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Jarrahpour A, Rostami M, Sinou V, Latour C, Djouhri-Bouktab L, Michel Brunel J. Diastereoselective Synthesis of Potent Antimalarial Cis-β-lactam Agents. IRANIAN JOURNAL OF PHARMACEUTICAL RESEARCH : IJPR 2019; 18:596-606. [PMID: 31531044 PMCID: PMC6706723 DOI: 10.22037/ijpr.2017.2024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Fifteen novel β-lactams bearing N-ethyl tert-butyl carbamate group 5a-o and fifteen N-(2- aminoethyl) β-lactams 6a-o were synthesized by [2+2] ketene-imine cycloaddition reaction (Staudinger). The cycloaddition reaction was found to be totally diastereoselective leading exclusively to theformation of cis-β-lactam derivatives. These newly synthesized β-lactams were evaluated for their antimalarial activity against p. falciparum K14 resistant strain and showed good to excellent EC50 values. Of the thirty β-lactams tested, 5 h, 6a and 6c showed IC50 < 20 µM while 5b, 5c, 5e, 5f, 5g, 5i, 5j, 6d, 6g and 6h exhibited IC50 <50 . Compounds 5c, 5h, and 5q-t were examined for their anticancer properties against K562 Leukemia cell line and 5s showed the best activity. Compounds 3a-j, 5a-o, 6a-o, were tested against S. aureus , E. coli, C. albicans and showed no activity below 125 µg/mL.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aliasghar Jarrahpour
- Department of Chemistry, College of Sciences, Shiraz University, Shiraz, 71454, Iran
| | - Maryam Rostami
- Department of Chemistry, College of Sciences, Shiraz University, Shiraz, 71454, Iran
| | - Véronique Sinou
- Aix-Marseille Université, UMR-MD3 Relation hôte-parasites, Physiopathologie & Pharmacologie, Faculté de pharmacie, Bd Jean Moulin, F-13385, Marseille, France
| | - Christine Latour
- Aix-Marseille Université, UMR-MD3 Relation hôte-parasites, Physiopathologie & Pharmacologie, Faculté de pharmacie, Bd Jean Moulin, F-13385, Marseille, France
| | - Lamia Djouhri-Bouktab
- Centre de Recherche en Cancérologie de Marseille (CRCM), CNRS, UMR7258 ; Institut Paoli Calmettes ; Aix- Marseille Université, UM 105 ; Inserm, U1068, Faculté de pharmacie, Bd Jean Moulin, F-13385, Marseille, France
| | - Jean Michel Brunel
- Centre de Recherche en Cancérologie de Marseille (CRCM), CNRS, UMR7258 ; Institut Paoli Calmettes ; Aix- Marseille Université, UM 105 ; Inserm, U1068, Faculté de pharmacie, Bd Jean Moulin, F-13385, Marseille, France
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2
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Sun Z, Fridrich B, de Santi A, Elangovan S, Barta K. Bright Side of Lignin Depolymerization: Toward New Platform Chemicals. Chem Rev 2018; 118:614-678. [PMID: 29337543 PMCID: PMC5785760 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.7b00588] [Citation(s) in RCA: 750] [Impact Index Per Article: 125.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2017] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Lignin, a major component of lignocellulose, is the largest source of aromatic building blocks on the planet and harbors great potential to serve as starting material for the production of biobased products. Despite the initial challenges associated with the robust and irregular structure of lignin, the valorization of this intriguing aromatic biopolymer has come a long way: recently, many creative strategies emerged that deliver defined products via catalytic or biocatalytic depolymerization in good yields. The purpose of this review is to provide insight into these novel approaches and the potential application of such emerging new structures for the synthesis of biobased polymers or pharmacologically active molecules. Existing strategies for functionalization or defunctionalization of lignin-based compounds are also summarized. Following the whole value chain from raw lignocellulose through depolymerization to application whenever possible, specific lignin-based compounds emerge that could be in the future considered as potential lignin-derived platform chemicals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhuohua Sun
- Stratingh
Institute for Chemistry, University of Groningen, Nijenborgh 4, 9747 AG Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Bálint Fridrich
- Stratingh
Institute for Chemistry, University of Groningen, Nijenborgh 4, 9747 AG Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Alessandra de Santi
- Stratingh
Institute for Chemistry, University of Groningen, Nijenborgh 4, 9747 AG Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Saravanakumar Elangovan
- Stratingh
Institute for Chemistry, University of Groningen, Nijenborgh 4, 9747 AG Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Katalin Barta
- Stratingh
Institute for Chemistry, University of Groningen, Nijenborgh 4, 9747 AG Groningen, The Netherlands
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Mbeunkui F, Grace MH, Lategan C, Smith PJ, Raskin I, Lila MA. In vitro antiplasmodial activity of indole alkaloids from the stem bark of Geissospermum vellosii. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2012; 139:471-477. [PMID: 22143154 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2011.11.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2011] [Revised: 11/10/2011] [Accepted: 11/18/2011] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE The stem bark of Geissospermum vellosii has been traditionally used by the native population of northern South America to treat malaria. Indole alkaloids have been previously isolated from this plant, but the antiplasmodial constituents have not yet been described. As part of our ongoing investigations of new bioactive compounds with activity against malaria parasites, we tested the in vitro antiplasmodial activity of isolated fractions and purified alkaloids from Geissospermum vellosii. MATERIALS AND METHODS Indole alkaloids were isolated and identified from a methanolic crude extract of Geissospermum vellosii bark using a combination of high performance counter current chromatography, mass spectrometry and nuclear magnetic resonance technologies. The methanolic extract, the crude alkaloid fractions and the purified compounds were tested for in vitro antiplasmodial activity against the chloroquine-sensitive strain of Plasmodium falciparum (D10). RESULTS An indole alkaloid (4) along with four known indole alkaloids, geissolosimine (1), geissospermine (2), geissoschizoline (3), and vellosiminol (5) were isolated and structure elucidated. The antiplasmodial activity (IC(50)) of the methanolic crude extract was 2.22 μg/mL, while for the isolated compounds it ranged from 0.96 μM to 13.96 μM except for (5) which showed a low activity (157 μM). Geissolosimine (1) showed the highest antiplasmodial activity (0.96 μM). CONCLUSIONS This study provides evidence to support the use of Geissospermum vellosii as an antimalarial agent, as used by the native populations. Geissolosimine (1) is a lead molecular structure for possible antimalarial drug development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Flaubert Mbeunkui
- Plants for Human Health Institute, North Carolina State University, North Carolina Research Campus, Kannapolis, NC 28081, USA
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4
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Kumar Das S, Kumar Das S, Panda G. Formal Total Synthesis of (-)-Raphidecursinol B. European J Org Chem 2010. [DOI: 10.1002/ejoc.201000619] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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5
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Ramsden NL, Buetow L, Dawson A, Kemp LA, Ulaganathan V, Brenk R, Klebe G, Hunter WN. A structure-based approach to ligand discovery for 2C-methyl-D-erythritol-2,4-cyclodiphosphate synthase: a target for antimicrobial therapy. J Med Chem 2009; 52:2531-42. [PMID: 19320487 PMCID: PMC2669732 DOI: 10.1021/jm801475n] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
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The nonmevalonate route to isoprenoid biosynthesis is essential in Gram-negative bacteria and apicomplexan parasites. The enzymes of this pathway are absent from mammals, contributing to their appeal as chemotherapeutic targets. One enzyme, 2C-methyl-d-erythritol-2,4-cyclodiphosphate synthase (IspF), has been validated as a target by genetic approaches in bacteria. Virtual screening against Escherichia coli IspF (EcIspF) was performed by combining a hierarchical filtering methodology with molecular docking. Docked compounds were inspected and 10 selected for experimental validation. A surface plasmon resonance assay was developed and two weak ligands identified. Crystal structures of EcIspF complexes were determined to support rational ligand development. Cytosine analogues and Zn2+-binding moieties were characterized. One of the putative Zn2+-binding compounds gave the lowest measured KD to date (1.92 ± 0.18 μM). These data provide a framework for the development of IspF inhibitors to generate lead compounds of therapeutic potential against microbial pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicola L Ramsden
- Division of Biological Chemistry and Drug Discovery, College of Life Sciences, University of Dundee, Dow Street, Dundee, DD1 5EH, Scotland, United Kingdom
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Ekasari W, Widyawaruyanti A, Cholies Zaini N, Honda T, Morita H, Syafruddin D. Antimalarial Activity of Cassiarin A from the Leaves of Cassia siamea. HETEROCYCLES 2009. [DOI: 10.3987/com-09-11680] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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7
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Sathe M, Thavaselvam D, Srivastava AK, Kaushik MP. Synthesis and antimalarial evaluation of cyclic beta-amino acid-containing dipeptides. Molecules 2008; 13:432-43. [PMID: 18305429 PMCID: PMC6245466 DOI: 10.3390/molecules13020432] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2008] [Revised: 02/11/2008] [Accepted: 02/15/2008] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
This paper describes an efficient synthesis and the antiparasitic evaluation of cyclic beta-amino acid-containing dipeptides 3.1-3.6 and 4.1-4.5. The antimalarial properties of all these dipeptides have been evaluated in vitro against Plasmodium falciparum and in vivo against Plasmodium berghai. Compounds 4.4 and 4.5 have been found to be very effective in this respect, with IC50 values of 3.87 and 3.64 microg/mL in the in vitro test, while 4.5 has also been found to be active in the in vivo evaluation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manisha Sathe
- Discovery Center, Defence R & D Establishment, Jhansi Road, Gwalior 474002, India
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8
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Havaldar FH, Patil AR. SYNTHESES OF SOME NOVEL [4-(4-OXO-2-PHENYL-4H-QUINAZOLIN-3-YL)-PHENOXY]-ACETIC ACID [1-SUBSTITUTED AMINOMETHYL-2-OXO-1,2-DIHYDRO-INDOL-3-YLIDENE]-HYDRAZIDE DERIVATIVES AND THEIR POTENTIAL BIOLOGICAL ACTIVITY. HETEROCYCL COMMUN 2008. [DOI: 10.1515/hc.2008.14.1-2.107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
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9
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Jiang S, Zeng Q, Gettayacamin M, Tungtaeng A, Wannaying S, Lim A, Hansukjariya P, Okunji CO, Zhu S, Fang D. Antimalarial activities and therapeutic properties of febrifugine analogs. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2005; 49:1169-76. [PMID: 15728920 PMCID: PMC549280 DOI: 10.1128/aac.49.3.1169-1176.2005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2004] [Revised: 10/03/2004] [Accepted: 11/13/2004] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Febrifugine is the active principal isolated 50 years ago from the Chinese herb chang shan (Dichroa febrifuga Lour), which has been used as an antimalarial in Chinese traditional medicine for more than 2,000 years. However, intensive study of the properties of febrifugine has been hindered for decades due to its side effects. We report new findings on the effects of febrifugine analogs compared with those of febrifugine extracted from the dry roots of D. febrifuga. The properties of the extracted febrifugine were comparable to those obtained from the standard febrifugine provided by our collaborators. A febrifugine structure-based computer search of the Walter Reed Chemical Information System identified 10 analogs that inhibited parasite growth in vitro, with 50% inhibitory concentrations ranging from 0.141 to 290 ng/ml. The host macrophages (J744 cells) were 50 to 100 times less sensitive to the febrifugine analogs than the parasites. Neuronal (NG108) cells were even more insensitive to these drugs (selectivity indices, >1,000), indicating that a feasible therapeutic index for humans could be established. The analogs, particularly halofuginone, notably reduced parasitemias to undetectable levels and displayed curative effects in Plasmodium berghei-infected mice. Recrudescence of the parasites after treatment with the febrifugine analogs was the key factor that caused the death of most of the mice in groups receiving an effective dose. Subcutaneous treatments with the analogs did not cause irritation of the gastrointestinal tract when the animals were treated with doses within the antimalarial dose range. In summary, these analogs appear to be promising lead antimalarial compounds that require intensive study for optimization for further down-selection and development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suping Jiang
- Department of Parasitology, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, MD 20910, USA.
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10
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Nivsarkar M, Thavaselvam D, Prasanna S, Sharma M, Kaushik MP. Design, synthesis and biological evaluation of novel bicyclic β-lactams as potential antimalarials. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2005; 15:1371-3. [PMID: 15713389 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2005.01.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2004] [Revised: 01/05/2005] [Accepted: 01/07/2005] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
A series of bicyclic N-substituted and unsubstituted beta-lactams were synthesized and evaluated as targeted potential antimalarials. The compounds MNR4 and MNR5 were found to have highest potency against Plasmodium falciparum in vitro.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manisha Nivsarkar
- Process Technology Development Division, Defence R&D Establishment, Jhansi Road, Gwalior 474002, MP, India
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11
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Waters NC, Dow GS, Kozar MP. Antimalarial compound identification and design: advances in the patent literature, 2000 – 2003. Expert Opin Ther Pat 2005. [DOI: 10.1517/13543776.14.8.1125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
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12
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Wei X, Rodríguez AD, Baran P, Raptis RG, Sánchez JA, Ortega-Barria E, González J. Antiplasmodial cembradiene diterpenoids from a Southwestern Caribbean gorgonian octocoral of the genus Eunicea. Tetrahedron 2004. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tet.2004.09.108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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13
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Aguiar JC, LaBaer J, Blair PL, Shamailova VY, Koundinya M, Russell JA, Huang F, Mar W, Anthony RM, Witney A, Caruana SR, Brizuela L, Sacci JB, Hoffman SL, Carucci DJ. High-throughput generation of P. falciparum functional molecules by recombinational cloning. Genome Res 2004; 14:2076-82. [PMID: 15489329 PMCID: PMC528923 DOI: 10.1101/gr.2416604] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2004] [Accepted: 06/24/2004] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Large-scale functional genomics studies for malaria vaccine and drug development will depend on the generation of molecular tools to study protein expression. We examined the feasibility of a high-throughput cloning approach using the Gateway system to create a large set of expression clones encoding Plasmodium falciparum single-exon genes. Master clones and their ORFs were transferred en masse to multiple expression vectors. Target genes (n = 303) were selected using specific sets of criteria, including stage expression and secondary structure. Upon screening four colonies per capture reaction, we achieved 84% cloning efficiency. The genes were subcloned in parallel into three expression vectors: a DNA vaccine vector and two protein expression vectors. These transfers yielded a 100% success rate without any observed recombination based on single colony screening. The functional expression of 95 genes was evaluated in mice with DNA vaccine constructs to generate antibody against various stages of the parasite. From these, 19 induced antibody titers against the erythrocytic stages and three against sporozoite stages. We have overcome the potential limitation of producing large P. falciparum clone sets in multiple expression vectors. This approach represents a powerful technique for the production of molecular reagents for genome-wide functional analysis of the P. falciparum genome and will provide for a resource for the malaria resource community distributed through public repositories.
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Affiliation(s)
- João Carlos Aguiar
- Malaria Program, Naval Medical Research Center, Silver Spring, Maryland 20910, USA.
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del Sol Jiménez M, Garzón SP, Rodríguez AD. Plakortides M and N, bioactive polyketide endoperoxides from the Caribbean marine sponge Plakortis halichondrioides. JOURNAL OF NATURAL PRODUCTS 2003; 66:655-661. [PMID: 12762801 DOI: 10.1021/np030021h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
From a small specimen of the marine sponge Plakortis halichondrioides collected in Puerto Rico we have isolated the known unsaturated ester methyl (2Z,6R,8R,9E)-3,6-epoxy-4,6,8-triethyl-2,4,9-dodecatrienoate (1) along with the known cyclic peroxide plakortide F (2). In addition, the structures of two new polyketide endoperoxides, namely, plakortide O (3) and plakortide P (4), were fully characterized by spectroscopic and chemical methods. The absolute stereochemistry of plakortide O methyl ester (3a) has been determined by analysis of the (R)- and (S)-MTPA esters of the acyclic derivative 5 obtained by hydrogenolysis. Plakortide O (3) and plakortide P (4) exhibited potent cytotoxicity in the NCI human cancer screening program, whereas plakortide O methyl ester, 3a, displayed strong antimalarial activity against Plasmodium falciparum [corrected].
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Affiliation(s)
- María del Sol Jiménez
- Department of Chemistry, University of Puerto Rico, P.O. Box 23346, San Juan, Puerto Rico 00931-3346
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15
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Elisapterosins D and E: complex polycyclic diterpenes of the rare elisapterane class of natural products from the Caribbean sea whip Pseudopterogorgia elisabethae (Bayer). Tetrahedron Lett 2003. [DOI: 10.1016/s0040-4039(03)00632-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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16
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Ospina CA, Rodríguez AD, Ortega-Barria E, Capson TL. Briarellins J-P and polyanthellin A: new eunicellin-based diterpenes from the gorgonian coral Briareum polyanthes and their antimalarial activity. JOURNAL OF NATURAL PRODUCTS 2003; 66:357-363. [PMID: 12662092 DOI: 10.1021/np0204500] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
A new chemical study of the hexane extract of the gorgonian Briareum polyanthes collected in Puerto Rico afforded 10 new diterpenes of the eunicellin class, briarellins 1-9 and polyanthellin A (10), along with the known diterpene briarellin D (11). The structures and relative stereochemistry of metabolites 1-10 were assigned on the basis of NMR studies, chemical methods, and comparisons to the spectral properties of 11. A reassessment of prior structural assignment for briarellin A and two known sclerophytin-type diterpenes, 13 and 14, is proposed. Antimalarial tests on 1-6 and 8-12 indicated that they were active against Plasmodium falciparum.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudia A Ospina
- Department of Chemistry, University of Puerto Rico, P.O. Box 23346, San Juan, Puerto Rico 00931-3346, USA
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Hannaert V, Saavedra E, Duffieux F, Szikora JP, Rigden DJ, Michels PAM, Opperdoes FR. Plant-like traits associated with metabolism of Trypanosoma parasites. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2003; 100:1067-71. [PMID: 12552132 PMCID: PMC298727 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.0335769100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 157] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Trypanosomatid parasites cause serious diseases among humans, livestock, and plants. They belong to the order of the Kinetoplastida and form, together with the Euglenida, the phylum Euglenozoa. Euglenoid algae possess plastids capable of photosynthesis, but plastids are unknown in trypanosomatids. Here we present molecular evidence that trypanosomatids possessed a plastid at some point in their evolutionary history. Extant trypanosomatid parasites, such as Trypanosoma and Leishmania, contain several "plant-like" genes encoding homologs of proteins found in either chloroplasts or the cytosol of plants and algae. The data suggest that kinetoplastids and euglenoids acquired plastids by endosymbiosis before their divergence and that the former lineage subsequently lost the organelle but retained numerous genes. Several of the proteins encoded by these genes are now, in the parasites, found inside highly specialized peroxisomes, called glycosomes, absent from all other eukaryotes, including euglenoids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Veronique Hannaert
- Research Unit for Tropical Diseases and Laboratory of Biochemistry, Christian de Duve Institute of Cellular Pathology and Université Catholique de Louvain, B-1200 Brussels, Belgium
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18
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Frédérich M, Jacquier MJ, Thépenier P, De Mol P, Tits M, Philippe G, Delaude C, Angenot L, Zèches-Hanrot M. Antiplasmodial activity of alkaloids from various strychnos species. JOURNAL OF NATURAL PRODUCTS 2002; 65:1381-1386. [PMID: 12398531 DOI: 10.1021/np020070e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
The in vitro antiplasmodial activities of 69 alkaloids from various Strychnos species were evaluated against chloroquine-resistant and chloroquine-sensitive lines of Plasmodium falciparum. The compounds, comprising mainly indolomonoterpenoid alkaloids, exhibited a wide range of biological potencies in the antiplasmodial assays. The most active alkaloids were also tested for cytotoxicity against HCT-116 colon cancer cells to determine their antiplasmodial selectivity. As a result of these studies, structure-activity relationships for these alkaloids have begun to emerge. Alkaloids presenting four types of bisindole skeleton exhibited potent and selective activities against Plasmodium. They were sungucine-type (IC(50) values ranging from 80 nM to 10 microM), longicaudatine-type (IC(50) values ranging from 0.5 to 10 microM), matopensine-type (IC(50) values ranging from 150 nM to 10 microM), and usambarine-type alkaloids. Within the last structural type, isostrychnopentamine (49) and ochrolifuanine A (46) were found to be active against chloroquine-sensitive and -resistant strains (IC(50) values of 100-150 and 100-500 nM, respectively), and dihydrousambarensine (51) exhibited a 30-fold higher activity against the chloroquine-resistant strain (IC(50) = 32 nM) than against the chloroquine-sensitive one.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michel Frédérich
- University of Liège, Natural and Synthetic Drugs Research Center, Laboratory of Pharmacognosy, Avenue de l'Hôpital 1, B36, B-4000 Liège, Belgium.
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19
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Kemp LE, Bond CS, Hunter WN. Structure of 2C-methyl-D-erythritol 2,4- cyclodiphosphate synthase: an essential enzyme for isoprenoid biosynthesis and target for antimicrobial drug development. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2002; 99:6591-6. [PMID: 11997478 PMCID: PMC124447 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.102679799] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2001] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The crystal structure of the zinc enzyme Escherichia coli 2C-methyl-d-erythritol 2,4-cyclodiphosphate synthase in complex with cytidine 5'-diphosphate and Mn(2+) has been determined to 1.8-A resolution. This enzyme is essential in E. coli and participates in the nonmevalonate pathway of isoprenoid biosynthesis, a critical pathway present in some bacterial and apicomplexans but distinct from that used by mammals. Our analysis reveals a homotrimer, built around a beta prism, carrying three active sites, each of which is formed in a cleft between pairs of subunits. Residues from two subunits recognize and bind the nucleotide in an active site that contains a Zn(2+) with tetrahedral coordination. A Mn(2+), with octahedral geometry, is positioned between the alpha and beta phosphates acting in concert with the Zn(2+) to align and polarize the substrate for catalysis. A high degree of sequence conservation for the enzymes from E. coli, Plasmodium falciparum, and Mycobacterium tuberculosis suggests similarities in secondary structure, subunit fold, quaternary structure, and active sites. Our model will therefore serve as a template to facilitate the structure-based design of potential antimicrobial agents targeting two of the most serious human diseases, tuberculosis and malaria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lauris E Kemp
- Division of Biological Chemistry and Molecular Microbiology, School of Life Sciences, University of Dundee, Dundee DD1 5EH, United Kingdom
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Ridley RG. Introduction. Antimalarial drug resistance: ramifications, explanations and challenges. Microbes Infect 2002; 4:155-6. [PMID: 11880046 DOI: 10.1016/s1286-4579(01)01536-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Robert G Ridley
- Medicines for Malaria Venture, Box 1826, CH-1215 15, Geneva, Switzerland.
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Abstract
Trans-membrane proton pumping is responsible for a myriad of physiological processes including the generation of proton motive force that drives bioenergetics. Among the various proton pumping enzymes, vacuolar pyrophosphatases (V-PPases) form a distinct class of proton pumps, which are characterised by their ability to translocate protons across a membrane by using the potential energy released by hydrolysis of the phosphoanhydride bond of inorganic pyrophosphate. Until recently, V-PPases were known to be the purview of only plant vacuoles and plasma membranes of phototrophic bacteria. Recent discoveries of V-PPases in kinetoplastid and apicomplexan parasites, however, have expanded our view of the evolutionary reach of these enzymes. The lack of V-PPases in the vertebrate hosts of these parasites makes them potentially excellent targets for developing broad-spectrum antiparasitic agents. This review surveys the current understanding of V-PPases in parasitic protozoa with an emphasis on malaria parasites. Topological predictions suggest remarkable similarity of the parasite enzymes to their plant homologues with 15-16 membrane spanning domains and conserved sequences shown to constitute critical catalytic residues. Remarkably, malaria parasites have been shown to possess two V-PPase genes, one is an apparent orthologue of the canonical plant enzyme, whereas the other is a more distantly related paralogue with homology to a recently identified new class of K+-insensitive plant V-PPases. V-PPases appear to localise both to the plasma membrane and cytoplasmic organelles believed to be acidocalcisomes or polyphosphate bodies. Gene transfer experiments suggest that one of the malarial V-PPases is predominantly localised to the surface of intraerythrocytic parasites. We suggest a model in which V-PPase localised to the malaria parasite plasma membrane may serve as an electrogenic pump utilising pyrophosphate as an energy source, thus sparing the more precious ATP. Searching for V-PPase inhibitors could prove fruitful as a novel means of antiparasitic chemotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael T McIntosh
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, MCP Hahnemann School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19129, USA.
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22
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Abstract
Complete genome sequences of 30 microbial species have been determined during the past five years, and work in progress indicates that the complete sequences of more than 100 further microbial species will be available in the next two to four years. These results have revealed a tremendous amount of information on the physiology and evolution of microbial species, and should provide novel approaches to the diagnosis and treatment of infectious disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- C M Fraser
- The Institute for Genomic Research, Rockville, Maryland 20850, USA
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23
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Daubenberger CA, Pöltl-Frank F, Jiang G, Lipp J, Certa U, Pluschke G. Identification and recombinant expression of glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase of Plasmodium falciparum. Gene 2000; 246:255-64. [PMID: 10767547 DOI: 10.1016/s0378-1119(00)00069-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
The gene coding for the cytosolic glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (GAPDH; EC 1.2.1.12) was isolated from Plasmodium falciparum. The gene contains 1 intron and the A+T content is characteristic for the codon usage of P. falciparum. The predicted open reading frame codes for 337 amino acids (36651Da) and is 63.5% identical to the human erythrocytic GAPDH. GAPDH sequences from several field isolates of P. falciparum displayed 100% conservation. Phylogenetic analysis supports the hypothesis that dinoflagellates and Plasmodium are closely related. The protein encoded by the pfGAPDH was expressed recombinantly in Escherichia coli and exhibited enzymatic activity with NAD(+) but not with NADP(+) as cofactor. Antiserum raised against the recombinantly expressed enzyme detected specifically all developmental stages of cultured P. falciparum blood-stage parasites.
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Affiliation(s)
- C A Daubenberger
- Swiss Tropical Institute, Molecular Immunology, Socinstrasse 57, 4002, Basel, Switzerland.
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24
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Abstract
The genome of the human malaria parasite Plasmodium falciparum is being sequenced by an international consortium. Two of the parasite's 14 chromosomes have been completed and several other chromosomes are nearly finished. Even at this early stage of the project, analysis of the genome sequence has provided promising new leads for drug and vaccine development.
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Affiliation(s)
- M J Gardner
- The Institute for Genomic Research, Rockville 20850, USA.
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