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Rmili F, Krayem N, Loiseau C, Gauvry L, Frikha F, Ergan F, Chamkha M, Sayari A, Fendri A. Expression and characterization of an organic solvent tolerant recombinant lipase from Staphylococcus capitis SH6 for food wastewater treatment. Prep Biochem Biotechnol 2023:1-13. [PMID: 37937535 DOI: 10.1080/10826068.2023.2279111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2023]
Abstract
The study illustrated here aims on an organic solvent tolerant lipase from Staphylococcus capitis (SCL). The gene part, encoding the mature lipase, was cloned and sequenced. The concluded polypeptide sequence, equivalent to the protein, consist of 388 amino acid residues with a molecular mass of about 45 kDa. A structure-based alignment of the SCL amino acid sequence shows high identities with those many staphylococcal lipases. From this alignment of sequences, the catalytic triad (Ser 117, Asp 308 and His 347) of SCL could be identified. The mature part of the SCL was expressed in Escherichia coli and the recombinant lipase (r-SCL) was purified to homogeneity. The purified r-SCL presented a quite interesting stability at low temperatures (< 30 °C) and the enzyme was found to be highly stable in polar organic solvent and at a pH ranging from 3 to 12. After that, we have demonstrated that the recombinant enzyme may be implicated in the biodegradability of oily wastewater from effluents of fast-food restaurants; the maximum conversion yield into fatty acids obtained at 30 °C, was 65%.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fatma Rmili
- Laboratory of Biochemistry and Enzymatic Engineering of Lipases, Engineering National School of Sfax (ENIS), University of Sfax, Sfax, Tunisia
| | - Najeh Krayem
- Laboratory of Biochemistry and Enzymatic Engineering of Lipases, Engineering National School of Sfax (ENIS), University of Sfax, Sfax, Tunisia
| | - Celine Loiseau
- Laboratoire MMS Mer Molécules Santé (EA2160), Université du Maine, IUT de Laval Génie Biologique, Laval cedex 09, France
| | - Laurent Gauvry
- Laboratoire MMS Mer Molécules Santé (EA2160), Université du Maine, IUT de Laval Génie Biologique, Laval cedex 09, France
| | - Fakher Frikha
- Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Screening Processes Centre of Biotechnology of Sfax, University of Sfax, Sfax, Tunisia
| | - Françoise Ergan
- Laboratoire MMS Mer Molécules Santé (EA2160), Université du Maine, IUT de Laval Génie Biologique, Laval cedex 09, France
| | - Mohamed Chamkha
- Laboratory of Environmental Bioprocesses, Centre of Biotechnology of Sfax, University of Sfax, Sfax, Tunisia
| | - Adel Sayari
- Laboratory of Biochemistry and Enzymatic Engineering of Lipases, Engineering National School of Sfax (ENIS), University of Sfax, Sfax, Tunisia
| | - Ahmed Fendri
- Laboratory of Biochemistry and Enzymatic Engineering of Lipases, Engineering National School of Sfax (ENIS), University of Sfax, Sfax, Tunisia
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Satomura T, Uno K, Kurosawa N, Sakuraba H, Ohshima T, Suye SI. Characterization of a Novel Thermostable Dye-Linked l-Lactate Dehydrogenase Complex and Its Application in Electrochemical Detection. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:13570. [PMID: 34948373 DOI: 10.3390/ijms222413570] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2021] [Revised: 12/12/2021] [Accepted: 12/13/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Flavoenzyme dye-linked l-lactate dehydrogenase (Dye-LDH) is primarily involved in energy generation through electron transfer and exhibits potential utility in electrochemical devices. In this study, a gene encoding a Dye-LDH homolog was identified in a hyperthermophilic archaeon, Sulfurisphaera tokodaii. This gene was part of an operon that consisted of four genes that were tandemly arranged in the Sf. tokodaii genome in the following order: stk_16540, stk_16550 (dye-ldh homolog), stk_16560, and stk_16570. This gene cluster was expressed in an archaeal host, Sulfolobus acidocaldarius, and the produced enzyme was purified to homogeneity and characterized. The purified recombinant enzyme exhibited Dye-LDH activity and consisted of two different subunits (products of stk_16540 (α) and stk_16550 (β)), forming a heterohexameric structure (α3β3) with a molecular mass of approximately 253 kDa. Dye-LDH also exhibited excellent stability, retaining full activity upon incubation at 70 °C for 10 min and up to 80% activity after 30 min at 50 °C and pH 6.5–8.0. A quasi-direct electron transfer (DET)-type Dye-LDH was successfully developed by modification of the recombinant enzyme with an artificial redox mediator, phenazine ethosulfate, through amine groups on the enzyme’s surface. This study is the first report describing the development of a quasi-DET-type enzyme by using thermostable Dye-LDH.
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Xu X, Feng J, Zhang P, Fan J, Yin WB. A CRISPR/Cas9 Cleavage System for Capturing Fungal Secondary Metabolite Gene Clusters. J Microbiol Biotechnol 2021; 31:8-15. [PMID: 33144546 PMCID: PMC9705949 DOI: 10.4014/jmb.2008.08040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2020] [Revised: 10/22/2020] [Accepted: 10/26/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
More and more available fungal genome sequence data reveal a large amount of secondary metabolite (SM) biosynthetic 'dark matter' to be discovered. Heterogeneous expression is one of the most effective approaches to exploit these novel natural products, but it is limited by having to clone entire biosynthetic gene clusters (BGCs) without errors. So far, few effective technologies have been developed to manipulate the specific large DNA fragments in filamentous fungi. Here, we developed a fungal BGC-capturing system based on CRISPR/Cas9 cleavage in vitro. In our system, Cas9 protein was purified and CRISPR guide sequences in combination with in vivo yeast assembly were rationally designed. Using targeted cleavages of plasmid DNAs with linear (8.5 kb) or circular (8.5 kb and 28 kb) states, we were able to cleave the plasmids precisely, demonstrating the high efficiency of this system. Furthermore, we successfully captured the entire Nrc gene cluster from the genomic DNA of Neosartorya fischeri. Our results provide an easy and efficient approach to manipulate fungal genomic DNA based on the in vitro application of Cas9 endonuclease. Our methodology will lay a foundation for capturing entire groups of BGCs in filamentous fungi and accelerate fungal SMs mining.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinran Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Mycology and CAS Key Laboratory of Microbial Physiological and Metabolic Engineering, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 000, P.R. China,Savaid Medical School, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, P.R. China
| | - Jin Feng
- State Key Laboratory of Mycology and CAS Key Laboratory of Microbial Physiological and Metabolic Engineering, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 000, P.R. China
| | - Peng Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Mycology and CAS Key Laboratory of Microbial Physiological and Metabolic Engineering, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 000, P.R. China
| | - Jie Fan
- State Key Laboratory of Mycology and CAS Key Laboratory of Microbial Physiological and Metabolic Engineering, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 000, P.R. China
| | - Wen-Bing Yin
- State Key Laboratory of Mycology and CAS Key Laboratory of Microbial Physiological and Metabolic Engineering, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 000, P.R. China,Savaid Medical School, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, P.R. China,Corresponding author Phone: +86-10-64806170 E-mail:
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Dai J, Dong A, Xiong G, Liu Y, Hossain MS, Liu S, Gao N, Li S, Wang J, Qiu D. Production of Highly Active Extracellular Amylase and Cellulase From Bacillus subtilis ZIM3 and a Recombinant Strain With a Potential Application in Tobacco Fermentation. Front Microbiol 2020; 11:1539. [PMID: 32793132 PMCID: PMC7385192 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2020.01539] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2020] [Accepted: 06/12/2020] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
In this study, a series of bacteria capable of degrading starch and cellulose were isolated from the aging flue-cured tobacco leaves. Remarkably, there was a thermophilic bacterium, Bacillus subtilis ZIM3, that can simultaneously degrade both starch and cellulose at a wide range of temperature and pH values. Genome sequencing, comparative genomics analyses, and enzymatic activity assays showed that the ZIM3 strain expressed a variety of highly active plant biomass-degrading enzymes, such as the amylase AmyE1 and cellulase CelE1. The in vitro and PhoA-fusion assays indicated that these enzymes degrading complex plant biomass into fermentable sugars were secreted into ambient environment to function. Besides, the amylase and cellulase activities were further increased by three- to five-folds by using overexpression. Furthermore, a fermentation strategy was developed and the biodegradation efficiency of the starch and cellulose in the tobacco leaves were improved by 30–48%. These results reveal that B. subtilis ZIM3 and the recombinant strain exhibited high amylase and cellulase activities for efficient biodegradation of starch and cellulose in tobacco and could potentially be applied for industrial tobacco fermentation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingcheng Dai
- Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, China
| | - Aijun Dong
- Technology Research Center of China Tobacco Hubei Industry Co., Ltd., Wuhan, China
| | - Guoxi Xiong
- Technology Research Center of China Tobacco Hubei Industry Co., Ltd., Wuhan, China
| | - Yaqi Liu
- Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, China.,College of Fisheries and Life Science, Dalian Ocean University, Dalian, China
| | - Md Shahdat Hossain
- Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.,National Institute of Biotechnology, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Shuangyuan Liu
- Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Na Gao
- Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Shuyang Li
- Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Jing Wang
- Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Dongru Qiu
- Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
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Alfieri P, Scibelli F, Sinibaldi L, Valeri G, Caciolo C, Novello RL, Novelli A, Digilio MC, Tartaglia M, Vicari S. Further insight into the neurobehavioral pattern of children carrying the 2p16.3 heterozygous deletion involving NRXN1: Report of five new cases. Genes Brain Behav 2020; 19:e12687. [PMID: 32658356 DOI: 10.1111/gbb.12687] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2019] [Revised: 07/03/2020] [Accepted: 07/09/2020] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Increasing evidence links heterozygosity for NRXN1 gene deletions to a clinically wide spectrum of neurodevelopmental, psychiatric, and neurological disorders. However, to date, the neurocognitive and social communication features of children carrying this genomic rearrangement have not been assessed in detail. The cognitive and behavioral profiles of five children carrying a heterozygous NRXN1 deletion were investigated through systematic assessment of the cognitive and developmental levels, adaptive profile and presence of behavioral symptoms and autistic features. Furthermore, four transmitting parents were assessed by means of cognitive, psychopathological and parental stress tests. A below-average cognitive level was documented in all children, and defective adaptive levels were observed in four of them. Three of the five children were diagnosed as having autism spectrum disorder in comorbidity with intellectual disability/global developmental delay, with a major impairment in social communication skills. The remaining two children presented with isolated intellectual disability and an unclassifiable neurodevelopmental disorder, respectively. This study provide data contributing to a more accurate characterization of the neurobehavioral phenotype of individuals carrying heterozygous NRXN1 deletions. This analysis indicates that these structural rearrangements are associated with a variable expression of neuropsychiatric symptoms, and cast some doubts about the incomplete penetrance of the disorder.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paolo Alfieri
- Child & Adolescent Psychiatry Unit, Bambino Gesù Children's Hospital, IRCCS, Rome, Italy
| | - Francesco Scibelli
- Child & Adolescent Psychiatry Unit, Bambino Gesù Children's Hospital, IRCCS, Rome, Italy
| | - Lorenzo Sinibaldi
- Medical Genetic Unit, Bambino Gesù Children's Hospital, IRCCS, Rome, Italy
| | - Giovanni Valeri
- Child & Adolescent Psychiatry Unit, Bambino Gesù Children's Hospital, IRCCS, Rome, Italy
| | - Cristina Caciolo
- Child & Adolescent Psychiatry Unit, Bambino Gesù Children's Hospital, IRCCS, Rome, Italy
| | - Roberta Lucia Novello
- Child & Adolescent Psychiatry Unit, Bambino Gesù Children's Hospital, IRCCS, Rome, Italy
| | - Antonio Novelli
- Laboratory of Medical Genetics, Bambino Gesù Children's Hospital, IRCCS, Rome, Italy
| | | | - Marco Tartaglia
- Genetics and Rare Diseases Research Division, Bambino Gesù Children's Hospital, IRCCS, Rome, Italy
| | - Stefano Vicari
- Child & Adolescent Psychiatry Unit, Bambino Gesù Children's Hospital, IRCCS, Rome, Italy.,Catholic University, Rome, Italy
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Zarkani AA, López-Pagán N, Grimm M, Sánchez-Romero MA, Ruiz-Albert J, Beuzón CR, Schikora A. Salmonella Heterogeneously Expresses Flagellin during Colonization of Plants. Microorganisms 2020; 8:microorganisms8060815. [PMID: 32485895 PMCID: PMC7355505 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms8060815] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2020] [Revised: 05/26/2020] [Accepted: 05/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Minimally processed or fresh fruits and vegetables are unfortunately linked to an increasing number of food-borne diseases, such as salmonellosis. One of the relevant virulence factors during the initial phases of the infection process is the bacterial flagellum. Although its function is well studied in animal systems, contradictory results have been published regarding its role during plant colonization. In this study, we tested the hypothesis that Salmonella's flagellin plays a versatile function during the colonization of tomato plants. We have assessed the persistence in plant tissues of a Salmonella enterica wild type strain, and of a strain lacking the two flagellins, FljB and FliC. We detected no differences between these strains concerning their respective abilities to reach distal, non-inoculated parts of the plant. Analysis of flagellin expression inside the plant, at both the population and single cell levels, shows that the majority of bacteria down-regulate flagellin production, however, a small fraction of the population continues to express flagellin at a very high level inside the plant. This heterogeneous expression of flagellin might be an adaptive strategy to the plant environment. In summary, our study provides new insights on Salmonella adaption to the plant environment through the regulation of flagellin expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Azhar A. Zarkani
- Julius Kühn-Institut Federal Research Centre for Cultivated Plants (JKI), Institute for Epidemiology and Pathogen Diagnostics, Messeweg 11/12, 38104 Braunschweig, Germany; (A.A.Z.); (M.G.)
- Department of Biotechnology, College of Science, University of Baghdad, 10071 Baghdad, Iraq
| | - Nieves López-Pagán
- Instituto de Hortofruticultura Subtropical y Mediterránea, Universidad de Málaga-Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (IHSM-UMA-CSIC), Dpto. Biología Celular, Genética y Fisiología, Campus de Teatinos, 29071 Malaga, Spain; (N.L.-P.); (J.R.-A.); (C.R.B.)
| | - Maja Grimm
- Julius Kühn-Institut Federal Research Centre for Cultivated Plants (JKI), Institute for Epidemiology and Pathogen Diagnostics, Messeweg 11/12, 38104 Braunschweig, Germany; (A.A.Z.); (M.G.)
| | - María Antonia Sánchez-Romero
- Departamento de Genética, Facultad de Biología, Universidad de Sevilla, Apartado 1095, 41080 Seville, Spain;
- Current address: Departamento de Microbiología y Parasitología, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad de Sevilla, Calle Profesor García González 2, 41012 Seville, Spain
| | - Javier Ruiz-Albert
- Instituto de Hortofruticultura Subtropical y Mediterránea, Universidad de Málaga-Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (IHSM-UMA-CSIC), Dpto. Biología Celular, Genética y Fisiología, Campus de Teatinos, 29071 Malaga, Spain; (N.L.-P.); (J.R.-A.); (C.R.B.)
| | - Carmen R. Beuzón
- Instituto de Hortofruticultura Subtropical y Mediterránea, Universidad de Málaga-Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (IHSM-UMA-CSIC), Dpto. Biología Celular, Genética y Fisiología, Campus de Teatinos, 29071 Malaga, Spain; (N.L.-P.); (J.R.-A.); (C.R.B.)
| | - Adam Schikora
- Julius Kühn-Institut Federal Research Centre for Cultivated Plants (JKI), Institute for Epidemiology and Pathogen Diagnostics, Messeweg 11/12, 38104 Braunschweig, Germany; (A.A.Z.); (M.G.)
- Correspondence:
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Cao GH, He S, Chen D, Li T, Zhao ZW. EpABC Genes in the Adaptive Responses of Exophiala pisciphila to Metal Stress: Functional Importance and Relation to Metal Tolerance. Appl Environ Microbiol 2019; 85:e01844-19. [PMID: 31540987 PMCID: PMC6856334 DOI: 10.1128/aem.01844-19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2019] [Accepted: 09/14/2019] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Exophiala pisciphila is one of the dominant dark septate endophytes (DSEs) colonizing metal-polluted slag heaps in southwest China. It shows numerous super-metal-tolerant characteristics, but the molecular mechanisms involved remain largely unknown. In the present study, the functional roles of a specific set of ATP-binding cassette (ABC) transporters in E. pisciphila were characterized. In total, 26 EpABC genes belonging to 6 subfamilies (ABCA to ABCG) were annotated in previous transcriptome sequencing libraries, and all were regulated by metal ions (Pb, Zn, and Cd), which was dependent on the metal species and/or concentrations tested. The results from the heterologous expression of 3 representative EpABC genes confirmed that the expression of EpABC2.1, EpABC3.1, or EpABC4.1 restored the growth of metal-sensitive mutant Saccharomyces cerevisiae strains and significantly improved the tolerance of Arabidopsis thaliana to Pb, Zn, and Cd. Interestingly, the expression of the 3 EpABC genes further altered metal (Pb, Zn, and Cd) uptake and accumulation and promoted growth by alleviating the inhibitory activity in yeast and thale cress caused by toxic ions. These functions along with their vacuolar location suggest that the 3 EpABC transporters may enhance the detoxification of vacuolar compartmentation via transport activities across their membranes. In conclusion, the 26 annotated EpABC transporters may play a major role in maintaining the homeostasis of various metal ions in different cellular compartments, conferring an extreme adaptative advantage to E. pisciphila in metal-polluted slag heaps.IMPORTANCE Many ABC transporters and their functions have been identified in animals and plants. However, little is known about ABC genes in filamentous fungi, especially DSEs, which tend to dominantly colonize the roots of plants growing in stressed environments. Our results deepen the understanding of the function of the ABC genes of a super-metal-tolerant DSE (E. pisciphila) in enhancing its heavy metal resistance and detoxification. Furthermore, the genetic resources of DSEs, e.g., numerous EpABC genes, especially from super-metal-tolerant strains in heavy metal-polluted environments, can be directly used for transgenic applications to improve tolerance and phytoextraction potential.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guan-Hua Cao
- State Key Laboratory of Conservation and Utilization for Bioresources in Yunnan, Yunnan University, Kunming, Yunnan, China
- School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Yunnan University of Chinese Medicine, Kunming, Yunnan, China
| | - Sen He
- School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Yunnan University of Chinese Medicine, Kunming, Yunnan, China
| | - Di Chen
- School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Yunnan University of Chinese Medicine, Kunming, Yunnan, China
| | - Tao Li
- State Key Laboratory of Conservation and Utilization for Bioresources in Yunnan, Yunnan University, Kunming, Yunnan, China
| | - Zhi-Wei Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Conservation and Utilization for Bioresources in Yunnan, Yunnan University, Kunming, Yunnan, China
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Zheng Z, Yu H, Huang Q, Wu H, Fu Y, Shi J, Wang T, Fan X. Heterogeneous expression of Lgr5 as a risk factor for focal invasion and distant metastasis of colorectal carcinoma. Oncotarget 2018; 9:30025-33. [PMID: 30046385 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.23144] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2017] [Accepted: 11/14/2017] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Leucine-rich repeat-containing G-protein-coupled receptor 5 (Lgr5) is a downstream target gene of the Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway and identified as a marker of cancer stem-like cells of colorectal carcinoma (CRC). Here, the heterogeneous expression pattern of Lgr5 and its clinical significance were studied by the method of immunohistochemistry in 204 CRC tumors at various pTNM stages. Lgr5 expression was found in 82.4% (168/204) cases, significantly more common in neoplastic cells at the infiltrative front (n = 59.5%, 110/185) or at the expanding front (n = 36.4%, 59/162) than at the tumor center (n = 16.7%, 34/204; P < 0.01). Tumor budding (TB) was discovered with significantly higher Lgr5 expression (n = 39.3%, 57/145, P = 0.03) and significantly positively correlated between Lgr5 expression and TB grade (r = 0.19, P = 0.02). Additionally, both positive Lgr5 expression and a high TB grade were significantly correlated to the depth of tumor invasion, lymph node metastasis, pTNM stage, and perineural invasion (P < 0.01). The study results suggest that heterogeneous expression of Lgr5 may be a risk factor for local invasion and distant metastasis of CRC.
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Geng A, Wu J, Xie RR, Li X, Chang FX, Sun JZ. Characterization of a laccase from a wood-feeding termite, Coptotermes formosanus. Insect Sci 2018; 25:251-258. [PMID: 27800659 DOI: 10.1111/1744-7917.12415] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2016] [Revised: 09/27/2016] [Accepted: 10/02/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Coptotermes formosanus Shiraki is a wood-feeding termite which secretes a series of lignolytic and cellulolytic enzymes for woody biomass degradation. However, the lignin modification mechanism in the termite is largely elusive, and the characteristics of most lignolytic enzymes in termites remain unknown. In this study, a laccase gene lac1 from C. formosanus was heterogeneously expressed in insect Sf9 cells. The purified Lac1 showed strong activities toward hydroquinone (305 mU/mg) and 2,6-dimethoxyphenol (2.9 mU/mg) with low Km values, but not veratryl alcohol or 2,2'-azino-bis (3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid). Lac1 could function well from pH 4.5 to 7.5, and its activity was significantly inhibited by H2 O2 at above 4.85 mmol/L (P < 0.01). In addition, the lac1 gene was found to be mainly expressed in the salivary glands and foregut of C. formosanus, and seldom in the midgut or hindgut. These findings suggested that Lac1 is a phenol-oxidizing laccase like RflacA and RflacB from termite Reticulitermes flavipes, except that Lac1 was found to be more efficient in phenol oxidation, and it did not require H2 O2 for its function. It is suspected that this kind of termite laccase might only be able to directly oxidize low redox-potential substrates, and the high redox-potential groups in lignin might be oxidized by other enzymes in the termite or by using the Fenton reaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alei Geng
- Biofuels Institute, School of the Environment and Safety Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu, China
| | - Jian Wu
- Biofuels Institute, School of the Environment and Safety Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu, China
| | - Rong-Rong Xie
- Biofuels Institute, School of the Environment and Safety Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu, China
| | - Xia Li
- Biofuels Institute, School of the Environment and Safety Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu, China
| | - Fu-Xiang Chang
- Biofuels Institute, School of the Environment and Safety Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu, China
| | - Jian-Zhong Sun
- Biofuels Institute, School of the Environment and Safety Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu, China
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10
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Zhang H, Zhou F, Jiang X, Cao M, Wang S, Zou H, Cao Y, Xian M, Liu H. Microbial production of amino acid-modified spider dragline silk protein with intensively improved mechanical properties. Prep Biochem Biotechnol 2017; 46:552-8. [PMID: 26460683 DOI: 10.1080/10826068.2015.1084637] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Spider dragline silk is a remarkably strong fiber with impressive mechanical properties, which were thought to result from the specific structures of the underlying proteins and their molecular size. In this study, silk protein 11R26 from the dragline silk protein of Nephila clavipes was used to analyze the potential effects of the special amino acids on the function of 11R26. Three protein derivatives, ZF4, ZF5, and ZF6, were obtained by site-directed mutagenesis, based on the sequence of 11R26, and among these derivatives, serine was replaced with cysteine, isoleucine, and arginine, respectively. After these were expressed and purified, the mechanical performance of the fibers derived from the four proteins was tested. Both hardness and average elastic modulus of ZF4 fiber increased 2.2 times compared with those of 11R26. The number of disulfide bonds in ZF4 protein was 4.67 times that of 11R26, which implied that disulfide bonds outside the poly-Ala region affect the mechanical properties of spider silk more efficiently. The results indicated that the mechanical performances of spider silk proteins with small molecular size can be enhanced by modification of the amino acids residues. Our research not only has shown the feasibility of large-scale production of spider silk proteins but also provides valuable information for protein rational design.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haibo Zhang
- a CAS Key Laboratory of Biobased Materials , Qingdao Institute of Bioenergy and Bioprocess Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Qingdao , China
| | - Fengli Zhou
- a CAS Key Laboratory of Biobased Materials , Qingdao Institute of Bioenergy and Bioprocess Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Qingdao , China
| | - Xinglin Jiang
- a CAS Key Laboratory of Biobased Materials , Qingdao Institute of Bioenergy and Bioprocess Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Qingdao , China
| | - Mingle Cao
- b Department of Chemistry & Chemical Biology , University of Marburg , Marburg , Germany
| | - Shilu Wang
- a CAS Key Laboratory of Biobased Materials , Qingdao Institute of Bioenergy and Bioprocess Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Qingdao , China
| | - Huibin Zou
- a CAS Key Laboratory of Biobased Materials , Qingdao Institute of Bioenergy and Bioprocess Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Qingdao , China
| | - Yujin Cao
- a CAS Key Laboratory of Biobased Materials , Qingdao Institute of Bioenergy and Bioprocess Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Qingdao , China
| | - Mo Xian
- a CAS Key Laboratory of Biobased Materials , Qingdao Institute of Bioenergy and Bioprocess Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Qingdao , China
| | - Huizhou Liu
- a CAS Key Laboratory of Biobased Materials , Qingdao Institute of Bioenergy and Bioprocess Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Qingdao , China
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Lu CL, Guo J, Gu J, Ge D, Hou YY, Lin ZW, Ding JY. CXCR4 heterogeneous expression in esophageal squamous cell cancer and stronger metastatic potential with CXCR4-positive cancer cells. Dis Esophagus 2014; 27:294-302. [PMID: 23822165 DOI: 10.1111/dote.12100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
CXCR4 belongs to a family of G protein-coupled cell surface receptors and has been proved to a prognostic marker in a various tumors, including esophageal squamous cell cancer. In this study, we analyzed CXCR4 expression in tumor tissue and metastatic tumor tissues of lymph node by immunohistochemistry. CXCR4 was found to be an independent factor of patients' survival and heterogeneously expressed in tumor tissues. Compared with the primary tumor tissues, the scores of CXCR4 expression were significantly higher in corresponding metastatic tumor tissues of lymph nodes (P < 0.01). It was suggested CXCR4-positive cells were prone to migrate to lymph nodes. In the further experiments in vitro, we confirmed heterogeneous expression of CXCR4 in esophageal squamous cell cancer cell lines (KYSE70, Ec109, and CaES17) by flow cytometry analysis. Meanwhile, two subpopulations were isolated from Ec109 based on CXCR4 membrane expression by fluorescence-activated cell sorting. CXCR4-positive cells showed stronger migration ability in Boyden chamber assay than CXCR4 negative ones (P < 0.01). However, no significant difference of cell proliferation was found between the two subpopulations in colony formation assay (P > 0.05). We concluded that CXCR4 might be a key molecule in esophageal squamous cell cancer metastasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- C-L Lu
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
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