvC and pefA) in these strains. SipA, ssaR and sopE genes were found in the 209 S. Infantis strains (93.3%), sipD in 208 (92.85%), sopB in 207 (92.41%), sitC in 206 (91.96%), sifA in 203 (90.62%), sopD in 198 (88.39%), sopE2 in 166 (74.1%), spvC in 20 (8.92%) and the pefA virulence gene in one strain (0.44%). It was found that 74.55% of S. Infantis strains were distributed in gene patterns 1 and 2. In this study, the sopE2 virulence gene in S. Infantis strains was analyzed for the first time. The involvement of the dominant gene patterns of the S. Infantis strains isolated from broiler chicken and broiler chicken carcasses, and the fact that none of S. Infantis strains belonging to the breeders and laying hens were included in these patterns, indicated that S. Infantis entered the broilers not through the breeders, but through environmental factors. The presence of sipA, sipD, sopD, ssaR, sopB, sopE, sifA and sitC virulence genes in S. Infantis strains were found to be similar, but remarkable differences were found compared to the S. Typhimurium and S. Enteritidis strains in the presence of sopE2, spvC and pefA virulence genes. This study examining the virulence genes of S. Infantis strains provides detailed information aimed at providing an understanding of the pathogenesis and epidemiology of Salmonella in poultry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nurdan Karacan Sever
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ankara University, Ankara, Turkey.
| | - Mehmet Akan
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ankara University, Ankara, Turkey
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45
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Walker BD, Chua MD, Guttman JA. Hsc70 is a Component of Bacterially Generated Actin-Rich Structures: An Immunolocalization Study. Anat Rec (Hoboken) 2018; 301:2095-2102. [PMID: 30312532 DOI: 10.1002/ar.23955] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2018] [Revised: 05/23/2018] [Accepted: 05/24/2018] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Enteropathogenic Escherichia coli (EPEC), Salmonella typhimurium, and Listeria monocytogenes usurp the actin cytoskeleton for their attachment, internalization and transport within and amongst infected cells. To try to gain a greater understanding of the molecular components utilized by these microbes during their infections we previously concentrated actin-rich structures generated during EPEC infections (called pedestals) and identified the heat shock cognate 70 protein (Hsc70) as a potential candidate. This multifunctional protein classically acts as a chaperone for the proper folding of a variety of proteins and is involved in uncoating clathrin from coated pits. Here we demonstrated that Hsc70 is recruited to actin structures generated during EPEC, Listeria and Salmonella infections, but not to the same location as clathrin. Anat Rec, 301:2095-2102, 2018. © 2018 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brittany D Walker
- Department of Biological Sciences, Centre for Cell Biology, Development, and Disease (C2D2), Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Michael D Chua
- Department of Biological Sciences, Centre for Cell Biology, Development, and Disease (C2D2), Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Julian A Guttman
- Department of Biological Sciences, Centre for Cell Biology, Development, and Disease (C2D2), Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, British Columbia, Canada
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46
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Singh PK, Kapoor A, Lomash RM, Kumar K, Kamerkar SC, Pucadyil TJ, Mukhopadhyay A. Salmonella SipA mimics a cognate SNARE for host Syntaxin8 to promote fusion with early endosomes. J Cell Biol 2018; 217:4199-4214. [PMID: 30309979 PMCID: PMC6279372 DOI: 10.1083/jcb.201802155] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2018] [Revised: 08/17/2018] [Accepted: 09/18/2018] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Intracellular pathogens can modulate host Rabs and SNAREs to support their replication and immune evasion. Singh et al. show that the Salmonella effector SipA functionally mimics an R-SNARE and recruits host Q-SNAREs to promote membrane fusion. Thus, SNARE mimicry by this intracellular pathogen effector modulates the host trafficking machinery for Salmonella survival. SipA is a major effector of Salmonella, which causes gastroenteritis and enteric fever. Caspase-3 cleaves SipA into two domains: the C-terminal domain regulates actin polymerization, whereas the function of the N terminus is unknown. We show that the cleaved SipA N terminus binds and recruits host Syntaxin8 (Syn8) to Salmonella-containing vacuoles (SCVs). The SipA N terminus contains a SNARE motif with a conserved arginine residue like mammalian R-SNAREs. SipAR204Q and SipA1–435R204Q do not bind Syn8, demonstrating that SipA mimics a cognate R-SNARE for Syn8. Consequently, Salmonella lacking SipA or that express the SipA1–435R204Q SNARE mutant are unable to recruit Syn8 to SCVs. Finally, we show that SipA mimicking an R-SNARE recruits Syn8, Syn13, and Syn7 to the SCV and promotes its fusion with early endosomes to potentially arrest its maturation. Our results reveal that SipA functionally substitutes endogenous SNAREs in order to hijack the host trafficking pathway and promote Salmonella survival.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Anjali Kapoor
- National Institute of Immunology, Aruna Asaf Ali Marg, New Delhi, India
| | | | - Kamal Kumar
- National Institute of Immunology, Aruna Asaf Ali Marg, New Delhi, India
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An JU, Oh DK. Stabilization and improved activity of arachidonate 11 S-lipoxygenase from proteobacterium Myxococcus xanthus. J Lipid Res 2018; 59:2153-2163. [PMID: 30257932 DOI: 10.1194/jlr.m088823] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2018] [Revised: 09/14/2018] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Lipoxygenases (LOXs) catalyze the dioxygenation of PUFAs to produce regio- and stereospecific oxygenated fatty acids. The identification of regio- and stereospecific LOXs is important because their specific products are involved in different physiological activities in various organisms. Bacterial LOXs are found only in some proteobacteria and cyanobacteria, and they are not stable in vitro. Here, we used C20 and C22 PUFAs such as arachidonic acid (ARA), eicosapentaenoic acid, and docosahexaenoic acid to identify an 11S-specific LOX from the proteobacterium Myxococcus xanthus and explore its in vitro stability and activity. The activity and stability of M. xanthus ARA 11S-LOX as well as the production of 11S-hydroxyeicosatetraenoic acid from ARA were significantly increased by the addition of phosphatidylcholine, Ca2+, and coactosin-like protein (newly identified in the yeast Rhodosporidium toluroides) as stimulatory factors; in fact, LOX activity in the presence of all three factors increased approximately 3-fold. Our results indicate that these stimulatory factors can be used to increase the activity and stability of bacterial LOX and the production of bioactive hydroxy fatty acids, which can contribute to new academic research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jung-Ung An
- Department of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Konkuk University, Seoul 05029, South Korea
| | - Deok-Kun Oh
- Department of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Konkuk University, Seoul 05029, South Korea
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Maserati A, Lourenco A, Diez-Gonzalez F, Fink RC. iTRAQ-Based Global Proteomic Analysis of Salmonella enterica Serovar Typhimurium in Response to Desiccation, Low Water Activity, and Thermal Treatment. Appl Environ Microbiol 2018; 84:e00393-18. [PMID: 29959250 PMCID: PMC6121987 DOI: 10.1128/aem.00393-18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2018] [Accepted: 06/26/2018] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
In this study, the changes in the global proteome of Salmonella in response to desiccation and thermal treatment were investigated by using an iTRAQ multiplex technique. A Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium strain was dried, equilibrated at high (1.0) and low (0.11) water activity (aw), and thermally treated at 75°C. The proteomes were characterized after every treatment. The proteomes of the different treatments differed in the expression of 175 proteins. On the basis of their proteomic expression profiles, the samples were clustered into two major groups, namely, "dry" samples and "moist" samples. The groups had different levels of proteins involved in DNA synthesis and transcription and in metabolic reactions, indicating that cells under either of the aw conditions need to strictly control energy metabolism, the rate of replication, and protein synthesis. The proteins with higher expression levels in moist samples were flagellar proteins (FlgEFGH), membrane proteins, and export systems (SecF, SecD, the Bam complex), as well as stress response proteins, suggesting that rehydration can trigger stress responses in moist cells. Dry samples had higher levels of ribosomal proteins, indicating that ribosomal proteins might be important for additional regulation of the cellular response, even when the synthesis of proteins is slowed down. At both aws, no differences in protein expression were observed between the thermally treated samples and the nonheated cells. In conclusion, our study indicates that the preadaptation to a dry condition was linked to increased thermal tolerance, while reversion from a dry state to a moist state induced a significant change in protein expression, possibly linked to the observed loss of thermal tolerance.IMPORTANCESalmonella enterica is able to survive in dry environments for very long periods. While it is well known that the initial exposure to desiccation is fundamental to trigger thermal tolerance in this organism, the specific physiological and molecular processes involved in this cross-protection phenomenon have not been fully characterized. Several studies have focused on the low-aw transcriptome of this pathogen when inoculated in different food matrices or on abiotic surfaces, but proteomic analyses have not been reported in the literature. Our study investigated the changes in proteomic expression in Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium during desiccation, exposure to low aw, and thermal treatment. A better knowledge of the systems involved in the response to desiccation and thermal tolerance, as well as a better understanding of their interplay, is fundamental to identify the most effective combination of interventions to prevent Salmonella's contamination of foods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alice Maserati
- Department of Food Science and Nutrition, University of Minnesota, Saint Paul, Minnesota, USA
| | - Antonio Lourenco
- Department of Food Science and Nutrition, University of Minnesota, Saint Paul, Minnesota, USA
| | | | - Ryan C Fink
- Department of Biology, Saint Cloud State University, Saint Cloud, Minnesota, USA
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Pardo-Esté C, Hidalgo AA, Aguirre C, Briones AC, Cabezas CE, Castro-Severyn J, Fuentes JA, Opazo CM, Riedel CA, Otero C, Pacheco R, Valvano MA, Saavedra CP. The ArcAB two-component regulatory system promotes resistance to reactive oxygen species and systemic infection by Salmonella Typhimurium. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0203497. [PMID: 30180204 PMCID: PMC6122832 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0203497] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2018] [Accepted: 08/21/2018] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Salmonella enterica Serovar Typhimurium (S. Typhimurium) is an intracellular bacterium that overcomes host immune system barriers for successful infection. The bacterium colonizes the proximal small intestine, penetrates the epithelial layer, and is engulfed by macrophages and neutrophils. Intracellularly, S. Typhimurium encounters highly toxic reactive oxygen species including hydrogen peroxide and hypochlorous acid. The molecular mechanisms of Salmonella resistance to intracellular oxidative stress is not completely understood. The ArcAB two-component system is a global regulatory system that responds to oxygen. In this work, we show that the ArcA response regulator participates in Salmonella adaptation to changing oxygen levels and is also involved in promoting intracellular survival in macrophages and neutrophils, enabling S. Typhimurium to successfully establish a systemic infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Coral Pardo-Esté
- Laboratorio de Microbiología Molecular, Departamento de Ciencias Biológicas, Facultad de Ciencias de la Vida, Universidad Andres Bello, Santiago, Chile
| | - Alejandro A. Hidalgo
- Laboratorio de Patogenesis Bacteriana, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Andres Bello, Santiago, Chile
| | - Camila Aguirre
- Laboratorio de Microbiología Molecular, Departamento de Ciencias Biológicas, Facultad de Ciencias de la Vida, Universidad Andres Bello, Santiago, Chile
| | - Alan C. Briones
- Laboratorio de Microbiología Molecular, Departamento de Ciencias Biológicas, Facultad de Ciencias de la Vida, Universidad Andres Bello, Santiago, Chile
| | - Carolina E. Cabezas
- Laboratorio de Microbiología Molecular, Departamento de Ciencias Biológicas, Facultad de Ciencias de la Vida, Universidad Andres Bello, Santiago, Chile
| | - Juan Castro-Severyn
- Laboratorio de Microbiología Molecular, Departamento de Ciencias Biológicas, Facultad de Ciencias de la Vida, Universidad Andres Bello, Santiago, Chile
| | - Juan A. Fuentes
- Laboratorio de Genética y Patogénesis Bacteriana, Departamento de Ciencias Biológicas, Facultad de Ciencias de la Vida, Universidad Andres Bello, Santiago, Chile
| | - Cecilia M. Opazo
- Millennium Institute on Immunology and Immunotherapy, Departamento de Ciencias Biológicas, Facultad de la Vida y Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Andres Bello, Santiago, Chile
| | - Claudia A. Riedel
- Millennium Institute on Immunology and Immunotherapy, Departamento de Ciencias Biológicas, Facultad de la Vida y Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Andres Bello, Santiago, Chile
| | - Carolina Otero
- Center for Integrative Medicine and Innovative Science (CIMIS), Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Andres Bello, Santiago, Chile
| | - Rodrigo Pacheco
- Laboratorio de Neuroinmunología, Fundación Ciencia & Vida, Santiago, Chile
- Departamento de Ciencias Biológicas, Facultad de Ciencias de la Vida, Universidad Andres Bello, Santiago, Chile
| | - Miguel A. Valvano
- The Wellcome-Wolfson Institute for Experimental Medicine, Queen's University Belfast, Belfast, United Kingdom
| | - Claudia P. Saavedra
- Laboratorio de Microbiología Molecular, Departamento de Ciencias Biológicas, Facultad de Ciencias de la Vida, Universidad Andres Bello, Santiago, Chile
- Millennium Institute on Immunology and Immunotherapy, Departamento de Ciencias Biológicas, Facultad de la Vida y Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Andres Bello, Santiago, Chile
- * E-mail:
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Lépine AFP, de Wit N, Oosterink E, Wichers H, Mes J, de Vos P. Lactobacillus acidophilus Attenuates Salmonella-Induced Stress of Epithelial Cells by Modulating Tight-Junction Genes and Cytokine Responses. Front Microbiol 2018; 9:1439. [PMID: 30013538 PMCID: PMC6036613 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2018.01439] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2018] [Accepted: 06/11/2018] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Scope: Salmonellosis is a prevalent food-borne illness that causes diarrhea in over 130 million humans yearly and can lead to death. There is an urgent need to find alternatives to antibiotics as many salmonellae are now multidrug resistant. As such, specific beneficial bacteria and dietary fibers can be an alternative as they may prevent Salmonella Typhimurium (STM) infection and spreading by strengthening intestinal barrier function. Methods and Results: We tested whether immune active long-chain inulin-type fructans and/or L. acidophilus W37, L. brevis W63, and L. casei W56 can strengthen barrier integrity of intestinal Caco-2 cells in the presence and absence of a STM. Effects of the ingredients on intestinal barrier function were first evaluated by quantifying trans-epithelial electric resistance (TEER) and regulation of gene expression by microarray. Only L. acidophilus had effects on TEER and modulated a group of 26 genes related to tight-junctions. Inulin-type fructans, L. brevis W63 and L. casei W56 regulated other genes, unrelated to tight-junctions. L. acidophilus also had unique effects on a group of six genes regulating epithelial phenotype toward follicle-associated epithelium. L. acidophilus W37 was therefore selected for a challenge with STM and prevented STM-induced barrier disruption and decreased secretion of IL-8. Conclusion:L. acidophilus W37 increases TEER and can protect against STM induced disruption of gut epithelial cells integrity in vitro. Our results suggest that selection of specific bacterial strains for enforcing barrier function may be a promising strategy to reduce or prevent STM infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexia F. P. Lépine
- Section Immuno-endocrinology, Department of Pathology and Medical Biology, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, Netherlands
- Food Quality and Health Effects, Food and Biobased Research, Wageningen University & Research, Wageningen, Netherlands
| | - Nicole de Wit
- Food Quality and Health Effects, Food and Biobased Research, Wageningen University & Research, Wageningen, Netherlands
| | - Els Oosterink
- Food Quality and Health Effects, Food and Biobased Research, Wageningen University & Research, Wageningen, Netherlands
| | - Harry Wichers
- Food Quality and Health Effects, Food and Biobased Research, Wageningen University & Research, Wageningen, Netherlands
| | - Jurriaan Mes
- Food Quality and Health Effects, Food and Biobased Research, Wageningen University & Research, Wageningen, Netherlands
| | - Paul de Vos
- Section Immuno-endocrinology, Department of Pathology and Medical Biology, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, Netherlands
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